COMPLEX NUMBER

SYLLABUS
Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties
of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations.

BASIC CONCEPTS
A number in the form of x + iy, where x, y are real numbers and i = 1 is called a complex
number.
(i) Clearly i2 1, i3 i2 .i i, i4 1. In general, i 4n 1,
i4n 1 i,i4n 2 1 , i4n 3 i for an integer n.
(ii) If z = x + iy, then the real part of z is denoted by Re (z) and the imaginary part by Im(z).

(iii) A complex number is said to be purely real if Im(z) = 0, and is said to be purely imaginary if
Re (z) = 0. The complex number 0 = 0 + i0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.

(iv) Two complex numbers are said to be equal if and only if their real parts and imaginary parts
are separately equal i.e. a + ib = c + id implies a = c and b = d. However, there is no order
relation between complex numbers and the expressions of the type a + ib < ( or > ) c + id
are meaningless.

(v) Since a real number a can be written as a + i.0, therefore every real number can be
considered as a complex number whose imaginary part is zero. Thus the set R of real
numbers is a proper subset of the complex numbers C.
Remark:
Clearly i2 1, i3 i2 .i i, i4 1. In general, i 4n 1,
i4n 1 i,i4n 2 1 , i4n 3 i for an integer n.

REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN ARGAND PLANE

A complex number z = x + iy written as ordered pair (x, y) can be Y
represented by a point P whose Cartesian coordinates are (x, y) P(x,y)
referred to axes OX and OY, usually called the real and the
imaginary axes. The plane of OX and OY is called the Argand y

diagram or the complex plane.
O x M X
Fig. 1

MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

Let z = x + iy be a complex number then its magnitude is defined by the real number x2 y2 and
is denoted by |z|.

ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

y
If z = x + iy then angle given by tan is said to be the argument or amplitude of the complex
x
number z and is denoted by arg (z) or amp (z). In case of x = 0 (where y 0), arg (z) = + /2 or
/2 depending upon y > 0 or y < 0 and the complex number is called purely imaginary. If y = 0
(where x0), then arg (z) = 0 or depending upon x > 0 or x < 0 and the complex number is called
purely real. The argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.

1
We can define the argument of a complex number also as any value of the which satisfies the
x y
system of equations cos = , sin .
2 2
x y x y2
2

PRINCIPAL ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The value of satisfying the inequality < is called the principal value of the argument.

Method of finding the principle argument of a complex number z = x + iy

y
Stet 1: Find tan = and this gives the value of in Y
x
the first quadrant. -
Step 2: Find the quadrant in which z lies, with the help X
X
O
of sign of x and y coordinates. - -
Step 3: Then argument of z will be , , , and
according as z lies in the first second, third or Y
fourth quadrant

Example -1: For z = 3 i, find the principal value of arg(z).

1
Solution: Here x = 3, y = -1 tan = =
3 6

Principal value of arg z = - . (Since z lies in the fourth quadrant)
6
POLAR FORM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Let OP = r, then x = r cos , and y = r sin z = x + iy = r cos + ir sin = r ( cos + i sin ). This
is known as Polar form(Trigonometric form) of a Complex Number. Here we should take the
principal value of .
For general values of the argument
z = r [ cos ( 2n + ) + i sin ( 2n + )] (where n is an integer)
Note: sometimes cos + i sin is, in short, written as cis().
Euler's formula: cos + i sin = ei .
Note:

When complex numbers are multiplied their arguments get added i..e
(cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2 + i sin 2) = cos (1 + 2) + i sin (1 + 2)
generalizing,
(cos 1+ i sin 1)(cos 2+ i sin 2)(cos n + i sin n) = cos(1+ 2+ +n) + i sin(1+ 2++n)
when complex numbers are divided, their arguments get subtracted
(cos1 i sin 1 )
= cos (1 2) + i sin (1 2)
(cos2 i sin 2 )
Illustration 1: Find the modulus and the principal argument of the numbers:
li 3
(i) 6(cos 310 i sin 310 ) (ii)
2i cos i sin
3 3
Solution: (i) 6(cos 310 i sin 310) = 6[cos(360 50) i sin(360 50)]
= 6(cos 50 + i sin 50)

2
 5 5
= 6 cos i sin
18 18
5
modulus = 6 and principal value of the argument =
18
1 3
i
1 i 3 1 2 2
(ii) = i = 1 cos isin
i 1 3 2 2
2i cos isin i
3 3
2 2

Modulus = 1 and the principal value of the argument =
2

Illustration 4: If z = (i)i, where i 1 , then find the value of z .

i

i




Solution: z = i i = e 2 e 2
Re(z) e 2

Unimodular Complex Number:

A complex number z such that |z| = 1 is said to

be unimodular complex number. Since |z| = 1, z lies z
1
on a circle of radius 1 unit and centre (0, 0).
If |z| = 1 z = cos + i sin , -

1/z = (cos + i sin)-1 = cos - i sin 1/z= z

z1 iz2
Illustration 9: If z1 and z2 are two nonzero complex numbers and is a unimodular
z1 iz2
z1
then show that is purely real.
z2
z1 iz 2 z z z z
Solution: 1 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i
z1 iz2 z2 z2 z2 z2
z1
P lies on the right bisector of line joining A (i) and B( i ) that mean
z 2
z1 z1
P lies on real axis. Hence is purely real
z 2 z2

Algebraic Operations with Complex Numbers:

Addition : (a + ib) + (c+id) = (a + c) + i ( b+d)
Subtraction : (a + ib) - (c+id) = (a - c) + i ( b - d)
Multiplication : (a + ib) (c+id) = (ac - bd) + i ( ad + bc)

3
 a ib
Division : ( when at least one of c and d is non-zero)
c id
ac bd i(bc ad)
=
c 2 d2 c 2 d2

Square root of a Complex Number:

Let z1 = x1 + iy1 be the given complex number and we have to obtain its square root.
Let x + iy = (x1 + iy1)
2
y1
x2 y2 + 2ixy = x1 + iy1 x1 = x2 y2 and y1 = 2xy x2 x1
4x 2
z1 x1 y1 z1 x 1
x2 = , y
2 y1 2

z1 x 1 z1 x 1
If y1 > 0 x = , y
2 2
Re z 1 | z 1 | | z 1 | Re z 1
x 1 iy 1 = i
2 2

z1 x 1 z1 x1
If y1 < 0 x = , y
2 2
Re z 1 | z 1 | | z 1 | Re z 1
x 1 iy 1 = i

2 2

Example -2: Find the square root of 8 - 15i.

Solution: Here y = -15 < 0

Re z | z | | z | Re z 1
8 15i = i
= (5 - 3i).
2 2 2

CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

The conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib is defined to be a Imaginary axis
ib and is denoted by z . In other words z is the mirror image of A (z)
z in the real axis.
If z = a + ib, z + z = 2 a ( real), O Real axis
z z = 2 ib ( imaginary ) -
2
and z z = ( a+ib)(aib) = a2 + b2 (real ) = |z|2 = z .
zz zz
Also Re (z) = ,Im( z ) . B (z )
2 2i

Properties of Conjugate:
z z
|z| = | z |
z + z =2Re(z). z z = 2i Im(z).
If z is purely real z = z . whenever we have to show a complex number purely real we use
this property.

4
 If z is purely imaginary z+ z =0, whenever we have to show that a complex number is
purely imaginary we use this property.

2
z z | z |2 = z
z1 z 2 = z 1 + z 2
In general, z1 z 2 .... zn z1 z 2 ... zn
z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
z 1z 2 z 1.z 2
In general z1z 2 z 3 .....z n z1.z 2 .z3 .....zn
z n z
n

z 1 z1

z2 z2

Properties of Modulus:
|z| = 0 z = 0 + i0
|z1 z2 | denotes the distance between z1 and z2 .
|z| Re(z) |z| ; equality holds on right or on left side depending upon z being positive real
or negative real.
|z| Im z |z| ; equality holds on right side or on left side depending upon z being purely
imaginary and above the real axes or below the real axes.
|z| |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| 2 |z| ; equality holds on left side when z is purely imaginary or
purely real and equality holds on right side when |Re(z)| = |Im(z)|.
|z|2 = z z
|z1z2| = |z1| |z2|
In general |z1 z2 . . . . .zn| = |z1| |z2| . . . . . |zn|
|zn| = |z|n , n I
z1 z1

z2 z2
|z1+z2| |z1| + |z2| |z1+z2+ ... +zn| |z1| + |z2| + ... + |zn|; equality holds if origin, z 1, z2, z3
, zn are collinear and z1 , z2, z3, ,zn are on the same side of the origin.
|z1 z2| ||z1| |z2|| ; equality holds when arg(z1/z2) = i.e. origin, z1, z2 are collinear
and z1 and z2 are on the opposite side of the origin.
|z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) ( z 1 + z 2) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z2 z 1 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2Re(z1 z 2)
|z1 z2|2 = (z1 z2) ( z 1 z 2) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 z1 z 2 z2 z 1 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 2Re(z1 z 2)

Properties of Argument:
arg(z1z2) = 1 + 2 = arg(z1) + arg(z2)
arg (z1/z2) = 1 2 = arg(z1) arg(z2)
arg (zn) = n arg(z), n I

Note:
In the above result 1 + 2 or 1 2 are not necessarily the principle values of the argument
of corresponding complex numbers. E.g arg(zn) = n arg(z) only shows that one of the
argument of zn is equal to n arg(z) (if we consider arg(z) in the principle range)
arg(z) = 0, z is a purely real number z = z .
arg(z) = /2, /2 z is a purely imaginary number z = z .
Note that the property of argument is the same as the property of logarithm.
5
Example -3: Consider two pairs of non-zero conjugate complex numbers ( z 1, z2) and (z3 , z4). Find
z1 z2
the value of arg +arg


z .
z3 4
z1 z zz z 2

Solution: arg +arg 2 = arg 1 2 = arg 1 2 (as z2 = z1 andz 4 z3 )

z
z3 z4 z3 z 4 3
= 0 (as argument of a positive real number is zero).

1 1 1
Example -4: If |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1, prove that z1 z2 z 3 .
z1 z2 z 3

Solution: We know that |z| = z |z1 + z2 + z3| = z1 z 2 z3

2 2 2
z1.z1 z 2 .z 2 z .z z z z
= 3 3 = 1 2 3
z1 z2 z3 z1 z2 z3

1 1 1
= ( |z1|2 = |z2|2 = |z3|2 = 1)
z1 z 2 z 3

1 1
Example -5: Prove that |z1| + |z2| = ( z1 z 2 ) z1z 2 ( z1 z 2 ) z1z 2 .
2 2

Solution: RHS =
1
2
z1 z2 2

1
2
z1 z2 2

1 2 1 2 1 z 2 z 2
= z1 z 2 z1 z 2 = 2 1 2 Using parallelogram law.
2 2 2
= |z1| + |z2| = LHS.
DE MOIVRES THEOREM
If n is any integer, then (cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n. This is known as De Movres Theorem.

Remarks:
Writing the binomial expansion of (cos + i sin )n and equating the real part to cos n and the imaginary part
to sin n, we get
? cos n = cosn nc2 cosn2 sin2 + nc4 cosn4 sin4 +
? sin n = nc1 cosn1 sin nc3 cosn3 sin3 + nc5 cosn5 sin5 +
n
C1 tan n C3 tan3 n C5 tan5 n C7 tan7 ........
? tan n =
1 n C2 tan2 n C4 tan4 n C 6 tan6 .......
If n is rational number, then one of the values of (cos + i sin )n is cos n + i sin n. Let n = p/q, where p and q
are integers (q > 0) and p, q have no common factor. Then (cos + i sin )n has q distinct values, one of which
is cos n + i sin n.
If z = r (cos + i sin ), and n is a positive integer, then

2kn 2kn
? z1/n = r1/n cos isin , k = 0, 1, 2, , n 1.
n n
? Here if can be noted that any n consecutive values of k will serve the purpose.
?

2.1 APPLICATIONS OF DE MOIVERS THEOREM

This is a fundamental theorem and has various applications. Here we will discuss few of these
which are important from the examination point of view.

6
nth Roots of Unity
One very important application of DeMoivres Theorem is in solving equation of nth powers in
complex number. Let x be the nth root of unity. Then
xn = 1 = cos 2k + i sin 2k (where k is an integer)
2k 2k
x = cos + i sin k = 0, 1, 2, , n 1
n n
2 2
Let = cos + i sin .
n n
When k = 2
4 4 2 2 2 2
cos i sin cos i sin
n n n n
2
2 2
= cos i sin [By DeMoivres Theorem]
n n
= 2
when k = 3
3
6 6 2 2
cos i sin cos i sin = 3
n n n n
Similarly, when k = t
t
2kt 2kt 2k 2k
Then, cos i sin cos i sin = t
n n n n
The roots are 1, , 2, , n 1

Sum of the Roots

1 n
1 + + 2 + .... + n 1 = =0 ( n = 1)
1
n 1 n 1
2k 2k

k 0
cos
n
0 and
k 0
sin
n
0
Thus the sum of the roots of unity is zero.

Product of the Roots

n 1
n n 1 n
1..2. .......... n 1 = = cos 2 i sin 2 2
= cos{(n 1)} + i sin{(n 1)}
2 n n
n n 1
If n is even =1
2
n n 1
If n is odd =1
2
A2(2) A2()
Note :
The points represented by n nth roots of unity are located at 2/n
2/n
the vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit A1(1)
circle having centre at the origin, one vertex being on the O 2/n
positive real axis. Geometrically represented as follows.
An(n-1)

7
2.2 CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY
2 Y
For n = 3, we get the cube roots of unity and they are 1, cos +i
3
2 4 4 1 3i 1 3i
sin and cos + i sin i.e. 1, and .
3 3 3 2 2 X
O 1
X
They are generally denoted by 1, and 2 and geometrically
represented by the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose 2

circumcentre is origin and circumradius is unity. Y

Note:
3 = 1 and 1 + + 2 = 0
It can be easily proved that
1 + n + 2n = 3 (n is a multiple of 3)
1 + + = 0
n 2n
(n is an integer, not a multiple of 3)
Illustration 14: Given z1 + z2 + z3 = A ,
z1 + z2w + z3w2 = B
z1 + z2w2 + z3w = C
where w is cube root of unity.
Express z1, z2, z3 in term of A, B , C.
Solution: Adding given three condition
A BC
z1 =
3
Multiplying z1 + z2 + z3 = A, z1 + z2w + z3w2 = B, z1 + z2w2 + z2w = C by
1 , w2 ,w and adding we get
A Bw 2 Cw
z2
3
A Bw Cw 2
also z3 =
3
Exercise 7. If is a cube root of unity then find the value of

a b c2 a b c2

b c a2 c a b2

a b c 2 2 a b c 2
Solution Ex. 7:
b c a 2 2 c a b 2
a 2 c b 1 a b 2 c 1 1
= 2 2 1
2
(b a c) c a b 2
2

CONCEPT OF ROTATION
If z and z are two complex numbers then argument of y
z z
is the angle through which Oz must be turned in
z
order that it may lie along Oz. z

z ei z i z i
z
= e e O x
z z e i
z z

8
 Y C(z3)
In general, let z1, z2, z3 , be the three vertices of a
triangle ABC described in the counter-clock wise
sense. Draw OP and OQ parallel and equal to AB B(z2)
Q(z3-z1)
and AC respectively. Then the point P is z 2 z1
and Q is z3 z1 and P(z2-z1)
z 3 z1 OQ A(z1)
(cos i sin )
2-
z 2 z1 OP
CA i | z3 z1 | i
.e .e O X
BA | z 2 z1 | 2-

Note that arg. (z3-z1)arg(z2-z1) = is the angle through which OP must be rotated in the anti-
clockwise direction so that it becomes parallel to OQ.
z 3 z1 | z3 z1 | i( 2 )
Here we can write .e also. In this case we are rotating OP in clockwise
z 2 z1 | z 2 z1 |
direction by an angle (2 - ). Since the rotation is in clockwise direction, we are taking negative
sign with angle (2 - )
Example -10: Consider a square ABCD such that z 1, z2, z3 and z4 represent its vertices A, B, C and D
respectively. Express z3 and z4 in terms of z1 and z2 .
Solution: Consider the rotation of AB about A through an angle /4, we get
z 3 z1 z 3 z1 i / 4 A(z1) D(z4)
e 2 cos i sin
z 2 z1 z 2 z1 4 4
/4
z3 = z1 +( z2 z1)( 1+i)
z z1 z 4 z1 i / 2
Similarly , 4 e i
z 2 z1 z 2 z1
B(z2) C(z3)
z4 = z1 +i( z2 z1)
z 6
Illustration 17: If |z 3| = 3 then show that i tan (Argz)
z
Solution: By figure | z 3 | = 3 is a circle with centre (3, 0)
by rotation
z 6 | z 6 | i / 2
e
z0 |z0|
z6 PA
.i = i tan
z PO
= i tan (arg z)
GEOMETRICAL APPLICATIONS
4.1 SECTION FORMULA
Let z1 and z2 be any two complex numbers representing
A(z1)
the points A and B respectively in the argand plane. Let C
be the point dividing the line segment AB internally
AC m
in the ratio m : n i.e , and let the complex
BC n C
number associated with point C be z.
B(z2)
Let us rotate the line BC about the point C so that it
becomes parallel to CA . The corresponding equation
of rotation will be ,
z1 z z z i m
1
z2 z z2 z
e = 1
n

9
 nz1 mz 2
nz1 nz = m z2 +mz z = .
mn
nz1 mz 2
Similarly if C(z) divides the segment AB externally in the ratio of m : n, then z = .
mn
z1 z 2
In the specific case, if C(z) is the mid point of AB then z .
2

Example -12: If z1, z2 and z3 ( in anticlockwise sense) represents the vertices of a triangle, find the
centroid, incentre, circumcentre and the orthocentre of the triangle.

Solution: Let G be the centriod and let the line joining A and G meets the line BC at the point
D. We have,
BD = DC A(z1)
z z3
D 2
2
G divides AD internally in ratio 2 : 1 2
2 z 2 z 3
G
z1 z1 z 2 z 3 1
G 2 D
3 z2 z3 C(z3)
2 1
B(z2)

2
Let I be the incentre and let the line connecting A and I meet the line BC at D 1. We
have
BD 1 AB | z 1 z 2 | A(z1)

D 1C AC | z 1 z 3 |
AI AB AC | z 1 z 2 | | z 1 z 3 |
and =
ID 1 BC | z2 z3 |
I
z 2 | z1 z 3 | z 3 | z1 z 2 |
D1
| z1 z 2 | | z1 z 3 |
z1 | z 2 z 3 | z 2 | z1 z 3 | z 3 | z1 z 2 | B(z2) D1 C(z3)
=
| z1 z 2 | | z1 z 3 | | z 2 z 3 |
Let O be the circum-centre and let the line connecting A and O meet the
line BC at D2.
We have A(z1)
BD 2 sin 2C
and
D 2 C sin 2B O
AO sin 2B sin 2C B(z 2) D 2
C(z3)

OD 2 sin 2A
z 2 sin 2B z 3 sin 2C
D2 = and
sin 2B sin 2C
D 2 sin 2B sin 2C z 1 sin 2A
O=
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
z1 sin 2A z 2 sin 2B z3 sin 2C
=
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
Let P be the orthocentre and let the line connecting the points A and P meet the line
BC and D3.

10
 BD 3 tan C
We have,
D 3 C tan B
AP tan C tan B A(z1)
and
PD 3 tan A
z tan B z 3 tan C
D3 = 2
tan B tan C
D tan B tan C z 1 tan A P
and P = 3
tan A tan B tan C
z tan A z 2 tan B z 3 tan C
= 1 B(z2) D3 C(z3)
tan A tan B tan C
Condition for Collinearity:
If there are three real numbers (other than 0) l, m and n such that
lz1 + mz2 + nz3 = 0 and l + m + n = 0
then complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 will be collinear.

Equation of a Straight Line:

Equation of Straight Line Joining the Points z1 and z2:

zz zz y y1 x x1
Writing x ,y etc.in and re-arranging terms, we find that the equation
2 2i y 2 y1 x 2 x1

z z1
z z1 z z1
of the line through z1 and z2 is given by or z 1 z 1 1 0.
z 2 z 1 z 2 z1
z2 z2 1
General equation of a straight line is az a z b 0 , where a is a complex number and b is a
real number.
az1 a z1 b
The length of the perpendicular from a point z1 to the line az a z b 0 is given by .
2|a|

Example -13: Let and be two fixed non-zero complex numbers and z a variable complex number.
If the two straight lines z z 1 0 and z z 1 0 are mutually
perpendicular, then prove that =0

Solution: Slope of the first line =


Slope of the second line =


Lines will be perpendicular if + =0 = 0.

Equation of a Circle:

11
Consider a fixed complex number z0 and let z be any complex number which moves in
such a way that its distance from z 0 is always equals to r. This implies z would lie on a
circle whose centre is z0 and radius r. And its equation would be |z z0| = r .
|z z0|2 = r2 ( z z0) z z0 r 2
zz zz0 zz 0 z 0 z0 r 2 0 .
Let - a = z0 and z 0 z 0 r 2 =b
zz az a z b 0 , where centre = a and radius = | a |2 b

Example -15: Find the centre and radius of the circle zz 1 i z 1 i z 7 0 .

Solution: Given equation can be rewritten as zz 1 iz 1 i z 7 0

So, it represents a circle with centre at 1 i and
radius = | 1 i |2 7 2 7 3 .

2 1 1
Example -16: If z1, z2, z3 are complex numbers such that , show that the points
z1 z2 z3
represented by z1, z2, z3 lie on a circle passing through the origin.

Solution: Since P(z1), Q(z2), R(z3) and S(z4) are concyclic points,
PSQ = PRQ
z2 z4 z2 z3 S(z4)
arg. = arg R(z3)
z1 z 4 z1 z 3
z 2 z 4 z1 z 3
arg =0

z 1 z 4 z 2 z 3
z 2 z 4 . z1 z 3 P(z1)
Q(z2)
= real
z1 z 4 z 2 z 3
z 2 z1 z 3
If z4 = 0 + i0, then . = real (1)
z1 z 2 z 3
2 1 1 z 1z 2
We have from which z3 = (2)
z1 z 2 z 3 2z 2 z 1
z1z 2
z1
z2 2z 2 z1 z 2 z1
From (1) and (2), = real = real
z1 z z1z 2 2 z 2 z 1
2
2z 2 z1
1
= real, which is true.
2
Therefore z1, z2, z3 and the origin are concyclic.
Alternative Solution:
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 D(z2)

z1 z 2 z 3 z1 z 2 z 3 z1
z 2 z1 z1 z 3 z 2 z1 z A(z1) C(o)
2
z 1z 2 z 1z 3 z 3 z1 z3
z 2 z1 z z B(z3)
arg arg 2
z
= + arg 2
z


z 3 z1 3 3
=+=
12
 points A, B, C, D are concyclic.

13
OBJECTIVES
1. If z be any complex number such that 3z 2 3z 2 4 , then locus of z is
(A) A circle (B) An ellipse
(C) A line segment (D) None of these
Sol: (C) 3z 2 3z 2 4
2 2 4
z z ........(i)
3 3 3
2 2
Let P(z), A = , 0 , B = , 0 then (i) represents PA + PB = 4/3.
3 3
Clearly AB = 4/3 PA + PB = AB
Thus P is any point on the line segment AB.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

1 1 1 1
2. The value of the expression 2 1 1 2 +3
2 2 2 + 4



1 1 1 1
3 3 2 + . . . + (n + 1) n n 2 , where is an imaginary cube



root of unity, is
n n2 2 n n2 2
(A) (B)
3 3
n n 1 4n
2 2
(C) (D) none of these
4
Sol: (C)
1 1 1 1 1 1
tn = (n+1) n n
= n3 + n2 2 1 n 1 2 1

2

= n + n ( + + 1)+ n( + +1) +1 = n +1
3 2 2 2 3

n 2 n 1
r
n n 2
Sn =
r 1
tr
r 1 4
3
1
n .

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

3 If is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + 2)7 equals

(A) 128 (B) 128 (C) 128 2 (D) 128 2
Sol: (D)
We have (1 + + 2)7 = (2 2)7
= (2)7 (2)7 = 128 14 = 128 2
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

4. Let z be a complex number and a be a real parameter such that

z2 + az + a2 = 0, then locus of z is
(A) a pair of straight lines (B) a circle
(C) an ellipse (D) none of these
Sol: (A)
z2 + az + a2 = 0
z = a, a2 ( where is non real root of unity )
locus of z is a pair of straight lines
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

14
5. The equation | z + i | | z i | = k represents a hyperbola if
(A) 2 < k < 2 (B) k>2
(C) 0<k<2 (D) none of these
Sol: (A)
16
|z + i| |z i| = k represents a hyperbola if 4 2 < 0 i.e. k2 < 4.
k
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

3
6. The complex number z = 1 + i is rotated through an angle in anticlockwise direction
2
about the origin and stretched by additional 2 units, Then the new complex number is
(A) 2 2 i (B) 2 2
(C) 2 2i (D) 2 2i

Sol: If z1 be the new complex number then |z1| = |z| + 2 = 2 2

z z1 i3 / 2 3 3
Also 1 e z1 = z. 2 cos i sin
z z 2 2
= 2( 1+i) ( 0 i) = 2i +2 = 2( 1 i)
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

5i 3 10i 5 11i
7. Let = 3 10i 0 7 23i , where i = 1 , then is
5 11i 7 23i 10i
(A) purely +ve real number
(B) purely imaginary
(C) of the form a + ib with a, b both nonzero real numbers.
(D) purely negative real number
5i 3 10i 5 11i 5i 3 10i 5 11i
Sol: 3 10i 0 7 23i 3 10i 0 7 23i =
5 11i 7 23i 10i 5 11i 7 23i 10i
is purely imaginary.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

n1 n2 n2
8. If (1 + i)n1 1 i3 1 i5 1 i7 is real, where n1, n2 are positive integers then
(A) n1 = n2 (B) n1 = n2 + 1
(C) n2 = n1 + 1 (D) n1n2 N

CC(i)C(i).2CC(i).
1 i n 1 i 3 1 1 i 5 2 1 i 7
n n n2
Sol: 1

= 1 i n 1 i n 1 i 1 i
1 1
n2 n2

=2
n1 n 2 n 4 n2 n2 2
02 4 02
= Real number. Thus n1, n2 N

15
 Hence (D) is the correct answer.

9. If ( 1) be a cube root of unity and (1 + )7 = l + m , then

(A) l = 0, m = 1 (B) l = 1, m = 1
(C) l = 1, m = 0 (D) l = 1, m = 1

Sol: We have (1 + )7 = l + m (2)7 = l + m

14 = l + m 2 = l + m
1 + = l + m l = m = 1
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

z1
10. If =1 and arg (z1 z2) = 0, then
z2
(A) z1 = z2 (B) |z2|2 = z1z2
(C) z1z2 = 1 (D) none of these.
z1
Sol: Let z1 = r1( cos1 + i sin1) then =1
z2
|z1| = |z2| |z1| = |z2| = r1 .
Now arg (z1 z2) = 0 arg( z1) + arg(z2) = 0 arg(z2) = 1
Therefore, z2 = r1 ( cos(1) + i sin(1)) = r1( cos1 i sin1) = z1

z 2 = z1 = z1 |z2|2 = z1 z2 .
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

11. If |z| < 4, then | iz +3 4i| is less than

(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 6 (D) 9

Sol: | iz + ( 3 4i)| | iz| + |3 4i| = |z| +5 < 4 + 5 = 9.

Hence (D) is the correct answer.

12. If z is a complex number, then z2 + z 2 = 2 represents

(A) a circle (B) a straight line
(C) a hyperbola (D) an ellipse
Sol: Let z = x + iy, then z + z = 2 x y2 =1, which represents a hyperbola.
2 2 2

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

1 i
13. If = A + iB, then A2 +B2 equals to
1 i
(A) 1 (B) 2
(B) 1 (D) 2

1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i
Sol: A +iB = A iB = ( A+ iB) ( A iB) =
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i = 1
A2 + B2 = 1.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

14. If |z1| = |z2| and arg(z1) +arg(z2) = /2 , then

(A) z1z2 is purely real (B) z1z2 is purely imaginary
(C) (z1+z2) is purely imaginary (D) none of these

16
Sol: Let |z1| = |z2| = r z1 = r ( cos + isin)

and z2 = r cos i sin

z1z2 = r i, which is purely imaginary
2

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

z1 iz 2
15. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers satisfying the equation 1,
z1 iz 2
z1
then is a
z2
(A) purely real (B) of unit modulus
(C) purely imaginary (D) none of these

Sol: (z1 + iz2) ( z1 iz 2 ) = (z1 iz2) ( z1 iz 2 )

z1 z1
z1z 2 z1z2
z 2 z2
z1
is purely real.
z2
Hence (A) is the correct Alternatives.

16. If z = 2 + 2 3i , then z2n + 22n zn + 24n, n is a multiple of 3, is equal to

(A) 22n (B) 0
(C) 3. 24n (D) none of these

Sol: z = 2 + 23i = 4w
z2n + 22n zn + 24n = 42n w2n + 22n 4n wn + 24n = 42n [w2n + wn + 1]
= 0, if n is not a multiple of 3
= 3.42n, if n is a multiple of 3.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

z 5i
17. The complex numbers z = x + iy which satisfy the equation z 5i
1 lie on
(A) xaxis (B) the straight line y=5
(C) a circle passing through the origin (D) None of these.

z 5i
Sol: 1
z 5i
z would lie on the right bisector of the line segment connecting the points
5i and 5i .
Thus z would lie on the xaxis.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

18. The points z1, z2, z3, z4 in the complex plane are the vertices of a parallelogram
taken in order if and only if
(A) z1+z4=z2+z3 (B) z1+z3=z2+z4
(C) z1+z2=z3+z4 (D) None of these.

Sol: In parallelogram, diagonals bisects each other, thus midpoint of AC and BD

should be same .

17
 z1 z3 z 2 z 4
z1+ z3 = z2 +z4
2 2
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

1 iz
19. If z = x + iy, and w , then w = 1 implies that in the complex plane
zi
(A) z lies on the imaginary axis (B) z lies on the real axis
(C) z lies on the unit circle (D) None of these.

1 iz
Sol: w ,
zi
As |w| = 1 | z i| = |1 iz| = |z + i| ( as 1/i = i)
z lies on the right bisector of the line segment connecting the points i and i.
Thus z lies on the real axis.
Hence (B) is correct answer.

20. The complex number z =1+i is rotated through an angle 3 /2 in anticlockwise

direction about the origin and stretched by additional 2 unit, then the new
complex number is
(A) 2 2 i (B) 2 2 i
(C) 2 2 i (D) none of these

Sol: If z1 be the new complex number then |z1| = |z| + 2 = 2 2

z z1 i3 / 2 3 3
Also 1 e z1 = z. 2 cos i sin
z z 2 2
= 2( 1+i) ( 0 i) = 2i +2 = 2( 1 i)
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

i
13
21. The value of n
i n 1 , where i = 1 equals
n 1
(A) i (B) i 1
(C) i (D) none of these

13 13
Sol: Given summation =
n 1
in i
n 1
n 1

= i
1 i13
i2
1 i13
= i
1 i 1 i i 1
1 i
1 i 1 i
1 i
Hence (B) is correct answer.

334 365
1 i 3 1 i 3
22. If i = 1 , then 4 + 5 3 equals
2 2
2 2
(A) 1 i 3 (B) 1 + i 3
(C) i 3 (D) i 3

334 365
1 i 3 1 i 3
Sol: We have 4 + 5

3
= 4 + 5334 + 3365
2 2 2 2
1 i 3 1 i 3
= 4 + 5 + 32 = 4 + 5
3

i 3
2 2 2 2
Hence (C) is correct answer.
18
 If n1, n2 are positive integers then 1 i n1 1 i3 1 1 i5 2 1 i7
n n n2
23. is a real number if and
only if
(A) n1 = n2 + 1 (B) n1 + 1 = n2
(C) n1 = n2 (D) none of these
Sol: Given expression = 1 i n1 1 i n1 1 i n 2 1 i n 2
n /2 n n /2 n
= 2 1 .2 cos 1 2 2 .2 cos 2 = real
4 4
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

n
1 i
24. The smallest positive integral value of n for which is purely imaginary with positive
1 i
part, is
(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 5 (D) none of these
1 i
Sol: = i
1 i
(i)n = imaginary n = 1, 3, 5,
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

25. If (a + ib)5 = + i then (b + ia)5 is equal to

(A) + i (B) i
(C) i (D) i
Sol: (b + ia)5 = i5(a ib)5 = i( i)
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

26. If the area of the triangle on the complex plane formed by the points z, iz and z + iz is 50
square units, then |z| is
(A) 5 (B) 10
(C) 15 (D) none of these
1 2
Sol: |z| = 50 |z|2 = 100 |z| = 10
2
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

27. If z is a complex number satisfying the relation |z + 1| = z + 2(1 + I) then z is

(A) 1/2 (1 + 4i) (B) 1/2 (3 + 4i)
(C) 1/2 (1 4i) (D) 1/2 (3 4i)
Sol: Given that |z + 1| = z + 2(1 + i)
Let z = x + iy
( x 1)2 y 2 = x + 2 and 0 = y + 2
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

z 1
28. If z = x + iy such that |z + 1| = |z 1| and amp then
z 1 4
(A) x = 2 + 1, y = 0 (B) x = 0, y = 2 + 1
(C) x = 0, y = 2 1 (D) none of these
z 1 z 1 1 i
Sol: =1 = 1 cos i sin
z 1 z 1 4 4 2

19
 2 1 i
z=
2 1 i
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

cos i sin
29. Let z = , . Then arg z is
cos i sin 4 2
(A) 2 (B) 2
(C) + 2 (D) none of these

Sol: z = (cos + i sin )2 = cos 2 + i sin 2, < 2 <
2
z is a complex number in the second quadrant.

< arg (z) < arg (z) = tan1 (tan 2) = 2
2
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

30. If the cube root of unity are 1, , 2, then the roots of the equation (x 1)3 + 8 = 0 are
(A) 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 22 (B) 1, 1 2, 1 22
(C) 1, 1, 1 (D) none of these
Sol: (x 1)3 + 8 = 0 (x 1)3 = 8
x 1 8 2 1
1/ 3 1/ 3
2, 2, 2 2
x 1 2, 1 2, 1 2 2
=- 1, 1 - 2w, 1 - 2w2 .
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

31. If ei = cos + i sin then for the ABC, eiA . eiB . eiC is
(A) i (B) 1
(C) 1 (D) none of these
Sol: eiA.eiB.eiC = ei(A + B + C) = cos (A + B + C) + i sin (A + B + C) = 1
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

32. If z = rei, then eiz is equal to

(A) ercos (B) ersin
(C) ersin (D) none of these
Sol: |eiz| = |ei(rcos + ri sin )| = |e(rsin + ri sin )| = |er sin ||eir cos | = er sin
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

2
33. If z lies on the circle z =1, then lies on
z
(A) circle (B) straight line
(C) parabola (D) none of these
2 2z
Sol: 2z straight line
z | z |2
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

34. If |z i| < 1, then the value of |z + 12 6i| is less than

(A) 14 (B) 2
(C) 28 (D) none of these
Sol: |z + 12 6i| = |(z i) + (12 5i)| |z i| + |12 5i| < 1 + 13 = 14
20
 Hence (A) is the correct answer.

35. The value of amp (i) amp (i2), where i = 1 and = 3

1 = nonreal, is

(A) 0 (B)
2
(C) (D) none of these
Sol: amp (i) + amp (i2) = amp (i23) = amp (1) =
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

36. For a complex number z, the minimum value of | z | + | z 2 | is

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) none of these

Sol: From the triangle |z| + |z 2| 2. z

|z| |z 2|

Hence (B) is the correct answer. O 2

z 1
37. If | z | = 1 then is equal to
1 z
(A) z (B) z
(C) z + z (D) none of these
1 z zz z z( z 1)
Sol: z
1 z 1 z 1 z
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

38. If | z1 1 | < 1, | z2 2 | < 2, | z3 3 | < 3 then | z1 + z2 + z3 | is

(A) less than 6 (B) more than 3
(C) less than 12 (D) lies between 6 and 12
Sol: |z1 + z2 + z3| = |(z1 1) +(z2 2) + (z3 3) + 6| < |z1 1| + |z2 2| + |z3 3| + 6 < 12.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

39. The roots of the equation 1 + z + z3 + z4 = 0 are represented by the vertices of

(A) a square (B) an equilateral triangle
(C) a rhombus (D) none of these
Sol: z + z + z + 1 = 0 z (z + 1) + 1(z + 1) = 0 (z + 1)(z3 + 1) = 0 z = 1, , 2
4 3 3

Clearly it represents vertices of an equilateral triangle.

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

40. The equation | z + i | | z i | = k represents a hyperbola if

(A) 2 < k < 2 (B) k > 2
(C) 0 < k < 2 (D) none of these
16
Sol: |z + i| |z i| = k represents a hyperbola if 4 2 < 0 i.e. k2 < 4.
k
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

41. If amp (z1z2) = 0 and | z1 | = | z2| = 1 then

(A) z1 + z2 = 0 (B) z1z2 = 1
(C) z1 z2 = 0 (D) none of these
Sol: amp(z1z2) = 0 amp (z1) = amp z 2
21
 |z1| = |z2| |z1| = | z2 |, so z1 = z2
also z1z2 = z 2 z2 = |z2| = 1 (since |z2| = 1).
2

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

42. If i = 1 and n is a positive integer, then in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3 =

(A) 1 (B) i
(C) in (D) 0
n n+1 n+2 n+3 n 2 3
Sol: i +i +i +i = i (i + i + i + i ) = 0
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

43. (sin + i cos )4 equals

(A) sin 4 + cos 4 (B) sin 4 i cos 4
(C) sin 4 + i sin 4 (D) cos 4 i sin 4
Sol: (sin i cos )4 = i4(cos i sin )4 = cos 4 i sin 4.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

1 2i
44. The complex number lies in
1 i
(A) Ist quadrant (B) IInd quadrant
rd
(C) III quadrant (D) IVth quadrant
1 2i 1 3i
Sol: Given complex number lies in the IInd quadrant.
1 i 2
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

45. The origin and the roots of the equation z2 + pz + q=0 form an equilateral triangle, if
(A) p2 = q (B) p2 = 3q
2
(C) q = 2p (D) q2 = p
Sol: z1 + z2 = p, z1z2 = q, also z3 = 0 + 0i
For equilateral triangle
z12 z 22 z32 = z1z2 + z1z3 + z2z3
(z1 + z2 + z3)2 2(z1z2 + z1z3 + z2z3) = z1z2 + z1z3 + z2z3 p2 = 3q.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

46. If z = (+3) + i 3 2 , then locus of z is

(A) circle (B) parabola
(C) line (D) none of these
Sol: Let z = x + iy
x + iy = ( 3) + i 3 2 + 3 = x and y = 3 2
= x 3
y = 3 ( x 3 )2 x2 + y2 6x + 6 = 0, which is a circle.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

2
2i
47. is equal to
1 i
(A) i (B) 2i
(C) 1i (D) 1 2i.
2
2i 4i2 4 2 2i2
Sol: 1 2i
i 1 i2 2i 2i i i
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

22
48. If is a complex number such that a 2 +a +1 =0 , then a 3 is equal to
(A) (B) 2
(C) 0 (D) 1
1 1 4 1 3i
Sol: 2 1 0
2 2
1 3i
31 31
2
1 3i
2 31 62 2 .
2
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

49. If is a complex cube root of unity, then the value of

a +bw+cw2 a +bw+cw2
+ is
c +aw+bw2 b +cw+aw2
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 2 (D) 1
a +bw+cw2 a +bw+cw2 aw2 +bw4 +cw2 aw3 +bw+cw2
Sol: + = + =w2 +w =- 1 .
c +aw+bw2 b +cw+aw2 c +aw+bw2 b +cw+aw2
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

20
1 i
50. 1 is equal to
i
(A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 1/ 2 (D) 1
10
1 i
20
1 i 2 1 i2 2i 2i
10

1
10
Sol: 1 2
1.
i 1 i 1 i2 2i
2i
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

( - 1+i 3 ) ( - 1- i 3 )
15 15

51. + is equal to
( 1 - i) 20
( 1 +i) 20

(A) 32 (B) 64
(C) 64 (D) None of these.

( - 1+i 3 ) ( - 1+i 3 ) ( - 1+i 5 ) ( - 1+i 3 )

15 15 15 15

Sol: = = =
( 1 - i) 20 ( 1 +i 2
- 2i )
10
( - 1) 10 210 i10 210 ( - 1)
15
1 i 3
2 5
32 15 32
2

( - 1- i 3 )
15

Similarly, =- 32
( 1 +i) 20
Required sum = 32 + ( 32) = 64.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

23
 1 1 1
52. If is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the value of + - is
1 +2w 2 +w 1 +w
(A) 2 (B) 1
(C) 1 (D) 0
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Sol:
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 2
1 1
= - =0
1 +2w 1 +2w
{Q 2 +3w+w2 =(1 +2w) +(1 +w+w2 ) }
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

8

1 cos isin
8 8
53. is equal to

1 cos isin
8 8
(A) 1+i (B) 1i
(C) 1 (D) 1
8 8
8 8
2cos2 2isin cos cos isin cos isin
16 16
16 16 16 16 16
Sol: Given exp.
8 8
2cos2 2isin cos cos isin cos isin
16 16 16 16
16 16 16
0 +i ( 1)
= =- 1.
0 - i ( 1)
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

1 1
54. If z is any complex number such that z + =1, then the value of z99 + is
z z99
(A) 1 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 2
1
Sol: z + =1 z 2 - z +1 =0
z
1 3i
z= z =- w or - w2 .
2
Case I. z =
=- ( w3 )
33
z99 =( - w)
99
=- 1
1 1
\ z99 + =( - 1) + =- 2 .
z 99
( - 1)
Case II z = 2
z99 =( - w2 ) =- ( w3 )
99 66
=- 1
1 1
\ z99 + =( - 1) + =- 2
z 99
( - 1)
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

( ) +( - 1- )
62 62
55. The value of - 1 + - 3 -3 is

24
 (A) 262 (B) 264
(C) 262 (D) 0

( - 1+ - 3 ) +( - 1- )
62 62
Sol: -3

262 3 2 3
62 20 41
262 62 262 2

. 2 2
62 2 62

Hence (C) is the correct answer.

( )
100
56. If 3 +i =299 ( a +ib ) , then b is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) None of these
1 3 i
Sol:
3 i i 3 i2 i 1 3 i 2i 2
2i

=2100 i100 w100 =2100 ( i4 ) (w )

25 3 33
299 ( a +ib) =( - 2 i w)
100
\ w =2100 w
1 3 i
2100
2 2 1 3 i

99

\ a +ib =- 1 + 3 i. \ b= 3.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

1 +w w2 -w
2
57. The value of 1 +w w - w2 is equal to
w2 +w w - w2
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 2 2 (D) 3 2
1 +w w2 -w 1 +w+w2 w2 -w
Sol: 1 +w2 w - w2 = 1 +w2 +w w - w2
w2 +w w - w2 w2 +2w w - w2
(Operating C1 C1 + C2)
0 1
0 1
2 1 2 1
1 1
2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 .
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

x +1 w w2
58. If is a complex cube root of unity, then the value of w x +w2 1 is
w2 1 x +w
(A) x3 (B) 2x3
(C) 3x3 (D) None of these

25
 x +1 w w2 x +1 +w+w2 w w2
Sol: w x +w2 1 = w+x +w +1 x +w2
2
1
w2 1 x +w w2 +1 +x +w 1 x +w
(Operating C1 C1 + C2 + C3)
2
x w w 1 w w2
x x +w2 1 =x 1 x +w2 1
x 1 x +w 1 1 x +w

=x (( )
1 x +w ( x +w) - 1 - w( x +w- 1) +w 1 - x - w
2 2 2
) ( )
x x 2 x 2 x 3 1 x 2 2 x 2 4

x x 2 x 2 1 1 x x 2 x 3 .
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

3 +i 101 103 105

59. If z = , then (z +i ) is equal to
2
(A) z (B) z2
(C) z3 (D) None of these

Sol: z
3 i 3 i2 i i 1 3 i
i
1 3 i
i

2 2 2 2
+i103 =- ( i4 ) i ( w3 ) w2 +( i4 ) i3
25 33 25
z101 +i103 =( - iw)
101
\
(
=- i w2 - i =- i w2 +1 =- i ( - w) =i w )
(z ) ( ) i( w )
105 26 3 35
=( iw)
101 105
\ +i103 = i4 =i
z =- i w i, z 2 =( - i w) =- 1.w2 =- w2 i,
2
Also
z3 =( - iw) =- i3 w3 =i
3

(z +i103 )
101 105
\ =z3 .
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

60.
2
(2 4 4 8
)(
The value of 1 - w+w 1 - w +w 1 - w +w ..... 2n factors is equal to ) ( )
3n
(A) 2 (B) 22n
n
(C) 2 (D) None of these.
Sol: First factor = = 2
Second factor 1 - w2 +w =- w2 - w2 =- 2w2
3rd factor, 5th factor, ....... are equal to the first factor, which is 2.
4th factor, 6th factor, ....... are equal to the second factor, which is 22.
Required product
( )
=( - 2 w) - 2 w2 ( - 2 w) - 2 w2 ...... 2n factors ( )
(
= 4w 3
) ( 4w ) .....n factors
3

= 4.4 ...... n factors = 4n = (22)n = 22n.

Hence (B) is the correct answer.

26