MC 1

CIRCLE

A circle is the locus of a point moving in a plane so that it always remains at a constant distance from a fixed
point. The fixed point is called its center and the constant distance is called its radius.

C1 Equation of a Circle in different forms :

Forms Equation Figure

Standard Form (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

here (h, k) is the centre and
r is the radius

Centre at the origin x2 + y2 = r2

Circle passes through x2 + y2 2hx 2ky = 0

the origin

Circle touches x-axis x2 + y2 2hx 2ay + h2 = 0

Circle touches y-axis x2 + y2 2ax 2ky + k2 = 0

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 2

Forms Equation Figure

Circle touches both the x2 + y2 2ax 2ay + a2 = 0

axes

Diameter Form (x x1) (x x2) + (y y1)

(y y2) = 0

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is the circle whose center is at (g, f)

General Form
and radius is g2 f 2 c .

Notes : (i) If g2 + f2 c > 0, then the circle is

called a real circle.
(ii) If g2 + f2 c = 0, then the circle is
called a point circle.
(iii) If g2 + f2 c < 0, then the circle is
called an imaginary circle.
(iv) The lengths of intercepts made by
the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
with x and y axes are
2 g 2 c and 2 f 2 c
respectively.

The parametric equations of (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 and :

Parametric form x = h + r cos ; y = k + r sin ; < where (h, k) is the
centre, r is the radius & is a parameter

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 3
Practice Problems :
1. Prove that the centres of the circles x2 + y2 = 1, x2 + y2 + 6x 2y 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 12x + 4y = 1 are
collinear.
2. If the equation of two diameters of a circle are 2x + y = 6 and 3x + 2y = 4 and the radius is 10, find the
equation of the circle.
3. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 2) and which passes through the point of
intersection of 3x + y = 14 and 2x + 5y = 18.
4. Find the equation of the circle whose radius is 5 and the centre lies on the positive sides of x-axis at
a distance 5 from the origin.
5. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (1, 2) and (3, 2) and whose centre
lies on the line x 2y = 0.
6. Find the equation of the circle which touches both the axes and whose radius is a.
7. Find the equation of the circle, the end point of whose diameter are (2, 3) and (2, 4). Find its
centre and radius.
8. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 2).
[Answers : (2) x2 + y2 16x + 20y + 64 = 0 (3) x2 + y2 2x 4y 4 = 0 (4) x2 + y2 10x = 0

1 65
(5) x2 + y2 4x 2y 5 = 0 (6) x2 + y2 2ax 2ay a2 = 0 (7) x2 + y2 y 16 = 0; 0, ;
2 2
2 2
(8) x + y + 2x + 2y 3 = 0]

C2 Position of a point with respect to a circle :

A point (x1, y1) lies inside, on or outside the circle S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 according as S1 < 0,
S1 = 0 or S1 > 0 respectively, where S1 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c.
NOTE : The greatest and the least distance of a point A from a circle with centre C and radius r is AC + r

and AC r respectively.

Practice Problems :
1. Does the point (2.5, 3.5) lie inside, outside or on the circle x2 + y2 = 25 ?
2. Discuss the position of the points (1, 2) and (6, 0) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 4x + 2y 11 = 0.
3. Find the minimum and maximum distance from the point (2, 7) to the circle
x2 + y2 14x 10y 151 = 0
4. If the point (, ) lies inside the circle x2 + y2 4x + 2y 8 = 0, then find range of .
[Answers : (2) (1, 2) lies inside and (6, 0) lies outside (3) minimum : 2, maximum : 28 (4) (1, 4)]

C3 Straight Line and a Circle :

Let L = 0 be a line and S = 0 be a circle. If r is the radius of the circle and p is the length of the perpendicular
from the centre on the line, then
(i) p>r the line does not meet the circle i.e. passes out side the circle.
(ii) p=r the line touches the circle. (It is tangent to the circle)
(iii) p<r the line is a sacant of the circle
(iv) p=0 the line is a diameter of the circle
Note the following points :
1. The line y = mx + c intersects circle x2 + y2 = a2 in two distinct points if c2 < a2 (1 + m2).

ma 2 a 2
2. The line y = mx + c touches circle x2 + y2 = a2 if c2 = a2(1 + m2) at point , .
c c

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 4
3. The line y = mx + c does not intersect the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at all if c2 > a2 (1 + m2).
4. Equation of the pair of straight lines passing through the origin and the points of intersection of the line
lx + my + n = 0 and the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is x 2 + y 2 + (2gx + 2fy)
2
lx my lx my
c 0.
n n
Practice Problems :
1. Prove that for all values of , x sin y cos = p touches the circle x2 + y2 = p2.
2. Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 3) and which touches the line 2x y 4 = 0.
3. Write down the equation of a circle concentric with the circle x2 + y2 4x + 6y 17 = 0 and tangent to
the line 3x 4y + 7 = 0.
4. If the line px + qy + r = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2 then prove that r2 = a2(p2 + q2).
5. Find those tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 which are parallel to 3x 16y = 10.
6. Show that the line 7y x = 5 touches the circle x2 + y2 5x + 5y = 0 and find the equation of the other
parallel tangent.
[Answers : (2) 5(x2 + y2) 10x + 30y + 49 = 0 (3) x2 + y2 4x + 6y 12 = 0 (5) 3x 16y 4265 = 0
(6) x 7y 45 = 0]

C4 The length of the intercept cut off from a line by a circle :

The intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the co-ordinates axes are 2 g2 c and f 2 c
respectively. If
g2 > c circle cuts the x axis at two distinct points
2
g =c circle touches the x axis
2
g <c circle lies completely above or below the x-axis
Similarly,
f2 > c circle cuts the y-axis at two distinct points
2
f =c circle touches the y-axis
2
f <c circle lies completely above or below the y-axis
The length of the intercept cut off from the line y = mx + c by the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is

a 2 (1 m 2 ) c 2
2 .
(1 m 2 )
Condition of Tangency : The line y = mx + c touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2 if the length of the intercept is

zero. i.e. c = a 1 m 2 .
Practice Problems :
1. Find the value of so that the line 3x 4y = , may touch the circle x2 + y2 4x 8y 5 = 0.
2. Find the length of the intercept on the straight line 4x 3y 10 = 0 by the circle
x2 + y2 2x + 4y 20 = 0.
3. Find the coordinates of the middle point of the chord which the circle x2 + y2 + 4x 2y 3 = 0 cuts off
the line x y + 2 = 0.

3 1
[Answers : (1) 15, 35 (2) 10 (3) , ]
2 2

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 5
C5 Tangent to a Circle :
(i) Slope Form : Equations of tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 in slope form are

mr r
(a) y mx r 1 m 2 . It touches the circle at the point , .
2
1 m 1 m2

mr r
(b) y mx r 1 m 2 . It touches the circle at the point , .
2 2
1 m 1 m
(ii) Point Form :
(a) Equation of the tangent to the circle S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at the point (x1, y1) is
T xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0.
(b) The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 if c2 = r2 (1 + m2). Hence equation of tangent
r 2m r 2
is y mx r 1 m 2 and the point of contact is , .
c c

Note : In general the equation of tangent to any second degree curve at point (x1, y1) on it can be obtained
x x1 y y1 x y xy1
by replacing x2 by x x1, y2 by yy1, x by , y by , xy by 1 and c remains as c.
2 2 2
(iii) Parametric Form : The equation of a tangent to circle x2 + y2 = r2 at (r cos , r sin ) is
x cos + y sin = r.
Practice Problems :
1. Prove that the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 25 at (3, 4) and (4, 3) are perpendicular to each other.
2. Find the equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 2ax = 0 at the point [a(1 + cos ), a sin ]
3. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 9, which
(i) are parallel to the line 3x + 4y 5 = 0
(ii) are perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0
(iii) make an angle of 600 with the x-axis.
4. Prove that the line lx + my + n = 0 touches the circle (x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2 if (al + bm + n)2 = r2(l2 + m2).
5. Show that the line 3x 4y = 1 touches the circles x2 + y2 2x + 4y + 1 = 0. Find the co-ordinates of the
point of contact.
6. Show that the line (x 2) cos + (y 2) sin = 1 touches a circle for any values of . Find the circle.
[Answers : (2) x cos + y sin = a(1 + cos ) (3) (i) 3x + 4y 15 = 0 (ii) 3x 2y 313 = 0
(iii) 3x y 6 = 0 (6) x2 + y2 4x 4y + 7 = 0]

C6 Normal : If a line is normal/orthogonal to a circle then it must pass through the centre of the circle. Using
y1 f
this fact normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x1, y1) is y y 1 ( x x1 ) .
x1 g
Practice Problems :
1. Find the equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 = 2x, which is parallel to the line x + 2y = 3.
2. Find the equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 5x + 2y 48 = 0 at the point (5, 6).
3. If the radius of the circle is 5 and the equations of the two normals to the circle are 3x 5y + 2 = 0 and
x + 2y = 3, find the equation of the circle.
[Answers : (1) x + 2y 1 = 0 (2) 14x 5y 40 = 0 (3) x2 + y2 2x 2y 23 = 0]

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 6
C7 Length of Tangent : The length of the tangent from the point P(x 1 , y 1 ) to the circle

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is equal to x12 y12 2gx 1 2fy1 c S1

Note : If PQ is a length of the tangent from a point P to a given circle, then PQ2 is called the power of the
point with respect to a given circle.
Practice Problems :
1. Find the length of tangents drawn from the point (3, 4) to the circle 2x2 + 2y2 7x 9y 13 = 0.
2. If the length of the tangents from (f, g) to the circle x2 + y2 = 6 be twice the length of the tangent from
(f, g) to circle x2 + y2 + 3x + 3y = 0 then will f2 + g2 + 4f + 4g + 2 = 0 ?
3. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the tangents from the point (4, 3) to the circle
17
x2 + y2 = 9 and the line segment joining their points of contact is 7 square unit in length.
25
4. Show that the length of the tangent from any point on the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c1 = 0 is (c 1 c ) .
5. Find the power of point (2, 4) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 6x + 4y 8 = 0.
6. Show that the locus of the point, the powers of which with respect to two given circles are equal, is a
straight line.
[Answers : (1) 26 (2) yes]

C8 Combined Equation of Pair of Tangents : Combined equation of the pair of tangents to the circle S x2
+ y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 drawn from the point (x1, y1) is T2 = SS1, where T and S1 have their usual meaning.
Practice Problems :
1. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 16 drawn from the point (1, 4).
2. The angle between a pair of tangents from a point P to the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x 6y + 9 sin2 + 13cos2 = 0 is 2. Find the equation of the locus of the point P.
3. Find the equation of the tangents from the point A(3, 2) to the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 8 = 0.
[Answers : (1) 8x + 15y = 68 (2) (x + 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 4 (3) 2x y 4 = 0 and x 2y + 1 = 0]

C9A Chord of Contact : If two tangents PT 1 & PT 2 are drawn from the point P(x1, y1) to the circle
S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then the equation of the chord of contact T1T2 is :
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0

Note :
Here R = radius; L = length of tangent.
(a) Chord of contact exists only if the point P is not inside.

2LR
(b) Length of chord of contact T1T2 .
R 2 L2

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 7

RL3
(c) Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact =
R 2 L2

2RL
(d) Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents from (x1, y1) = 2
L R2
(e) Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT1T2 is (x x1) (x + g) + (y y1) (y + f) = 0
C9B Equation of a Chord Joining Two Point On The Curve :
Let P(x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) be a two point on a circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Then the equation of chord joining any two point on the curve is given by
(x x1) (x1 + x2 + 2g) + (y y1) (y1 + y2 + 2f) = 0
The equation of the chord when P = (g + r cos 1, f + r sin 1) and Q = (g + r cos 2, f + r sin 2) are
on the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given by

2 2 2
( x g ) cos 1 ( y f ) sin 1 2 r cos 1 2 where r g f c .
2 2 2
C9C Equation of a Chord in Terms of its Mid Point : Let (x1, y1) be the mid point of a chord of the circle
S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then the equation of the chord is T = S1.
Practice Problems :
1. Find the condition that chord of contact of any external point (h, k) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 should
subtend right angle at the centre of the circle.
2. The chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 to the circle x2 + y2 = b2
touches the circle x2 + y2 = c2. Show that a, b, c are in G.P.
3. Find the equation of the chord of x2 + y2 6x + 10y 9 = 0 which is bisected at (2, 4).
4. Find the middle point of the chord intercepted on line lx + my + n = 0 by the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
5. Through a fixed point (h, k), secants are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = r2. Show that the locus of mid
point of the portions of secants intercepted by the circle is x2 + y2 = hx + ky.
6. Find the locus of middle points of chords of the circle x2 + y2 = a2, which subtend right angle at the
point (c, 0).
[Answers : (1) h2 + k2 = 2a2 (3) 5x 9y + 46 = 0 (6) 2(x2 + y2) 2cx + c2 a2 = 0]

C10 Director Circle : The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a circle is called
the Director Circle.
Equation of director circle : Let the circle x2 + y2 = a2. Then equation of the pair of tangents to a circle
from a point (x1, y1) is (x2 + y2 a2) (x12 + y12 a2) = (xx1 + yy1 a2)2. If this represent a pair of perpendicular
lines then.
The essential condition is coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
i.e. (x12 + y12 a2 x12) + (x12 + y12 a2 y12) = 0
x12 + y12 = 2a2

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 8

Hence the equation of director circle is x2 + y2 = 2a2

Director circle is a concentric to the given circle but whose radius is 2 times the radius of the
given circle.
Practice Problems :
1. If two tangents are drawn from a point on the circle x2 + y2 = 50 to the circle x2 + y2 = 25 then find the
angle between the tangents.
[Answers : (1) 900]

C11 Family of Circles :

(i) Let S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be a circle and L ax + by + k = 0 be a line intersecting S = 0, then the
equation of the family of circles passing through the intersection of the given circle and the line is
S + L = 0, where is a parameter.
(ii) Let S = 0 and S = 0 be two intersecting circles. Then equation of the family of circles passing through
points of intersection of S = 0 and S = 0 is S + S = 0, where 1. S + (S S) = 0 also represent a
family of circles through the point of intersection of the circles S = 0 and S = 0.
(iii) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches the line ax + by + c = 0 at a point (x1, y1)
is (x x1)2 + (y y1)2 + (ax + by + c) = 0.
(iv) Equation of the family of circles each member of which passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is (x

x y 1
x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) + x1 y1 1 0 .
x2 y2 1

(v) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches the x-axis is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2ay + g2 = 0.
If a > 0, then the circles lie below x-axis.
(vi) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches the y-axis is x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2fy + f2 = 0. If
a < 0, then the circles lie on the right of y-axis.
(vii) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches the both axes and lies in the first quadrant
is x2 + y2 2ax 2ay + a2 = 0, where a > 0.
(viii) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches both the axes and lies in the second
quadrant is x2 + y2 + 2ax 2ay + a2 = 0, where a > 0.
(ix) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches both the axes and lies in the third quadrant
is x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2ay + a2 = 0, where a > 0.
(x) Equation of the family of circles each member of which touches both the axes and lies in the fourth
quadrant is x2 + y2 2ax + 2ay + a2 = 0, where a > 0.
Practice Problems :
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through (1, 1) and the points of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2 + 13x 3y = 0 and 2x2 + 2y2 + 4x 7y 25 = 0.
2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2 6x + 2y + 4 = 0, x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 6 = 0 and with its centre on the line y = x.
3. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2 2x 4y 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 10x 12y + 40 = 0 and whose radius is 4.

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 9
4. Find the equation of the circle through points of intersection of the circle x2 + y2 2x 4y + 4 = 0 and
the line x + 2y = 4 which touches the line x + 2y = 0.
[Answers : (1) 4x 2 + 4y 2 + 30x 13y 25 = 0 (2) 7x 2 + 7y 2 10x 10y 12 = 0
(3) 2x2 + 2y2 18x 22y + 69 = 0 and x2 + y2 2y 15 = 0 (4) x2 + y2 x 2y = 0]

C12 Two Circles : Let there be two circles with centers at C1 and C2 and radii r1 and r2 respectively, then
(i) Two circles are exterior to each other if r1 + r2 < C1C2
(ii) Two circles touch each other externally if r1 + r2 = C1C2
(iii) Two circles intersect each other in two points if |r1 r2| < C1C2 < r1 + r2
(iv) Two circles touch each other internally if |r1 r2| = C1C2
(v) One circle is interior to the other if C1C2 < |r1 r2|.
Practice Problems :
1. Examine if the two circles x2 + y2 2x 4y = 0 and x2 + y2 8y 4 = 0 touch each other externally or
internally.

1 1 1
2. Prove that the circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c2 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c2 = 0 touch each other, if 2
2
.
a b c2
[Answers : (1) internally]

C13 Common Tangents to two Circles :

Case Number of Tangents Condition

(i) 4 common tangents r1 + r2 < c1 c2

(2 direct and 2 transverse)

(ii) 3 common tangents r1 + r2 = c1 c2

(iii) 2 common tangents |r1 r2| < c1 c2 < r1 + r2

(iv) 1 common tangent |r1 r2| = c1 c2

(v) No common tangent c1 c2 < |r1 r2|

(Here c1c2 is distance between centres of two circles)

Notes :
(i) The direct common tangents meet at a point which divides the line joining centre of circles
externally in the ratio of their radii.
(ii) Length of an external (or direct) common tangent & internal (or transverse) common tangent to
the two circles are given by :

L ext d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2 & L int d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2 , where d = distance between the centres of the two

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 10
circles and r1, r2 are the radii of the two circles. Note that length of internal common tangent is always less
than the length of the external or direct common tangent.
Practice Problems :
1. Find all the common tangents to the circle
x2 + y2 2x 6y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x 2y + 1 = 0
2. Show that the common tangents to the circles x2 + y2 6x = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2x = 0 form an equilateral
triangle.

C14 Radical Axis : Radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point from which tangents drawn to circles are
of equal lengths. Radical axis of circles S 1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 is the line S 1 S 2 = 0 i.e.
2(g1 g2)x + 2 (f1 f2) y + (c1 c2) = 0.
The common point of intersection of the radical axes of three circles taken two at a time is called the radical
centre of three circles.
Notes :
(i) If the two circles intersect each other, then their common chord is the radical axis.
(ii) If the two circles touch each other, then their common tangent at their point of contact is the radical axis.
(iii) Radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining the centres of the two circles.
(iv) Radical axis will pass through the mid point of the line joining the centres of the two circles only if the two
circles have equal radii.
(v) Radical axis bisects a common tangent between the two circles.
(vi) A system of circles, every two which have the same radical axis, is called a coaxal system.
(vii) Pairs of circles which do not have radical axis are concentric.
Practice Problems :
1. Prove that the length of the common chord of the two circles :

(x a)2 + (y b)2 = c2 and (x b)2 + (y a)2 = c2 is 4c 2 2(a b ) 2 .

2. Find the circle whose diameter is the common chord of the circles x2 + y2 + 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 4x + 3y + 2 = 0.
3. If two circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2g x 2f y = 0 touch each other, then f g fg .
4. Show that the difference of the squares of the tangents to two coplanar circles from any point P in
the plane of the circles vaies as the perpendicular from P on their radical axis. Also prove that the
locus of a point such that the difference of the squares of the tangents from it to two given circles is
constant is a line parallel to their radical axis.
5. Find the radical centre of circles x 2 + y 2 + 3x + 2y + 1 = 0, x 2 + y 2 x + 6y + 5 = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 5x 8y + 15 = 0. Also find the equation of the circle cutting them orthogonally.
6. Find the radical centre of three circles described on the three sides 4x 7y + 10 = 0, x + y 5 = 0 and
7x + 4y 15 = 0 of a triangle as diameters.
7. Prove that the tangents from any point of a fixed circle of co-axial system to two other fixed circles of
the system are in a constant ratio.
[Answers : (2) 2x2 + 2y2 + 2x + 6y + 1 = 0 (3) gf g f (5) x2 + y2 6x 4y 14 = 0 (6) (1, 2)]

C15 Angle of Intersection of Two Circles : Let be the angle of intersection of two circles whose centers are
2 2 2
r1 r2 C1C 2
at C1 and C2 and their radii are r1 and r2 respectively, then cos ( ) .
2r1r2
Notes :
2 2 2
(i) If = 900, then the circles are said to be Orthogonal and then r1 r2 C 1C 2 .

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 11

(ii) Circles x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and x 2 y 2 2gx 2f y c 0 are orthogonal ifff

2gg 2ff c c .
Practice Problems :
1. Find the angle between the circles
S : x2 + y2 4x + 6y + 11 = 0 and S : x2 + y2 2x + 8y + 13 = 0.
2. Show that the circles x2 + y2 6x + 4y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 + x + 4y + 1 = 0 are orthogonal to each other.
3. Find the equation of the circle which cuts the circle x2 + y2 + 5x + 7y 4 = 0 orthogonally, has its
centre on the line x = 2 and passes through the point (4, 1).
4. Find the equation of the two circles which intersect the circles
x2 + y2 6y + 1 = 0 and x2 + y2 4y + 1 = 0, orthogonally and touch the line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0.
5. Prove that the two circles, which pass through (0, a) and (0, a) and touch the line y = mx + c, will cut
orthogonally, if c2 = a2(2 + m2).
6. Find the equation of the circle which cuts orthogonally each of the three circles given below :
x2 + y2 2x + 3y 7 = 0, x2 + y2 + 5x 5y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 7x 9x + 29 = 0.
[Answers : (1) = 1350 (3) x2 + y2 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 (4) x2 + y2 1 and 4x2 + 4y2 15x 4 = 0
(6) x2 + y2 16x 18y 4 = 0]

C16 Pole and Polar :

(i) If through a point P in a plane of the circle there be drawn any straight line to meet the circle in
Q and R, the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at Q & R is called the Polar of the
point P; also P is called the Pole of the Polar.
(ii) The equation to the polar of a point P(x1, y1) w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is given
by xx1 + yy1 = a2, & if the circle is general then the equation of the polar becomes
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 i.e. T = 0. Note that if the point (x1, y1) be on the circle then
the tangent & polar will be represented by the same equation. Similarly if the point (x1, y1) be
outside the circle then the chord of contact & polar will be represented by the same equation.

Aa 2 Ba 2
(iii) Pole of a given line Ax + By + C = 0 w.r.t. circle x2 + y2 = a2 is , .
C C

(iv) If the polar of a point P pass through a point Q then the polar of Q passes through P.
(v) Two lines L1 & L2 are conjugate of each other if Pole of L1 lies on L2 & vice versa. Similarly two
points P & Q are said to be conjugate of each other if the polar of P passes through Q &
vice-versa.
Practice Problems :
1. Find the locus of the pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle which touches y-axis at
the origin.
2. The pole of a straight line with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 9a2. Prove
that the straight line touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2/9.
3. Prove that the polar of a given point with respect to any one of the circles x2 + y2 2kx + c2 = 0, where
k is a variable, always passes through a fixed point, whatever be the value of k.
4. Show that the polars of the point (1, 2) with respect to the circles x2 + y2 + 6x + 5 = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 2x + 8y + 5 = 0 coincide. Prove also that there is another point, the polars of which with
respect to these circles are the same and find its co-ordiantes.
[Answers : (1) y(lx n) = mx2]

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 12
C17 SOME USEFUL HINTS & TIPS :
1. If a square whose sides are parallel to the axes is inscribed in a circle, then
(i) x-coordinates of the center is not equal to x-coordinate of any of its vertices.
(ii) y-coordinates of the center is not equal to y-coordinate of any of its vertices.
2. Coordinates of vertices of the square whose sides are parallel to y = x and y = x, inscribed in a circle with
centre at (x0, y0) and radius r are (x0, y0 r) and (x0 r, y0).
3. Let a circle passes through center of another circle and both touch each other, then radius of the inner circle
is half the radius of the other, further center of the inner circle lies on the join of the center of the bigger
circle and their point of contact.
4. The locus of mid point on chords of a circle subtending a constant angle at the centre of the circle is always
a circle concentric to the given circle.
5. Radius of the circle with centre at P, drawn orthogonal to a given circle is the length of tangent drawn from
P to the given circle.

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 13

SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE

1. If a chord of a circle x2 + y2 = 8 makes equal inter- 7. The circle x2 + y 2 6x 10y + c = 0 does not
cepts of length a on the co-ordinates axes, then intersect or touch both axes of co-ordinates and the
(a) |a| < 8 (b) |a| < 42 point (1, 4) lies inside the circle. Then range of
possible values of c is given by
(c) |a| < 4 (d) |a| > 4
(a) 25 < c < 29 (b) c > 29
2. The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2
which makes with the axes a triangle of area a2 is (c) c > 25 (d) c < 25
(a) x y = 2a (b) x y = 2 a 8. If the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a
point on the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 to the circle
(c) x + y = 2a2 (d) none of these
x2 + y2 = b2 touches the circle x2 + y2 = c2, then
3. If a circle of constant radius 3k passes through the a, b, c are in
origin and meets the axes at A and B, the locus of
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
the centroid of OAB is
(c) H.P. (d) none of these
(a) x2 + y2 = k2 (b) x2 + y2 = 2k2
9. The locus of the mid point of a chord of the circle
(c) x2 + y2 = 3k2 (d) none of these
x2 + y2 = 4, which subtends a right angle at the
4. The tangents to x2 + y2 = a2 having inclination origin is
and intersect at P. If cot + cot = 0, then the
(a) x+y=2 (b) x2 + y2 = 1
locus of P is
(c) x2 + y2 = 2 (d) x+y=1
(a) x+y=0 (b) xy=0
10. If the circle C1 : x2 + y2 = 16 intersects another circle
(c) xy=0 (d) none of these
C2 of radius 5 in such a manner that the common
5. The circles whose equations are x2 + y2 + c2 = 2ax chord is of maximum length and has a slope equal
and x2 + y2 + c2 2by = 0 will touch one another to 3/4, the co-ordinates of the centre of C2 are
externally if

1 1 1 9 12 9 12
(a) 2
2 2 , ; ,
b c a (a)
5 5 5 5
1 1 1
(b) 2
2 2 9 12 9 12
c a b (b) , ; ,
5 5 5 5
1 1 1
(c) 2
2 2 12 9 12 9
a b c (c) , ; ,
(d) none of these 5 5 5 5
6. The distance between the chords of the tangents to (d) none of the above
the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 from the origin 11. If two circles a(x 2 + y 2 ) + bx + cy = 0 and
and the point (g, f) is A(x2 + y2) + Bx + Cy = 0 touch each other, then
(a) g 2 + f2 (a) aC = cA (b) bC = cB

1 2 (c) aB = bA (d) aA = bB = cC
(b) (g f 2 c) 12. The point of intersection of the common chords of
2
three circles described on the three sides of a
triangle as diameter is
1 g2 f 2 c
(c) . (a) centroid of the triangle
2 g2 f 2 (b) orthocentre of the triangle
(c) circumcentre of the triangle
1 g2 f 2 c (d) incentre of the triangle
(d) .
2 g2 f 2

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111

13. Let PQ and RS be tangents at the extremities of the
diameter PR of a circle of radius r. If PS and RQ
intersect at a point X on the circumference of the
circle, then 2r equals
MC 14
19. If , and are the parametric angles of three
points P, Q and R respectively, on the circle
x2 + y2 = 1 and A is the point (1, 0). If the length of
the chords AP, AQ, AR are in G.P., then

PQ RS
cos , cos , cos are in
(a) PQ.RS (b) 2 2 2
2
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
2PQ.RS 2
PQ RS 2
(c) H.P. (d) none of these
(c) (d)
PQ RS 2 20. The triangle PQR is inscribed in the circle
x2 + y2 = 25. If Q and R have co-ordinates (3, 4) and
14. Let AB be a chord of the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2
(4, 3) respectively, then Q P R is equal to
subtending a right angle at the centre. Then the
locus of the centroid of the triangle PAB as P moves (a) /2 (b) /3
on the circle is (c) /4 (d) /6
(a) a parabola
(b) a circle
(c) an ellipse
(d) a pair of straight lines
15. The number of common tangents to the circles
x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 6x 8y = 24 is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 4
16. Let P Q R be a right angled triangle, right angled
at P (2, 1). If the equation of the line QR is
2x + y = 3, then the equation of the pair of lines PQ
and PR is
(a) 3x2 3y2 + 8xy + 20x + 10y + 25 = 0
(b) 3x2 3y2 + 8xy 20x 10y + 25 = 0
(c) 3x2 3y2 + 8xy + 10x + 15y + 20 = 0
(d) 3x2 3y2 8xy 10x 15y 20 = 0
ANSWERS (SINGLE CORRECT
1 CHOICE TYPE)
17. If m i , , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are concyclic points, then
mi
the value of m1m2m3m4 is 1. c 11. b
(a) 1 (b) 1
2. b 12. b
(c) 0 (d) none of these
18. The co-ordinates of two points P and Q are (x1, y1) 3. d 13. a
and (x2, y2) respectively and O is the origin. If circles
be described on OP and OQ as diameters then 4. c 14. b
length of their common chord is
5. c 15. b
| x1 y 2 x 2 y 1 | | x1 y 2 x 2 y 1 |
(a) (b) 6. d 16. b
PQ PQ
7. a 17. a
| x1 x 2 y 1 y 2 | | x1 x 2 y 1 y 2 |
(c) (d) 8. b 18. b
PQ PQ
9. c 19. b
10. a 20. c

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 15

EXCERCISE BASED ON NEW PATTERN

COMPREHENSION TYPE 4. The number of common tangents to the circles
Comprehension-1 x2 + y2 2x 6y + 9 = 0, x2 + y2 + 6x 2y + 1 = 0 must
The director circle of a circle is the locus of points be
from which tangents to the circle are at right angles. (a) 1 (b) 2
C1, C2, C3,.... is a sequence of circles such that Cr + 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
is the director circle of Cr. Let the equation of C1 be 5. The length of the transverse common tangents to
x2 + y2 = 4. the circle given in Q. 4 must be
1. The length of a chord of C11 which touches C10 is (a) 2 (b) 4
(a) 642 (b) 64 (c) 2 (d) none of these
(c) 322 (d) 32 6. The horizontal common tangents of the two circles
2. The distance of the chord of contact of tangents of in Q. 4 must be
a point on C11 with respect to C10 from the centre of (a) y=1 (b) y=2
C10 is (c) y=3 (d) y=4
(a) 642 (b) 322 7. The common tangent of the circles in Q. 4 having
(c) 64 (d) 32 negative slope must be
3. The locus of the poles of the tangents to C9 with (a) 3x + 4y = 10 (b) 2y = 5x
respect to C10 is (c) y = x (d) None of these
(a) x2 + y2 = 2 322 (b) x2 + y2 = 322 8. The equation of the common tangents to the circle
2 2 2
(c) x + y = 64 (d) x2 + y2 = 2 162
Comprehension-2 a2
x2 y 2 and parabola y2 = 4ax must be
Let C1 and C2 be two circles with radii r1 and r2 2
(r1 > r2). Let the distance between their centres be d (a) y = x + 2a (b) y = x + 4a
then (c) y=x+a (d) None of these
(i) If d < |r1 r2| then C2 is fully contained in Comprehension-3
C1 and number of common tangents = 0. Let the mirror image of the point A(5, 6) with
(ii) If d = r1 r2 then C2 touches C1 and lies respect to the line 2x + 3y = 15 be B.
in the interior of C1. The number of 9. The co-ordinate of point B is
common tangents must be one. (a) (2, 0) (b) (0, 2)
(iii) r1 r2 < d < r1 + r2 then C1 and C2 cut at (c) (1, 0) (d) (0, 1)
two real points. The number of common
10. The equation of the circle described on AB as
tangents must be two and their
diameter is
length = d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2 . (a) x2 + y2 6x 6y + 5 = 0
(b) x2 + y2 12x 12y + 5 = 0
(iv) If d = r1 + r2 and C1 and C2 touch
externally. The number of common (c) x2 + y2 12x 6y + 5 = 0
tangents must be three and their (d) x2 + y2 6x 12y + 5 = 0
11. AC is any chord of the circle meeting the x-axis at
length = d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2 (the length of D such that AD = 10DC. The number of such chords
transverse common tangents = 0). are
(v) If d > r1 + r2 then C1 and C2 have four (a) 1 (b) 2
common tangents. Length of direct (c) 3 (d) none
Comprehension-4
common tangent = d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2 . Acoording to the law of reflection
Length of transverse common tangent = (a) the incident ray, normal and reflected
ray are in the same plane
d 2 (r1 r2 ) 2
(b) angle of incidence equals to angle of
The common tangents of two circles (or two conices) reflection
can be easily found. If y = mx + c be the common For the following problems use the above law :
tangent then the quadratic equation formed by 12. A ray of light incident at the point (3, 1) gets
putting y = mx + c in the equation of the circle reflected from the tangent at (0, 1) to the circle
(conic) must have equal roots. x2 + y2 = 1. The reflected ray touches the circle. The
equation of the line along which the incident ray
moves is

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 16
(a) 3x + 4y 13 = 0 (b) 4x 3y 13 = 0 (B) The chords of contact of (Q) (1/2, 1/2)
(c) 3x 4y + 13 = 0 (d) 4x 3y 10 = 0 the pair of tangents to the
13. A ball moving around the circle circle x2 + y2 = 1 drawn
x2 + y2 2x 4y 20 = 0 in anti-clockwise direction from any point on the line
leaves it tangentially at the point P(2, 2). After 2x + y = 4 pass through the
getting reflected from a straight line L it passes point
through the centre of the circle. The perpendicular (C) The common chord of the (R) (1/2, 1/4)
5 circle
distance from P is on the straight line L.
2 x2 + y2 + 6x + 8y 7 = 0
The angle between the incident line of the ball and and a circle passing through
reflected line of the ball is the origin, and touching the
(a) 300 (b) 450 line y = x, always passes
(c) 600 (d) none through the point
14. The slope of the line L is (D) A tangent to the circle (S) (4, 1)
x2 + y2 = 1 through the
43 3 23 3
(a) (b) point (0, 5) cuts the circle
34 3 34 3 x2 + y2 = 4 at A and B.
The tangents to the circle
23 3
(c) (d) none x2 + y2 = 4 at A and B meet
44 3 at C. The coordinates of C are
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
Matching-1 1. The point (1, 4) is inside the circle S whose
Column - A Column - B equation is of the form x2 + y2 6x 10y + k = 0, k
(A) The number of integral (P) 1 being an arbitrary constant. The possible values of
k if the circle S neither touches the axes nor cuts
values of for which
them
x2 + y2 + x + (1 )y + 5 = 0
(a) 26 (b) 27
is the equation of a circle
(c) 28 (d) 29
whose radius cannot
2. Let L1 be a straight line passing through the origin
exceed 5, is
and L 2 be the straight line x + y = 1. If the
(B) If a circle passes through (Q) 16 intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 x + 3y = 0 on
the point of intersection of L1 and L2 are equal then which of the following
the lines 2x y + 1 = 0 and equations can represent L1 ?
x + y 3 = 0 with the axes (a) x+y=0 (b) xy=0
of reference then the value (c) x + 7y = 0 (d) x 7y = 0
of is 3. A point P(3, 1) moves on the circle x2 + y2 = 4 and
(C) The length of the chord of (R) 2 after covering a quarter of the circle leaves it
the circle tangentially. The equation of a line along which the
x2 + y2 + 4x 7y + 12 = 0 point moves after leaving the circle is
along the y-axis is (a) y = 3x + 4 (b) 3y = x + 4
(D) The maximum number (S) 2 (c) 3y = x 4 (d) y = 3x 4
of points with rational 4. Let the equation of a circle be x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
coordinates on a circle If h2 + k2 a2 < 0 then the line hx + ky = a2 is the
whose centre is (3, 0) is (a) polar line of the point (h, k) with respect
to the circle
Matching-2
(b) real chord of contact of the tangents from
Column - A Column - B
(h, k) to the circle
8 4 (c) equation of a tangent to the circle from
(A) If the point A(1, 4) and B (P) 6, the point (h, k)
5 5
(d) none of these
are symmetrical about
5. The equation of a circle C1 is x2 + y2 = 4. The locus
the tangent to the circle of the intersection of orthogonal tangents to the
x2 + y2 x + y = 0 at the circle in the curve C 2 and the locus of the
origin then coordinates intersection of perpendicular tangents to the curve
of B are C2 is the curve C3. Then

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
 MC 17
(a) C3 is a circle (a) >2 (b) > 2 or < 2
(b) the area enclosed by the curve C3 is 8 (c) [2, 2] (d) R
(c) C2 and C3 are circles with the same Assertion-Reason Type
centre Each question contains STATEMENT-1 (Assertion)
(d) none of these and STATEMENT-2 (Reason). Each question has
6. Let a line through the point P(5, 10) cut the line l 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY
whose equation is x + 2y = 5, at Q and the circle C ONE is correct.
whose equation is x2 + y2 = 25, at A and B. Then (A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(a) P is the pole of the line l with respect to Statement-2 is a correct explanation
the circle C for Statement-1
(b) l is the polar of the point P with respect (B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
to the circle C Statement-2 is NOT a correct
(c) PA, PQ, PB are in AP explanation for Statement-1
(d) PQ is the HM of PA and PB (C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
7. If the area of the quadrilateral formed by the (D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
tangent from the origin to the circle 1. STATEMENT-1 : Circles are drawn having the
x2 + y2 + 6x 10y + = 0 and the pair of radii at the sides of triangle as their diameter. Radical centre
points of contact of these tangents to the circle is 8 of these circles is the orthocentre of the triangle.
square units, then the value of must be STATEMENT-2 : Radical axes of the circles are
(a) 2 (b) 4 the altitudes of the triangle.
(c) 16 (d) 32 2. STATEMENT-1 : A circle is inscribed in a
8. C1 : x2 + y2 = 25, C2 : x2 + y2 2x 4y 7 = 0 be two equilateral triangle of side a. The area of any
circle intersecting at A and B a2
(a) Equation of common chord of C1 and C2 square inscribed in this circle is sq. units.
6
must be x + 2y 9 = 0
STATEMENT-2 : In an equilateral triangle the
(b) Equation of common chord must be
radius of the circle is 1/3 of the median of the
x + 2y + 7 = 0
triangle.
(c) Tangents at A and B to the circle C1
3. STATEMENT-1 : If a line L = 0 is a tangent to the
25 50 circles S = 0 then it will also be a tangent to the
intersect at ,
9 9 circle S + L = 0.
STATEMENT-2 : If a line touches a circle then
(d) Tangents at A and B to the circle C1 perpendicular distance from centre of the circle
intersect at (1, 2) on the line must be equal to the radius.
9. The line x + y = 2 intersects the circle x2 + y2 = 3 at 4. STATEMENT-1 : P is a variable point on the circle
two points. The equations of the straight lines with centre at C, CA and CB are perpendicular
joining the origin and the points of intersection are from C on x-axis and y-axis respectively. The
(a) x (3 + 22)y = 0 locus of the centroid of the triangle PAB is a circle.
(b) x (3 22)y = 0 STATEMENT-2 : Centroid of the triangle is the
(c) (3 + 22)x y = 0 point of intersection of its medians.
(d) (3 22)x y = 0 5. STATEMENT-1 : The line x + 3y = 0 is a diameter
10. Both the equations x2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4 = 0 and of thecircle x2 + y2 6x + 2y = 0.
x2 + y2 4 y + 8 = 0 represent real circles if STATEMENT-2 : The centre of the circle passes
through the diameter of the circle.
(Answers) EXCERCISE BASED ON NEW PATTERN
COMPREHENSION TYPE
1. a 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. a 6. d
7. a 8. c 9. c 10. a 11. b 12. a
13. c 14. a
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE
1. [A-Q; B-S; C-P; D-R] 2. [A-S; B-R; C-Q; D-P]
MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
1. a, b, c 2. b, d 3. b, c 4. a 5. a, c 6. a, b, d
7. a, d 8. a, c 9. a, b, c, d 10. a, b
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111

1. Find the equation of the circle passing through the
points (1, 2) and (3, 4) and touching the line
3x + y 3 = 0.
2. Find the points on the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 whose
distance from the line 4x + 3y = 12 is 4/5 units.
3. Find the equation of two tangents drawn to the
circle x2 + y2 2x + 4y = 0 from the point (0, 1).
4. The circle x2 + y2 4x 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed in a
variable triangle OAB. Sides OA and OB lie along
the x and y-axis respectively, where O is the
origin. Find the locus of the mid-point of the side
AB.
5. Tangents are drawn from a pt. P to the circles
x2 + y2 = a2 & x2 + y2 = b2 each. If the tangents are
perpendicular then find the locus of P.
6. Find the equation of the locus of the middle point
of a chord of the circle x2 + y2 = 2(x + y) such that
the pair of lines joining the origin to the point of
intersection of the chord and the circle are equally
inclined to the x-axis.
7. A variable circle passes through the point A(a, b)
and touches the x-axis. Show that the locus of the
other end of the diameter through A is
(x a)2 = 4by.
8. Show that the locus of the point the tangents from
which to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 include a constant
angle is (x2 + y2 2a2)2 tan2 = 4a2(x2 + y2 a2). 20.
9. Find the equation of the circle through the points
of intersection of the circles
x2 + y2 4x 6y 12 = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y 12 = 0 and intersecting the circle
x2 + y2 2x 4 = 0 orthogonally.
10. Two circles each of radius 5 units touch each other
at (1, 2). If the equation of their common tangent is
4x + 3y = 10, find the equation of the two circles.
11. Find the equation of the tangents to the circle
x2 + y2 = 4 which make an angle of 600 with the
x-axis.
12. Find the radius of the smaller circle which touches
3x y = 6 at (1, 3) & also touches y = x.
13. The sum of squares of the tangents from a point P
to two circles is constant. Prove that the locus of P
is another circle whose centre lies midway between
the two given circles.
14. Obtain the equation of the circle which touches the
axis of x at (2, 0) and passes through (3, 1). Find
the equation of the other tangent through the
origin.
Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
MC 18
INITIAL STEP EXERCISE
(SUBJECTIVE)
15. From a point on 4x 3y = 6, tangents drawn to the
circle x2 + y2 6x 4y + 4 = 0 which make an angle
1 24
of tan 7 between them. Find the coordinates
of all such points and the equations of tangents.
16. The base AB of a triangle is fixed and its vertex C
moves such that sin A = k sin B (k 1). Show that
the locus of C is a circle whose centre lies on the
ak
line AB and whose radius is equal to ,a
(1 k 2 )
being the length of the base AB.
17. (a) Find the equation of the circle which
touches the x-axis at the point (3, 0) &
cuts off a chord of length 8 units on the
y-axis.
(b) Find the equation of the circle which
touches the x-axis and passes through the
points (1, 2) and (3, 2).
18. Find the length of the common chord of the two
circles x 2 + y 2 10x 10y = 0 and
x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y 40 = 0.
19. Prove that the two circles which pass through the
points (0, a) & (0, a) and touch the line y = mx + c
will cut orthogonally, iff c2 = a2(2 + m2)
Find the equation of all the common tangents to
the circles x2 + y2 = 25 & (x 12)2 + y2 = 9.
21. Find the equation to the circles which pass through
the origin and cut off equal chords of length a from
the straight lines y = x and y = x.
22. A tangent drawn at P(3, 4) on x2 + y2 25 = 0
intersects a variable circle of radius 5 units at A
1 1 2
and B such that . Show that the
PA PB 5
locus of the centres of the circle is another circle.
Find the equation of that circle.
23. Prove that the equation of the straight line meeting
the circle x2 + y2 = a2 in two points at equal distance
d from (x 1 , y 1 ) on the curve is
1 2
xx1 yy 1 a 2 d 0 . Find the equation of the
2
tangent at (x1, y1).
24. Two parallel tangents to a given circle are cut by a
third tangent at the points A and B. If C be the
centre of the given circle, find the ACB is a right
angle.
25. P(2, 2) is a point on a circle x2 + y2 2x 2y = 0. If P
travels on the circle and reaches Q such that arc
1
PQ circumference of the cirlce then find the
6
coordinates of Q.

1. Find the equation of circle having the lines
x2 + 2xy + 3x + 6y = 0 as its normals and having size 12.
just sufficient to contain the circle
x(x 4) + y (y 3) = 0.
2. From a point P, tangents drawn to the circles
x2 + y2 + x 3 = 0 and 4x2 + 4y2 + 8x + 7y + 9 = 0 are
equal in length. Find the equation of the circle
through P which touches the line x + y = 5 at the
point (6, 1).
3. Find the equation of a circle through (a, 0) and
(0, b) having the smallest radius.
4. One of the diameters of a circle circumscribing a
rectangle ABCD is 4y = x + 7. If A and B are the
13.
points (3, 4) and (5, 4) respectively, find the area
of the rectangle.
5. A circle is given by 2x(x a) + y(2y b) = 0 (a 0,
14.
b 0). Find the condition on a and b if two chords
each bisected by the x-axis, can be drawn to the
b 4[a2(l2 + m2) 1] = [a2(l2 + m2) 2]2
circle from a, .
2 15.
6. Find the intervals of values of a for which the line
y + x = 0 bisects two chords drawn from a point
1 2a 1 2a 16. From any point on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 tangents
, to the circle
2 2
2x2 + 2y2 (1 + 2a)x (1 2a)y = 0
7. Consider a family of circles passing through two
17.
points (3, 7) and (6, 5). Show that the chords in
which the circle x2 + y2 4x 6y 3 = 0 cuts the
members of the family are concurrent. Find the
coordinates of the point.
8. Straight lines 5x + 12y 10 = 0 and
5x 12y 40 = 0 touch a circle C1 of diameter 6 18.
units. If the centre of C1 lies in the first quadrant,
find the equation of the circle C 2 which is
concentric with C1 and cuts intercepts of length 8 19.
units on these lines.
9. The circle x2 + y2 4x 4y + 4 = 0 is inscribed in a
triangle which has two of its sides along the 20.
coordinate axes. The locus of the circumcentre of
the triangle is x + y xy + k(x2 + y2) = 0. Find k.
10. Tangents OP and OQ are drawn from the origin O
to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. Show that
the equation of the circumcircle of the triangle OPQ
is x2 + y2 + gx + fy = 0.
11. Let S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 be a given circle.
Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular
drawn from origin upon any chord of S which
subtends a right angle at the origin.
Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111
MC 19
FINAL STEP EXERCISE
(SUBJECTIVE)
1
If m i , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are four distinct points
1 mi
on a circle, and if each of the distinct points on a
circle, and if each of the following conditions hold
true,
m i 3 ( mi ) = 2
1
m 1 ; then find the equation of the
i
circle.
A circle of constant radius r passes through the
origin O and cuts the axes at A and B. Find the
locus of the foot of the perpendicular from O to AB
The circle x2 + y2 = a2 cuts off an intercept on the
straight line lx + my = 1 which subtends an angle of
450 at the origin. Show that
The line y = x touches a circle at P so that OP = 42,
where O is the origin. The point (10, 2) lies inside
the circle and the length of the chord x + y = 0 is
62. Find the equation of the circle.
are drawn to the circle (x c)2 + y2 = b2 where a, b,
c are constants. Show that the locus of the middle
point of the chord of contact is a third circle.
If the equation of the circles whose radii are r & R
be respectively S = 0 and S = 0, then prove that the
S S
circles 0 will intersect at right angles.
r R
Find the equation of the circle circumscribing the
triangle formed by the lines
x + 2y = 5 ; 2x + y = 4 & x + y = 6.
If 4l 2 5m2 + 6l + 1 = 0, prove that the line
lx + my + 1 = 0 touches fixed circle. Find its
equation.
If two curves whose equations are
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 &
ax 2 2hxy by 2 2g x 2f y c 0 intersect
in four concyclic points, prove that
a b a b
.
h h
 MC 20

ANSWERS SUBJECTIVE (INITIAL ANSWERS SUBJECTIVE (FINAL STEP

STEP EXERCISE) EXERCISE)
1. x2 + y2 3x 7y + 12 = 0 1. x2 + y2 + 6x 3y = 45

4. x + y xy + x 2 y 2 = 0 3. x2 + y2 ax by = 0
5. a2 > 2b2
6. x+y=2
6. a (, 2) (2, )
9. x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y 15 = 0
7. (2, 23/3)
10. x2 + y2 10x 10y + 25 = 0
15. x2 + y2 + 18x 2y + 32 = 0
11. r = 1.49
19. x2 + y2 6x + 4 = 0
15. 7x 24y + 102 = 0, x 6 = 0
21. x2 + y2 2ax = 0 and x2 + y2 2ay = 0
23. xx1 + yy1 a2 = 0
24. /2

3
3 ,3 3
25. 2 2 2 2

Einstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road
New Delhi 110 018, Ph. : 9312629035, 8527112111