Vibhaktaya

Case Terminations
Lesson 6
 prtipadika
Two terms are used to indicate a noun
First one is called prtipadika this is a stem or
unrefined or undeclined form of a noun.
For example, the name rma is a prtipadika
Depending on the context, a noun can take eight (7
+1) cases
Depending on the case, a noun declined using an
appropriate case termination. For example, rma
becomes rma in nominative form.

Lesson #6 2
 subanta
Case terminations are called sup. Since they come as
a suffix at the end (anta). It is called subanta
This is a declined form of a noun
Declined forms of prtipadika rma are
rma, rma, rmea, rmya, rmt, rmasya, rme,
and rma.
These case terminations are vibhakti

Lesson #6 3
 vibhaktaya
There are seven vibhaktaya ( case terminations). If
you count sabodhana or vocative as it is done in
English, then it is eight.
These are simply knowns as 1st, 2nd that is
pratham vibhakti, dvity vibhakti, upto saptam
vibhakti.
The prtipadika vibhakti means inflection or
declination of nouns.

Lesson #6 4
 vacana
Number of a noun, such as, singular or plural is
indicated using the term vacana
There are three numbers. These are:
Eka vacana Singular
Dvi vacana Dual
Bahu vacana Plural
Dual is seldom used in other languages
It is used when a noun occurs in a pair.

Lesson #6 5
 Liga
Gender of a noun is indicated by the term liga
There are three genders
Pulliga Masculine
pus (pumn) means male
Str liga Feminine,
str means female
napusaka liga Neuter Gender
Napusaka is neither male nor female

Lesson #6 6
 Liga
Sometimes it is useful to think that noun has a
masculine declination, rather than it is in masculine
gender
For example, there are two prtipadika-s for the
word book
grantha and pustaka
Grantha declines in masculine and
Pustaka declines in neuter

Lesson #6 7
Prtipadika & Pratham Vibhakti
There is often a confusion while writing in English
whether to use the prtipadika form or the pratham
vibhakti
Answer may depend on the context, however, when
possible we should use only the prtipadika form.
For example, rma or rama?
rma went to forest is preferable and not rama
went to forest
Next show these forms for few nouns

Lesson #6 8
Prtipadika & Pratham Vibhakti
Prtipadika Liga Pratham (eka) Sambodhana (eka)
rma pus rama rama
Sakhi pus sakh sakhe
pit pus pit pita
svmin pus svm svmin
pus pus pumn puman
mt Str mt mata
um Str um ume
prvat Str prvat prvati
kt Str kt kti
kti str kti kte
pustaka napuska pustakam pustaka

Lesson #6 9
Some Examples
 Rma (m)

Masculine Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) rma rmau rm
Vocative rma rmau rm
Accusative (2nd) rmam rmau rmn
Instrumental (3rd) rmea rmbhym rmai
Dative (4th) rmya rmbhym rmebhya
Ablative (5th) rmt rmbhym rmebhya
Genitive (6th) rmasya rmayo rmm
Locative (7th) rme rmayo rmeu

Lesson #6 11
 um

Feminine Singular Dual Plural

Nominative um ume um
Vocative ume ume um
Accusative umm ume um
Instrumental umay umbhym umbhi
Dative umyai umbhym umbhya
Ablative umy umbhym umbhya
Genitive umy umayo umnm
Locative umym umayo umsu

Lesson #6 12
 Bhavad (f)

Feminine Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) bhavat bhavatyau bhavatya
Vocative bhavati bhavatyau bhavatya
Accusative (2nd) bhavatm bhavatyau bhavat
Instrumental (3rd) bhavaty bhavatbhym bhavatbhi
Dative (4th) bhavatyai bhavatbhym bhavatbhya
Ablative (5th) bhavaty bhavatbhym bhavatbhya
Genitive (6th) bhavaty bhavatyo bhavatnm
Locative (7th) bhavatym bhavatyo bhavatu

Lesson #6 13
 Bhavad (m)

Masculine Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) bhavn bhavantau bhavanta
Vocative bhavan bhavantau bhavanta
Accusative (2nd) bhavantam bhavantau bhavata
Instrumental (3rd) bhavat bhavadbhym bhavadbhi
Dative (4th) bhavate bhavadbhym bhavadbhya
Ablative (5th) bhavata bhavadbhym bhavadbhya
Genitive (6th) bhavata bhavato bhavatm
Locative (7th) bhavati bhavato bhavatsu

Lesson #6 14
 Pustaka (n)

Neuter Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) pustakam pustake pustakni
Vocative pustaka pustake pustakni
Accusative (2nd) pustakam pustake pustakni
Instrumental (3rd) pustakena pustakbhym pustakai
Dative (4th) pustakya pustakbhym pustakebhya
Ablative (5th) pustakt pustakbhym pustakebhya
Genitive (6th) pustakasya pustakayo pustaknm
Locative (7th) pustake pustakayo pustakeu

Lesson #6 15
 asmad

All Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) aham vm vayam
Vocative
Accusative (2nd) mm | m nau | vm na | asmn
Instrumental (3rd) may vbhym asmbhi
Dative (4th) me | mahyam nau | vbhym na | asmabhyam
Ablative (5th) matta | mat vbhym asmatta | asmat
Genitive (6th) me | mama nau | vayo na | asmkam
Locative (7th) mayi vayo asmsu

Lesson #6 16
 yumad

All Eka Dvi Bahu

Nominative (1st) tvam yuvm yyam
Vocative
Accusative (2nd) tvm | tv vm | yuvm va | yumn
Instrumental (3rd) tvay yuvbhym yumbhi
Dative (4th) te | tubhyam vm | yuvbhym va | yumabhyam
Ablative (5th) tvatta | tvat yuvbhym yumatta | yumat
Genitive (6th) te | tava vm | yuvayo va | yumkam
Locative (7th) tvayi yuvayo yumsu

Lesson #6 17
 Tad (m)

Masculine Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) sa tau te
Vocative
Accusative (2nd) tam tau tn
Instrumental (3rd) tena tbhym tai
Dative (4th) tasmai tbhym tebhya
Ablative (5th) tasmt tbhym tebhya
Genitive (6th) tasya tayo tem
Locative (7th) tasmin tayo teu

Lesson #6 18
 Tad (f)

Masculine Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) sa tau te
Vocative
Accusative (2nd) tam tau tn
Instrumental (3rd) tena tbhym tai
Dative (4th) tasmai tbhym tebhya
Ablative (5th) tasmt tbhym tebhya
Genitive (6th) tasya tayo tem
Locative (7th) tasmin tayo teu

Lesson #6 19
 Tad (n)

Neuter Singular Dual Plural

Nominative (1st) tat te tni
Vocative
Accusative (2nd) tat te tni
Instrumental (3rd) tena tbhym tai
Dative (4th) tasmai tbhym tebhya
Ablative (5th) tasmt | tata tbhym | tata tebhya | tata
Genitive (6th) tasya tayo tem
Locative (7th) tasmin tayo teu

Lesson #6 20