Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix For The Power System Network Using MATLAB.

CE00602-3-Power System engineering and Analysis 1 Individual Assignment Page 1 of 43
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENT NO. 1................................................................................................................6
Aim: -.....................................................................................................................................6
Objective: -.............................................................................................................................6
Software used: -......................................................................................................................6
Theory: -.................................................................................................................................6
Derivation: -...........................................................................................................................7
Algorithm to solve Bus Admittance Matrix: -........................................................................8
Flow Chart: -..........................................................................................................................9
Theoretical calculations: -......................................................................................................9
MATLAB algorithm: -.........................................................................................................11
MATLAB code: -.................................................................................................................13
Result: -................................................................................................................................15
Critical Analysis: -................................................................................................................17
Conclusion: -........................................................................................................................17
EXPERIMENT NO. 2..............................................................................................................18
Aim: -...................................................................................................................................18
Objective: -...........................................................................................................................18
Software used: -....................................................................................................................18
Theory: -...............................................................................................................................18
Derivation: -.........................................................................................................................20
Flow Chart: -........................................................................................................................21
Algorithm to solve load flow equation using Gauss-Seidel equation: -...............................22
Theoretical calculation: -......................................................................................................22
MATLAB code.....................................................................................................................28
Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Obtained result: -..................................................................................................................30
Result: -................................................................................................................................31
Critical Analysis: -................................................................................................................34
Conclusion: -........................................................................................................................34
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................35
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1: - Electric Power System (www.slideshare.net, 2016)...............................................4
Figure 2: - MATLAB start-up window......................................................................................5
Figure 3: - Three Bus System (Wadhwa, 2013)........................................................................7
Figure 4: - Flow Chart of Bus Admittance Matrix.....................................................................9
Figure 5: - start up screen of Matlab........................................................................................11
Figure 6: - New script workspace............................................................................................12
Figure 7: - The Editor window.................................................................................................12
Figure 8: - Obtained Result......................................................................................................13
Figure 9: - Formed Y-bus in MATLAB....................................................................................14
Figure 10: - start up screen of Matlab......................................................................................25
Figure 11: - New script workspace..........................................................................................26
Figure 12: - The Editor window...............................................................................................26
Figure 13: - Obtained Result....................................................................................................27
Figure 14: - Obtained Y bus.....................................................................................................30
Figure 15: - Result according to the value of tolerance for iteration.......................................31

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratitude and thanks can never be expressed in words it is a feeling of indebt which comes
out from the core of someones heart. I would like to thank APIIT SD INDIA for showing
their faith in me and giving the opportunity of making this assignment related to the
MATLAB software. I would also like to thank our module lecturer Mr Raman Kumar for
showing his keen interest in helping me with the problems I faced in completing this
assignment. I would be pleased to thank my friends also, who gave their precious time for the
group discussions related to the topic without which the implementation of the circuits and
the theoretical concepts in the lab would have never been so easy. At last but not the least it
will be a privilege to thank my parents for all their financial support.

INTRODUCTION
Power system the world itself explains its meaning that it is the combination of different
network which consists generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. These
three mentioned factors basically covers the whole power system, the generation section
deals about the methods of the generation of the power followed by the transmission which
deals about the various methods carried out for the transmission of the generated electric
power and finally the distribution of the electric power among the consumers for the use.
Power system is the most capital intensive and the most complex system ever designed by the
mankind. This can be said so because the system not only needs to be operated effectively
and efficiently but also the problems occurring should be handled fastly and effectively. In
the power system there is huge impact of the concepts like corona, mechanical design of the
overhead transmission lines, power flows etc. The economics of A.C transmission lines
always forces the engineers to plan the transmission of the highest amount of the electric
power transmission with the existing transmission sources available.
Figure 1: - Electric Power System (www.slideshare.net, 2016)

This assignment deals about the concept of the methods of Load flow. The assignment
discusses the concepts by the help of solving two different concept naming the BUS
admittance matrix formation and the Gauss Seidel method of load flow. The assignment also
consists the stepwise algorithm of the formation of the bus admittance matrix and the Gauss
Seidel method of the load flow along with the flow chart of the concerned concepts. The
mentioned concept has also been verified by coding in the MATLAB software and the
simulation result has been also carried out to critically analyse the given concept.
Figure 2: - MATLAB start-up window
MATLAB is basically a very advanced software which is used for the technical computing.
It is a high performance language which is used for the mathematical and computational
operations along with the algorithm development, modelling, simulation, prototyping, data
analysis, and visualisation and for many other scientific graphics generation. The software
provides the optimized platform for solving the engineering and scientific problems. This
software also consists the built in graphics which makes the concepts easily understandable
and gaining the insight knowledge of the concept also gets very easy. In this assignment this
software has been used for the verification of the different concepts of the load flow and the
formation of the bus admittance matrix through coding.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Aim: -
The main aim of this experiment is the formation of bus admittance matrix for the power
system network using MATLAB.
Objective: -
Determine the admittance matrix (Y) for the given power system network.
Performing the manual calculation to determine the admittance matrix
Writing the MATLAB program for the formation of the admittance matrix
Critically analyze the two obtained result of admittance matrix formation from
manual formation and MATLAB simulation.
Software used: -
MATLAB R2014a
Theory: -
The formation of the Bus Admittance matrix is basically used for the representation of the
nodal admittances of the various buses in the power system. Before discussing the formation
and concept of the bus admittance matrix it is required to know about the concept of Load
Flow. Load flow is the solution of network under steady state condition subject to certain
inequality constraints under which the system operates. The constraints can be in the form of
the nodal voltages, reactive power generation and the tap setting of the load transformer. The
load flow study is conducted to calculate the voltage at various buses. The different
parameters which is related to each bus is such as the voltage magnitude, the voltage phase
angle and the active power and the reactive volt amperes. In the load flow study the three
different types of buses which are classified are as follows: -
1. Load bus
2. Generator bus
3. Swing bus (Wadhwa, 2013)
Load Bus: -
At this bus the real and the reactive component or power is specified and is required to find
out the voltage magnitude and the phase angle through the load flow solution. Buses without
the generator and load may be considered as the load buses. If there exists a bus having both
the generator and load then the load is generally considered as the negative generation. In this
it is required to find out only those parameters which allows the bus voltage to vary within

the permissible range.

(www.circuitglobe.com, 2016)
Generator Bus: -
In this type of bus the voltage magnitude corresponding to the generation voltage and the real
power corresponding to its rating is specified. It is required to find out the reactive power
generation and the phase angle of the bus voltage. (Wadhwa, 2013)
Swing Bus: -
This is the type of bus which responds firstly to a changing load condition. The magnitude of
the voltage and the phase angle is specified in this type of bus. The losses in the power
system remains unknown until the load flow solution is complete. It is because of the reason
that one of the generator buses is made to take the additional real and reactive power to
supply transmission losses. This is the reason why this bus is called Swing Bus.
(Wadhwa, 2013)
Bus Admittance Matrix: -
In a power system the nodal admittances of the various buses are generally represented by the
help of Bus admittance matrix. Each bus is connected to the various other buses with the help
of the transmission lines and admittance matrix is used to scrutinise the data that is required
in the study of the load flow in a power system. The admittance and the topology of the
network is also explained with the help of the Bus Admittance Matrix. Bus Admittance
Matrix can also calculate the amount of current present in the bus. Coming to the formation
of the Bus Admittance Matrix can be understood by taking a deep insight to a power system
and can be seen that the power is injected into a bus from generators and the loads are being
tapped from it. It is possible to have buses having either only generator or loads. There are
also some buses which have both the generators and loads and there also exists some other
may which have only static capacitors for reactive power compensation.

Derivation: -
Figure 3: - Three Bus System (Wadhwa, 2013)
At node 1,
I 1 =I 11 + I 12+ I 13
V
V
( 1V 3 ) y 13
( 1V 2 ) y 12 +
V 1 y 11 +
V 1 y 11 +V 1 y 12V 2 y12 +V 1 y 13V 3 y 13
V 1 ( y 11 + y 12+ y 13)V 2 y 12V 3 y 13
V 1 y 11 +V 2 y 12+ V 3 y 13
Here y 11 is the shunt charging admittance at bus 1 and ground
Y 1= y 11 + y 12 + y 13
Y 12= y 12
Y 13= y 13
Similarly nodal current equation for the other nodes can be written as follows
I 2 =V 1 y 21 +V 2 y 22 +V 3 y 23
I 3 =V 1 y 31 +V 2 y 32 +V 3 y 33
These equations can be written in the form of Matrix as follows

[ ] [ ][ ]
I1 y 11 y 12 y 13 V 1
I2 = y 21 y 22 y 23 V 2
I3 y 31 y 32 y 33 V 3
Or in compact form these equations can be written as

Y pq V q , where p=1
3
I p= 3
q=1
The nodal current for an n-bus system where each node is connected to all other nodes.
n
I p = Y pq V q , where p=1,2, 3 n
q=1
Algorithm to solve Bus Admittance Matrix: -

Firstly the bus Admittance matrix is formed.
Furthermore the reference bus is selected to solve the given network
In the next step the known variables for all the other types of buses are defined and
the initial values for the voltage and angle is assigned for all the buses.
Again in the next step the power mismatch vector and power injection current is
calculated. Furthermore various iteration methods like Newton Raphson, Gauss Seidel
are applied.
In the next step the mismatching vector is checked that whether it is in the prescribed
limit of 0.001 per unit.
Again the steps of iteration is continued to obtain the new values.

CE00602-3-Power System engineering and Analysis 1 Individual Assignment Page 10 of
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Flow Chart: -
Figure 4: - Flow Chart of Bus Admittance Matrix
Theoretical calculations: -
Table 1: Line Impedance Data
Line No. Line Impedance ()

1-2 0.04 +j 0.16
1-3 0.30 +j 0.35

43
2-4 0.20 + j 0.25
2-3 0.25 +j 0.40
4-3 0.12 +j 0.30
Solution: -
I1 = I11 + I12 + I13 + I14
I2 = I21 + I22 + I23 + I24
I3 = I31 + I32 + I33 + I34
I4 = I41 + I42 + I43 + I44
We know that, I = V/Z
So it can be written that, I = VY
Where, Y (admittance) = 1/Z.
I1 = (V1 V2) Y12 + (V1 V3) Y13
= V1 (Y11 + Y12 + Y13) V2Y12 V3 Y13
I2 = (V2 V1) Y21 + (V2 V3) Y23 + (V2- V4) Y24
= V1 (-Y21) + V2 (Y21 + Y23 + Y24) + V3 (-Y23) + V4 (-Y24)
I3 = (V3 V1) Y31 + (V3 V2) Y32 + (V3 V4) Y34
= V1 (-Y31) + V2 (-Y32) + V3 (Y31 + Y32 + Y34) + V4 (-Y34)
I4 = (V4 V2) Y42 + (V4 V3) Y43
= V2 (-Y42) + V3 (-Y43) + V4 (Y42 + Y43)
1 1 0.04 j0.16 0.04 j0.16

y 12= = = =1.4706 j5.8824
0.04+ j 0.16 0.04+ j 0.16 0.04 j0.16 0.0272
1 1 0.30 j0.35 0.30 j 0.35

y 13= = = =1.4117 j 1.6470
0.30+ j 0.35 0.30+ j 0.35 0.30 j0.35 0.02125
1 1 0.20 j 0.25 0.20 j 0.25

y 24= = = =1.9512 j2.4390
0.20+ j0.25 0.20+ j0.25 0.20 j 0.25 0.1025
1 1 0.25 j0.40 0.25 j 0.40

y 23= = = =1.1236 j1.7978
0.25+ j 0.40 0.25+ j 0.40 0.25 j0.40 0.2225

43
1 0.12 j 0.30
y 34=
0.12+ j 0.30 0.12 j 0.30
y 34=1.14942 j 2.87356
1 1 0.12 j 0.30 0.12 j0.30

y 43= = = =1.1494 j2.8735
0.12+ j 0.30 0.12+ j 0.30 0.12 j 0.30 0.1044
Y 11=2.882280 j 7.529350
Y 22=4.54530 j 10.11905
Y 33=3.684620 j6.318363
Y 44=3.100640 j 5.312560
Now, [ Y BUS ]
[ ]
y 10 + y 12 + y 13 y 12 y 13 0
y 12 y 20 + y 12+ y 23+ y 24 y 23 y 24

y13 y 23 y 30+ y13 + y 23 + y 34 y 34
0 y 24 y 34 y 40 + y 24 + y 34
[ ]
2.8823 j 7.5290 1.4706+ j5.8824 1.4117 + j 1.6470 0
1.4706+ j 5.8824 4.5453 j10.1191 1.1236+ j1.7978 1.9512+ j 2.4390
1.4117 + j 1.6470 1.1236+ j 1.7978 3.6847 j6.3184 1.1494 + j 2.8735
0 1.9512+ j2.4390 1.1494+ j2.8735 3.1006 j 5.3126
MATLAB algorithm: -
Step 1: firstly the matlab shortcut icon ( ) present on the desktop screen was clicked and the
pop up or the start up menu of matlab screen was appeared which is as follows.

43
Figure 5: - start up screen of Matlab

Step 2: Then Matlab is opened and the following screen appears from which on the left
corner the icon ( ) named as new script is clicked to open a new workspace.
Figure 6: - New script workspace

Step 3: When the new script icon is clicked there appears a editor box with the name
untitled

43
Figure 7: - The Editor window

Step 4: -The program written in the editor is executed by selecting the run command from the
MATLAB toolbox.
Step 5: - As the program gets executed the result pops up in the result located below the
editor window.
Figure 8: - Obtained Result

43
MATLAB code: -
clc; %clears command window
close all; %closes all the open commands
clear all; %clears all variables present in the current
workspace
fprintf('FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRIX\n\n')
fprintf('Enter linedata in order of from bus,to bus,r,x,\n\n')
linedata = input('Enter line data : ');
fb = linedata(:,1); %From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); %To enter the bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); %Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); %Reactance, X...
z = r + i*x; %Z matrix...
y = 1./z; %To get inverse of each element...
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb));%no. of buses...
nbranch = length(fb); %no. of branches...
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus); %Initialises YBus...
% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...
for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for m=1:nbus
for n=1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m | tb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n);
end
end
end
ybus = ybus %Bus Admittance Matrix
zbus = inv(ybus); %Bus Impedance Matrix
zbus
Obtained result in MATLAB: -

43
Figure 9: - Formed Y-bus in MATLAB
Result: -
Error Calculation:
Theoretical value practical value
% Error 100
Theoretical value
Theoretical value = magnitude of Y11
P2 Q2
=
2.8823 2 7.5290 2
=
= 8.046
Practical value = magnitude of Y11
P2 Q2
=
2.8824 2 7.5294 2
=
= 8.06
43
8.06 8.046
% Error 100
8.06
0.1736%
Error for Y21

% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
1.4706 2 5.8824 2
=
= 6.0634
P2 Q2
=
1.4706 2 5.8824 2
=
= 6.0634
6.0634 6.0634
% Error 100
6.0634
0%
Error for Y32

% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
1.1236 2 1.7978 2
=
= 2.1200

43
P2 Q2
=
1.1236 2 1.7978 2
=
= 2.1200
2.1200 2.1200
% Error 100
2.1200
0%
Error for Y43

% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
1.1494 2 2.8735 2
=
= 3.09485
P2 Q2
1.1494 2 2.8736 2
=
= 3.09494
3.09494 3.09485
% Error 100
3.09494
0.00290%
Error for Y22

P2 Q2
=

43
4.5453 2 10.11912
=
= 11.09305
P2 Q2
4.5453 2 10.11912
=
= 11.09305
11.09305 11.09305
% Error 100
11.09305
0%
Critical Analysis: -
After performing all the procedures of obtaining the result from the manual calculation and
result obtained by executing the file in the MATLAB software are similar. The admittance
matrix has been formed by entering the line data in the MTLAB software and the result
obtained by the help of manual calculation, the every single element of the admittance matrix
obtained is similar in both the cases. Hence, it can be clearly stated that there is no error in
the formation of the admittance matrix. In some case there may be a difference in certain
elements and this may occur because in the manual calculation often the digits after four
places of decimal is ignored and due to this reason sometimes there occurs some difference
even after four places of decimal which can easily be ignored. In most of the power system
studies
it is required to form y- bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system
parameters depending upon the different type of analysis.
Conclusion: -
From the above obtained result a conclusion can be drawn that the manual result and the
software result obtained are same. Working with this topic was very interesting and
knowledgeable. The concepts regarding the Matlab software is quite innovative and working
with the software provides a glimpse of the real simulation of the power system.

43
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim: -
Power flow analysis of small sized network using Gauss-Seidel Method with MATLAB
program for the power system network.
Objective: -
Mathematical formulation of power flow model in complex form
Derive a simple method of solving power flow problems of small sized network
using manual calculation
Write MATLAB program for solving power flow problems of small sized network
using Gauss Seidal Method.
Determine the admittance matrix (Y) for the given power system network.
Critically analyze the two obtained result of admittance matrix formation from
manual formation and MATLAB simulation.
Software used: -
MATLAB R2014a
Theory: -
Gauss Seidel method is basically a technique for solving the n number of equations of the
linear systems of equations. Gauss Seidel method is one of the iterative method which is used
to solve the nonlinear load flow equations. Before understanding the concepts ahead it is
required to know about the load flow equations and the reason for using these iterative
methods. Load flow is the solution of network under steady state condition subject to certain
inequality constraints under which the system operates. The constraints can be in the form of
the nodal voltages, reactive power generation and the tap setting of the load transformer. The
load flow study is conducted to calculate the voltage at various buses. The different
parameters which is related to each bus is such as the voltage magnitude, the voltage phase
angle and the active power and the reactive volt amperes. In the load flow study the three
different types of buses which are classified are as follows: -
1. Load bus
2. Generator bus
3. Swing bus (Wadhwa, 2013)

43
Load Bus: -
At this bus the real and the reactive component or power is specified and is required to find
out the voltage magnitude and the phase angle through the load flow solution. Buses without
the generator and load may be considered as the load buses. If there exists a bus having both
the generator and load then the load is generally considered as the negative generation. In this
it is required to find out only those parameters which allows the bus voltage to vary within
the permissible range.
Generator Bus: -
In this type of bus the voltage magnitude corresponding to the generation voltage and the real
power corresponding to its rating is specified. It is required to find out the reactive power
generation and the phase angle of the bus voltage. (Wadhwa, 2013)
Swing Bus: -
This is the type of bus which responds firstly to a changing load condition. The magnitude of
the voltage and the phase angle is specified in this type of bus. The losses in the power
system remains unknown until the load flow solution is complete. It is because of the reason
that one of the generator buses are made to take the additional real and reactive power to
supply transmission losses. This is the reason why this bus is called Swing Bus.
The reason behind the use of these iterative methods of calculation of the load flow is that the
load flow equation obtained by the substitution of the real and the reactive powers produces
the equations where the bus voltages are variable and to solve these nonlinear equations these
methods are used. The load flow equation can be derived by normal method as follows:
n
I p = Y pq V q , where p=1,2, 3 n 2.1
q=1
3
I p =Y pq V q+ Y pq V q
q=1 2.2
qp
3
IP 1
V p= Y V
Y pp Y pp q=1 pq q 2.3
q p
Now,
V pI p=P p j Q p 2.4

43
V p
P jQ
I p= p p
2.5
Substituting for Ip in equation 2.3 it is obtained,

3
V p Y pq V q
q =1
q p
P p j Q p , where p=1, 2,3 n 2.6

1
V p=
Y pp
Now it can be seen that the obtained equation has the variable bus voltage and due to this
reason the iterative methods are used.
(Wadhwa, 2013)
Derivation: -
For the derivation purpose we need to take an example which is mentioned as follows:
For this let us assume a flat voltage profile for all nodal voltage except the slack bus 1. And
let the slack bus voltage equal to a+j0.0. In the next step the iteration count is set to 0, the bus
count is set to 1.
Now the P, Q and Y at a bus do not change with iterations hence it can be evaluated as:
P p jQ p
A p= for all p=1 . n , p s
Y pp
Y pq
B pq= for all p=1 . n , p sq=1 2 n ,q p
Y pp
With these simplifications the equation becomes: -

43
V
n
( pk ) B pq V kp , p=1 .n , p s
q=1
q p

k +1 Ap
Vp =
The bus voltage of the given example can also be calculated by the Gauss Seidel method. In
k+1 k
this method the new calculated voltage Vi immediately replaces V i and is used for
the solution of the subsequent equations.

V
( 2 )(Y 21 V 1+Y 23 V k3 )
k

P2 j Q 2 2.7

1
V k+1
2 =
Y 22
V
( 3 )(Y 32 V 2+ Y 34 V k4)
k

P3 jQ3 2.8

k +1 1
V3 =
Y 33
V
( 4 )(Y 41 V 1 +Y 43 V 3k+1 +Y 45 V 5k )
k

P p j Q 2 2.9

k +1 1
V4 =
Y 44
V
( 5 )(Y 51 V 1+ Y 54 V k4+1)
k

P p jQ2 2.10

k+1 1
V5 =
Y 55
The general load flow equation resultant from the Gauss Seidel method can be written as: -

43
V
p1 n
( pk ) Y pq V Kq +1 Y pq V qK
q =1 q= p +1

P p j Q2 2.11

k+1 1
Vp =
Y pp

43
Flow Chart: -
Figure 10: - Flow Chart of Gauss-Seidel method

43
Algorithm to solve load flow equation using Gauss-Seidel equation: -
Firstly a flat voltage profile is assumed 1+j0.0 for all the nodal voltages except the
slack bus 1 and the suitable value of the convergence criterion is also assumed.
Furthermore the iteration count is set to 0.
In the next step the bus count is set to 0.
In the next step it is checked that which of the buses are voltage controlled and which
are load controlled.
Again in the next step the value of the magnitude of the voltage is replaced by a
specific value and the phase angle is kept same as that of the iteration.
k+1
In the next step for the bus p the value of V p is calculated.
Again the largest of the absolute of change in the voltage is found out.
In the last step the injected powers and the line flows is calculated using the nodal
voltages.
Theoretical calculation: -
We know that for a power system S = VI = P +jQ
Where,
P = active power,
Q = reactive power
,= +
And from Gauss Siedel Method,
1= 1[+{Yi1V1 + Yi2V2 +Yi3V3++ YinVn}
Now the bus data (Table 2) and line data (Table 3) are given as follows:
Table 1: - Bus data
Type of Bus P(pu) Q(pu) V(pu) Type of Bus
Slack 1.08 Slack
PQ 0.33 0.13 PQ
PQ 0.42 0.32 PQ
PQ 0.48 0.20 PQ
Table 2 Line data for Gauss Seidel Method.

43
Line No Line Impedance
1-2 0.10 + j 0.25
1-4 0.12 + j 0.15
2-3 0.14 + j 0.16
3-4 0.08 + j 0.20

By entering the line data in the codes of previous experiment the y bus for this experiment
can be obtained, which was as follows:
I1 = I11 + I12 + I13 + I14
I2 = I21 + I22 + I23 + I24
I3 = I31 + I32 + I33 + I34
I4 = I41 + I42 + I43 + I44
Now, I11, I22, I33, I44, I13, I24 = 0 (clear from line data)
Now we know that, I = V/Z
So it can be written that, I = VY
Where, Y (admittance) = 1/Z.
I1 = (V1 V2) Y12 + (V1 V4) Y14
= V1 (Y12 + Y14) V2Y12 V4Y14 2.12
I2 = (V2 V1) Y21 + (V2 V3) Y23
= V1 (-Y21) + V2 (Y21 + Y23) + V3 (-Y23) 2.13
I3 = (V3 V2) Y32 + (V3 V4) Y34
= V2 (-Y32) + V3 (Y32 + Y34) + V4 (-Y34) 2.14
I4 = (V4 V1) Y41 + (V4 V3) Y43
= V1 (-Y41) + V3 (-Y43) + V4 (Y41 + Y43) 2.15
So now the admittance matrix would be
Now find out the value of admittance Y by putting the value of resistance and across each line
as per 4 bus system given below
y 12= [ 1
R+ jX ]
y 12 =
[ 1
0.10+ j0.25 ][

0.10 j 0.25
0.10 j 0.25 ]
43
y 12 = [ 0.10 j 0.25
0.07250 ]
=( 1.379310 j 3.44827)
y 14 = [ 1
0.12+ j0.15 ]

[ 1
0.12+ j 0.15

][
0.12 j0.15
0.12 j0.15 ]
y 14 = [ 0.12 j 0.15
0.03690 ]
=(3.2520 j 4.0650)
y 23 = [ 1
0.14+ j 0.16 ]
y 23 =
[ 1
0.14+ j 0.16

][
0.14 j 0.16
0.14 j 0.16 ]
y 23 = [ 0.14 j0.16
0.04520 ]
=(3.0973 j 3.5398) 2.16
y 34 = [ 1
0.08+ j 0.20 ]
y 34 =
[ 1
0.08+ j 0.20

][ ]
0.08 j0.20 0.08 j 0.20
0.08 j0.20 0.08 j 0.20
y 34 = [ 0.08 j 0.20
0.04600 ]
=(1.7241 j 4.31034) 2.17
Y 11 =[4.631310 j 7.513270]
Y 22=[4.475510 j6.988070]
Y 33=[4.82140 j7.850140]
Y 44 =4.9761 j 8.375340
Y 12=Y 21= y 12 =[1.379310 j 3.44827]
Y 13=Y 31= y 13 =[0]

43
Y 14=Y 41=y 14 =[3.2520 j 4.0650]
Y 23=Y 32= y 23 =[3.0973 j3.5398 ]
0
Y 24=Y 42= y24 = ]
1.7241 j 4.31034
Y 34=Y 43= y 34= ]
So, the Y matrix would be,
4.63 j 7.513 1.38 j 3.448 0 3.25 j 4.065

1.38 j 3.448 4.477 j 6.98 3.097 j 3.54 0
YBUS
0 3.097 j 3.54 4.821 j 7.85 1.724 j 4.31

3.25 j 4.065 0 1.724 j 4.31 4.974 j8.375
Now, as per Gauss Seidel Method,

For iteration 2nd
V2
1 P2 jQ2
Y22 V2
*

0
Y21V1 Y23V3 Y24V4
0

1 0.33 j 0.13
V2 1.38 j 3.448 1.08 3.097 j 3.54 1 0 1
4.477 j 6.98 1.00 j 0.00
V2 1.0711 j 0.018
For iteration 3rd
V3
1 P3 jQ3
Y33 V3
*

Y31V1 Y32V2 Y34V4
0

1 0.42 j 0.32
V3 0 1.08 3.097 j 3.54 1.0711 j 0.018 1.724 j 4.31 1
4.821 j 7.85 1.00 j 0.00
V3 1.087 j 0.035
For iteration 4th

1 P4 jQ4
V4 Y41V1 Y42V 2 Y43V3
Y44 V4
*

1 0.48 j 0.20
V4 1.08 3.25 j 4.065 0 1.071 j 0.018 1.724 j 4.31 (1.087 j 0.035)
4.974 j8.375 1.00 j 0.00
V 4 1.0796 j 0.048
MATLAB algorithm: -

43
Step 1: firstly the matlab shortcut icon ( ) present on the desktop screen was clicked and the
pop up or the start up menu of matlab screen was appeared which is as follows.
Figure 11: - start up screen of Matlab
Step 2: Then Matlab is opened and the following screen appears from which on the left
corner the icon ( ) named as new script is clicked to open a new workspace.
Figure 12: - New script workspace

Step 3: When the new script icon is clicked there appears a editor box with the name
untitled

43
Figure 13: - The Editor window

Step 4: -The program written in the editor is executed by selecting the run command from the
MATLAB toolbox.
Step 5: - As the program gets executed the result pops up in the result located below the
editor window.

43
Figure 14: - Obtained Result
MATLAB code
format short g
disp (' LINE DATA')
linedata=[1 2 0.10, 0.25, 1.3793, -3.4483, 0, 0;
1 4 0.12, 0.15, 3.2520, -4.0650, 0, 0;
2 3 0.14, 0.16, 3.0973, -3.5398, 0, 0;
3 4 0.08, 0.20, 1.7241, -4.3103, 0, 0;]
disp (' BUS DATA ')

busdata=[1 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.08, 0 1;
2 0, 0, 0.33, 0.13, 1.00, 0 2;
3 0, 0, 0.42, 0.32, 1.00, 0 2;
4 0, 0, 0.48, 0.20, 1.00, 0 2]
% Bus Type: 1.Slack Bus 2.PQ Bus
ss=i*linedata(:,8);
y=linedata(:,5)+i*linedata(:,6);
totalbuses = max(max(linedata(:,1)),max(linedata(:,2))); % total buses

totalbranches = length(linedata(:,1)); % no. of
branches
ybus = zeros(totalbuses,totalbuses);
for b=1:totalbranches

43
ybus((linedata(b,1)),(linedata(b,2)))=-y(b);
ybus((linedata(b,2)),(linedata(b,1))) =ybus((linedata(b,1)),
(linedata(b,2)));
end
for c=1:totalbuses
for d=1:totalbranches
if linedata(d,1) == c || linedata(d,2) == c
ybus(c,c) = ybus(c,c) + y(d) + ss(d);
end
end
end
disp('TABLE 9.3 PAGE # 338 BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX FOR EXAMPLE 9.2')
ybus
z=zeros(totalbuses,4);
busnumber=busdata(:,1);
PG=busdata(:,2);
QG=busdata(:,3);
PL=busdata(:,4);
QL=busdata(:,5);
V=busdata(:,6);
VV=V;
ANG=busdata(:,7);
type = busdata(:,8);
P = (PG-PL)./100; % per unit active power at buses

Q = (QG-QL)./100; % per unit reactive power at buses
tol=1;
iter=0;
kk=input('Enter the tolerance for iteration ');
%alfa=input('Enter the value of ALPHA ');
alfa=1.6
while tol > kk
for i = 2:totalbuses
YV = 0;
for k = 1:totalbuses
if i~=k
YV = YV + ybus(i,k)* V(k); % multiplying admittance &
voltage
end
YV;
end
if busdata(i,8) == 3 %Calculating Qi for PV bus
%Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(YV + ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
Q(i) = -imag(conj(V(i))*(YV + ybus(i,i)*V(i)));
busdata(i,3)=Q(i);
end
% end

43
V(i) = (1/ybus(i,i))*((P(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i)) - YV); % Compute Bus
Voltages.
% Calculating Corrected Voltage for PV bus

if busdata(i,8) == 3
vc(i)=abs(VV(i))*(V(i)/abs(V(i)));
busdata(i,6)=vc(i);
V(i)=vc(i);
end
% Calculating Accelerated Voltage for PQ bus
if busdata(i,8) == 2
VACC(i)= VV(i)+alfa*(V(i)-VV(i));
busdata(i,6)=VACC(i);
V(i)=VACC(i);
end
%V(i)=V;
end
iter = iter + 1; % Increment iteration count.

tol = max(abs(abs(V) - abs(VV))); % Calculate tolerance.
VV = V;
end
Q;
iter
YV;
V;
%real(VACC')
z(1:totalbuses,1)=busdata(:,1);
z(1:totalbuses,2)=busdata(:,8);
z(1:totalbuses,3)=abs(busdata(:,6));
z(1:totalbuses,4)=radtodeg(angle(V));
disp('Bus No.Bus Type Voltage Angle');
z

43
Obtained result: -
Figure 15: - Obtained Y bus

43
Figure 16: - Result according to the value of tolerance for iteration
Result: -
Error Calculation:
% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
4.63 2 7.513 2
=
= 8.825
P2 Q2
=
4.6312 7.519 2
=
43
= 8.830
8.830 8.825
% Error 100
8.830
0.0641%
Error for Y22

% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
4.477 2 6.98 2
=
= 8.292
P2 Q2
=
4.4766 2 6.988 2
=
= 8.298
8.298 8.292
% Error 100
8.298
0.083%
Error for Y33

% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
4.8212 7.85 2
=
= 9.212
43
P2 Q2
=
4.8214 2 7.850 2
=
= 9.2124
9.2124 9.212
% Error 100
9.2124
0.0043%
Error for Y44

% Error 100
Theoretical value
P2 Q2
=
4.974 2 8.375 2
=
= 9.7407
P2 Q2
4.97612 8.375 2
=
= 9.7417
9.7417 9.7407
% Error 100
9.7417
0.011%
Error for Y13

P2 Q2
=
3.25 2 4.065 2
=

43
= 5.2044
P2 Q2
3.25 2 4.065 2
=
= 5.2044
5.2044 5.2044
% Error 100
5.2044
0%
Critical Analysis: -
After performing all the procedures of obtaining the result from the manual calculation and
result obtained by executing the file in the MATLAB software are similar. The load flow
equation and the Ybus have been formed by entering the data in the MATLAB and the bus
no. phase angle and voltage have been also calculated by the software and the result obtained
by the help of manual calculation, the every single element of the admittance matrix obtained
is similar in both the cases. In some case there may be a difference in certain elements and
this may occur because in the manual calculation often the digits after four places of decimal
is ignored and due to this reason sometimes there occurs some difference even after four
places of decimal which can easily be ignored. The gauss Seidel method has been also used
for finding the different load flow equation and the obtained matrix is similar to that obtained
by the normal method of the finding load flow equation.
Conclusion: -
From the above obtained result a conclusion can be drawn that the manual result and the
software result obtained are same. Working with this topic was very interesting and
knowledgeable. It provided an insight knowledge about the concept of load flow equation and
the iterative methods to calculate the variable bus voltages. The concepts regarding the
Matlab software is quite innovative and working with the software provides a glimpse of the
real simulation of the power system.

43
REFERENCES
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CE00602-3-Power System engineering and Analysis 1 Individual Assignment Page 1 of 43

EXPERIMENT NO. 1................................................................................................................6

Software used: -......................................................................................................................6

Algorithm to solve Bus Admittance Matrix: -........................................................................8

Flow Chart: -..........................................................................................................................9

Theoretical calculations: -......................................................................................................9

MATLAB algorithm: -.........................................................................................................11

MATLAB code: -.................................................................................................................13

Critical Analysis: -................................................................................................................17

EXPERIMENT NO. 2..............................................................................................................18

Software used: -....................................................................................................................18

Flow Chart: -........................................................................................................................21

Algorithm to solve load flow equation using Gauss-Seidel equation: -...............................22

Theoretical calculation: -......................................................................................................22

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Obtained result: -..................................................................................................................30

Critical Analysis: -................................................................................................................34

Figure 2: - MATLAB start-up window......................................................................................5

Figure 3: - Three Bus System (Wadhwa, 2013)........................................................................7

Figure 4: - Flow Chart of Bus Admittance Matrix.....................................................................9

Figure 5: - start up screen of Matlab........................................................................................11

Figure 6: - New script workspace............................................................................................12

Figure 7: - The Editor window.................................................................................................12

Figure 8: - Obtained Result......................................................................................................13

Figure 9: - Formed Y-bus in MATLAB....................................................................................14

Figure 10: - start up screen of Matlab......................................................................................25

Figure 11: - New script workspace..........................................................................................26

Figure 12: - The Editor window...............................................................................................26

Figure 13: - Obtained Result....................................................................................................27

Figure 14: - Obtained Y bus.....................................................................................................30

Figure 15: - Result according to the value of tolerance for iteration.......................................31

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Figure 1: - Electric Power System (www.slideshare.net, 2016)

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Figure 2: - MATLAB start-up window

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Performing the manual calculation to determine the admittance matrix

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

the permissible range.

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Figure 3: - Three Bus System (Wadhwa, 2013)

V 1 y 11 +V 1 y 12V 2 y12 +V 1 y 13V 3 y 13

V 1 ( y 11 + y 12+ y 13)V 2 y 12V 3 y 13

Here y 11 is the shunt charging admittance at bus 1 and ground

These equations can be written in the form of Matrix as follows

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Or in compact form these equations can be written as

Algorithm to solve Bus Admittance Matrix: -

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Figure 4: - Flow Chart of Bus Admittance Matrix

Table 1: Line Impedance Data

Line No. Line Impedance ()

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

1 1 0.04 j0.16 0.04 j0.16

1 1 0.30 j0.35 0.30 j 0.35

1 1 0.20 j 0.25 0.20 j 0.25

1 1 0.25 j0.40 0.25 j 0.40

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

1 1 0.12 j 0.30 0.12 j0.30

Level 3 Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2016

Figure 5: - start up screen of Matlab

Figure 6: - New script workspace