Block Pavement Design v5 PDF

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET
CONVENTIONAL (NON PERMEABLE)

BLOCK PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR
TRAFFICKED PAVEMENTS
Introduction Step 1 - Determine the strength of the

This document provides guidance on the design of trafficked sub grade
pavements surfaced with conventional (non-permeable) block The strength of the subgrade is quantified as the California Bearing
paving manufactured by Brett Landscaping and Building Products. Ratio (CBR) and value(s) used for the design should take into
It applies to a spectrum of road legal axle loads up to 11,000kg account the condition and likely values of the subgrade CBR, at the
and cumulative standard axles up to 12 million standard axles estimated level of the sub grade, when the moisture content of the
(msa). It is recommended that the designer has knowledge of the sub grade has stabilised, is sufficiently compacted i.e. values likely
relevant British Standards and the Specification of Highway Works. after the completion of the construction and for the life of the
pavement. (The depth of the pavement is unknown at this stage of
This guidance is based upon the recommendations in the following
the design process but an experienced designer should have
British Standards:-
knowledge of typical pavement depths).
BS 7533-2: 2002, Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone
or concrete pavers, Part 2: Guide for the structural design of light The design CBR value of the sub grade can be determined by on
duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete site testing or testing of soil samples taken from site. It is
paving blocks. important that the soils are selected at the estimated sub grade
This standard is applicable for light duty pavements trafficked by level. Alternatively, CBR values can be estimated from observations
up to 0.5 msa. and empirical on site testing, but this method should only be
undertaken by experienced designers or geotechnical engineers.
BS 7533-1: 2001, Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone
or concrete pavers, Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy Both BS 7533 - 1 & 2 gives advice on determining CBR values
duty pavements constructed of clay pavers or precast concrete which is summarised as follows:-
paving blocks. This standard is applicable for heavy duty The degree of subgrade drainage must also be considered when
pavements trafficked by 0.5 to 12 msa. deciding the appropriate CBR value to be assumed.
On sites where the CBR varies from place to place then the lowest
Design methodology
recorded value should be used.
The determination of the pavement depth and structure is basically
a function of the strength of the sub grade (after construction) Site investigation data should be analysed carefully and advice
measured as a California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and the volume of sought if in doubt. The equivalent equilibrium suction index CBR
traffic that is predicted to traffic the pavement over the projected values may be estimated from the Plasticity Index (PI) from the
life of the pavement. following table (taken from BS7533-1.)
BS 7533 - 1 provides information reducing the thickness of the
dense bitumen macadam (DBM) layer for different pen values and Equilibrium suction index CBR
information of material conversion factors (MCFs) for evaluating Type of soil PI High water table Low water table
pavement materials. construction conditions construction conditions
Poor Average Good Poor Average Good
Heavy clay 70 1.5 to 2 2 2 1.5 to 2 1.5 to 2 2 to 2.5
Concrete flags 60 1.5 to 2 2 2 to 2.5 1.5 to 2 2 2 to 2.5
Laying course material 50 1.5 to 2 2 to 2.5 2 to 2.5 2 2 to 2.5 2 to 2.5
Subbase
40 2 to 2.5 2.5 to 3 2.5 to 3 2.5 3 3 to 3.5
Silty clay 30 2.5 to 3.5 3 to 4 3.5 to 4 3 to 3.5 4 4 to 6
Formation
Sandy clay 20 2.5 to 4 4 to 5 4.5 to 7 3 to 4 5 to 6 6 to 8
Subgrade
10 1.5 to 3.5 3 to 6 3.5 to 7 2.5 to 4 4.5 to 7 7 to >8
Typical pavement construction Silt - 1 1 2 1 2 2
Poorly graded 20
sand
Well graded 40
sand
Sandy gravel 60
See overleaf for note relating to table
Brett Landscaping Sileby Road Barrow upon Soar Leicestershire LE12 8LX
Commercial Support Phone: 0845 60 80 579 Fax: 0845 60 80 575
Email projectdesigner@brett.co.uk
Brett Landscaping operate to the highest levels of independent certification:
www.brettpaving.co.uk BS EN ISO 9001 Quality Management System
BS EN ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Health and Safety Management System
In addition, when designing projects under BREEAM we are also holders of
BES 6001 Responsible Sourcing of Construction Products (Very Good)
All of these can help significantly when designing for sustainability.
LANDSCAPING AND BUILDING PRODUCTS www.brettpaving.co.uk 1

CONVENTIONAL (NON PERMEABLE) BLOCK
PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR TRAFFICKED PAVEMENTS
CONTINUED
Step 1 Continued Simple field test to estimate sub grade CBR

The construction conditions referred to in the table above relate to Alternatively the subgrade CBR value can be estimated using
the general conditions on site during the construction period. This simple field tests (after initial compaction of the trimmed ground).
factor has a significant effect on the assessment of the CBR value For loose, soft and very soft materials comprising sand, silt and
to be used. clay, specialist advice should be sought.
The guidance below applies where the water table is 300 mm or
A high water table is one which is 300 mm or less below the
more below sub grade level. Specialist advice should be sought
formation level, while a low water table is 1000 mm or more below
where this is less, standing water is present or there are any doubts
the formation level.
about the ground conditions.
Good conditions are where the subgrade is protected promptly
with an improvement layer or sub-base, while Poor conditions are Rock or soil Simple field test CBR
Type Condition
where little or no subgrade protection is provided.
Rock Hard Requires mechanical pick for excavation Above 5%
The value used for the CBR should be based on the worst results Sand Compact 50mm square peg hard to drive in 150mm >5%
obtained on site. If it is considered to be economical, a localised Gravel
design can be introduced for the poorer areas or poor materials can Clay Stiff Cannot be moulded by fingers 5%-2%
Sandy clay Need pick for excavation
be replaced.
Clay Firm Can be moulded by fingers 5%-2%
Effective subgrade drainage can have a significant effect on long- Sandy clay Need spade for excavation
term CBR values and should be considered during this design Clay Loose Dry lumps easily broken down 2%
Silty clay 50mm square peg driven in easily
procedure. Filter drains set at the appropriate level and discharging Clayey sand
to a satisfactory outfall or main drainage system have been found Silt Soft Can easily be moulded by fingers <2%
to perform satisfactorily. Sandy clay
Silty clay
Soft spots should be removed and replaced with suitable materials. Clay
Where this is done, it may be permissible to ignore those low CBR Silt Very soft Exudes between fingers when squeezed Seek
values which relate to the removed material. Sandy clay specialist
Silty clay advice
Care should be exercised in the interpretation of site investigation Clay
data. In the case of soils whose strength is a function of their NOTE 1 This table is based on the principles in BS 8103-1.
NOTE 2 The CBR of the rock or soil is significantly affected by moisture content
moisture content, the in-service strength may be much lower than
the recorded value. Care should also be exercised in using CBR
values measured in summer as artificially high figures may be
obtained due to dryness of the soil.
Particular care should be exercised with subgrades having
measured CBPs of 3% or less.
Brett Landscaping Sileby Road Barrow upon Soar Leicestershire LE12 8LX Brett Landscaping operate to the highest levels of independent certification:
BS EN ISO 9001 Quality Management System
Commercial Support Phone: 0845 60 80 579 Fax: 0845 60 80 575 BS EN ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
Email projectdesigner@brett.co.uk In addition, when designing projects under BREEAM we are also holders of
www.brettpaving.co.uk All of these can help significantly when designing for sustainability.
2
CONTINUED
Light Duty Pavements

Step 2 - Determine the traffic category Step 3 - Determine the pavement construction
The number of commercial vehicles using the area should be The construction thicknesses are based on the category of
estimated. As a guide to typical applications and number of application and the CBR of the sub grade, and are obtained from
commercial vehicles per day (cv/d) the following table can be used. the following table.
Category Maximum cv/d Typical Category Sub-base thickness mm Roadbase Laying Paving
trafficking (msa) applications CBR mm course mm thickness
I >0.5 Use the methodology set out minimum mm
in BS 7533 - 1 for heavy duty 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
pavements. Go to page ? Step 3 II 400 350 250 150 150 125 30 60
Heavy duty pavements
IIIa 350 300 225 150 150 0 50 50
II 0.5 5 Adopted highways and other roads
IIIb 300 250 175 100 100 0 50 50
<5 Car parks with occasional heavy
traffic IV 200 150 125 100 0 0 50 50
Footpaths overridden by Other roads
vehicular traffic up to
IIIa <1 Pedestrian areas with occasional 100,000 sa 200 150 125 100 100 100 30 60
vehicular traffic NOTE 1 Under adverse weather conditions, or for CBRs of 2% or less, the use of a
IIIb nil Car parks and footways suitable geotextile separating membrane is recommended
IV Private drives, paths, patio
A design example
A driveway is to be constructed overlying firm clay with an
A typical design life of 20 years can be adopted for concrete block
estimated CBR value between 2 and 5.
paving. The volume of traffic to be carried by the pavement is
expressed as standard axles. This theoretical figure is calculated by The traffic category is IV and the construction thickness, using the
taking the number of commercial vehicles using the pavement lowest CBR value, the design is as follows:-
during its design lifetime. Sub base thickness (DoT Type1) 200 mm
Laying course thickness 30 mm
Where channelised traffic in highways and roadways occurs, the
Minimum block thickness 50 mm
traffic figure should be multiplied by 3. If the application of this
factor results in a figure greater than 0.5 msa then use the
methodology set out in BS 7533 - 1 for heavy duty pavements.
Go to Step 3 Heavy duty pavements.
3
CONTINUED
Heavy Duty Pavements

Step 2 - Determine the traffic category Step 3 - Determine the pavement construction
Assess the number of commercial vehicles per day (cv/d) passing Use the table below to determine the thickness of the
in each direction and determine the number of standard axles for improvement layer (capping) and sub-base, or sub-base alone.
the required design life from the following table. The thicknesses are dependent upon the subgrade CBR value
and trafficking.
Conversion of commercial vehicles per day (cv/d) to number of The number of standard axles in the table is based on traffic during
standard axles in millions of axles (msa) the construction phase, i.e. those designed to impose directly on to
the sub base during the construction period.
Volume of Cumulative traffic (msa)
traffic cv/d 20 years design life 40 years design life Using the combination of improvement layer with sub-base or
zero growth 2% growth zero growth 2% growth
sub-base only may result in a pavement design of equivalent
30 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6
structural performance.
120 0.8 1 2 3
250 2 3 6 9 Sub base materials should be DoT Type 1 aggregate as in the
500 6 8 15* 22* Specification for Highway Works.
1000 16* 22* * *
Any soft or poorly compacted materials must be removed from the
* Volumes exceed the scope of BS 7533: Part 1
subgrade. If the subgrade materials are susceptible to frost attack,
This table applies to normal pavements on which commercial the total pavement thickness of sub base, laying course sand and
vehicles constitute less than 50% of the flow. In other cases, concrete blocks must not be less than 450 mm.
guidance should be sought from TRL1132**.
The nominal compacted laying course thickness should be 30 mm.
Particular care should be taken in the selection of the laying course
material to be used for areas subjected to loading by heavy
channelised traffic, particularly in areas of high rainfall. See BS
7533 - 3 for details.
The minimum block thickness for roads carrying averages of more
than 5 commercial vehicles per day should be 80 mm. In cases of
lesser flows the block thickness may be 50 mm.
Foundation option >2% >3% >4% >5% >10% >15%

<2% <3% <4% <5% <10% <15% <30%
Untrafficked Sub-base/ 150/150 150/150 Sub-base alone
improvement layer
Sub-base 170 150 150 150 150 150
Up to 4 dwellings Sub-base/ 150/210 150/180 150/150 Sub-base alone
20002 or improvement layer
100 sa Sub-base 250 190 160 150 150 150
Up to 20 dwellings Sub-base/ 150/370 150/250 150/170 150/160 150/150 150/150 150/0
or 200 sa improvement layer
Sub-base 310 240 210 180 150 150
5000m2 commer- improvement layer
cial or 500 sa Sub-base 350 270 230 200 160 150
8000m2 commer- improvement layer
cial or 1000 sa Sub-base 400 310 270 225 180 150
Large Sub-base/ 200/600 200/450 150/450 150/350 150/300 150/250 150/150
development improvement layer
50002 Sub-base 450 350 310 270 240 225
4
CONTINUED
Heavy Duty Pavements For pavements with msas in the range of >1.5 to 8, it is
permissible to reduce the blocks thickness if the road base
Step 4 - Special cases thickness is increased to compensate. The table below gives
In some cases unusual or particularly onerous loading effects or guidance on the increase in road base necessary.
other conditions should be taken into account, e.g. the following:-
Alternative design for roadbase and surfacing
Where channelised traffic is expected, the traffic prediction (msa)
Design in millions Roadbase Dense bitumen Laying course block thickness
should be multiplied by three before carrying out the design, to of standard thickness macadam roadbase thickness (mm)
allow for the increase in the concentrated application of loads at a axles (mm) CBM3 (mm) (mm)
particular location on the pavement. >1.5 to 4 150 150 30 60
>1.5 to 4 145 145 30 65
Normal lane widths in a highway do not generally constitute
>4 to 8 195 170 30 65
channelised traffic but channelised traffic can develop on any road,
e.g. on steep hills, approaches to traffic signals and pinch points The materials used in the roadbase should be as specified in
within traffic calming measures Clauses 906 or 1038 of the Specification for Highway Works.
Where speeds in excess of 30 mph (50 km/h) are expected, the Other materials may be substituted and guidance may be found in
traffic prediction (msa) should be multiplied by two before carrying BS7533 -1.
out the design to allow for dynamic loading effects. A design example
Where both channelised traffic and speeds in excess of 30 mph A housing development of 50 dwellings will be served by an access
(50 km/h) occur only the higher multiplier, i.e. three, should be road, which will be trafficked by 120 commercial vehicles per day.
applied. The traffic is estimated to grow at 2% over 20 years.
Pavements constructed over frost-susceptible soils should have an The road sub-base will be used for site access and the CBR of the
overall thickness of non frost-susceptible aggregate of not less subgrade value is between 4 and 5%.
than 450mm.
The speed limit for the road is 50 kph but traffic is channelised.
The thickness of roadbase required can be ascertained from the
Step Task Result
number of standard axles (msa) using the pavement in its design
Step 1 Determine Subgrade CBR = 4 to 5%
life and the type of road base employed from the table below: CBR value
Step 2 Assess the number of Traffic estimated to grow at 2% over
commercial vehicles 20 years Cumulative traffic = 1msa, but
Structural design for road base and surfacing passing - determine the allow for channelised traffic, 1 x 3 = 3 msa
number of standard
Design in millions Roadbase Dense bitumen Laying course block thickness axles for the design life
of standard thickness macadam roadbase thickness (mm) of the pavement
axles (mm) CBM3 (mm) (mm)
Step 3 Determine Sub CBR = 4 to 5%
0.5 to 1.5 130 130 30 50,60,65 or 80 base/improvement layer Sub base/improvement layer =
>1.5 to 4 130 130 30 80 150/220mm or sub base only = 230mm
>4 to 8 180 155 30 80 Step 4 Determine Road base msa = 3
>8 to 12 230 170 30 80 and block thickness Road base CBM 3 = 130 mm or
DBM = 130 mm
Block thickness = 80 mm
Laying course = 30 mm

Block Pavement Design v5 PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Block Pavement Design v5 PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

TECHNICAL DATA SHEET

CONVENTIONAL (NON PERMEABLE)

Introduction Step 1 - Determine the strength of the

LANDSCAPING AND BUILDING PRODUCTS www.brettpaving.co.uk 1

Step 1 Continued Simple field test to estimate sub grade CBR

Light Duty Pavements

Heavy Duty Pavements

Foundation option >2% >3% >4% >5% >10% >15%

S-ar putea să vă placă și