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Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis
types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery
charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning
signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a
domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier
via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are
becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable
energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their
reliance on fossil fuels.
People have used the wind as a power source for years. Initial uses included
pumping water and grinding flour. With the discovery of electricity and the
invention of the generator, windmills have been designed to generate electric
power. For a long time, however, a cheap and abundant supply of fossil fuel has
powered much of the world. Unfortunately, this supply of coal and oil is limited,
requires extensive energy to extract, and creates vast amounts of pollution when
combusted. These concerns have led to a new interest in renewable clean
energy. Wind energy can solve these problems of pollution and offer an
unlimited supply of energy. A wind turbine with an efficient design can offer
competitive energy prices compared with traditional ways of generating power.
Once the initial capital investments are made, the wind turbines require minimal
attention and minimal maintenance.
Traditionally, wind turbines use a single rotor to capture the kinetic energy of
the wind. While dual rotor wind turbines are known in the art, such as in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,039,848, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,453, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,197, these
wind turbines employ counter-rotating propellers to jointly produce a single
power output. Further, the propellers are often of a single size and do not
maximize the harvesting of all available wind energy.
The airstream after the first rotor on a wind turbine is moving slower than the
airstream before the first rotor because the rotor extracts power from the kinetic
energy of the wind. This means that the airstream is wider after the rotor. In
order to harness this wind and the additional wind that is passing through the
first rotor, the second rotor should be larger.
Two or more rotors may be mounted to the same driveshaft, with their
combined co-rotation together turning the same generator: fresh wind is brought
to each rotor by sufficient spacing between rotors combined with an offset angle
(alpha) from the wind direction. Wake vorticity is recovered as the top of a
wake hits the bottom of the next rotor. Power has been multiplied several times
using co-axial, multiple rotors in testing conducted by inventor and researcher
Douglas Selsam, for the California Energy Commission in 2004. The first
commercially available co-axial multi-rotor turbine is the patented dual-rotor
American Twin Superturbine from Selsam Innovations in California, with 2
propellers separated by 12 feet. It is the most powerful 7-foot-diameter (2.1 m)
turbine available, due to this extra rotor. In 2015, Iowa State University
aerospace engineers Hui Hu and Anupam Sharma were optimizing designs of
multi-rotor systems, including a horizontal-axis co-axial dual-rotor model. In
addition to a conventional three-blade rotor, it has a smaller secondary three-
blade rotor, covering the near-axis region usually inefficiently harvested. They
were considering the overall efficiency of the wind farm, and checking many
variations beyond the one mentioned. Preliminary results indicated 10-20%
gains, less efficient than is claimed by existing counter-rotating designs but
those are complex.
A dual rotor wind turbine according to the present invention includes a rotatable
drive shaft, a first rotor assembly connected to the drive shaft, a second rotor
assembly coupled to the drive shaft rearward of the first rotor assembly for
independent rotation of the second rotor assembly, a first stage generator
rotatably coupled to the drive shaft, a second stage generator operatively
connected to the second rotor assembly, a housing wherein the first and second
stage generators are situated, a rotary base, and a tail for keeping the rotors
positioned into the wind.
In use, the dual rotor wind turbine is ideally placed atop a tower. The rotary base
allows the tail to position the rotors in the optimal position for collecting the
maximum amount of wind. The wind rotates the first rotor assembly, causing
the rotatable drive shaft to rotate and operate the first stage generator. Wind that
passes through the first rotor assembly and air that is directed off the first rotor
assembly rotates the second rotor assembly, independent of the first rotor
assembly. This causes the second stage generator to operate. The first and
second stage generators can be any combination of different voltages of AC or
DC electrical power generators, pumps, and compressors. The outputs can then
be utilized by traditional methods. Pumps would be useful for irrigating fields,
among other things, and compressors could pressurize an air tank to run
pneumatic tools.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from
the following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, wherein is set forth by way of illustration and example, an
embodiment of this invention.
In this paper, we extend the analyses of by including the effect of the
atmospheric boundary layer and investigate turbine aerodynamic performance
and loads, as well as wake mixing. We present comparative (between DRWT
and SRWT) isolated turbine aerodynamic analyses for uniform inflow with no
incoming turbulence and two atmospheric stability conditions: neutral and
stable. An improvement of about 6% in CP through root loss reduction is
demonstrated. The analysis of turbine wake shows increased momentum and
kinetic energy entrainment in the wake layer of the DRWT. One of the
concerns with the DRWT technology is the potential of increased unsteady
loads on the primary rotor due to its proximity with the secondary rotor. These
loads are computed numerically using large eddy simulations (LES) and
reported as power spectral densities of out-of-plane blade root moment. No
significant increase in loads is observed for the DRWT.
The remainder of the paper is laid out as follows. A summary of the numerical
method utilized in this study and its validation against experimental data are
presented first. Code validation results are also presented in this
section. summarizes the computational setup, grids and simulation details,
including the assumptions made in the present calculations. Aerodynamic
performance results are described, wherein comparisons are drawn between
an SRWT and a DRWT operating in uniform inflow and in neutral and stable
atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow. also investigates the aerodynamic
loads on the two rotors of the DRWT for the different inflow conditions. The
conclusions are presented in the final section.
In the present study, we report our recent efforts to develop a novel dual-rotor
wind turbine (DRWT) concept to improve aerodynamic efficiency of isolated
turbines as well as wind farms.
The DRWT concept employs a secondary, smaller, co-axial rotor with two
objectives:
(1) mitigate losses incurred in the root region of the main rotor by using an
aerodynamically optimized secondary rotor, and
(2) mitigate wake losses in DRWT wind farms through rapid mixing of
turbine wake. Mixing rate of DRWT wake will be enhanced by
(a) increasing radial shear in wind velocity in wakes, and
(b) using dynamic interaction between primary and secondary rotor tip
vortices. Velocity shear in turbine wake are tailored (by varying secondary rotor
loading) to amplify mixing during conditions when wake/array losses are
dominant. The increased power capacity due to the secondary rotor can also be
availed to extract energy at wind speeds below the current cut-in speeds, in
comparison to conventional single-rotor wind turbine (SRWT) design. For a
DRWT system, the two rotors sited on the same turbine tower can be set to
rotate either in the same direction (i.e., co-rotation DRWT design) or at opposite
directions (i.e., counter-rotating DRWT design). It should be noted that a
counter-rotating rotor concept (i.e., the rotors rotate at opposite directions) has
been widely used in marine (e.g., counter-rotating propellers used by Mark 46
torpedo) and aerospace (e.g., Soviet Ka-32 helicopter with coaxial counter-
rotating rotors) applications to increase aerodynamic efficiency of the systems.
The recent work Ozbay et al. (2015) reveal that, with the two rotors in counter-
rotating configuration (i.e., counter-rotating DRWT design), the downwind rotor
could benefit from the disturbed wake flow of the upwind rotor (i.e., with
significant tangential velocity component or swirling velocity component in the
upwind rotor wake). As a result, the downwind rotor could harvest the
additional kinetic energy associated with the swirling velocity of the wake flow.
With this in mind, the effects of relative rotation direction of the two rotors on
the aeromechanics performances of DRWTs (i.e., co-rotation DRWT design vs.
counter-rotating DRWT design) and the turbulent mixing process in the DRWT
wakes are also evaluated in the present study. The experimental study was
performed in a large-scale Aerodynamics/Atmospheric Boundary Layer
(AABL) Wind Tunnel located at the Aerospace Engineering Department of
Iowa State University. Scaled DRWT and SRWT models were placed in a
typical Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind under neutral stability
conditions. In addition to measuring the power outputs of the DRWT and SRWT
systems, static and dynamic wind loads acting on the test models were also
investigated to assess the effects of the secondary, smaller, co-axial rotor in
either counter-rotating (rotors rotate at opposite directions) or co-rotating (rotors
rotate at same direction) configuration on the power production performance
and the resultant dynamic wind loads (both aerodynamic forces and bending
moments) acting on the DRWT models. Furthermore, a high-resolution
stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) system was also used to
make both "free-run" and "phase-locked" measurements to quantify the
transient behavior (i.e., formation, shedding and breakdown) of unsteady wake
vortices and the flow characteristics behind the DRWT and SRWT models. The
detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the power output data
and dynamic wind loading measurements to elucidate underlying physics for
higher total power yield and better durability of wind turbines operating in
turbulent non-homogenous atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds
LITERATURE SURVEY:
While rapid development of huge on- and off-shore wind farms continues,
examples of integration in the urban environment, closer to prime consumers of
energy such as buildings, remain scarce. Successful integration will require
developers to fully address the concerns of planners, pressure groups and the
public as to the necessity and
environmental impacts of such schemes. Turbines should (be sized to) produce a
significant proportion of the annual electricity demand of the building in which
they are housed or of neighbouring buildings. These buildings must be
energyefficient, otherwise the turbines risk becoming a purely aesthetic feature.
The focus of Project WEB (funded under EC JOULE III) has been the
development and demonstration of wind
enhancement and integration techniques, which improve the annual energy yield
per installation by concentrating the low to
moderate wind speeds (2-5 m/s) typical of most urban areas in Europe. This has
involved balancing and reconciling aesthetic, aerodynamic, architectural,
environmental and structural constraints. Suggested acronyms for the
technology developed are Urban Wind Energy Conversion Systems (UWECS)
and Building Augmented Wind Turbines (BAWTS). These principles have
been successfully demonstrated by the field-testing of a 2- storey prototype
building with integrated turbine. Conceptual design guidance has also been
produced.
Keywords: Wind Turbines(HAWT), Innovative Concepts, Environmental
Aspects, Buildings.
S. Mertens
The roof is a possible site for small wind turbines. This is a new but more and
more accepted idea. Several Dutch companies in close cooperation with the
Section Wind Energy of Delft University of Technology are busy with the
design of small roof wind turbines at the moment. The important flow features
for a wind turbine on the roof however are unknown. The common wind
engineering knowledge is only focussed on ex treme wind speeds in order to
have a safe building. So, models to calculate the flow features on the roof,
important for a wind turbine, have to be developed. This paper gives a first
attempt to describe the flow features and guidelines necessary for siting of small
wind turbines on the roof. They concern: the desirable height above the roof, the
change of the undisturbed wind to the wind speed above the roof and the
probability distribution of the wind speed above the roof. With use of the
guidelines three example calculations are given to assist the reader in the
calculation procedure.
Diffusers placed around wind turbines may augmented its power for a given
wind speed. Based upon experimental velocity augmentation found at the
nozzle at such diffusers enormous power augmentation are sometimes claimed
for DAWTs.
By application of straightforward momentum theory it is shown that the linear-
cube relation between its speed and power is not valid for high velocities
obtained inside the diffuser. A considerable back pressure results at the exit of
the diffuser. However these is equivalent to the pressure in the near wake of an
ordinary wind turbine
Dborah Aline Tavares Dias do Rio Vaz, Andr Luiz Amarante Mesquita Jerson
Rogrio Pinheiro Vaz,Claudio Jos Cavalcante Blanco, Joo Tavares Pinho
To facilitate the airfoil selection process for small horizontal-axis wind turbines,
an extensive database of low Reynolds number airfoils has been generated. The
database, which consists of lift and drag data, was obtained from experiments
conducted in the same wind tunnel testing
facility. Experiments with simulated leading-edge roughness were also
performed to model the effect of blade erosion and the accumulation of
roughness elements, such as insect debris, on airfoil performance. Based on the
lift curves and drag polars, guidelines that should be useful in selecting
appropriate airfoils for particular blade designs are given. Some of these
guidelines are also applicable to larger HAWTs.
Meeting future world energy needs while addressing climatic changes has led to
greater strain on conventional power sources. One of the viable sustainable
energy sources is wind. But the installation large scale wind farms has a
potential impact on the climatic conditions, hence a decentralized small scale
wind turbines is a sustainable option. This paper presents review of on different
types of small scale wind turbines i.e., horizontal axis and vertical axis wind
turbines. The performance, blade design, control and manufacturing of
horizontal axis wind turbines were reviewed. Vertical axis wind turbines were
categorized based on experimental and numerical studies. Also, the positioning
of wind turbines and aero-acoustic aspects were presented. Additionally, lessons
learnt from various studies/countries on actual installation of small wind
turbines were presented.
JOURNAL 10: A review on small scale wind turbines
Meeting future world energy needs while addressing climatic changes has led to
greater strain on conventional power sources. One of the viable sustainable
energy sources is wind. But the installation large scale wind farms has a
potential impact on the climatic conditions, hence a decentralized small scale
wind turbines is a sustainable option. This paper presents review of on different
types of small scale wind turbines i.e., horizontal axis and vertical axis wind
turbines. The performance, blade design, control and manufacturing of
horizontal axis wind turbines were reviewed. Vertical axis wind turbines were
categorized based on experimental and numerical studies. Also, the positioning
of wind turbines and aero-acoustic aspects were presented. Additionally, lessons
learnt from various studies/countries on actual installation of small wind
turbines were presented
Iran has a great potential for wind energy.this paper introduces optimisation of 7
wind turbine blades for the small and medium scales in a determined wind
condition
As the first step, initial design is performed using one airfoil across the blade. In
next step, every blade is divided into three sections,while the 20% of the first
part of the blade is considered as the root, 5% of the last is considered as tip and
the rest their experimental data are entered in optimization process
JOURNAL 11: A Direct Approach of Design Optimization for Small
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades
S.A.H.Jafari n, B.Kosasih
Reported experimental and computational fluid dynamic(CFD)studies have
demonstrated significant power augmentation of diffuser shrouded horizontal
axis windturbine compared to bare one with the same sweptarea of the
diffuser .These studies also found the degree of the augmentation is strongly
dependent on the shape and geometry of the diffuser such as the length and the
expansion angle.
In this paper,CFD simulations of as mall commercial windturbine have been
carried out with a simple frustum diffuser shrouding.The diffuser has been
modeled With different shapes with the aim to understand the effect of length
and are a ratio on power augmentation.The simulations provide some effective
frustum diffuser geometries for the small commercial windturbine.From the
analysis,sub-atmosphericback pressure Is found to be the most influential factor
in power augmentation.This factor is significantly affected by diffuser are a
ratio.Mean while flow separation in the diffuser can lead to significant lowering
of the pressure recovery coefficient which reduces the overall power coefficient.
This phenomenon can be mitigated by adjusting the length of the diffuser.There
sults of this study present a method on how to determine effective frustum
diffuser geometries for a small windturbine.These results can be extended for
any types of windturbines designed for nominal windspeed
Jonathan Carroll
We have developed a wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with
a broad-ring flange at the exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. The
flanged-diffuser shroud plays a role of a device for collecting and accelerating
the approaching wind. Emphasis is placed on positioning the flange at the exit
of a diffuser shroud. Namely, the flange generates a low-pressure region in the
exit neighborhood of the diffuser by vortex formation and draws more mass
flow to the wind turbine inside the diffuser shroud. To obtain a higher power
output of the shrouded wind turbine, we have examined the optimal form of the
flanged diffuser, such as the diffuser open angle, flange height, hub ratio,
centerbody length, inlet shroud shape and so on. As a result, a shrouded
wind turbine equipped with a flanged diffuser has been developed, and
demonstrated power augmentation for a given turbine diameter and wind speed
by a factor of about 45 compared to a standard (bare) wind turbine. In a field
experiment using a prototype wind turbine with a
flanged diffuser shroud, the output performance was as expected and equalled
that of the wind tunnel experiment.
Chalothorn Thumthaea
JOURNAL 23: Design of wind turbines with shroud and lobed ejectors for
efficient utilization of low-grade wind energy
A one stage horizontal axis wind turbine with a shroud and lobed ejector was
designed for the efficient utilization of low-grade wind energy by taking into
consideration the effect of the shroud and lobed ejector. The performance of the
proposed wind turbine was evaluated using the commercial software CFX.
Simulation results indicated that the wind energy utilization efficiency of the
proposed wind turbine increased to 66e73% at a low wind speeds ranging from
2 to 6 m/s. It was found that the complex vortices in the flow field outside the
wind turbine included stream-wise vortices, normal vortices behind the lobes,
and three large scale vortex rings. The shroud and lobed ejector structure in the
back of the proposed wind turbine produced such an effect that the pressure at
the wind turbine exit was reduced so that the turbine power output was
increased by 240%. It is therefore concluded that the proposed wind
turbine can be used for efficient utilization of low-grade wind energy
Nobuhito Oka
An optimum aerodynamic design method for the new type of wind turbine
called wind-lens turbine has been developed. The wind-lens turbine has a
diffuser with brim called wind lens, by which the wind concentration on the
turbine rotor and the significant enhancement of the turbine output can be
achieved. In order to design efficient wind-lens turbines, an aerodynamic design
method for the simultaneous optimization of rotor blade and wind-lens has been
developed. The present optimum design method is based on a genetic algorithm
(GA) and a quasi-three-dimensional design of turbine rotor. In the GA
procedure, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used
as evaluation and selection model. The Real-coded Ensemble Crossover (REX)
is used as crossover model. The quasi-three-dimensional design consists of two
parts: meridional viscous flow calculation and two-dimensional blade element
design. In the meridional viscous flow calculation, an axisymmetric viscous
flow is numerically analyzed on a meridional plane to determine the wind flow
rate through the wind-lens and the span wise distribution of the rotor inlet flow.
In the two-dimensional rotor blade element design, the turbine rotor blade
profile is determined by a one dimensional through flow modeling for the wind-
lens turbine and a two-dimensional blade element theory based on the
momentum theorem of the ducted turbine. Total performances and three-
dimensional flow fields of the optimized wind-lens turbines have been
investigated by Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) simulations, in
order to verify the present design method. The RANS simulations and the flow
visualization have been applied to conventional and optimum design cases of
the wind-lens turbine, in order to elucidate the relation between their
aerodynamic performances and the flow fields around them. The numerical
results show that separation vortices behind the wind-lens brim play a major
role in the wind concentration and the diffuser performance of the wind lens. As
a result, it is found that the aerodynamic performance of wind-lens turbine is
significantly affected by the inter relationship between the internal and external
flow fields around the wind-lens.
JOURNAL 27: Optimization of Small Scale Wind Turbine Blades for Low
Speed Conditions
Mohammadreza Mohammadi, Alireza Mohammadi, Moona Mohammadi, and
Hamid Neisi Minaei
This paper proposes a new optimization method for blades of 4 small scale wind
turbines including 5 KW, 10KW, 15KW and 20 KW wind turbines while
objective function is maximum output torque. This optimization process is
performed assuming a constant wind speed of 7 m/s which is classified as low
speed condition. In this research based on a primary design, the blade is divided
into three sections and best airfoils with optimum attack angles are determined
while chord distribution, relative wind angle distribution, blade length and
number of blades are considered constant. Results show that using this new
optimization method can increase the output torque up to 19.5 percent. This
paper proposes a new optimization method for blades of 4 small scale wind
turbines including 5 KW, 10KW, 15KW and 20 KW wind turbines while
objective function is maximum output torque. This optimization process is
performed assuming a constant wind speed of 7 m/s which is classified as low
speed condition. In this research based on a primary design, the blade is divided
into three sections and best airfoils with optimum attack angles are determined
while chord distribution, relative wind angle distribution, blade length and
number of blades are considered constant. Results show that using this new
optimization method can increase the output torque up to 19.5 percent.
METHODOLOGY: