Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Department of Strength of Materials and Structures

English courses
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Code: BMETKEPB603

Lecture no. 3:

The uncracked (1st), cracked (2nd) and plastic (3rd)

state of stresses

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/1

Content:
1. Example of an axially loaded rc column
2. Example of an rc beam subjected to flexure
Elastic uncracked state
Elastic cracked state
Plastic state
3. The moment-curvature relationship in different stress states
4. The resistance moment steel percentage relationship of
rectangular sections
5. Numerical example

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/2

 1. Example of an axially loaded rc column

c E
= s = s s = s c = c c
Elastic state: = 1 = c =
Ec Es Ec
c: modular ratio Es= 200 000 N/mm Ec10000 to 20000 N/mm2
2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/3

 c 10 to 20 (the concrete is 10 to 20 times softer than steel)

Equilibrium:

N = 0 : N=Nc+Ns = Acc+Ass= Acc+As c c= c(Ac+c As)=

=cAi1
Introducing: Ai1= Ac+c As idealized area of the rc section
in uncracked state:
N
c = fcd
A i1
s = c c fyd

Increasing the force N to cause a specific deformation

f f yd
= 2 > c1= cd and >s1=
Ec Es

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/4

 both concrete and steel are in the plastic state: c= fcd and s=fyd
Equilibrium:

N = 0 : N=Nc+Ns = Acfcd+Asfyd

2. Example of an rc beam subjected to flexure

Model:

MEd
h / 2 h / 2
leff = l n + min + min
t l / 2 t r / 2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/5

 2
p d leff
M Ed =
8
By low load intensity p1 the beam section will not crack at MEd=M1max:

2.1 Elastic uncracked state

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/6

The force equilibrium ( N = 0 ) of the section subjected to flexure is
expressed by the condition, that the static moment is zero with respect
the center of the idealized uncracked cross-section:

x1 h x1
S = 0 : bx1 b( h x1 ) c A s (d x1 ) = 0 x1
2 2
Inertia of the idealized cross-section in the uncracked state:

bx13 b(h x1 )3
Ii1 = + + c A s ( d x1 ) 2
3 3
Stresses in uncracked state:

M1 M
() c, max = x1 fcd + c, max = 1 (h x1 ) fct,d
Ii1 Ii1
M
s = c 1 (d x1 ) fyd
Ii1
Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/7
 The moment causing cracking of the concrete is the one which
produces fct,d in the extreme tension fibre:

Ii1 8M
M cr = f ct , d The cracking load: pcr= 2 cr
x1 l eff
When further increasing the load intensity to p2>pcr, crack formation at
midspan can be observed
Elastic cracked state

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/8

Now the equilibrium of forces ( N = 0 ) is expressed by the condition,
that the static moment of the cracked rc section is zero with respect to
the neutral axis:
x
S = 0 : bx 2 2 c A s (d x 2 ) = 0 x2
2
Inertia of the idealized rc section in cracked state:

bx 32
Ii2= + c A s (d x 2 ) 2
3
Stresses in cracked state:

M2
()c, max = x 2 fcd
Ii 2
M2
s = c (d x 2 ) fyd
Ii 2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/9

If we increase further the load intensity p, the the steel yields at Mmax
and the rupture of concrete at the extreme compression fibre means
reaching the plastic state:

2.3 Plastic state

2
p Ed leff
M Ed = = M Rd (by design)
8

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/10

Consider equilibrium of the
part of the beam cut out by
two parallel planes at Mmax

N = 0 : A s f yd bx c f cd = 0 xc
xc
Ms= 0: M Rd bx c f cd (d ) = 0 MRd
2
xc
where (d- ) =z is the internal level arm
2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/11

Due to cracking the flexural rigidity of rc members will be reduced
significantly. This can be observed on the moment-curvature (or load-
deflection) diagram below.

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/12

4.The resistance moment steel percentage relationship of
rectangular, simply reinforced sections

c0d
M Rd ,0 = bc0df cd (d )
2
steel steel
Recommendation: yields elastic
design of doubly reinforced
section (that is design comp-
ression reinforcement) if normally over-reinforced
MEd> MRd,0 reinforced

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/13

 5.Numerical example
Determine the cracking moment of the beam section investigated in the
numerical example of the previous lecture!
C20/25-32/KK
B 60.50
cnom: 20 mm (conc. Cover
Ecm= 30000 N/mm2
Es= 200000N/mm2

Some details of the calculations shown earlier to determine the

resistance moment of the section:
0,35

}
leff = 3.5+min 20,226 = 3.76 m
2 2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/14

Design load intensity:
pEd = G gk+ Q qk = 1,3523.7+1,512 = 50,0 kN/m
l 2 eff 3,76 2
MEd = pEd = 50 = 88,36 kNm
8 8
The top reinforcement will be neglected, the area of 320 on tension
side:
As = 942 mm2 (VS. 8. o.)
Effective depth:
d = 350 - 20 - 8 - 20/2 = 312 mm xc=122 mm
z= d-xc/2=312- 61=251 mm
MRd = A s f yd z = 942 435 251 = 102,66 106 Nmm = 102,66 kNm > MEd =
88,36 kNm the section is safe

To determine the cracking moment, tensile strength of the concrete is

needed.
From DA table for concrete C20/25: fctd= 1 N/mm2

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/15

 x1 h x1
S = 0 : bx1 b( h x1 ) c A s (d x1 ) = 0 x1
2 2
E 200000
c = s = = 6,67
E cm 30000
x 350 x1
250 x1 1 250 (350 x1 ) 6,67 942 (312 x1 ) = 0
2 2
x1= 212,7 mm
bx13 b(h x1 )3 250 212,7 3 250 (350 212,7) 3
Ii1 = + + c A s ( d x1 ) =
2
+ +
3 3 3 3
+ 6,67 9,42 (312 212,7) 2 =
9,019 108 + 2,157 108 + 0,619 108 = 11,795 108 mm4
Ii1 11,795 108
M cr = f ct ,d =1,0 = 8,59 106 Nmm= 8,59 kNm
h x1 350 212,7

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/16

 M cr 8,59
= = 0,097 , that is the beam section will crack at 9,7% of the
M Ed 88,36
actual moment maximum, so that practically all the beam will be in
cracked state.

Reinforced Concrete 2012 lecture 3/17