CH 11.

Boundary Layer Theory

B.L : The region affected by viscosity around solid boundary

Potential flow

B.L

62
N-S eq for imcomp. steady 2-D flow
u u 1 p 2u 2u
u v 2 2
x y x x y
v 2
u v v 1 p v2 v2
2

x y y x y

u v 0
x y

U L
A thin B.L requires Re L 1

of nondimensional form
( Re 0)

u* * u* p* 1 2u * 2u *
u *
v * *2 *2
x *
y *
x Re L x y

can not satisfy no-slip B.C

63
 B.L thickness : ( x)
- The distance from the wall out to where u 0.99U
y

( x) B.L approx. L
x
L
Displacement thickness : t
- The distance by which the boundary would have to be displaced
if the entire flow were imagined to be frictionless and the same
mass flow maintained at any section
U U

u
q U t (U u )dy or t (1 )dy
U
64
0 0
 Momentum thickness : m

1
2
m u (U u )dy
U 0

Prandtls boundary layer eq.

U : Characteristic velocity

L : Characteristic length in x-dir

: Characteristic length in y-dir
2u 2u
Because L 2 2
x y
u u 1 p 2u Neglect
x-momentum : u v 2
x y x y x-dir diffusion

65

2

from y-momentum : PBL ~ U 2 1

L

Pressure change across B.L

take PBL 0 P P( x)
In B.L theory, P P( x) to regarded as a given quantity-determined
separately by sol. of the inviscid flow problem

dU 1 dP
U
dx dx
B.L eq.

u u 1 p 2u
u v 2
x y x y
u v
0
x y
66
Blasius flat plate B.L

p B.C
In this case 0
x
u u 1 p 2u u v 0 at y 0
u v 2
x y x y u U at y
u v
0
x y
A similarity sol. exist because of neglecting of x-diffusion.
u y
i.e depends only on some function of only
U
y
define
x
U
67
Introduce stream function to satisfy continuity

u , v
y x
U
u
y x
u

1
Function of only
U U x

u
Put U x f ( ) f ( )
U
1 U
v ( f f )
x x 2 x
1
f ff 0
2

68
 f (0) 0, f (0) 0
B.C
f () 1
u
U
1.0 u
for 0.99
U
x
5
U
5.0

x x
t
U (1 f )d 1.7208 U
0
0
1

u Cf 0.644 Re x 2

U
U
f (0) , U / 2
2

y 0
y y 0
x
0.332

69
Von Karman Integral method

Flat Plate - p( x, y ) constant

No net pressure force

U constant

Conservation of mass

d
wx uzdy x
dx 0

d


uzdy 0 u zdy
dx 0
u zdy x

0

x
70
 Momentum theorem

U wx

d


u ( uz )dy 0 u ( u z ) dy
dx 0
u ( u z ) dy x

0

0 xz

x
x-momentum

d d
dx 0
xz 0 xz
2
u dy x z U udy
dx 0

71
x-momentum

d d
dx 0
xz 0 xz
2
u dy x z U udy
dx 0

Since U constant , constant

d u
(u 2 uU )dy
dx 0 y y 0

u

d y
2
2 u u
1
U U
dx 0
U d
y

U U

y
0

u

d u u y U
1

dx 0 U U U y
1 d

y
0

72
 u y
Assume a similarity profile f f
U

2 3
u y y y
a0 a1 a2 a3
U
a0 a1 a2 2 a3 3

Determine ai from B.C

1. y 0, u 0 a0 0
2. x momentum eq at y 0, u v 0
u u 2u
u v 2 0 a2 0
x y y
1
3. y , u U a1 a3 1 a
3
2

u a 3
4. y , 0 a1 3a3 0 1
y 2

u 3 1
3
U 2 2
73
 140
Substitute, d dx
13 U

1
at x 0, 0 4.64 Re x 2
x
u
d
u U U U
0 x 0.323U
y y 0
y x
d
y
0

0 x
1
C f x 0.646 Re x 2
1
U 2
2
u 1 1
Velocity Distribution, C f x Re x 2
2
Re x
U x
Exact 5.00 0.664
3
3 y 1 y
4.64 0.646
2 2
y
3.46 0.576

y
sin( ) 4.80 0.654
2
74