Further studies on wave propagation in overhead lines with

earth return: impedance of stratified earth

M.Nakagawa, M.Sc, M.I.E.E. (Japan), A.Ametani, M.Sc, M.I.E.E. (Japan), Mem.I.E.E.E., and Prof.K.Iwamoto, D.Sc.Tech.,
M.I.E.E. (Japan), Mem.I.E.E.E.

Indexing terms: Earthing, Electrical impedance, Power overhead lines, Power transmission lines, Transmission-
line theory

ABSTRACT
A more rigorous and general solution for the earth-return impedance of overhead transmission lines than those
given by Carson, Wise et al.is developed in the paper. In particular, the solution derived permits the earth-return
path to be considered as three layers of differing resistivities, permittivities and permeabilities. The solution
agrees with those previously derived under the same given conditions. Calculated results are presented to show
the effects of the various parameters of the formulation developed. A stratified earth causes marked differences
in the earth impedances and the resultant wave deformations from the homogeneous case. The depth of a layer is
a significant factor to the value of the stratified-earth impedance. In comparison with the findings of earlier work,
studies based on the formulation of the present paper indicate that, although displacement currents can influence
earth-return impedances, this is only likely at frequencies in excess of 1 MHz and under the conditions of high
earth resistivity and low conductor height. The effect of a ferromagnetic earth layer is shown to be significant
at low frequencies. The attentuation of travelling waves is much less than that for the ordinary earth.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS line is neglected. Displacement currents are not included in
Iwamoto's solution. Although Wedepohl and Wasley calculat-
E = electric-field vector ed a 2-layer-earth impedance recently using double-integral
H = magnetic-field vector transform, 9 displacement currents appear to have been
n = Hertzian vector added as a correction term.
i = current
z = impedance In the present paper, a more rigorous and general solution
y = propagation constant, y2 = jwju(< for the earth-return impedance is developed. 10 The analysis
M = permeability permits the earth-return path to have a relative permittivity
e = permittivity and permeability other than unity. Moreover, the impedance
o = conductivity of a 3-layer earth, which has not previously been explored,
P = resistivity is developed. The 3-layer-earth impedance may be sufficient
(X) = angular frequency to simulate the actual situation. The earth-return impedances
h = conductor height for various conditions are calculated, and the resultant wave
y = distance between two conductors deformations in single overhead lines are obtained. Signi-
d = earth-layer depth ficant differences between homogeneous and stratified-earth
cases are observed, and displacement currents cause a minor
deviation from the case of no displacement current. A rela-
Subscripts tive permeability other than unity affects significantly the
0 = air space earth-return impedance. These results may explain differ-
1 ences in wave propagation between analytical results and
= upper-earth layer test results.
2 = middle-earth layer
3 = lowest-earth layer

1 INTRODUCTION EARTH-RETURN IMPEDANCE OF OVERHEAD

LINES ABOVE A 3-LAYER EARTH
Recent papers have indicated the importance of the earth-
return impedance in more accurate analyses of switching
surges, power-line carrier and extra low-frequency (e.l.f.) 2.1 Fundamental equation
communication.1"3 It has been assumed in these calculations
that the Earth is homogeneous with a constant resistivity. For electromagnetic propagation, the fields E and H are de-
The Earth, however, is not homogeneous, and its resistivity fined by the Hertzian vector
varies along the depth of the earth layer. Even if considered
as an equivalent homogeneous earth, the resultant earth r e - E = - y2 n + grad.div n (1)
sistivity may be frequency dependent. The assumption of a
homogeneous earth may cause a difference in calculated r e - H = T1 curl n (2)
sults from actual test results.
The rigorous form of the earth-return impedance was origin- In rectangular co-ordinates (Fig. l),the x component of the
ally solved by Carson 4 and Pollaczek; 5 it assumed homo-
geneous infinite earth and no displacement current. At a
later stage, Wise 6 extended the analysis to allow for the
effects of displacement currents, and Sunde7 and Iwamoto^
developed formulas for the case of a 2-layer earth. In
Sunde's solution, however, the boundary conditions are not conductor 1
sufficiently general, and the propagation of current along a ( x. 0 . h,)

Paper 7055 P, first received 16th May and in revised form

18th September 1973
Mr.Nakagawa is with the Japanese Broadcasting Association
(NHK), Shizuoka Branch, Shizuoka 420, Japan. Mr .Ametani is
at present with the Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science
& Technology, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, England.
Prof .Iwamoto is with the Department of Electrical Engin-
Fig.l
eering, Doshisha University, Kyoto 602, Japan; Mr .Ametani
is currently on leave of absence from Doshisha University System diagram
PROC.IEE, Vol. 120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973 1521
electric field needed to solve the earth-return impedance is
given by the following:
a /anY an v an 7
I -j 2- -| 1 n=o
3x \ 3x 3y 3z
(3)
9V
IZ'12
Therefore the mutual impedance Z 12 between two parallel
conductors is
Z (4)
12 ~ I the Hertzian vector consists of both a primary field and re-
Wise solved the Hertzian vector of a transmission line6by
integrating the Hertzian vector12of a horizontal dipole, ' 11
formulated by Hoershelmann, along the conductor from
minus infinity to plus infinity. In his work, it is assumed
that the current has a propagation constant y, which is as-
signed a pure imaginary jk. Discussion concerning this
approximation is developed in detail in his paper.6 Further-
more, another assumption is necessary; i.e. the Hertzian
vector is proportional to exp (yx). This assumption is equi- where
valent to that of plane-wave propagation.
2.2 Horizontal dipole above a 3-layer earth
Let the dipole be along the x axis at a height h above the Earth
surface. The Earth is assumed to consist of three horizontal
layers as shown in Fig.2; the subscripts 0,1, 2 and 3 are used
Idx
fore the integral expression of the solution is
2J COS r /0 {f(x) exp (az) + g(X) exp (-az)}
Jn(rX)dX
where the functions f(X) and g(A) are to be determined by
boundary conditions.
The field is symmetrical with respect to the xz plane, but not
with respect to the xy plane. For these reasons it is neces-
sary that n consists of two components n x and n z . In the
x component n x , n should be zero; n should be 1 in n z , since
sultant fields, which must both satisfy boundary conditions.
For a horizontal dipole that is parallel to the x axis and in a
uniform medium of infinite extent, the Hertzian vector has
only the x component
(8)
K= R1 =
+(h-z)2}
The prime indicates the Hertzian vector of the dipole as op-
posed to that of an infinite line. Appendix 8.1 shows the equa
tions of each component of the Hertzian vector, and boundary
conditions.
Hence the x component of the Hertzian vector in air is given
by
exp(-y 0 R 2 )

+ 2K /0 B x exp{-a o (h + z)}J0(rX)XdA (9)

0 ; air where
R2 = V{r2 + (h + z)2}
2.3 Earth-return impedance
.earth In this Section, Wise's method will be employed to solve the
layers earth-return impedance. The assumptions described in Sec-
tion 2.1 are necessary. The Hertzian vector of an infinite
n
2 V2 M2 ^2 conductor above a 3-layer earth is
rt
3 ^3 /J-3 ^3
Q1 fexp(
Fig. 2 o = u x exp(-y o x) J.
i
A dipole above a 3-layer earth exp(ynR9) /.oo r ,, .
2
- + 2 Jo B x exp {-ao(h + z)}
for constants of the air, the upper, the middle and the lowest R2
layers of the Earth, respectively; dx denotes the depth of the x J0(rX)XdA exp (-yox)dx + u z n o z (z > 0) (10)
upper layer, and d2 denotes the combined depth of both the
upper and the middle layers. The lowest layer extends to where u x and u z are unit vectors along the x and z axes, res-
infinity. pectively.
The wave equation of the Hertzian vector should be satisfied Consider a 2-conductor system shown in Fig. l;the mutual
in any arbitrary space. In cylindrical co-ordinates impedance Z 12 is y%Uox/l as defined in eqn. 4. Replacing h
by hx and z by h2 in eqn. 10,
(5)
r 3r\ 3r/ r 2 d<p2 dz2 | exp (-
J
The general solution of eqn. 5 is
x exp(-yox)dx + jw 27 fo B l ex
P^~ Ql o( h i + h
2)}
n = l [(Al(j)n cos rup + A2$n sin n^){Ain exp (az)
n=o (11)
+ A 2n exp (-az)} x (A lrn J n (rX) + A2rnYn(rX)] (6)
With the assumption that y0 = jk, the following result for the
where 3-layer earth is obtained (Appendix 8.2):
r = V(x2 + y2) <f> = cos" 1 j a = V(X2 + y2)
X = integral variable (12)

J n = Bessel function of the first kind, order n

= jw = 2 fr, B 9 exp {(h, + h9)v}
Yn = Bessel function of the second kind, order n
A A A
i0n 2 n, in> 2n> irn 2rn
dA are
abritrary x cos (yv)dv (13)
constants
where
A
2 0n a r e z e r o > since n is symmetrical with respect to the
xz plane. A 2 r n are zero since II can not be infinity. There- D, = + (hj_ - h2)2} D 2 = V{y2 + (hx + h 2 ) 2 }
1522 PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973
and lower the values of P and Q, in comparison with the homo-
geneous case with a resistivity of the first layer, and vice
c, + c, versa. At high frequencies, however, the penetration depth
Bo = (14) becomes smaller and smaller, and the resistivity of the upper
(v (v -
Cl = (bj. + b 2 )(b 2 + b 3 ) + (b x - b 2 ) ( b 2 - b 3 ) 10
x exp {2a 2 (d 1 d2)}
c 2 = [ ( ^ - b 2 )(b 2 + b 3 ) + (bx + b 2 )(b 2 - b 3 )
x exp {2a 2 (d 1 d2)}] exp (2a1d1)
= V{v2 + k2 - k?} i = 1, 2 and 3

The first term in eqn. 12 is the inductance due to the geo- P 0-5
metry of the conductor. The second term is the earth-re-
turn impedance of an infinite conductor above the 3-layer
earth.
When d2 tends to infinity, i.e. a 2-layer earth, B2 can be re-
duced to B 3
b
i + b2 + ( b i ~ b 2) exp(2a1d1)
3
(v + /iQb1)(b1 + b2) + (v ]iiob1)(b1 b2) exp(2a1d1)
(15)
If the earth is homogeneous, i.e. d x - oo, eqn. 15 reduces to
(v + /iQbj)""1, and it is4 easily seen that eqn. 13 is identical to
Carson's impedance.
Eqn. 15 is similar to that of Sunde [F(u) of eqn. 4. 55, p. 119, in
Reference 7], except that a^ in Sunde's formula is not equal to
bj in this paper. The difference is probably because Sunde
solved the formula with too narrowly defined boundary con-
ditions, and without considering the propagation of the current
along the line with exp( yox). The solution for the 2-layer
earth is the same as the result by Wedepohl and Wasley; 9
however, the inclusion of displacement currents in their solu-
tion seems to be a postderivation adjustment. It is interesting
that their formula, based on some assumptions that are not
necessary for the solution in this paper, agrees with eqn. 15.
The result in this paper agrees with the 2-layer-earth impe-
dance given by one of the authors, who used the method of
successive field reflections and refractions, when all the8 per-
mittivities and permeabilities are equal to those of air. Our
results also agree with those given by Wise for a homogeneous
earth with displacement currents.

3 CALCULATED RESULTS OF THE EARTH-RETURN

IMPEDANCE
The earth-return impedance derived in Section 2.3 is evalu-
ated numerically for various line conditions. P and Q in
eqn. 13 are plotted as a function of w
w = D2V{COMO/PI}
D2 is the distance between the reference conductor and
either its own image or that of a conductor in the system
whose mutual impedance is requiredo The resistivity of the
first earth layer is p1}and ix0 is the space permeability. The
parameters ax and <x2 in the calculated results are given by
a e a. = 1/10 0to = 1
<*i = Pi/p2> 2 = P1/P3
In a previous paper, P and Q may have been regarded as a
function of variable w only.9 This, however, may well be im-
possible, and more generally we have to observe D2, cu and p x
independently. Only in the case of a homogeneous earth with
no displacement current can these be expressed simply as a
function of w.
3.1 3-layer-earth impedance
P and Q are shown in Fig. 3 for 0 = 0 (self impedance) and
in Fig.4 for 6 = 45 (mutual impedance). Here 6 is the angle
subtended at the reference conductor by the image of the ad-
jacent conductor. Displacement currents are neglected in
these graphs.
At high values of w there is not much deviation between the
homogeneous and the stratified cases. However, significant
differences are apparent for the stratified case at low values
of w. The reason for this can be explained readily; the pene-
tration depth of the return currents is greater at low values
of w that correspond to low frequencies. Consequently, the
resistivity of the lower-earth layer is the dominant factor;
the higher the ratio of first- to lower-layer resistivity, the
PROC.IEE, Vol. 120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973
0-1 0-5 10
Fig. 3
P and Q of 3-layer-earth impedances (6 = 0)
h 25m dx = 10m d2 = 20m
a Homogeneous earth
b a. = 2 a2 =10
c ax = 1/2 a2 =1/10
d ax = 10 Q2 = 1
layer becomes the dominant factor. Thus P and Q for the
stratified cases approach those for the homogeneous case.
These results are quite similar to those of a 2-layer earth. 9
Where the lowest-layer resistivity is the same as that of the
upper layer, interesting phenomena are observed. When the
resistivity of the middle layer is lower than those of the
upper- and the lowest-earth layers, P is bigger than that of
the homogeneous earth at low values of w, and it becomes
smaller at high Values of w. The results at high values of w
can be explained readily. At low values of w, however, it is
difficult to interpret the phenomena physically; the current
distribution in each layer may be very much different from
the other cases. The assumption of a plane wave may be
responsible for these results, and this requires further
investigation.
The effect of increased angle 9 is to increase the values of P
and Q at high frequencies for a higher resistivity of the lower
layer, and to decrease P and Q in the case of a lower resis-
tivity of the lower layer.
Fig. 5 shows the values of P with h as a parameter. It is
1523
observed that P varies with the parameter h at a given w. Thus, it may be concluded that P and Q are functions of
value of w. The same is true for Q. Therefore P and Q two independent variables h and V{to/p1} for stratified earth
cannot be expressed simply as a function of w. However, P with no displacement current.
and Q do not vary with the parameter px at a given value of
3.2 Effect of displacement currents
10 r The effect of the displacement currents in a homogeneous
earth for 9 = 0 is shown in Fig. 6. It is observed that the dis-

1-0 r

P0-5

P 0-5

Q 1

0-1 0-5 1 10

Fig. 6
0-1 0-5 1 10
Effect of displacement currents for the homogeneous
Fig. 4 case (9=0)
P and Q of 3-layer-earth impedances (0 = 45) no displacement current
h = 25m dx = 10m d2 = 20m \ displacement currents (ex = 10e0)
a Homogeneous earth a
b ax= 2 a2 = 10 b h = 25m
c ctx= 1/2 a2 =1/10 c h = 10m p~1=1009,m
d h = 10m p1=1000Qm
10 r placement currents cause differences from when there is no
displacement current at high values of w. The lower the con-
ductor height and the greater the earth resistivity, the greater
the difference.
The stratified states are shown in Fig. 7 and 8. It is noted
that the effect of the displacement currents is much greater
than that for the homogeneous case. A resonance effect
P 0-5 occurs when the resistivity of the lowest layer is the same as
that of the upper layer. For a greater conductor height and a
smaller resistivity of the 1st-earth layer, the effect of the
displacement currents is not noticeable, although the calcu-
lated results are not shown here. Similar trends are ob-
tained for different values of 9.
It has been observed in the preceding discussion that the dis-
placement currents cause marked differences when the con-
0-1 0-5 1 10 ductor height is lower and the earth resistivity is higher.
However, it must be noted that differences occur at values of
Fig. 5 w > 1 that correspond to frequencies higher than 1 MHz;
these effects may not influence the wave propagation appreci-
Effect of conductor height on the values of P (9 = 0) ably, when switching surges or power-line carriers are con-
cerned.
h =25m
h =10m ,
a ax = 2 a2 = 10 dx = 10m d2 = 20m (3-layer earth) 3.3 Effect of permeability
b otx = 1/10 dx = 15m (2-layer earth) The effect of permeability may be of some significance when
1524 PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973
a line traverses ferromagnetic regions. This has not been where
investigated previously, since it requires the formulation of
at least a 3-layer earth. ^ i sin{(2k l)7r/2N}
Fk = 2co
Fig. 9 shows the values of P and Q when the middle layer is

10 t 0 = T/N w0 = TT/T
N = number of frequency samples
T = maximum observation time
ot constant to change an integral route
F = frequency response
f = time response
P 0-5

10 r

PO-5

Q 1

0-1 05 1 10
Q 1
Fig. 7
Effect of displacement currents for the stratified case

h = 10m p = lOOOSlm dx = 10m d2 = 20m

ax = 2 oi2- 10
ax = 1/2 a2 = 1/10
a No displacement current
b Displacement currents (fz- = 10e0)
composed of iron deposits. At low values of w, P and Q are
quite different from the homogeneous case; with increasing
w, i.e.increasing frequency, however, P and Q approach those
of the homogeneous earth. Greater depth, also, causes P and
Q to approach rapidly the homogeneous case. These results
can be readily explained in the same manner as mentioned in
Section-3.1. The higher permeability causes an increase of
P andQ.
3.4 Effect of earth-layer depth
Fig. 10 shows the effect of the upper-layer depth for the
2-layer case. It is noted that the depth of the upper layer is
a significant factor for the earth-return impedance. The
middle-layer depth for the 3-layer case causes less effect
than that of the upper-layer depth.
4 WAVE DEFORMATION
The step responses for travelling-wave deformation in single
overhead lines above a stratified earth are calculated using
the modified fast Fourier transform (f.f.t.) developed by one
of the authors. 13 The modified f.f.t. is of the following form:
0-1 0-5 1 5 10
w
Fig. 8
Effect of displacement currents for the stratified case
(9=0)
h = 10m px = lOOOSim a2 = 1 dx = 10m d2 = 20m
a, = 10
x
a No displacement current
b Displacement currents (fj = 10e0)
The modified f.f.t. gives the same accuracy as that of the
modified Fourier transform, with great savings of computa-
tion time.
Fig. 11 shows the step response of the 3-layer earth com-
pared with the homogeneous case. It is clear that the r e s -
ponses .of the 3-layer earth tend to approach those of the
homogeneous earth that has the resistivity of the lowest layer
in the 3-layer earth. The results are quite reasonable,
since the return currents penetrate deeply into the lower-
earth layer at a large time period, i.e. low frequencies.
Consequently the properties of the lowest layer are the
dominant factor of the wave propagation.
When the lowest-layer resistivity is the same as that of the
upper layer and the resistivity of the middle layer is lower
(f),the attenuation at.short periods is less than that of de-

{ exp (atnn) /J7m\ N

^ e x p f ^ j Fkw(k"i)n
.,
PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973
creasing resistivity profile (d), and becomes bigger at
medium values of the period. Eventually it approaches that
of the homogeneous earth with a resistivity equal to that of
1525
the lowest-earth layer. This is the expected pattern.
The results obtained for the displacement currents are not
shown, since the effect on the wave deformation is almost
negligible.
The effect of a ferromagnetic earth layer is shown in Fig. 12.
The ferromagnetic layer has a significant effect at low fre-
quencies, and a marked difference is observed at large times.
The low attenuation gives rise to the need for caution when a
line traverses ferromagnetic regions.

10 r
10 r

P 0-5

time.jjs

Step responses of travelling-wave deformation

Line length = 83-212km height = 25m radius = 0-1785m
conductor resistivity = 3-78 x 10~s9m, fj = e0, ^ = /u0
Homogeneous earth
a p = 100m
b p = lOOQm
Q 1
c p = 10009m
3-layer earth (px = lOOSlm dx = 10m d2 = 20m)
d P2 = 50Slm p 3 = lOSlm
e p2 = 2009m p3 = 10009m
f p 2 = 109m p3=1009,m

0-1 05 1w 5 10

Fig. 9
Effect of a ferromagnetic earth layer (9 = 0)
h = 25m px = p 3 = 1009m j = e 0 nx = n3 = IQ
a p2 = 1009m, n2 = juQ (homogeneous earth)
5
b p2 = 10'5
9m \x2 = 100n0 ' dx = 30m d2 = 40m
c p2=10' 9m ix2 = 100ii0 dx = 100m d2 = 110m
d p2- 10'59m n2 = 500y.Q dx = 30m d2 = 40m

0
time.ps
Fig.12
Effect of a ferromagnetic layer on travelling-wave
deformation
Line length =83-212km height =8 20m radius = 10cm
conductor resistivity = 5 x 10~ 9m,px = p 3 = 1009m,
H= *oMi = ^ 3 = ^ 0
a Homogeneous earth
b p2 = 10~59m ju2 = 100/10 dx = 30m d2 = 40m
c p2 = 10~59m ju2 = 100n0 dx = 100m d2 = 110m

5 CONCLUSION
A more rigorous and general solution for the earth-return
impedance of an overhead line has been developed. The ana-
Fig.10 lysis permits the earth-return path to consist of three
Effect of the upper-layer depth on the values of P (9 = 0) layers with arbitrary resistivities, permittivities and perme-
abilities. It is shown that the solution becomes identical to
h = 25m px= 1009m ax=l/10 (x = i0e o ^ = juo that derived by Carson and Wise for homogeneous earth, and
a Homogeneous earth also becomes equivalent to that developed by Iwamoto, Wede-
b dx 5m pohl and Wasley for the 2-layer earth.
c dx = 30m
d dx = 100m It has been observed that, for a stratified earth, significant
e dx = 500m differences from the homogeneous case occur at low fre-
1526 PROC.IEE, Vol. 120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973
quencies. Since the earth-return path is a dominant factor 8 APPENDDCES
in the characteristics of wave propagation in an overhead
line, and, since wave propagation at rather low frequencies 8.1 Components of Hertzian vector and boundary
is quite important in switching surges, it appears to be conditions
necessary to account for stratification of the Earth. The
homogeneity assumption is permissible only at very high The x components of the Hertzian vector are
frequencies.
n
Displacement currents also can cause considerable differ- ox = K ^ - R + Jo go(A) exp(-a o z)J o (rA)dA
ences. The effect, however, may be negligible in actual over-
head lines, for it occurs at very high frequencies under ex-
treme line conditions, such as very high earth resistivity and 1 X = L {f^A) exp(a 1 z) + gx(A) exp(a1z)}j0(rA)dA
n'1Y
low conductor height. In fact, it is not noticeable in the step
n
response. 2x = {f2(A) exp(a 2 z) + g2(A) exp(a2z)}J0(rA)dA

It has been shown that a ferromagnetic earth layer intro- n

3X =
duces a marked difference from the case of an ordinary f3(A) exp(a3z)J0(rA)dA
homogeneous earth. If a line is over a ferromagnetic region,
its effect must be taken into account. The z components are
n o z = cos <p XG0(A) exp(-a o z)J 1 (rA)dA
Similar trends of wave propagation are obtained for the
multiphase-line case, although the results have not been n ' l z = c o s 0 /O {F^
lz
given in the paper. A workable computer program, which
includes the effect of stratified earth on wave propagation in
both single-phase and multiphase lines, is now available. n 2 z = cos 0 /0 {F2(A.) exp(a 2 z) + G2(A) exp ( - a 2 z ) }

U'3Z = cos 0 /0 F3(A) exp(a 3 z)J 1 (rA)dA

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Prof.L. M. Wedepohl and R.G. In the above equations, functions f, g, F and G are determined
Wasley of the University of Manchester Institute of Science by boundary conditions. With the continuity of the tangential
& Technology for their helpful advice and discussions on components of E and H, and with Hy = 0, the following boun-
this subject, and Prof.R.Schinzinger of the University of dary conditions are obtained:
California for critical reading of the manuscript. Thanks
are also expressed to the University of Manchester Regional
n n ix = n+in(i+i)x
Computing Centre for running the programs.

(18)
7 REFERENCES
1 WEDEPOHL, L.M.: 'Electrical characteristics of poly-
phase transmission systems with special reference to iz 9n(i+l)x 3n(1+l)x
boundary-value calculations at power-line carrier fre- ax az ax az
quencies', Proc.IEE, 1965,112, (11), pp. 2103-2112
2 WAIT, J.R.: 'Project Sanguine', Science, 1972,178, where i = 0 at z = 0, i = 1 at z = dv and i = 2 at z = d2.
pp.272-275
3 HEDMAN,D.E.: 'Distortion of travelling waves on 3- As described in Section 2.1, only n x is necessary to solve the
phase transmission lines'. IEEE Canadian communica- earth-return impedance:
tion and e.h.v. conference, 1972
4 CARSON, J.R.: 'Wave propagation in overhead wires go(A) = KA e x p ( - h a o ) ( - l / a ) o + 2BX) (19)
with ground return', Bell Syst.Tech. J., 1926, 5, pp. 539-
554
Bx = {(C1 + C 2 )/M 0 ((/S 0 + /3i)Cx + (/So - PX)C
5 POLLACZEK,F.: 'Uber das Feld einer unendlich langen
wechselstrom-durchflossenen Einfachleitung', Elect. Cl = {^1 + /32)(j32 + /33) + (j3x - /32)(/32 - j83)
Nachr.Tech., 1926, 9,pp. 339 x exp {2a 2 (d 1 - d2)}
6 WISE, W.H.t 'Propagation of high frequency currents in
ground return circuits', Proc.Inst.Radio Eng., 1934,22, C2 = [Oi - 0 2 )O 2 + 03) + (0! + '32)(/32 ~ 03)
pp.522-527 x exp {2o!2(d1 d2)}] exp (2a1d1)
7 SUNDE,E.D.: 'Earth conduction effects in transmission
systems' (Dover, 1968, 2nd edn.) where
8 IWAMOTO, K.: 'Use of the travelling waves on the
measurement of earth resistivity', J. Inst. Elec. Eng. Jap., 04 = V{A2 + YilPi = <Xi/H>ri = ~ k i i
1958,78,pp.1038-1049
9 WEDEPOHL, L. M., and WASLEY, R. G.: 'Wave propaga- To solve n o x of eqn. 16, the following integral is necessary:
tion in multiconductor overhead lines',Proc.IEE, 1966,
113, (4), pp. 627-632 roo J0(rA) exp[-V{A2 + v}(h + z)] exp (-y 0 R 2 )
xdA
10 NAKAGAWA, M.: 'An analytical study on earth return h 7u^~,5i =
R,
propagation'. M.Sc.Thesis,Doshisha University, 1973
11 WISE,W.H.: 'Potential coefficients for ground return (20)
circuits', Bell Syst. Tech. J., 1948,27, pp. 365-371
12 HOERSHELMANN, H.: ' t b e r die Wirkungsweise des where R2 = V{r2 + (h + z)2}
geknickten Marconishen Senders in der drahtlosen
Telegraphie', Jb.der Dracht. Teleg., 1912, 5, pp. 14-34
13 AMETANI, A.: 'The application of the fast Fourier
transform to electrical transient phenomena', Int. J.Elec. 8.2 Derivation of eqns. 12 and 13
Eng.Educ, 1972,10, pp. 277-287
Put
D t = V]y2 + (h x - h 2 )2} D 2 = V{y2 + (h x + h 2 )2},
then
R11 = V{x2 + Df} and R 22 =

If jk is assumed for y o ,the integral part of the first term of

PROC.IEE, Vol.120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973 1527
eqn. 11 becomes Since J0[V{x2 + y2}A] and cos kx are even functions of x, and
sin kx is an odd function of x,
,00/exp [-jkV{x2 + Df}] exp [-jkV{x2 + D%})\ r<x>
J-\ /r2 + D 2 | /f 2 + p 2 | J J-00 JofVfr2 + y 2 ^ ] exp (-jkx)dx = 0 for A < k
cos
x exp (-jkx)dx = W (21) - 2
^/{ A2 "_ k 2} (24)

On replacing x + V{x2 + D 2 } by t, the following equation is

obtained: Substituting eqns. 23 and 24 in eqn. 11, we have

{ /
uvn I

7
it\

Ut I J
. ..* "l

OX.} \6&) **
Mft /

Oir \
^'9

T
ro

JJr 1 ^ <-
r

0 v
1
i

2'J
cos [yV{A2 - k2}] \ (25)

where Ql = k[V{s2 + D 2 } - s] and q 2 = k[V{s2 + D 2} - s] V{x 2 _ k 2}

X6X
)

The exponential integral function E^t) is applied, to give On replacing A2 - k 2 by v 2 , we obtain

_ -ifo_ L 2 r rfh h 1
2
(23) ^ , ^ (
x cos (yv)dv>
= 2 In D2/^>1 and thus eqns. 12 and 13 are generated.

1528 PROC.IEE, Vol.120, No. 12, DECEMBER 1973