EXPERIMENTAL REPORT ON AMPLITUTE

MODULATION
NAME:Neha Patel
MSC physics
Roll no.16510047

20/03/17

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Contents
1 Objective 3

2 Theory 3
2.1 Amplitute modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Amplitute Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Modulation index of AM signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Observation 5

4 Conclusion 10

5 references 11

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1 Objective
1) To perform amplitute modulation and demodulation and to calculate modulation index
for various modulating voltage.

2 Theory
Modulation is defined as the process which causes a shift in range of frequency in a signal.
in carrier communication sinusoidal carrier of high frequency c is varied in proportional
accordance with a baseband m(t).

2.1 Amplitute modulation

This is characterized by the fact that amplitute A of carrier Acos(c t + c ) varied in pro-
portional accordance with a baseband ( modulating signal) m(t).where the phase c and
frequency c is constant. and assuming c is 0. amplitute A of carrier is directly proportional
with a baseband m(t) ,the ( modulated signal) is m(t)cos(c t).
if
m(t) M () (1)
then
m(t)cos(c t) 1/2[M ( + c ) + M ( c )] (2)
where M(+c ) is called right shift of M() and M(-c ) is called left shift of M(). for
this reason it is called double-sideband suppressed carrier DSB-SC .

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 DSB-SC modulation

here bandwidth of m(t) is B Hz. and fig c shows modulated signal is 2B Hz.

2.2 Amplitute Demodulation

The process of recovering the signals from modulated signal is reffered as demodulation.
when modulated signal again combined with carrier signal of cosc t.we get spectrum of e(t)
which is shown in fig d contian desired baseband and unwanted spectrum at +2c and -2c .
which is suppressed by low pass filter.

e(t) = m(t)cos2 c t (3)

= 1/2(m(t) + m(t)cos2c t) (4)

fourier transform of signal e(t)is

E() = 1/2M () + 1/4[M ( + 2c ) + M ( 2c )] (5)

here unwanted signal ism(t)cos2c t which is supressed by low pass filter .the desired com-
ponent 1/2M (),passes through filer unharmed ,resulting in the output 1/2m(t).

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 DSB-SC demodulation

2.3 Modulation index of AM signals

The modulation index m of an AM signal is defined as

[A(t)]max [A(t)]min
m= (6)
[A(t)]max + [A(t)]min

When m > 1the envelope has no longer the shape of m(t) resulting in envelope distortion.
This condition is referred to as overmodulation. The envelope of the modulating wave has
the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two requirements are satisfied
1. The carrier frequency c must be much greater then the highest frequency components
m of the message signal m (t) i.e. c >> m
2. The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is greater than
unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.

3 Observation
1) peak to peak value is =1.32V
Vmax = 1.32/2 = 0.66V
Vmin = 0.3V
Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax
max +Vmin
= 0.375

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 modulated signal

receiver signal

2) peak to peak value is =1.10V

Vmax = 1.10/2 = 0.55V
Vmin = 0.2V
Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax
max +Vmin
= 0.466

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 modulated signal

receiver signal

3) peak to peak value is =1.00V

Vmax = 1.00/2 = 0.5V
Vmin = 0.1V
Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax
max +Vmin
= 0.666

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 modulated signal

receiver signal

4) peak to peak value is =0.780V

Vmax = 0.780/2 = 0.39V
Vmin = 0.07V
Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax
max +Vmin
= 1.4375

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 over modulated signal

receiver signal

5) peak to peak value is =0.680V

Vmax = 0.680/2 = 0.66V
Vmin = 0.1V
max Vmin
Modulation index = VVmax +Vmin
=2

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 over modulated signal

receiver signal

4 Conclusion
From above signals we can conclude that to receive output signal as same shape of baseband
signal , modulation index should be in between 0 to 1.

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5 references
1. Modern Digital and Analog Communication systems by B.P.Lathi
2.https : //www.mdpi.com
3.https : //www.utdallas.com

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