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Objectives
The objectives of Chapter 8 are to:
Examine the performance of engineering devices in light of the second law of thermodynamics.
Define exergy, which is the maximum useful work that could be obtained from the
system at a given state in a specified environment.
Define reversible work, which is the maximum useful work that can be obtained as a system
undergoes a process between two specified states.
Define the exergy destruction, which is the wasted work potential during a process as a result of
irreversibilities.
Define the second-law efficiency.
Develop the exergy balance relation.
Apply exergy balance to closed systems and control volumes.
The properties of the refrigerant at the inlet and the exit states are
FIGURE 826 The Carnot efficiency c = 1 - T0 /T represents the fraction of the energy transferred from a heat source
This relation gives the exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer Q whether T is greater than or less than T0. When T
>T0, heat transfer to a system increases the exergy of that system and heat transfer from a system decreases it. But the
opposite is true when T < T0. In this case, the heat transfer Q is the heat rejected to the cold medium (the waste heat), and
it should not be confused with the heat supplied by the environment at T0. The exergy transferred with heat is zero when
T = T0 at the point of transfer.
FIGURE 827 The transfer and destruction of exergy during a heat transfer process through a finite temperature
difference.
Tuesday 11-3-2014
Therefore, the exergy of a system increases by mc when mass in the amount of m enters, and decreases by the same
amount when the same amount of mass at the same state leaves the system (Fig. 829).
Exergy flow associated with a fluid stream when the fluid properties are variable can be determined by integration from
where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the flow and Vn is the local velocity normal to dAc.
Note that exergy transfer by heat Xheat is zero for adiabatic systems, and the exergy transfer by mass Xmass is zero for
systems that involve no mass flow across their boundaries (i.e., closed systems).
The total exergy transfer is zero for isolated systems since they involve no heat, work, or mass transfer.
FIGURE 829 Mass contains energy, entropy, and exergy, and thus mass flow into or out of a system is accompanied
by energy, entropy, and exergy transfer.
86 THE DECREASE OF EXERGY PRINCIPLE AND EXERGY DESTRUCTION
Exergy Destruction
Irreversibilities such as friction, mixing, chemical reactions, heat transfer through a
finite temperature difference, unrestrained expansion, nonquasiequilibrium
compression or expansion always generate entropy, and anything that generates
entropy always destroys exergy.
The exergy destroyed is proportional to the entropy generated, as can be seen from
Eq. 831, and is expressed as
FIGURE 842 Exergy is transferred into or out of a control volume by mass as well as heat and work
transfer.