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Maxtena, Inc.
1. Differential vs. Single-
Ended Interface
Conventional antenna design employs
differential feeds for antennas operating in
open areas. The dipole antenna is a good
example.
When a ground plane is present, single ended
operation is used. Examples are monopole
and microstrip antennas.
Maxtena, Inc.
Differential vs. Single-Ended
Maxtena, Inc.
Differential vs. Single-Ended
Advantages of antennas with inherent balanced
inputs:
Low ground plane currents, providing:
Stable and better performance in the presence of
components and an operator
Easier integration process
Lower part count: no need for single-ended to
differential conversion
Can be driven directly by differential active
devices at appropriate impedance level
Maxtena, Inc.
Antenna Geometry Details
Differential Design:
Diameter: 10 mm Differential Single-Ended
Height: 20 mm
Dielectric constant (er):~20
LTCC Balun
0.9 dB Insertion Loss
Single-Ended Design:
Diameter: 10 mm
Height: ~20 mm
Dielectric constant (er):~40
Integrated Balun
with coaxial feed
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2. Realized Gain and Bandwidth
21MHz vs.
-1.5
6 MHz Single-Ended
-2 Differential
Bandwidth
-2.5
-3
Differential
tested with Realized Gain [dBic]
-3.5
0.9 dB -4
LTCC Balun -5
-5.5
-6
-6.5
1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605 1610
Frequency [MHz]
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Elevation Pattern x-z plane
Differential Single-Ended
Elevation Plot vs , y-z plane, = 90 Elevation Plot vs , y-z plane, = 90
90 -2.1 90 -2.1
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-12.1 Gtotal -12.1 Gtotal
-32.1 -32.1
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
Elevation Pattern y-z plane
Differential Single-Ended
Elevation Plot vs , x-z plane, = 0 Elevation Plot vs , x-z plane, = 0
90 -2.1 90 -2.1
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-12.1 Gtotal -12.1 Gtotal
-32.1 -32.1
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
Azimuth Pattern x-y plane
Differential Single-Ended
Azimuth Plot vs , x-y plane, = 90 Azimuth Plot vs , x-y plane, = 90
90 -2.1 90 -2.1
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-12.1 Gtotal -12.1 Gtotal
-32.1 -32.1
180 0 180 0
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2-D Contour Plot
Differential Single-Ended
Frequency =1594 MHz,Gmax =-1.966 dB,Gavg =-6.42 dB Frequency =1574 MHz,Gmax =-2.223 dB,Gavg =-6.231 dB
0 0
-5 -5
20 20
-10 -10
40 40
60 -15 60 -15
80 -20 80 -20
(deg)
(deg)
100 -25 100 -25
120 120
-30 -30
140 140
-35 -35
160 160
-40 -40
180 180
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
(deg) (deg)
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Axial Ratio vs. Theta
Differential Single-Ended
20 20
Phi= 90 degrees Phi= 0 degrees
18 Phi= 0 degrees 18 Phi= 90 degrees
16 16
14 14
] 12 ] 12
B B
d[ d[
oi 10 oi 10
t t
a a
R R
l 8 l 8
ai ai
x x
A A
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Theta [degrees] Theta [degrees]
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Axial Ratio vs. Frequency/ Axial
Ratio Bandwidth
Differential Single-Ended
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Antenna Filtering
Differential Single-Ended
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Free Field Conclusions
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3. Radiation Characteristics
Integrated
Differential Single-Ended
-30 -30
180 0 180 0
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Elevation Pattern y-z plane
Differential Single-Ended
Elevation Plot vs , y-z plane, = 90 Elevation Plot vs , y-z plane, = 90
90 0 90 0
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-10 Gtotal -10 Gtotal
-30 -30
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
Azimuth Pattern x-y plane
Differential Single-Ended
Azimuth Plot vs , x-y plane, = 90 Azimuth Plot vs , x-y plane, = 90
90 0 90 0
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-10 Gtotal -10 Gtotal
-30 -30
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
2-D Contour Plot
Differential Single-Ended
Frequency =1558 MHz,Gmax =-0.8915 dB,Gavg =-5.211 dB Frequency =1596 MHz,Gmax =2.288 dB,Gavg =-3.183 dB
0 0 0 0
20 -5 20 -5
40 40
-10 -10
60 60
-15 -15
80 80
(deg)
(deg)
-20 -20
100 100
-25 -25
120 120
-30 -30
140 140
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Axial Ratio vs. Theta
Differential Single-Ended
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
Axial Ratio [dB]
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 Phi=0 degrees 2
Phi=90 degrees
0 0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Theta [degrees] Theta [degrees]
Maxtena, Inc.
Axial Ratio vs. Frequency/ Axial
Ratio Bandwidth
Differential Single-Ended
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
] 12 ] 12
B B
d[ d[
oi 10 oi 10
t t
a a
R R
l 8 l 8
ai ai
x x
A A
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
1500 1550 1600 1650 1500 1550 1600 1650
Frequency [MHz] Frequency [MHz]
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Integrated Conclusions
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4. Radiation Characteristics
Integrated including Hand
and Body
50% Overlap
0% Overlap
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Elevation Pattern x-z plane
Differential Single-Ended
Elevation Plot vs , x-z plane, = 0 Elevation Plot vs , x-z plane, = 0
90 0 90 0
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-10 Gtotal -10 Gtotal
-30 -30
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
Elevation Pattern y-z plane
Differential Single-Ended
Elevation Plot vs , y-z plane, = 90 Elevation Plot vs , y-z plane, = 90
90 0 90 0
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-10 Gtotal -10 Gtotal
-30 -30
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
Azimuth Pattern x-y plane
Differential Single-Ended
Azimuth Plot vs , x-y plane, = 90 Azimuth Plot vs , x-y plane, = 90
90 0 90 0
120 60 RHCP 120 60 RHCP
LHCP LHCP
-10 Gtotal -10 Gtotal
-30 -30
180 0 180 0
Maxtena, Inc.
2-D Contour Plot
Differential Single-Ended
Frequency =1558 MHz,Gmax =0.3457 dB,Gavg =-6.493 dB Frequency =1598 MHz,Gmax =0.7852 dB,Gavg =-6.386 dB
0 0 0 0
20 -5 20 -5
40 40
-10 -10
60 60
-15 -15
80 80
(deg)
(deg)
-20 -20
100 100
-25 -25
120 120
-30 -30
140 140
Maxtena, Inc.
Axial Ratio vs. Theta
Differential Single-Ended
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
Axial Ratio [dB]
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
Maxtena, Inc.
Axial Ratio vs. Frequency/ Axial
Ratio Bandwidth
Differential Single-Ended
20 20
18 18
16 16
14 14
] 12 ] 12
B B
d[ d[
oi 10 oi 10
t t
a a
R R
l 8 l 8
ai ai
x x
A A
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
1500 1550 1600 1650 1500 1550 1600 1650
Frequency [MHz] Frequency [MHz]
Maxtena, Inc.
Integrated-Hand and Body/
Conclusions
Single-Ended Differential with
LTCC Balun
Realized Gain 0.8 0.4
Efficiency Free Field [%] 23 22
Bandwidth (-1 dB) [MHz] 16 32
Hand/Body Detuning Shift 2 MHz 6 MHz
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5. Conclusions
5
0
Realized Gain [dBic]
-5
-10
-15 Single-Ended
Differential
Differential with Body
Single-Ended with Body
-20
1500 1550 1600 1650
Frequency [MHz]
Maxtena, Inc.
5. Conclusions
50
Single-Ended
45 Differential
Differential Body
40 Single-Ended Body
35
30
Efficiency [%]
25
20
15
10
0
1500 1550 1600 1650
Frequency [MHz]
Maxtena, Inc.
5. Conclusions
M1575CQA with 50% hand overlap performs the same
as the single ended antenna with 0% hand overlap.
Differential interface antenna shows higher human
body immunity.
This direct evaluation concludes that the differential
interface antenna has higher gain, better human body
immunity and outstanding performance compared to
single ended antennas.
Maxtena, Inc.