INTRODUCTION:

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small
turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a
wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the
slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive
an electrical generator.[25]

Any solid object produces a wake behind it, leading to fatigue failures, so the
turbine is usually positioned upwind of its supporting tower. Downwind
machines have been built, because they don't need an additional mechanism for
keeping them in line with the wind. In high winds, the blades can also be
allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance.
In upwind designs, turbine blades must be made stiff to prevent the blades from
being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a
considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into
the wind a small amount.

Turbines used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are
usually three-bladed. These have low torque ripple, which contributes to good
reliability. The blades are usually colored white for daytime visibility by aircraft
and range in length from 20 to 80 meters (66 to 262 ft). The size and height of
turbines increase year by year. Offshore wind turbines are built up to 8MW
today and have a blade length up to 80m. Usual tubular steel towers of multi
megawatt turbines have a height of 70 m to 120 m and in extremes up to 160 m.

The blades rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute. At 22 rotations per minute

the tip speed exceeds 90 meters per second (300 ft/s).[26][27] Higher tip speeds
means more noise and blade erosion. A gear box is commonly used for stepping
up the speed of the generator, although designs may also use direct drive of an
annular generator. Some models operate at constant speed, but more energy can
be collected by variable-speed turbines which use a solid-state power converter
to interface to the transmission system. All turbines are equipped with protective
features to avoid damage at high wind speeds, by feathering the blades into the
wind which ceases their rotation, supplemented by brakes
This invention relates generally to wind turbines and, more particularly, to a
dual rotor wind turbine that is more efficient than its predecessors and can
produce multiple forms of power.

People have used the wind as a power source for years. Initial uses included
pumping water and grinding flour. With the discovery of electricity and the
invention of the generator, windmills have been designed to generate electric
power. For a long time, however, a cheap and abundant supply of fossil fuel has
powered much of the world. Unfortunately, this supply of coal and oil is limited,
requires extensive energy to extract, and creates vast amounts of pollution when
combusted. These concerns have led to a new interest in renewable clean
energy. Wind energy can solve these problems of pollution and offer an
unlimited supply of energy. A wind turbine with an efficient design can offer
competitive energy prices compared with traditional ways of generating power.
Once the initial capital investments are made, the wind turbines require minimal
attention and minimal maintenance.

Traditionally, wind turbines use a single rotor to capture the kinetic energy of
the wind. While dual rotor wind turbines are known in the art, such as in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,039,848, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,453, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,278,197, these
wind turbines employ counter-rotating propellers to jointly produce a single
power output. Further, the propellers are often of a single size and do not
maximize the harvesting of all available wind energy.

The airstream after the first rotor on a wind turbine is moving slower than the
airstream before the first rotor because the rotor extracts power from the kinetic
energy of the wind. This means that the airstream is wider after the rotor. In
order to harness this wind and the additional wind that is passing through the
first rotor, the second rotor should be larger.

Further, there is an unmet demand to produce multiple forms of power, such as

different voltages or combinations of either AC or DC electrical power, or to
operate multiple combinations of generators, pumps, and compressors from a
single wind turbine.

Therefore, it is desirable to have a dual rotor wind turbine that efficiently

harnesses the kinetic energy of the wind, can produce multiple outputs, can be
easily manufactured, and will suit a wide variety of wind speeds.

Two or more rotors may be mounted to the same driveshaft, with their
combined co-rotation together turning the same generator: fresh wind is brought
to each rotor by sufficient spacing between rotors combined with an offset angle
(alpha) from the wind direction. Wake vorticity is recovered as the top of a
wake hits the bottom of the next rotor. Power has been multiplied several times
using co-axial, multiple rotors in testing conducted by inventor and researcher
Douglas Selsam, for the California Energy Commission in 2004. The first
commercially available co-axial multi-rotor turbine is the patented dual-rotor
American Twin Superturbine from Selsam Innovations in California, with 2
propellers separated by 12 feet. It is the most powerful 7-foot-diameter (2.1 m)
turbine available, due to this extra rotor. In 2015, Iowa State University
aerospace engineers Hui Hu and Anupam Sharma were optimizing designs of
multi-rotor systems, including a horizontal-axis co-axial dual-rotor model. In
addition to a conventional three-blade rotor, it has a smaller secondary three-
blade rotor, covering the near-axis region usually inefficiently harvested. They
were considering the overall efficiency of the wind farm, and checking many
variations beyond the one mentioned. Preliminary results indicated 10-20%
gains, less efficient than is claimed by existing counter-rotating designs but
those are complex.

A dual rotor wind turbine according to the present invention includes a rotatable
drive shaft, a first rotor assembly connected to the drive shaft, a second rotor
assembly coupled to the drive shaft rearward of the first rotor assembly for
independent rotation of the second rotor assembly, a first stage generator
rotatably coupled to the drive shaft, a second stage generator operatively
connected to the second rotor assembly, a housing wherein the first and second
stage generators are situated, a rotary base, and a tail for keeping the rotors
positioned into the wind.

In use, the dual rotor wind turbine is ideally placed atop a tower. The rotary base
allows the tail to position the rotors in the optimal position for collecting the
maximum amount of wind. The wind rotates the first rotor assembly, causing
the rotatable drive shaft to rotate and operate the first stage generator. Wind that
passes through the first rotor assembly and air that is directed off the first rotor
assembly rotates the second rotor assembly, independent of the first rotor
assembly. This causes the second stage generator to operate. The first and
second stage generators can be any combination of different voltages of AC or
DC electrical power generators, pumps, and compressors. The outputs can then
be utilized by traditional methods. Pumps would be useful for irrigating fields,
among other things, and compressors could pressurize an air tank to run
pneumatic tools.
 Therefore, a general object of this invention is to provide a dual rotor
wind turbine that is efficient in capturing kinetic energy from wind.

Another object of this invention is to provide a dual rotor wind turbine, as

aforesaid, that can produce multiple forms of power.

Still another object of this invention is to provide a dual rotor wind

turbine, as aforesaid, that can be easily manufactured.

Yet another object of this invention is to provide a dual rotor wind

turbine, as aforesaid, that will suit a wide variety of wind speeds.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from
the following description taken in connection with the accompanying
drawings, wherein is set forth by way of illustration and example, an
embodiment of this invention.

In this paper, we extend the analyses of by including the effect of the

atmospheric boundary layer and investigate turbine aerodynamic performance
and loads, as well as wake mixing. We present comparative (between DRWT
and SRWT) isolated turbine aerodynamic analyses for uniform inflow with no
incoming turbulence and two atmospheric stability conditions: neutral and
stable. An improvement of about 6% in CP through root loss reduction is
demonstrated. The analysis of turbine wake shows increased momentum and
kinetic energy entrainment in the wake layer of the DRWT. One of the
concerns with the DRWT technology is the potential of increased unsteady
loads on the primary rotor due to its proximity with the secondary rotor. These
loads are computed numerically using large eddy simulations (LES) and
reported as power spectral densities of out-of-plane blade root moment. No
significant increase in loads is observed for the DRWT.
The remainder of the paper is laid out as follows. A summary of the numerical
method utilized in this study and its validation against experimental data are
presented first. Code validation results are also presented in this
section. summarizes the computational setup, grids and simulation details,
including the assumptions made in the present calculations. Aerodynamic
performance results are described, wherein comparisons are drawn between
an SRWT and a DRWT operating in uniform inflow and in neutral and stable
atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow. also investigates the aerodynamic
loads on the two rotors of the DRWT for the different inflow conditions. The
conclusions are presented in the final section.

In the present study, we report our recent efforts to develop a novel dual-rotor
wind turbine (DRWT) concept to improve aerodynamic efficiency of isolated
turbines as well as wind farms.
The DRWT concept employs a secondary, smaller, co-axial rotor with two
objectives:
(1) mitigate losses incurred in the root region of the main rotor by using an
aerodynamically optimized secondary rotor, and
(2) mitigate wake losses in DRWT wind farms through rapid mixing of
turbine wake. Mixing rate of DRWT wake will be enhanced by
(a) increasing radial shear in wind velocity in wakes, and
(b) using dynamic interaction between primary and secondary rotor tip
vortices. Velocity shear in turbine wake are tailored (by varying secondary rotor
loading) to amplify mixing during conditions when wake/array losses are
dominant. The increased power capacity due to the secondary rotor can also be
availed to extract energy at wind speeds below the current cut-in speeds, in
comparison to conventional single-rotor wind turbine (SRWT) design. For a
DRWT system, the two rotors sited on the same turbine tower can be set to
rotate either in the same direction (i.e., co-rotation DRWT design) or at opposite
directions (i.e., counter-rotating DRWT design). It should be noted that a
counter-rotating rotor concept (i.e., the rotors rotate at opposite directions) has
been widely used in marine (e.g., counter-rotating propellers used by Mark 46
torpedo) and aerospace (e.g., Soviet Ka-32 helicopter with coaxial counter-
rotating rotors) applications to increase aerodynamic efficiency of the systems.
The recent work Ozbay et al. (2015) reveal that, with the two rotors in counter-
rotating configuration (i.e., counter-rotating DRWT design), the downwind rotor
could benefit from the disturbed wake flow of the upwind rotor (i.e., with
significant tangential velocity component or swirling velocity component in the
upwind rotor wake). As a result, the downwind rotor could harvest the
additional kinetic energy associated with the swirling velocity of the wake flow.
With this in mind, the effects of relative rotation direction of the two rotors on
the aeromechanics performances of DRWTs (i.e., co-rotation DRWT design vs.
counter-rotating DRWT design) and the turbulent mixing process in the DRWT
wakes are also evaluated in the present study. The experimental study was
performed in a large-scale Aerodynamics/Atmospheric Boundary Layer
(AABL) Wind Tunnel located at the Aerospace Engineering Department of
Iowa State University. Scaled DRWT and SRWT models were placed in a
typical Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind under neutral stability
conditions. In addition to measuring the power outputs of the DRWT and SRWT
systems, static and dynamic wind loads acting on the test models were also
investigated to assess the effects of the secondary, smaller, co-axial rotor in
either counter-rotating (rotors rotate at opposite directions) or co-rotating (rotors
rotate at same direction) configuration on the power production performance
and the resultant dynamic wind loads (both aerodynamic forces and bending
moments) acting on the DRWT models. Furthermore, a high-resolution
stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) system was also used to
make both "free-run" and "phase-locked" measurements to quantify the
transient behavior (i.e., formation, shedding and breakdown) of unsteady wake
vortices and the flow characteristics behind the DRWT and SRWT models. The
detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the power output data
and dynamic wind loading measurements to elucidate underlying physics for
higher total power yield and better durability of wind turbines operating in
turbulent non-homogenous atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds
LITERATURE SURVEY:

JOURNAL 1:WIND ENERGY FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Dr. Neil Campbell, Mr. Sinisa Stankovic 1, Prof. Mike Graham, Dr. Penny
Parkin2, Ing. Marcel van Duijvendijk,
Ing. Theo de Gruiter3, Prof. Stefan Behling, Dipl.-Ing. Jrg Hieber4, Mr. Mike
Blanch5

While rapid development of huge on- and off-shore wind farms continues,
examples of integration in the urban environment, closer to prime consumers of
energy such as buildings, remain scarce. Successful integration will require
developers to fully address the concerns of planners, pressure groups and the
public as to the necessity and
environmental impacts of such schemes. Turbines should (be sized to) produce a
significant proportion of the annual electricity demand of the building in which
they are housed or of neighbouring buildings. These buildings must be
energyefficient, otherwise the turbines risk becoming a purely aesthetic feature.
The focus of Project WEB (funded under EC JOULE III) has been the
development and demonstration of wind
enhancement and integration techniques, which improve the annual energy yield
per installation by concentrating the low to
moderate wind speeds (2-5 m/s) typical of most urban areas in Europe. This has
involved balancing and reconciling aesthetic, aerodynamic, architectural,
environmental and structural constraints. Suggested acronyms for the
technology developed are Urban Wind Energy Conversion Systems (UWECS)
and Building Augmented Wind Turbines (BAWTS). These principles have
been successfully demonstrated by the field-testing of a 2- storey prototype
building with integrated turbine. Conceptual design guidance has also been
produced.
Keywords: Wind Turbines(HAWT), Innovative Concepts, Environmental
Aspects, Buildings.

JOURNAL 2: Urban wind energy conversion: The potential of ducted

turbines
Andrew Grant_, Cameron Johnstone, Nick Kelly
The prospects for urban wind power are discussed. A roof-mounted ducted wind
turbine, which uses pressure differentials created by
wind flow around a building, is proposed as an alternative to more conventional
approaches. Outcomes from tests at model and
prototype scale are described, and a simple mathematical model is presented.
Predictions from the latter suggest that a ducted turbine can
produce very high specific power outputs, going some way to offsetting its
directional sensitivity. Further predictions using climate files
are made to assess annual energy output and seasonal variations, with a
conventional small wind turbine and a photovoltaic panel as
comparators. It is concluded that ducted turbines have significant potential for
retro-fitting to existing buildings, and have clear
advantages where visual impact and safety are matters of concern.

JOURNAL 3 : Wind Resource Assessment in Complex Urban Environment

Djordje Romanic*, Ashkan Rasouli and Horia Hangan

A wind energy assessment methodology is proposed for urban environments

and applied for a specific urban development.
Micro-scale wind energy maps are created using computational fluid dynamics
simulations. The wind maps are used to
calculate the available wind energy for the 2015 Pan American Games Athletes
Village, in Toronto, Canada. The structure of
the urban boundary layer has also been analyzed. It is shown that the maximum
available energy can cover an important
ratio of typical power requirements for the buildings. However, it is found that
existing wind turbines have power curves
that are de-coupled from the probability density functions of the wind
availability. Therefore, the need for designing new
urban wind turbines is discussed and required specifications are highlighted.

Key words: Urban wind energy; Sustainable design; Computational fluid

mechanics; Urban boundary layer; Wind resource
assessment; Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT).

JOURNAL 4: The energy yield of roof mounted wind turbines

S. Mertens

The roof is a possible site for small wind turbines. This is a new but more and
more accepted idea. Several Dutch companies in close cooperation with the
Section Wind Energy of Delft University of Technology are busy with the
design of small roof wind turbines at the moment. The important flow features
for a wind turbine on the roof however are unknown. The common wind
engineering knowledge is only focussed on ex treme wind speeds in order to
have a safe building. So, models to calculate the flow features on the roof,
important for a wind turbine, have to be developed. This paper gives a first
attempt to describe the flow features and guidelines necessary for siting of small
wind turbines on the roof. They concern: the desirable height above the roof, the
change of the undisturbed wind to the wind speed above the roof and the
probability distribution of the wind speed above the roof. With use of the
guidelines three example calculations are given to assist the reader in the
calculation procedure.

Keywords : wind energy, built environment, roof

JOURNAL 5: Numerical Investigation of Wind Conditions over a

Rectangular Prism-Shaped Building for Mounting Small Wind Turbines

Takaaki Kono1,2 and Tetsuya Kogaki2

This study investigated the wind conditions over a building from the viewpoint
of mounting small wind turbines. Large-eddy simulations (LES) of the wind
flow around a rectangular prism-shaped building, whose ratio of breadth,
length, and height is 1:1:2, was performed. The LES results confirmed that
above the vicinity of the buildings leading edge, wind power density is
relatively large and velocity standard deviation is relatively small. It was also
confirmed that the regions with higher values of standard deviation of the
stream-wise wind velocity component that exceeds the value given by
IEC61400-2 for the normal turbulence model are large.

JOURNAL 6: AN ASSESMENT OF THE PERORMANCE OF DIFFUSER

AUGMENTED WIND TURBINES

Gerard J.W. Van Bussel

Diffusers placed around wind turbines may augmented its power for a given
wind speed. Based upon experimental velocity augmentation found at the
nozzle at such diffusers enormous power augmentation are sometimes claimed
for DAWTs.
By application of straightforward momentum theory it is shown that the linear-
cube relation between its speed and power is not valid for high velocities
obtained inside the diffuser. A considerable back pressure results at the exit of
the diffuser. However these is equivalent to the pressure in the near wake of an
ordinary wind turbine

JOURNAL 7 : An extension of the Blade Element Momentum method

applied to Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines

Dborah Aline Tavares Dias do Rio Vaz, Andr Luiz Amarante Mesquita Jerson
Rogrio Pinheiro Vaz,Claudio Jos Cavalcante Blanco, Joo Tavares Pinho

This work presents an innovative approach to the analysis of Diffuser

Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWTs) using the Blade Element Momentum
(BEM) Method, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
calculation on diffusers and conservation principles. In this model the geometry
of the rotor is considered as a one-dimensional analysis, in which a hypothesis
is made to extend the Glauerts correction to avoid
the high values of the axial induction factor. For the coupling with the diffuser,
CFD calculation is performed on an axisymmetric hypothesis. The results for
the estimated diffuser velocity speed-up ratio
agree with the experimental data. The same behavior is obtained for the torque
and the output power when compared to the numerical and experimental results
available from the literature

JOURNAL 8: Low Reynolds Number Airfoils for Small Horizontal Axis

Wind Turbines

Philippe Giguere and Michael S. Selig

To facilitate the airfoil selection process for small horizontal-axis wind turbines,
an extensive database of low Reynolds number airfoils has been generated. The
database, which consists of lift and drag data, was obtained from experiments
conducted in the same wind tunnel testing
facility. Experiments with simulated leading-edge roughness were also
performed to model the effect of blade erosion and the accumulation of
roughness elements, such as insect debris, on airfoil performance. Based on the
lift curves and drag polars, guidelines that should be useful in selecting
appropriate airfoils for particular blade designs are given. Some of these
guidelines are also applicable to larger HAWTs.
JOURNAL 9: A review on small scale wind turbines

Abhishiktha Tummala a, RatnaKishoreVelamati a,n, DipankurKumarSinha b,

V.Indraja c, V. HariKrishna

Meeting future world energy needs while addressing climatic changes has led to
greater strain on conventional power sources. One of the viable sustainable
energy sources is wind. But the installation large scale wind farms has a
potential impact on the climatic conditions, hence a decentralized small scale
wind turbines is a sustainable option. This paper presents review of on different
types of small scale wind turbines i.e., horizontal axis and vertical axis wind
turbines. The performance, blade design, control and manufacturing of
horizontal axis wind turbines were reviewed. Vertical axis wind turbines were
categorized based on experimental and numerical studies. Also, the positioning
of wind turbines and aero-acoustic aspects were presented. Additionally, lessons
learnt from various studies/countries on actual installation of small wind
turbines were presented.

JOURNAL 10: A review on small scale wind turbines

Abhishiktha Tummala a, RatnaKishoreVelamati a,n, DipankurKumarSinha b,

V.Indraja c, V. HariKrishna

Meeting future world energy needs while addressing climatic changes has led to
greater strain on conventional power sources. One of the viable sustainable
energy sources is wind. But the installation large scale wind farms has a
potential impact on the climatic conditions, hence a decentralized small scale
wind turbines is a sustainable option. This paper presents review of on different
types of small scale wind turbines i.e., horizontal axis and vertical axis wind
turbines. The performance, blade design, control and manufacturing of
horizontal axis wind turbines were reviewed. Vertical axis wind turbines were
categorized based on experimental and numerical studies. Also, the positioning
of wind turbines and aero-acoustic aspects were presented. Additionally, lessons
learnt from various studies/countries on actual installation of small wind
turbines were presented
JOURNAL 12: A New Method for HorizoOntpatli mAxizisa tWioinn d
Turbine (HAWT) Blade

Mohammadreza Mohammadia, Alireza Mohammadib and Said Farahatc

Iran has a great potential for wind energy.this paper introduces optimisation of 7
wind turbine blades for the small and medium scales in a determined wind
condition
As the first step, initial design is performed using one airfoil across the blade. In
next step, every blade is divided into three sections,while the 20% of the first
part of the blade is considered as the root, 5% of the last is considered as tip and
the rest their experimental data are entered in optimization process

JOURNAL 11: A Direct Approach of Design Optimization for Small

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades

Xinzi Tanga, *, Xuanqing Huang a, Ruitao Penga, Xiongwei Liub

The performance of a wind turbine rotor depends on the wind characteristics of

the site and the aerodynamic shape of the blades. The blade geometry
determines the torque and the power generated by the rotor. From aerodynamic
point of view, an economic and efficient blade design is attained by the
maximization of rotor power coefficient. For small wind turbine blade design,
there are some factors different from large blade. Such as, the small ones
experience much lower Reynolds number flow than the large ones, thus large
wind turbine airfoils may perform very poorly in small applications. The small
turbines are self-started at lower wind speed, thus the hub and tip parts are vital
for the starting-up torque which should be able to conquer the resistance of the
generator and the mechanical system. This paper presents a direct method for
small wind turbine blade design and optimization. A unique aerodynamic
mathematical model was developed to obtain the optimal blade chord and twist
angle distributions along the blade span. The airfoil profile analysis was
integrated in this approach. The Reynolds number effects, tip and hub effects,
and drag effects were all considered in the design optimization. The optimal
chords and twist angles were provided with series of splines and points and
three-dimensional blade models. This approach integrates blade design and
airfoil analysis process, and enables seamless link with computational fluid
dynamics analysis and CNC manufacturing

JOURNAL 13: Concentrator Augmented Wind Turbines: A review

Chipo Shonhiwa n,1, GoldenMakaka

Windtechnology is one of the fastest growing alternative energy technologies .

However , the installation of commercially available conventional windturbines
in some countries is limited by the fact that they are generally designed for
windspeeds greater than 5ms_1. This limits the choice of physical locations
where wind farms can be implemented.The concept of a Concentrator
Augmented WindTurbine (CAWT) has been considered to improve the
efficiency of the windturbines by increasing the windspeed upstream of the
turbine.No efforts have been done to commercialise this concept because little is
known about thewind flow behavior in the CAWT,its influence on turbine
power output and the optimum concentrator design parameters.This paper
focuses on an extensivere view of experimental and theo- retical workdoneon
CAWT sin order to group information together to help researchers understand
research efforts done so far and identify knowledge gapsin the field. It has been
revealed that the concentrator works bestwhen theturbine
isbehindtheconcentratoratadistanceoflessthan5cmfrom the concentrator and the
concentrator in let to outlet ratio being 6.Based on this review,it has been
concluded that CAWT sareapromisingwayofincreasingpow
eroutputinlowwindspeedareasbuttheir development is being limited by the
availability of scant information on their operation .Moreexperi- mental and
theoretical work still needs to bedone to understand various flow features that
maybe present in the system such as turbulence,eddys,veerand wake effects and
their influence on power output. In addition,there is need to optimize the
concentrator wall length and the incidentangle since they depend on each other
while influencing concentrator frictional losses

JOURNAL 14: Experimental study of shrouded micro-wind turbine

Buyung Kosasih*, Andrea Tondelli

Shrouding (diffuser augmented) horizontal axis micro-wind turbine has been

shown to be an effective way to potentially improve the performance of micro
wind turbine for applications in built environments. It is well understood that
the degree of the performance enhancement depends on several factors
including the diffuser shape and geometries, blade airfoils, and the wind
condition at the mounting site. The effect of diffuser shape and geometries is
reported in this paper. Performance of diffuser with three different geometrical
features namely: straight diffuser, nozzle-diffuser combination, and diffuser-
brim (brimmed diffuser) combination have been investigated. This paper aims to
compare the performance of bare and diffuser augmented turbine; and
investigate the effect of the diffuser geometrical parameters: diffuser lengths
(L/D = 0.63 to 1.5) and flange heights (H/D = 0 to 0.2). Tests confirmed that
placing the micro turbine model inside a shroud can substantially improve its
performance. The diffuser only shroud improves the performance by
60% compared to the bare turbine and the nozzle-diffuser enhancement of 63%
is slightly better than diffuser only. The improvement with brimmed diffuser
also shows substantial performance enhancement. Increasing the diffuser length
(L/D) does not affect the optimum Cp of the wind turbine but shifts the
performance curve and the optimum Cp to higher tip-speed-ratio, . But adding
brim (flange) at the exit plane of the diffuser increase the performance, Cp as
well as reduce the cut in speed and shift optimum to higher value. The finding
from this work demonstrates that shrouding micro wind turbine not only
improves its performance but also points out how diffuser geometrical features
(L/D) and/or (H/D) can be used to design a turbine with performance curve to
suit the location.

JOURNAL 15: Flow analysis of shrouded small windturbine with a simple

frustum diffuser with computational fluid dynamics simulations

S.A.H.Jafari n, B.Kosasih

Reported experimental and computational fluid dynamic(CFD)studies have

demonstrated significant power augmentation of diffuser shrouded horizontal
axis windturbine compared to bare one with the same sweptarea of the
diffuser .These studies also found the degree of the augmentation is strongly
dependent on the shape and geometry of the diffuser such as the length and the
expansion angle.
In this paper,CFD simulations of as mall commercial windturbine have been
carried out with a simple frustum diffuser shrouding.The diffuser has been
modeled With different shapes with the aim to understand the effect of length
and are a ratio on power augmentation.The simulations provide some effective
frustum diffuser geometries for the small commercial windturbine.From the
analysis,sub-atmosphericback pressure Is found to be the most influential factor
in power augmentation.This factor is significantly affected by diffuser are a
ratio.Mean while flow separation in the diffuser can lead to significant lowering
of the pressure recovery coefficient which reduces the overall power coefficient.
This phenomenon can be mitigated by adjusting the length of the diffuser.There
sults of this study present a method on how to determine effective frustum
diffuser geometries for a small windturbine.These results can be extended for
any types of windturbines designed for nominal windspeed
JORUNAL 16: Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine Analysis Code

Jonathan Carroll

Wind Energy is becoming a significant source of energy throughout the world.

This ever increasing field will potentially reach the limit of availability and
practicality with the wind farm sites and size of the turbine itself. Therefore, it is
necessary to develop innovative wind capturing devices that can produce energy
in the locations where large conventional horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWTs) are too impractical to install and operate. A diffuser augmented wind
turbine (DAWT) is one such innovation. DAWTs increase the power output of
the rotor by increasing the wind speed into the rotor using a duct. Currently,
developing these turbines is an
involved process using time consuming Computational Fluid Dynamics codes.
A simple and quick design tool is necessary for designers to develop efficient
energy capturing devices. This work lays out the theory for a quick analysis tool
for DAWTs using an axisymmetric surface vorticity method. This method
allows for quick analysis of duct, hubs and rotors giving designers a general
idea of the power output of the proposed hub, blade and duct geometry. The
method would be similar to the way blade element momentum theory is used to
design conventional HAWTs. It is determined that the presented method is
viable for preliminary design of DAWTs
JOURNAL 17: An experimental study of a collector and diffuser system on
a small demonstration wind turbine

R. F. Ghajara (corresponding author) and E. A. Badrb

A diffuser-augmented wind turbine (DAWT) has been an attractive concept of

wind energy extraction since the early 1970s, due to the systems ability to
increase the power generated by a regular bare turbine of the same size.
However, the DAWT needs to reach a minimum augmentation ratio of 4 in
order to become economically feasible. This paper investigates the possible
improvement of a DAWT system by adding a collector fuselage to increase its
augmentation ratio. Testing using a small experimental unit shows that adding a
collector increases the power augmentation of the DAWT by more than 50%,
and increases the mass fl ow rate through the turbine by increasing the effective
upstream area of the wind that enters it. Changing the angle of the incident wind
on a collector- and diffuser-augmented wind turbine (CDAWT) shows that it is
possible to capture the energy in the wind
up to an angle of 71. Moreover, the CDAWT can keep extracting wind energy,
without any diminution of the augmentation ratio, as wind direction varies 45
from the turbine axes, thus eliminating the
requirement for a yaw mechanism. Hence, the variant wind direction has a
positive effect on the augmentation ratio.

Keywords wind turbine; power augmentation ration; collector; diffuser

JOURNAL 18: Numerical simulation methodologies for design and
development of Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbines analysis and
comparison

Lipian Micha*, Karczewski Maciej, Molinski Jakub, and Jozwik Krzyszt

Different numerical computation methods used to develop a methodology for

fast, efficient, reliable design and comparison of Diffuser-Augmented Wind
Turbine (DAWT) geometries are presented. The demand for
such methods is evident, following the multitude of geometrical
parameters that influence the flow character through ducted turbines. The results
of the Actuator Disk Model (ADM) simulations will be confronted with a
simulation method of higher order of accuracy, i.e. the 3D Fullyresolved
RotorModel (FRM) in the rotor design point. Both
will be checked for consistency with the experimental results measured in the
wind tunnel at the Institute of Turbomachinery
(IMP), Lodz University of Technology (TUL). An attempt to find an efficient
method (with a compromise between accuracy and design time) for the flow
analysis pertinent to the DAWT is a novel approach presented in this paper.

Keywords: Wind energy; Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbine

(DAWT); Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT);
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Actuator Disk
Model (ADM)
JOURNAL 19: Development of a shrouded wind turbine with a flanged
diffuser

Yuji Ohyaa,_, Takashi Karasudania, Akira Sakuraib,

Ken-ichi Abeb, Masahiro Inouec

We have developed a wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with
a broad-ring flange at the exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. The
flanged-diffuser shroud plays a role of a device for collecting and accelerating
the approaching wind. Emphasis is placed on positioning the flange at the exit
of a diffuser shroud. Namely, the flange generates a low-pressure region in the
exit neighborhood of the diffuser by vortex formation and draws more mass
flow to the wind turbine inside the diffuser shroud. To obtain a higher power
output of the shrouded wind turbine, we have examined the optimal form of the
flanged diffuser, such as the diffuser open angle, flange height, hub ratio,
centerbody length, inlet shroud shape and so on. As a result, a shrouded
wind turbine equipped with a flanged diffuser has been developed, and
demonstrated power augmentation for a given turbine diameter and wind speed
by a factor of about 45 compared to a standard (bare) wind turbine. In a field
experiment using a prototype wind turbine with a
flanged diffuser shroud, the output performance was as expected and equalled
that of the wind tunnel experiment.

JOURNAL 20: A Multi-Element Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine A

Multi-Element Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine
Sren Hjort * and Helgi Larsen

A new class of diffuser augmented wind turbines (DAWTs) is presented. The

new diffuser concept exploits aero-dynamic principles for the creation of high-
lift airfoil configurations known from the aircraft industry. Combining this with
our objective of obtaining a compact power-efficient design has enabled
creation of a family of DAWT
designs with energy capture potentials which exceed the power efficiency based
on the diffuser exit area by 50%. The paper presents the 1D momentum theory
governing the DAWTs, and discusses upper limits for power extraction, similar
to the Betz limit applicable
for bare Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs). Inviscid axisymmetric panel
code calculations are then used to drive the diffuser design towards higher
power coefficients. Axisymmetric actuator disk Navier-Stokes calculations
reveal the types of stall that inhibit
the functionality of the ideal inviscid optimum, leading the design towards the
new class of DAWTs. DAWT performance has been differently measured over
time, creating confusion.
Proper comparison with performance of existing DAWT designs is therefore
emphasized. This involves reference to established literature results, and
recalculation of earlier DAWT designs in an attempt to project all results onto a
common metric.

JOURNAL 21: Optimum Blade Profiles for a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine

in Low Wind Area

Chalothorn Thumthaea
A Blade-Element Momentum (BEM) based software was used to design a 300
kW, variable speed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Chord lengths,
blade twist angles and rotational speeds were allowed to change independently
so as to achieve a maximum energy output, while design constraints were also
being met. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) was use to validated the BEM
calculation. According to low wind area, the rated wind speed was set quite low
at 10 m/s. The optimal design of
wind turbine reaches 50.5% efficiency at the design tip speed ratio of 7.5. The
wind turbine can maintain 50.5% efficiency level over wind speeds range of 4-9
m/s by changing the rotating speeds from 16-36
RPM. Beyond the rated wind speed, the turbine can regulate its power by
changing the rotating speed to decrease its efficiency and maintain the power
output at 300 kW. Results from CFD agree well with the
BEM calculation. It verifies that the optimum designed blade from the BEM
was reliable.
JOURNAL 22: Wind Tunnel Analysis of Concentrators for Augmented
Wind Turbines

Ayumu Anzai, Yasuyuki Nemoto and Izumi Ushiyama

Various power augmentation systems have been studied to improve the

performance of wind rotors by increasing the energy density of the wind. One of
them is the ducted augmentation system. However, most of the studies of the
ducted rotor concern the effect of
the diffuser [1] [2] while little research has been done concerning the
concentrator (nozzle). This paper analyses the effect of the concentrator and its
optimum design. The effect of power augmentation is increased if (a) the
position of the rotor is correctly behind the outlet of the concentrator, (b) the
outlet diameter of the concentrator is smaller than the rotor diameter, and the
inlet diameter is much larger than the rotor diameter

JOURNAL 23: Design of wind turbines with shroud and lobed ejectors for
efficient utilization of low-grade wind energy

Wanlong Han, Peigang Yan*, Wanjin Han, Yurong He

A one stage horizontal axis wind turbine with a shroud and lobed ejector was
designed for the efficient utilization of low-grade wind energy by taking into
consideration the effect of the shroud and lobed ejector. The performance of the
proposed wind turbine was evaluated using the commercial software CFX.
Simulation results indicated that the wind energy utilization efficiency of the
proposed wind turbine increased to 66e73% at a low wind speeds ranging from
2 to 6 m/s. It was found that the complex vortices in the flow field outside the
wind turbine included stream-wise vortices, normal vortices behind the lobes,
and three large scale vortex rings. The shroud and lobed ejector structure in the
back of the proposed wind turbine produced such an effect that the pressure at
the wind turbine exit was reduced so that the turbine power output was
increased by 240%. It is therefore concluded that the proposed wind
turbine can be used for efficient utilization of low-grade wind energy

JOURNAL 24: DUCT FLOWS WITH SWIRL

Tommy M. Tsd end Ralph Levy

The physics of the flow interaction between swirl and secondary flow was
studied in duct bends relevant to the design of advanced aircraft nozzle systems.
Both laminar and turbulent subsonic flows were investigated in generic duct
bends for different amounts of swirl.
The flow calculations are based on an economical three-dimensional spatial
marching method employed in an existing computer code (PEPSIG).The
computational method and code were extended to allow azimuthal periodicity
and solutions in which the polar coordinate singularity occurs in the interior of
the flow field. These extensions are needed to address swirling flow end twisted
centerlines arising in out-of-plane bends. It was found that appropriate amount8
of swirl d can reduce total pressure loss relative to non-swirling cases. This
conclusion was found to be insensitive to computational mesh.

JOURNAL 25: Fluid Dynamics of Diffuser-Augmented Wind Turbines

Barry L. Gilbert,* Richard A. Oman,t and Kenneth M. Foreman

The diffuser-augmented wind turbine (DAWT) is one of the advanced concepts

being investigated to improve the economics of wind energy conversion
systems (WECS). Application of modern boundary-layer control
techniques has reduced the surface area requirements of an efficient diffuser by
an order of magnitude. Many parameters that affect the performance of the
diffuser system have been examined in small-scale wind tunnel
tests with a family of compact diffusers, using screens and center bodies to
simulate the presence of a turbine. Flow field surveys, overall performance, the
effect of ground proximity, and the prospects for further improvement
are described. The baseline configuration is a conical, 60 deg included angle
diffuser with an area ratio of 2.78 controlled by two tangential injection slots.
This first-generation DAWT can provide about twice the power of a
conventional WECS with the same turbine diameter and wind. Economic
estimates show that this DAWT can be as much as 50% cheaper than
conventional WECS for the same rated power.

JOURNAL 26: SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF ROTOR BLADE

AND WIND-LENS FOR AERODYNAMIC DESIGN OF WIND-LENS
TURBINE

Nobuhito Oka

An optimum aerodynamic design method for the new type of wind turbine
called wind-lens turbine has been developed. The wind-lens turbine has a
diffuser with brim called wind lens, by which the wind concentration on the
turbine rotor and the significant enhancement of the turbine output can be
achieved. In order to design efficient wind-lens turbines, an aerodynamic design
method for the simultaneous optimization of rotor blade and wind-lens has been
developed. The present optimum design method is based on a genetic algorithm
(GA) and a quasi-three-dimensional design of turbine rotor. In the GA
procedure, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used
as evaluation and selection model. The Real-coded Ensemble Crossover (REX)
is used as crossover model. The quasi-three-dimensional design consists of two
parts: meridional viscous flow calculation and two-dimensional blade element
design. In the meridional viscous flow calculation, an axisymmetric viscous
flow is numerically analyzed on a meridional plane to determine the wind flow
rate through the wind-lens and the span wise distribution of the rotor inlet flow.
In the two-dimensional rotor blade element design, the turbine rotor blade
profile is determined by a one dimensional through flow modeling for the wind-
lens turbine and a two-dimensional blade element theory based on the
momentum theorem of the ducted turbine. Total performances and three-
dimensional flow fields of the optimized wind-lens turbines have been
investigated by Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) simulations, in
order to verify the present design method. The RANS simulations and the flow
visualization have been applied to conventional and optimum design cases of
the wind-lens turbine, in order to elucidate the relation between their
aerodynamic performances and the flow fields around them. The numerical
results show that separation vortices behind the wind-lens brim play a major
role in the wind concentration and the diffuser performance of the wind lens. As
a result, it is found that the aerodynamic performance of wind-lens turbine is
significantly affected by the inter relationship between the internal and external
flow fields around the wind-lens.

JOURNAL 27: Optimization of Small Scale Wind Turbine Blades for Low
Speed Conditions

Mohammadreza Mohammadi, Alireza Mohammadi, Moona Mohammadi, and

Hamid Neisi Minaei

This paper proposes a new optimization method for blades of 4 small scale wind
turbines including 5 KW, 10KW, 15KW and 20 KW wind turbines while
objective function is maximum output torque. This optimization process is
performed assuming a constant wind speed of 7 m/s which is classified as low
speed condition. In this research based on a primary design, the blade is divided
into three sections and best airfoils with optimum attack angles are determined
while chord distribution, relative wind angle distribution, blade length and
number of blades are considered constant. Results show that using this new
optimization method can increase the output torque up to 19.5 percent. This
paper proposes a new optimization method for blades of 4 small scale wind
turbines including 5 KW, 10KW, 15KW and 20 KW wind turbines while
objective function is maximum output torque. This optimization process is
performed assuming a constant wind speed of 7 m/s which is classified as low
speed condition. In this research based on a primary design, the blade is divided
into three sections and best airfoils with optimum attack angles are determined
while chord distribution, relative wind angle distribution, blade length and
number of blades are considered constant. Results show that using this new
optimization method can increase the output torque up to 19.5 percent.
METHODOLOGY: