Rekayasa Radio

TTG4B3
SEMESTER GENAP 2015 2016
Topology Planning

Network topology is based on

Traffic
Outage requirements

Most frequently used topologies

Star
Daisy Chain
Loop
 Topology Planning
Chain/ Tandem or Daisy-Chain
Application: along roads
Advantages
Efficient use of link capacity (if BTSs are chained to
the same 2Mbps)
Low concentration of equipment at nodal point

Disadvantages
Installation planning is essential as the BTSs close
If the first link is lost, the traffic of the whole BTS
chain is lost
extended bandwidth (grooming)
 Topology Planning
Star
Advantages
Easy to design
Independent paths which mean link failure affects only
one node
Easy to configure and install
Can be expanded easily

Disadvantages
Limited distance from BTS or hub to the BSC
Inefficient use of frequency band
Inefficient link capacity use as each BTS uses the 2 Mbps
High concentration of equipment at nodal point
Interference problem
 Topology Planning
Tree or Star Network with HUB
Application: Used for small or medium size
network

Advantages
Efficient equipment utilization by grooming
Short paths which require smaller antenna
Frequency reuse

Disadvantages
Availability , one link failure affect many sites
Expansions might require upgrading or rearrangement
 Topology Planning
Ring/Loop
BTSs are connected onto two way multidrop chain
Advantages
Provide the most reliable means of transmission protection
against microwave link fading and equipment failure
Flexibility y providing longer hops with the same antenna
size, or alternatively, smaller antenna dishes with the same
hop length
Disadvantages
Installation planning; since all BTSs of a loop must be in
place for loop protection
More difficult to design and add capacity
Skilled maintenance personnel is required to make
configuration changes in the loop
Network Topology and Frequency
Planning
Link Engineering Interference

Interference is caused due to undesirable RF

Signal Coupling

Threshold is degraded due to interference

Degraded Threshold results in reduced reliability

Link Engineering Interference

H
F1

Cross Polar Coupling

Solution : Use of High Performance Antenna

Link Engineering Interference

F2
F1

Adjacent Channel

Solution : Use Radio with better Specifications

Link Engineering Interference

T : Low T : Hi T : Hi T : Low
R : Hi R : Low R : Low R : Hi

Front to Back

Solution : Antenna with High FTB Ratio

Link Engineering Interference

T : Low T : Hi T : Hi T : Low T : Low T : Hi

R : Hi R : Low R : Low R : Hi R : Hi R : Low

Over Reach
Solution : Choose Antenna Heights such a way there is no LOS
for over reach
Network Routes & Route
Capacities
Inter- City routes - Backbone
Backbone routes are planned at Lower Frequency Bands
2, 6 and 7 GHz Frequency Bands are used
Backbone routes are normally high capacity routes
Nominal Hop Distances 25 40 Km
Intra City routes - Access
Access routes are planned at Higher Frequency Bands
15,18 and 23 GHz Frequency Bands are used
Nominal Hop Distance 1 10 Km
Network Routes & Route
Capacities

Note: the path lengths of fixed links operating above 10 GHz in Hong Kong.
Microwave Radio Basic
A typical digital microwave radio consists of three basic components:
A digital modem for interfacing with digital terminal equipment
A radio frequency (RF) unit for converting a carrier signal from the modem to a
microwave signal
An antenna used to transmit and receive the signal
The combination of these three components is called a radio terminal.
Two terminals are required to establish a microwave communications link, in North
America commonly referred to as a microwave hop or microwave link.
Microwave Radio Basic
Split Mounted Radio

Fully Indoor Radio

Microwave Radio Basic
Microwave Link use Repeater
Microwave Radio Basic
Microwave Link use Repeater Microwave Link use Repeater
Reflector Active Repeater