Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Kyle Verrette
Gender Communications
Dr. Smith
November 26, 2016
Introduction:
Fashion plays a major role in society because it is able to define an individual by
social and economic class as well as gender. Fashion is crucial in individuals lives
expression for many individuals. The research paper will analyze nonverbal
draw attention to her physical development, rather than her power and knowledge. These
perceptions do not allow for equality. This is because the perceptions can cause women to
The research will also examine social norms in our society and how role models
and guardians impact an individuals personal image. For example, why are mens
clothing more functional than womens clothing? Why is womens clothing less
functional compared to mens clothing? And why is womens clothing more reveling?
The research will also examine why boys and girls are given specific color designations.
For example, why boys have a tendency to wear darker colors, such as blue and black,
There are several ways to conduct research on this topic. These examples include:
novels, magazines, research articles, case studies, and research journals. The research will
include credible source that will help enhance the argument throughout the paper. This
research will have concrete data and facts about gender and fashion. It will include
designers, fashion consultants, and professors concentrated in gender and fashion. These
individuals are considered professionals in the field of fashion and they are credible
sources. An important element when researching the problem is to show the progression
of fashion over the course of time. This will allow the reader to compare and contrast the
the subject of fashion. It will also allow the reader to become informed and be able to
understand why there are specific social norms in todays society. Fashion is more than
pieces of clothing thrown together to create an outfit. It is a symbol of who an individual
is. Fashion allows people to express their creativeness and individuality. The research
helps understand feminism in the fashion industry. It will allow for all gender to be equal
express themselves and not have to worry about labels and perceptions of others. The
significance of this research is to stand up against social norms and allow everyone to
powerful and uplifting. Sarah Mower using a quote from Caroline de Maigret that states,
We are the daughters of the 68ers! Our mothers marched in the streets of Paris to win
freedom. We have a responsibility to continue what they won!1 Sarah starts her article
with this quote. This was the backbone of her whole article, because it establishes a
baseline for her argument supporting feminism. She is then able to expand on this quote
Maigret, and Alber Elbaz to help support her argument about equality. These three
individuals have a powerful voice either the fashion industry or the movie industry.
Emma Watson is idolized by millions of both girls and boys all around the world due to
1 (Mower, 2016).
her outstanding movie productions. Emma now focuses a majority of her time speaking
out against violation of the rights of girls and women around the world. Emma Watson is
an excellent piece of evidence provided in the article. Since Emma Watson is idolized her
Fashion is all about making the outfit your own and being able to selling it. In my
opinion, the article is trying to argue that when a girl digs through her closet to find the
perfect outfit, she cannot think about what is the right or appropriate clothing to
wear. She has to put her own unique touch on the outfit, which allows for originality.
Sarah argues individuality and self-expression throughout her article. She uses Alber
Elbaz as an example. Alber Elbaz does not look for a specific theme in fashion, he rather
focuses his attention on the individuality of the outfits. Alber ties in very well with her
article, because she argues originality and that is what the fashion industry needs. Women
should be able to dress exactly how they choose. No male should force a woman to wear
a specific outfit.
Bissinger, Buzz. Caitlyn Jenner: The Full Story. 25 June 2015. 18 October 2015
<http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/06/caitlyn-jenner-bruce-cover-annie-
leibovitz>.
Buzz Bissinger editor at Vanity Fair recently wrote a piece on Caitlyn Jenner and
her journey to altering her gender to become a female. Mr. Bissinger is a highly qualified
journalist who has won several awards including the American Pulitzer Prize. The Vanity
Fair piece is transformative and sends a message to our nation. This article allows the
Bissinger examines Caitlyn Jenners sex appeal and the transformation from wearing
mens clothing compared to womens clothing. This source allows the reader to
Vanity Fair has behind the scenes photos of Caitlyn Jenner s outfits and new
style. When Vanity Fair released the magazine cover for Call me Caitlyn, Caitlyn was
wearing a satin one-piece corset. Corsets are a piece of womens lingerie and are
considered sexy. The corset is a significant garment because womans clothing usually
calls more attention to their body. They are highlighting the sex appeal. The corset that
Caitlyn is wearing shows off her whole body. This image portrays the ultimate sex
appeal because Caitlyn has her hair unrestrained, her legs bear, and her curves accented
by her attire. The cover of the magazine is significant, because Caitlyn Jenner is wearing
a corset. For many transgender women it may be difficult for them to fit into womens
clothing because the body shape. For example, their shoulders, hips, and chest may be
wider which could make it more difficult to transgender women to fit into women
clothing.
Caitlyn Jenner had to make a major adjustment not only in her physical
appearance, but in her fashion as well. When Caitlyn was Bruce he had to fit the mold of
masculinity. Bruce had to wear dark jeans, shorts, and dark color shirts. Mens clothes are
usually darker; they consist of black, grey, and dark blue. Women are more prone to wear
more vibrant colors. Men and womens clothing differ in style and color. Womens
clothing is primarily more fitting and focuses on revealing their sexuality. The author was
able to reveal Caitlyns sexuality by images. For example, when Caitlyn was wearing
sleek tight fitting dress as well as the corset. Mens clothing is more styled towards
comfort and freedom of movement. So, the clothing is usually more bagger and not as
reveling. The author was able to examine the differences of mens clothing compared to
O'Bryne, Susan. "Clothing and Gender in the Workplace." (2010): 1-3. Web.
<http://www.prismjournal.org/fileadmin/Praxis/Files/Gender/Obyrne.pdf>.
experienced journalist and public relations practitioner. The author uses her personal
experiences and knowledge she has gained over the years to incorporate into the article.
The author could have incorporated various sources within the article to strengthen their
arguments. Susan O Byrne published the article in 2010, so the evidence in the article is
fairly recent.
The author analyzes three main subjects throughout the article. They include,
letting go of the peacock routine, Dressing to stand out, Women as ornaments, and
Women as sexual objects. Susan O Byrne reiterates one main idea throughout the article.
She states, less emphasis needs to be placed on the external image we create through
clothes to make a statement and a greater emphasis placed on the quality of our
communications work.2 The author believes that knowledge is more powerful and
The main theme of the article Ms. O Byrne observes throughout the article is the
differences between men and womens dress in the workplace. The author argues that
men are more prone to wear suits to work, while women are more likely to wear clothes
that make a statement. For example Susan O Byrne states, women are a much more
varied bunch, with a significant number more likely to wear statement clothing as part
of their expression of self.3 One aspect Susan O Byrne examines in the article is women
2 (O'Bryne, 2011)
3 (O'Bryne, 2011)
as sexual objects. Ms. Byrne analysis how women, particularly younger women are
wearing clothes that emphasize their bodies. The author observes how womens clothing
is becoming more reveling. For example, necklines on shirts are lower, shorter skirts, and
Maglaty, Jeanne. "When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?" Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian
Institution, 07 Apr. 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2016.
Jeanne Maglaty wrote an articled called, When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink?
This article was published five years ago in 2011, so the sources used in the article
provides current information. The author incorporated various quotes from specialists
within the fashion industry to strengthen her arguments. However, the author could have
included more scholarly sources. This would have allowed Jeanne Maglaty to elaborate
on her thoughts and force the author to examine different aspects of why gender-neutral
Jeanne Maglaty main argument throughout the article examines why boys are
more prone to wear blue and girls primarily wear pink. Ms. Maglaty states, So the baby
boomers were raised in gender-specific clothing. Boys dressed like their fathers, girls like
their mothers. Girls had to wear dresses to school, though unadorned styles and tomboy
play clothes were acceptable.4The author argues that girls are now more likely to be seen
clothing is no longer trending. Jeanne Maglaty argues that gendered- neutral clothing
only remained popular until 1985. Ms. Maglaty argues that prenatal testing was the major
reason for gendered- neutral clothes. The merchandise helped force the social norm of
4 (Maglaty, 2011)
girls wearing pink and men wearing blue. The author makes an interesting argument
when nothing that even the fashion industry forces boys to wear blue and girls to wear
pink it is not that simple. This is because a boy may not feel comfortable wearing boys
clothes. The boy may prefer wearing girls clothing instead. The author states, The
fashion world may have divided children into pink and blue, but in the world of real
individuals, not all is black and white.5 This argument does not only force the fashion
industry to adjust to these changes, but society as well. The author argues that
incorporating gendered- neutral clothing would diminish the black and white within the
fashion industry.
Fletcher, Ben C. What Your Clothes Might Be Saying About You. 20 April 2013. 18
November 2016 <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/do-something-
different/201304/what-your-clothes-might-be-saying-about-you>.
Ben C. Fletcher wrote What Your Clothes Might Be Saying About You. The
author examines the psychological aspects of fashion and how clothing is able to
throughout his article that states, People make their assessments in the first few seconds
of seeing another; assessments that go way beyond how well you are dressed and how
neat and tidy you might look.6 Throughout the article the author examines why does this
happen? The author does case study that includes 300 adults men and women and the
participants viewed another individuals picture and within three seconds the participant
The author does extensive outside research where he is able to examine why
individuals are able to make snap judgments. The author argues that our clothing is able
5 (Maglaty, 2011)
6 Please reference (Fletcher, 2013)
to reveal many different things about an individual. The author urges the reader to always
dress to impress. She argues that what we as individuals wear speaks volumes and
people make instant first impressions by the way an individual dresses. When the author
examined the results of the case study he concluded that the clothing an individual wore
ultimately mattered.
analyzing human behavior. This article Professor Fletcher wrote is beneficial in the
overall content of the paper because the author examines the psychology aspects of
individuals and fashion. The research the author conduct will be beneficial in the paper
because it provides a real example. This study will strengthen the argument and help
Rizzo, Mary. "Can We Tie Unisex Fashion Trends to Gender Equality?" CNN. Cable
News Network, 14 Jan. 2016. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
Mary Rizzo wrote "Can We Tie Unisex Fashion Trends to Gender Equality?" this
article studies equality within the fashion industry. The author used a couple of
celebrities, such as Caitlyn Jenner and Miley Cyrus, as key examples in the fight for
equality. Mary states, Before we raise a toast to a world of post-gender fashion, it's
equality.7 Mary looks into the basic understanding of the meaning of fashion throughout
history. Throughout the 19th century women fought for the right for women to wear pants.
This was a major push towards equality in the fashion industry for both men and women.
The author could have incorporated outside sources to strengthen her argument;
this is because the article is built of speculation and no concrete evidence. The author
7 (Rizzo, 2016)
examines specific points throughout history when gendered equality was tested. The
specific examples Mary finds all happened organically, without the fashion industry
involvement. The author makes an important argument against the fashion industry. The
author argues that the fashion industry is more worried about the profit aspect instead of
The theories and historic content the author offers will strengthen the final paper
when analyzing the history of the fashion industry. The argument the author makes
against the fashion industry is significant. This is because Mary has a different viewpoint
from other authors or professors. This article will also give the reader a different
perspective of the fashion industry. It makes the reader question whether they are focused
on equality of wealth.
Screws, Nic. "Men's Fashion Is Headed for a Gender-Bending Moment Unseen Since the
'70s." Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 6 Aug. 2015. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.
"Men's Fashion Is Headed for a Gender-Bending Moment Unseen Since the '70s."
was written by Nic Screws. The article analyzes the most recent runway show. The mens
runway collection has shifted over the years. The most recent runway included
models and boyish female models alikewere wearing silhouettes, fabrications, and
items of clothing that traditionally appear in womenswear collections. This fashion show
helped transform the mens fashion industry. This is a shift in the right direction; the shift
Nic Screws examines how the young people have shaped the fashion industry.
The author believes that the clothes are the 2000s with have no meaning. There will be
no symbolic meaning attached to them. The author illustrates how fashion from the late
1970s is being combined into todays dress. Images were incorporated in the article,
which allows the reader to reference to get a better understanding of the specific clothing
This article analyses the shift towards gender equality not only in the fashion
industry, but in the retail industry as well. The author stated that the retail industry is
incorporating unisex clothing lines. Incorporating this article within the final paper gives
specific evidence into the future of the fashion industry. In 10 years, a college student's
Analyzing these differences will help make the paper more empowering. Including this
article is important. Because it will be observing how our society has finally accepted
fashion equality.
Tarrant, Shira, and Jolles, Marjorie. Fashion Talks: Undressing the Power of Style.
Albany, NY: State U of New York, 2012.
Marjorie Jolles and Shira Tarrant co- authored Fashion Talks. The authors
observe the importance of fashion and analyze how time plays a major factor within
fashion. For example, the authors state, Fashion is, crucially, about time. Fashion is
both temporally self- aware and historicized, marked by time.8 The authors examine how
individuals are criticized for wearing a specific article of clothing because it was from
The chapters in the book examine different aspects of fashion. For example, one-
chapter analyses dressing the body while another focuses on fashion choices. The author
then is able to connect these different aspects into one main theme. This one theme is
examined extensively throughout the book. The authors include work from other scholars
The authors are informing the reader about feminism in the fashion industry. The
author also illustrates how, females move up into political or leadership roles, their
fashion sense becomes more expensive. Marjorie Jolles and Shira Tarrant argue that as
women become more influential they need to dress the part. This is because fashion can
make a major first impression and ensuring a woman dresses the part is a major step.
Women want to ensure their social class and control is noticed through their dress.
Aron OCass wrote, Fashion clothing consumption this article focused on the
clothing industry and the impacts clothing has on society. The authors main theme
throughout the article is focusing on materialism and the affects it has on an individual.
The author states, The focus on fashion clothing is significant because both its economic
value and significant social functions and meaning it provides in consumers lives.9 The
author also elaborates on the impact clothing has on an individual. The author details that
clothing is able to create relationships with other groups or individuals based on there the
OCass focus of the article is limited because their main focus is on one state in Australia.
Even though the author limits his research he is still able to provide concrete evidence
and develop several theories of gender and fashion. The author incorporates several
sources to help bolster his argument on materialism within the fashion industry. He is
successful at examining data and incorporating the data into the article. However, the data
The author conducted a survey that was distributed to 478 individuals. The author
collected the data and examined the results. His conclusion was that fashion clothing
involvement is influenced by three categories: materialism, gender and age. The final
paper analyzes how nonverbal communication impacts society and the survey that was
conducted offers compelling evidence. The theories that the author proposes will be able
to tie in with other sources and increase the overall product of the paper to help examine
Bansal, Puneet. "Female to Feminine." Elements of Fashion and Apparel Designing. 1st
ed. Jaipur, India: Book Enclave, 2008. 86-114. Print.
different elements of the fashion industry. One subject of the book that is beneficial to the
final product is Female to Feminine. The main theme throughout the section of
Female to Feminine explore the history of women in feminism. Throughout history the
authored noted that womens clothing was depended on their social wealth. Womens role
in history was to be conservative and to be a good homemaker for the husband and kids.
Women were expected to dress very conservatively. The only time they showed sexuality
is during maternity.
Puneet Bansal explored feminism within family households. The author was more
specific within the analysis they focused on feminism in fashion. The author also
examined how media has played a major role within the fashion industry. For example,
they portray women in the media as beautiful youthful women. This impacts the younger
final paper. Puneet Bansal examined feminism throughout history and this will be an
important element in the final paper. The historic content will allow for background
information in the fashion industry. This book will be a guide into how fashion has
shifted over the years; however, it will be a credible source when analyzing non-verbal
communication. Over the years non- verbal communication has always been constant, it
has always played a major role in first impressions and individuals identity.
Michelman, S. O., & Miller- Spillman, K. A. Fashion and Dress. Retrieved October 12,
2016, from I Love To Know: http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-
history-eras/fashion-gender-dress
and Dress. The two authors are co-workers, which will explain their connection. These
two authors are credible due to their knowledge, research, and book publications. The
authors main focus is to analyze what it means to be a man or a woman and how it is
linked to fashion. The theme throughout the article is gender artifacts and nonverbal
communication. The heart of the article is the impact on historic perspective of dress and
gender. This is because the article gives of the author historical background of gender and
gendered nonverbal communication. The historical viewpoints were reversed in the early
1900s. The article statesThe color "rule" in 1918 was pink for the boy and blue for the
girl. Pink was interpreted then as a stronger and more assertive color and blue as more
dainty and delicate.10 However, after WWII the roles were reversed to what we are
accustomed to today. Since WWII our society still follows social norm by color- coding
observe throughout the article are societys impact on gender and gendered nonverbal
norms in our culture and examine the impacts that they have had on society. The authors
express the importance of womens image, especially in the fashion industry. Women
need to be youthful, slim, athletic, and well-toned physique.11 The authors argue how
parents and society encourage these behaviors. The authors also analyze why men and
women dress the way they do. They used an example of men wearing suits. When men
wear suits it shows that they have power and control and when woman wear a dress it
development, novels, and case studies. The authors effectively use the sources throughout
to strengthen their arguments and back up their previous statements. The downfall to this
evidence is that various studies are outdated. Since our culture is changing and becoming
more accepted to change in gender identity the results of the research could be different.
An example is when the authors examine why newborn boys will more likely receive
blue or pink if the newborn is a girl. The authors argument is strengthen when they uses
evidence to support their argument. However, the research used was conducted in 1984.
This specific piece of evidence is outdated, which would weaken the overall argument
Arvanitidou, Zoi and Maria Gasouka. "Construction of Gender through Fashion and
Dress." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4.11 (2013).
by Zoi Arvanitidou and Maria Gasouka. These two authors are credible and well
educated; they are both Doctors at the University of Aegean with a concentration in
educational design and clothing design. Professor Gasouka and Professor Arvanitidou
main focus in the article is to inform the reader of social and economical differences
through fashion and dress. As the readers expand their thoughts on social differences they
The authors started the article with an introduction, but then gave the reader
historical background of fashion and gender. Establishing historical allows the reader to
compare and contrast the fashion industry over time. Professor Gasouka and Professor
Arvanitidou analyzed how laws were passed to regulate clothing. From the 13th Century
to the 17th Century clothing was regulated depended on social class and an individuals
occupation. The authors stated, There is a clear separation of fashion in male and
female. The female one requires constant change and innovation, imposed by the
capitalist system of production and fashion with the excuse of the supposed obsession of
women with elegance12. This passage helped give the reader a better understanding of
what was considered acceptable throughout history due to economic diversity. The
authors argued that throughout history fashion defined an individual and people are
perceived differently due to their fashion identity. Dr. Arvanitidou and Dr. Gasouka
provide examples on how these perceptions are still true today by using various
Throughout the article the authors express how appearance is such a major factor
in todays society. They used various examples to prove that fashion is used to determine
appearance of the body considering in the general sense that it includes anything that
contributes to this configuration, like shoes, hairstyle, accessories and even cosmetics. 13
Professor Gasouka and Professor Arvanitidou express that these factors are shaping the
fashion industry as well as society. These arguments force the reader to examine their
fashion sense. The reader is forced to analyze the designers they wear for clothing, the
Eicher, Joanne B. and Mary Ellen Roach- Higgins. "Clothing and Textile Research
Jounral." Dress and Identity (1992): 8.
"Dress and identity" co-written by Mary Ellen Roach- Higgins and Joanne B.
Eicher was published in 1992. This is a scholarly article because these two authors are
well respected and educated. The article is a great source for historical background and
insight. The authors use articles, books, and scholarly journals to strengthen their
arguments. However, the sources that the authors used are considered outdated. The
sources and references used throughout the journal are outdated as well. The authors use
references from 1965- 1990 and studies and research have changed that could alter this
data. However, this journal is still a reliable source of information. The reader is able to
compare and contrast the differences in dress throughout the years because it gives
historical content.
elaborated on this topic throughout the journal. Their main focus throughout the journal is
But, the main goal is to illustrate the social aspects of dress. The abstract and introduction
dress and the impacts it has on society. The authors simply defined dress as,
appearance, clothing, ornament, adornment, and cosmetics.14 But, then they elaborated
on the meaning and were able to give historical background on the meaning. The
professors then compare dress to various subjects. For example, Dress Versus
Dress Versus Fashion. These comparisons further examine the importance dress has in
Mary Ellen Roach- Higgins and Joanne B. Eicher argue that dress is a form of
communication in our society. They argue how dress is able to define who the individual
is. Dress may, for example, make a statement about age, gender, social class, school
affiliation, or religion.15 For example, when individuals attend social gatherings, the
name of the dress is major factor. The dress is a form of communicating, because it is
able to represent individuals social standards. Another example, the authors use to
illustrate dress is another form of communication is by the dresses properties. The also
authors emphasizes the importance of the dress matching their significant others tie. If the
dress did not match the tie it could indicate that the couple is a part of the middle or lower
social class.
Wood, Julie T and Natalie Fixmer- Oraiz. Gendered Lives. Boston, MA: Cengage
Learning, 2015.
their thoughts. The data and sources used in the book are currently up to date. This
The authors are able to give the reader examples of fashion differences between
male and female. The authors stated, Clothing has become less sex- distinctive than in
former eras, fashions for women and men sill differ. Mens clothes generally are not as
colorful or bright as womens, and they are designed to be more functional.16 This is a
key passage because it shows examples on how the males wear clothes that are primarily
Julie T. Wood and Natalie Fixmer- Oraiz also analyze the fit of womens clothing
compared to mens. The authors argue that mens clothing is more function compared to
womens clothes. This forces the reader to examine the fit of their clothing and see if their
clothing fits into the social norm. For example, Womens clothing is designed to call
attention to womens bodies and to make them maximally attractive to viewers.17 Mens
clothing is more functional because it usually bagger and has pockets, which allows men
Marcangeli. This article was written in 2015, so the sources incorporated within the
article is currently up to date. The sources that Sveva Marcangeli includes; articles,
research journals, and books. Ms. Marcangeli uses a wide range of information dating
are more revealing. Sveva Marcangeli states, Womens erotic body features such as
arms, busts, hips and breasts have always been emphasized in dress, while womens legs
have been hidden and ignored for centuries. On the contrary, mens legs have been
emphasized as their erotic zone.18 The author argues that it was not until the twentieth
century when the fashion industry began focusing on the sex appeal.
The author forces the reader to compare present day fashion to historic content.
Sveva Marcangeli argues that over the years women have increased their independence
not only in life, but fashion as well. Since the 1920s, women have steadily been
obtaining greater independence in choosing what they should wear, when they could wear
it, and in front of whom.19 This change has allowed women to stand up against social
norms within the fashion industry and force women to express themselves freely and
independently. Incorporating this evidence within the final paper will not only bolster the
Arvanitidou, Zoi and Maria Gasouka. "Fashion, Gender and Social Identity "
FashionColloquia (2012). < https://process.arts.ac.uk/sites/default/files/zoi-
arvanitidou.pdf>.
Zoi Arvanitidou and Maria Gasoua co- authored Fashion, Gender and Social
Identity. Both of these authors are considered specialists in their fields of study. Zoi
Arvanitidou has her PhD in Candidate fashion as well as Gender and Cultural Studies.
While her co-author Maria Gasoua focuses on education and education design, the
18 (Marcangeli, 2015)
19 (Marcangeli, 2015)
authors focus the development of gender identity through clothing and fashion. The main
theme throughout the article is to analyze the cultural differences between men and
women through dress. Zoi Arvanitidou and Maria Gasoua states, The way everyone is
formed through the clothes, makeup and behavior constitutes the sexual identity and
social position, namely the dressed bodies constitute tools of self.20 The authors argue
that individuals are able to use fashion and makeup as a form of self-expression.
The authors states, Fashion can present the hidden desires and fears of the
wearer, with the dark color and severe lines of the classic costume. Fashion, with its
provocation can raise concerns among viewers due to the ambiguity of messages such as
the extreme forms of sub cultural, street costume movements, or provoke the perceptions
and taboos, such as when a man is wearing a woman's skirt. The authors analyze that
individuals are able to talk to each other through fashion. For example, an individuals
social class can be identified through dress. Individuals are able to express their
unconscious and conscious through clothing. The focus is to inform the reader of social
twelve pictures of both men and women and the interviewers analyze their fashion
Zoi Arvanitidou and Maria Gasoua cite numerous scholarly sources in the article.
The authors use case studies, research journals, and books as concrete evidence. The
sources used in the article help strengthen their argument; however, the sources can be
considered outdated. The authors use sources from 1978-2008. That is an eight-year time
span where social norms have changed and new information has been gathered. This
makes the article outdated; however, the article is still able to give the reader a basic
included images, which allows the reader to visually see the differences between men and
women in fashion.
Levi, Jennifer L. "Clothes Dont Make the Man (or Woman), But Gender Identity Might."
(2006): 91-113.
Jennifer L. Levi wrote a paper called; Clothes Dont Make the Man (or Woman),
But Gender Identity Might this paper examines gendered identity and dress
requirements. The author includes several different sources to help bolster his arguments
throughout the paper. This is a credible source because Jennifer L. Levi is conducting
this research paper for Western New England University School of Law. Ms. Levi uses
credible sources to further enhance her stance on the dress code challenges.
throughout history, to reinforce her argument against dress codes. Jennifer L. Levi
included one case within the paper that stated, Prior to the implementation of the
grooming code, Jespersens employer had suggested, but not required, that women
employees wear make- up; Jespersen tried wearing makeup for a short period of time, but
stopped.21 The author argues that the worker ended up being fired, because she stopped
wear making up into work. The employee did not feel comfortable wearing makeup
because she did not feel like herself. The author did a good incorporating these sources;
because it gives real examples that the reader is able to relate to.
Ms. Levi states, Cases brought by transgender litigants provide insight into what
may move judges to understand both the harms of forced gender conformity for those
individuals and the inelasticity of gender identity.22 This passage is the main theme that
21 (Levi, 2016)
22 (Levi, 2016)
the author is trying to answer. The author argues that the law does not take into
consideration the transgender community. The author believes that individuals are able to
alter their appearance by dress and cosmetics, but the individuals gender identity does
not change. Integrating the LGBTQ community gives the paper a different perspective in
Tatyanna Hristova wrote a peer review article called, Clothing- A choice and
image of culture identity. Tatyanna examines fashion is various different aspects of life.
She examines how fashion is a way of communication that not only impacts an
individuals identity, but our culture as a whole. The author explains that fashion is no
longer a human satisfaction. Clothing now has a meaning and this meaning can affect an
individuals social group, cultural background, and sexually. One last phase the author
analysis is how fashion is able to change the social norm and create new fashion trends.
The author argues that individuals do not want to be perceived differently due to their
Hristova is informing her readers about the basic understanding of fashion and the
impacts is can create not only on ones self but society as well. She is able to study these
different phases of fashion by conducting extensive research. The author uses various
sources throughout the article to not only strengthen her arguments, but also provide
Hristovas findings are able to connect to the overall paper, because she has
extensive research on how fashion affects nonverbal communication. She argues that our
clothing sends a message to others and we are able to use these messages to
communication to one. The paper analyzes how nonverbal communications plays a major
role in first impressions and an individuals self-image. The findings and theories
Form of Nonverbal Communication. The author argues that clothing is a way for
individuals to express themselves. They are able to use clothing to as an outlet for self
-expression. Throughout the article, the author connects fashion into various aspects of
society and culture. Nonverbal communication plays a key role in the clothing industry.
One example the author uses is when she examines how clothing is able to send symbolic
messages in either the general or specific scope of the fashion industry. The author then
The main theme the author is arguing throughout the article is self- expression and
arguments. She is then able to expand upon the resource used, which bolsters her overall
content throughout the article. The author also includes several different images of
fashion pieces of history. This allows the reader to be able to compare and contrast the
This article will strengthen the overall content of the paper. The author elaborates
on specific keys areas of the fashion industry such as, clothing as a symbol, clothing;
function and meaning, and clothing as an expression of time. These three areas will
impact the paper significantly because it will give the reader background knowledge of
the subject. Including the symbolic meaning of clothing will help analyze the impact it
Berberick, Stephanie Nicholl. "The Objectification of Women in Mass Media." The New
York Sociologist 5 (2010): 1-15.
Media. The article analyzes the impact the mass media has within the fashion industry.
The author examines the rate increase in plastic surgery, eating disorders and suicides.
The media examines how women have been objectified for years and the impacts they
have made. Berberick uses shows like the Victoria Secret fashion show as a prime
The author includes various credible sources throughout the article to reinforce
her points on the impacts of mass media on society. Stephanie Nicholl Berberick states,
Some of the media, wanting to be a kind of tool for empowerment, is sending subtle
messages for women to change themselves but, similarly, they also hint that this change
and empowerment must not challenge or upset patriarchal societal norms.23 This passage
is the main theme throughout the article. Stephanie Nicholl Berberick analyses why
women will do absolutely anything to chase perfection. Women are constantly degraded
and put down by the media or by others and this affects their self- esteem. The author
This resource is significant to the overall product because it examines the impact
mass media has on an individual as well as the fashion industry. This article is not
identifying non-verbal communication with the fashion industry. The article observes
23 (Berberick, 2010)
how the mass media is able to persuade individuals. The media is able to influence men
and women that what they seen on TV can be reality. This can relate to how men and