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Vol. 27 No. I January-April2007

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 THAI AND ENGLISH CONSONANTAL SOUNDS: A
PROBLEM OR A POTENTIAL FOR EFL LEARNING?
By
Monthon Kanokpermpoon*

Abstract

This paper aims to examine similarities and dffirences between Thai and English
consonants. It determines areas of dfficulties when Thai students try to pronounce English
consonantal sounds. It is found that English sounds which do not occur in the Thai phonology
tend to pose gieat dfficultyfor Thai students to utter Those sounds include /g/, /v/, /0/, /d/,
/z/, IL /S/, /tf/, and /d3/. Sounds which exist in Thai but can occur in dffirent environment,
i.e. syllable position, are also prone to be dfficult to pronounce. Such examples are /f/ and /s/. Tb
tackle the problem of sounds nonexistent in Thai, Thai students are tikety to substitute Thai
sounds for the English sounds. In addition, the phenomenon where /l/ and /r/ are used
interchangeably in Thai tends to be transferred in pronouncing /l/ and /t / in Engtish with great
challenges.

'Monthon Kanokpermpoon obtained his B.A. in Business English fromAssumption University,

an M.A.
in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) from Thammasat University, and a Certif,rcate in Practical
Phonetics for Teaching English Pronunciation from Mahidol University. Currently he is working as a lecturer in the
l-anguage Institute at Thammasat Universiry. His area of specialization includes phonetics application in listening
and speaking pedagogy, and applied linguistics.

t D A/- t^.,---t r/^t 1.7 I / t-_,,-^, t^-;t 1nn7 ^^ <7,6Kl

^r^
 Introduction As can be seen from both tables, the following
section discusses similarities and di fferences
Regardrng the analyses ofJotikasthira
999), (I between English and Thai consonantal sounds.
Bowman (2000), Ronakiat (2002), Arya(2003 ),
and Tuaycharoen (2003) on a comparison
Plosives
between Thai and English phonology, this paper
presents a rough idea of what aspects Thai
students may encounter when leamine to utter In Thai, an aspiration is a key in distinguishing

English consonants. different phonemes. The aspirated counterpans

of lpl, ltl, and lkl, i.e. lphl, lth/, and lkhl
Consonant Sounds indicate that they are different phonemes.

There are 2l
Thai consonant phonemes Examples:
(Tuaycharoen, I 990) as follows: /pl) lpat/.ts> /ph/) /phan/.ru,
/t/ ) /ta:l.a> lth I ) ltha:l.n>
/kl)lka:|.n, lkhl)/kha:/.n>

Tziie i: iTtai Co>ronzntq! SouC:

'J-,1:IJI. b d ?

' t L.r. m tr 9
fr J'i"'j I T
rrr-rJ ii

t
il
r l i,ii I
r-r;f:11 (w)
t w
In English_ there are 24 consonantal phonemes
Table 2: Engli:h Consoncnral Sound:

58
 In Englistq an aspiration indicates allophonic
distribution of a phoneme. It is not a feature to
indicate phonernic realization ofthe sound.
As can be seen from the above two tables.
voiceless aspirated phonemes in Thai, i.e. I ph l,
/th/, and /kh/, are not problematic pronunciation
in pnglish initial syllable because, in English, the
phonemes lpl, ltl,and /k/ arepronouncedwith
aspiration: [ph], [th], anO [kh]. When voiceless
plosive phonemes in English are following the
sound /s/, they are pronounced without
aspiration, which is the same as Thai voiceless
trnaspirated phonemes lpl , ltl , and lkl . This can
be generalized that when Thai students utter the
sounds Ipl , ltl , and lkl , they do not have any
diffficulfyatall.
Examples:
Aspirated Feahre of English Plosives
Voiceless Plosives
Voiceless Aspirated Bilabial Plosive I ph ]
Examples
pan [phan], pie [phar], pat [phet]
Voiceless Plosives
Voiceless Aspirated Alveolar Plosive Ith]
Examples
!ie Ithar], len Ithen], !all Ithc:lv]
Voiceless Plosives
Voiceless Aspirated Velar Plosive I kh ] phonolory allows such phonemes to occur. The
Examples
[ey [khi:], lite [khart], can [khen]
Examples:
Unaspirated Feature of Englkh Plosives
spy)/spaI/ not [sphar]l
stay)/stet/ rnt
Isther]'
sky)/skar/ not
[skhar]t
I Even though the pronunciation of
[pnl, [th], or [kh] after the phoneme
speakers ofEnglish, it might seem unnatural in achral speech (Ronakiat, 2002).
Aproblernarises whenThai students learn to
pronotrnce the sounds |pl, ltl nd lklin English
final syllables. In Thai, the three sounds are
pronounced with no audible release: Ip'], [t'],
and [k']. In English, however, the final sounds /
lpl , ltl ,and/k/ are uttered inthree differentways:
1. Aspiration: Ipn], Itn], Iknl,
2. Non-aspiration: Ip], It], Ik], and
3. No audible release: [p'1, [t'], [k'l
Examples: Pronunciation Variation
Key words Aspirated Unaspirated Inaudible
sop lsopn] [sop] lsop'l
lot flothl flotl [ot']
sack [sekh] [sek] [sak']
Thai speakers who leam English voiceless
plosives in final syllable tend to pronounce the
final plosives with inaudible release. As a result,
ttre inaudible release of the sound mayconfuse
native speakeis ofEnglish as notbeing pronounced
at all. Thus, it is suggested that Thai speakers
practise pronouncing English voiceless plosives
finally with more puffofair (or with aspiration).
When it comes to voiced counterpart of
EnglishandThaiplosives, Thai leamers do not
have any difficulty in pronouncing the sounds /b/
and /d/ inEnglish initial syllableatall since Thai
English voiced velarplosive /g/, however, may
cause difficulty for Thai learners of English in
utteringitconectlysince there isno such sotrnd in
Thai. It is likelythat the sound /g/ in English is
replaced with ttre Thai /k/ - voiceless unaspirated
velar plosive because the voice onset time
(hencefort[ VOT) in releasing the sound /k/ is
so short that English native speakers may pweive
the sound as having voiced feature in it - /g/
@owman, 2000). That is why it is so difficult for
/s/
is understood by native
 Thai learners to pronounce the soundlg/ aswell as the sound /q/, occur firnlly in a syllable.
correctly, as they tend to pronounce it with its That is why Thai students have no difficulty in
voiceless counterpart : /k/. pronouncing English nasals at all.

Examples: Even though Thai students do not have any

good [gu'd] ) Ikti:t']
ago [e'geu] ) Id? ko:]
league [i:gl ) [i:k']
All of the English voiced plosives, when
pronounced in a final syllable, pose a lot of
difficulty for Thai leamers to rnaster since, in Thai
phonology, there is no voiced plosive occurring
finally, and voiceless plosives: lpl, ltl , lkl , and
l? | , eventhough they can occur finally, they are
pronounced with no audible release (hence, short
VOT). In this case, it is suggested that when
leaming pronowrcing English voiced plosives, Thai
students tryto vibrate theirvocal cords to have
voiced feature in each phonemer.
Nasals
Thai learners have no difficulty in uttering
nasals in English (Ronakiat, 2002\.In Thai, the
sounds /m/, I nl, and I q/ occur initially and finally
in a syllable. kr English, the sounds lm/ and I nl
occur in an initial position ofa syllabld, and they,
difficultyin pronourrcingnasals in English syllables,
aproblem arises when the sounds / ml and I nl
function as a syllabic, meaning that they are
pronounced without anyvowel in pronunciations.
This function does not exist in Thai; therefore. it
poses difficulty forThai shrdents to master.
Examples:
Syllabic m Syllabic n
rhythm 1'l6r,nl sudden 1'snd1l
prism ['przm] listen ['lrsn]
In order to practise pronouncing syllabics in
English, it is suggested that Thai students place
their articulators of the syllabic when they are
uttering the consonant preceding it. This way, no
vowel is pronounced and the syllabic occurs in
Englishsyllables.
The sound /q/ is wually spelled ng in English
oris sometimes written as nk(Ronakiat,2002).

I In English, voiced and voiceless plosives can

be identifired as being pronounced differently by the
length ofthe vowel preceding each plosive. Ifa voiceless consonant occurs before a long vowel, the vowel tends
to be shortened. A short vowel, when followed by a voiced consonant, tends to be pronounced longer than it is
normally uttered (Ronakiat, 2002).
Exanrples: Shortened Vowel by Voiceless Consonants
peep [pi:p] ) lpni'pI
thought [0c:t] ) [0c't]
seek [si:k] ) lsi'kl
Examples: Lengthened Vowel by Voiced Consonants
sob Isob] ) [so'bl
dad [ded] ) Ide'd]
dog ldogl ) [do'g]
2
Even though the sound /q/ does not pose any difficulty for Thai students to pronounce in English
syllable, it is prone to pose difficulty for English native speakers to utter it in Thai initials since /q/ only occurs
finally in English.
I Syllabic consonants occur when a syllable ends in
lpl, lbl, ltl, ldl, lml, and lnl and the following
syllable is unstressed and contains an lll or lnl (Jotikathira, 1998: 4).

60
 Examples: An evidence of Ronakiat (2002) and
Spellings 2g Spellings gft Kanokpermpoon (2004) has indicated that
sing/s4/ link/lillk/ English fricatives which are not diffi cult for Thai
strong /stroq/ tnrnk /Unqk/ leamers to utter in initial syllable includes /f/, /s/
and lhl . Other English fricatives are difficult to
When words such as sing and strong Ne pronounce due to the inexistence in the Thai
attached with a suffrx -er, for example, Thai phonology. Here are accounts of why English
students are prone to be confused with the fricatives are sodifficultto pronounce indeed.
spellings and end in adding the sound /g/ before
thezuffix. In English initial positiorL voiceless fricatives
/0/ (mostly spelled in r&) and /J/ (usually spelled
Examples: in s&) tend to be challenging for Thai students to
strong /stloq/ ) stronger /'st.roqge/ master (Ronakiat, 2002,and Kanokpermpoon,
sing /srq/ ) singer */'srqga/' 2004). This is due to the fact that the two sounds
do not exist in Thai initial syllabld.
As can be seen from the above examples,
the pronunciation of s inger */'sqga/ challenges Exanple:
Thai leamers to utter it conectly. Therefore, it is English word with Mostly replaced
recommended for Thai students to understand that initial th with
thin - /Otn/ */thin/
when the root word is a verb ending in ng, after
thanks - /Oaqks/ */thdqk/
being added a suffix, it is pronounc ed hl with no
intrusion of the sound /g/ at all (Ronaki at, 2002).
English word with Mostly replaced
Examples: with initial sh with
shoe - /Ju:/ */tFhu:/
sing/srr1/) singer/'srqa/ not */'slqga/
- llopl *ltphSpl
) singing/'sqtq/not */'stqgrq/ shop
belong /br' oq/)belongings
I /bt'loqrqz/not
*/br'loqgrqz/ All of the English voiceless fricatives /f/,
l0l , lsl , /J/ (seeTable 2 above), whenoccurring
Fricatives word finally, are likely to impose great diffi culty
for Thai students to pronounce since, based on
English ficatives impose great challenges for the analysis of Thai plosives and nasals above,
Thai students to pronounce them correctly since, there are only fourThai final plosives lpl , ltl ,
in English, fricatives are very rich comparing to lkl , and l? | ,andtJ'tree final nasals lml , lnl ,and
Thai three fricatives, namely ltl,lsl, and /h/. l0l . Allof them are pronounced inaudibly(cf.
All of the three sounds occur initially in Thai Abramson, 1972, and Tuaycharoen, 1990).
syllable with no final fricatives at all. This is the Therefore, Thai students are prone to replace
reason why Thai students may find pronouncing English final voiceless fricatives with theirThai
English fr icatives with di ffi culty. finalsoromitthem.

I
The asterisk (*) is marked in front of a word, phrase, or sentence to signiff that such a starred word is
not acceptable in English.
2
Tuaycharoen (2003) has indicated that, presently, Thai students are likely to be influenced byAmerasian
and Eurasian singers and actors who use lll for /tFh/, resulting in "most Thai youngsters appear to follow suit"
(Tuaycharoen, 2003, p.50).

6l
 Examples: each sound correctly with a voiceless feature
English words with Replacedwith before moving towards the voiced counterpart.
fi na I voiceless fricat ives Here are examples of practice (see
puff- lpnfl */phdpl Kanokpermpoon, 2004 for more practice):
breath - lbrcEl * lbrdtl
kiss - /krs/ + lkhitl 1. lfl - lvl
cash - lke| * lkhdt/ Practise bymoving the lower lip towards the
upper teeth by having a narrow gap between them.
English voiced fricatives lv I , l6/ , lzl , and Try pronouncing with lt / before pronouncing it
l3l are likely to pose great challenges for Thai with the vocal cords vibrating.
students to uttersince all ofthem do not exist in
Thai, both word initially and finally. As a result, 2. tgt - t6t
the replacement ofEnglish voiced fricatives with Practise by moving the tongue tip towards
Thai consonants tend to occur across three the upper teeth or in between the upper and lower
syllablepositions, i.e. word initial, medial, and finat teeth. Leave a nalrow gap between them. Try
positions. pronouncing the sound without vibrating the vocal
cords before vibratine them.
Examples:
[nitial Voiced Fricatives Replaced with 3. lsl - lzl
van - /van/ */we:n/ Practisebymoving the tongue blade towards
then - l6enl *ldenl the gum ridge by leaving a nanow gap between
zoo - lzu:l */su: / them. Pronounce the /s/ sound before vibratins
genre - l'3onrcl * lt9cqr6l
the vocal cords.

Medial Voiced Fricatives Replaced with 4. tfl - lsl

living - l'hwql */li:pwiq/ Practise pronouncing the /fl sound by moving
breathing - /'b.ri:drq/ */br[:diq/ the front and blade ofthe tongue towards the area
easy- I'i:zil *l?i:si;l behind the gum ridge. Raise the upper lip and
pleasure - l'ple3al */phrdtpht':/ pronounce the sound without vibratingthe vocal
cords. When being familiar with the sound, try
'Final Voiced Fricatives Replacedwith pronouncing the same sound with vocalcords
leave- lli:vl */li:pl vibration.
/su:6/
soothe - */sti:t/
lpli:zl
please - *lpli:tl Forthe English sound lhl,Thaistudents do
beige-lberyl */bd:t/ not have anydifficulty in pronoturcing itdue to the
existence ofthe sound in Thai'.
Regarding the above evidences, it is
recommended that Thai students pay particular Examples:
attention to the practice of English fricatives in hi - lharl hello - lhe'lau/ he - lhi:;l
any syllable positions. In practising, tryarticulating

I Kanokpermpoon (2004) has accounted that lW which

is silent in words such as honou( hour. and
exhaust may, somehow, lead Thai students to pronounce it, resulting in its existence in the students'pronunciation.

Affricates
Regarding the Thai phonetics, there are only
two affricates available, namely a voiceless
aspirated alveolo-palatal affricate I tgh I and a
voiceless unaspirated alveolo-palatal affricate
/tpl Glarris, 197 2). Comparing these to English,
there are two different phonemes available, i.e.
It| Nd /dS/. The accounts of Thai leamers'
pronunciation may be seen from different
researchers as follows:
Based on an analysis ofBowman (2000), Thai
afticate /tpl (orin Bowman's analysis /tJl should
not be a problem for Thai leamers to utter "since
the voice onset time ofthe vowel succeeding the
articulation ofThai I tgl isconsiderably shorter
than for English /tJl causing it to sound almost
indistinguishable from English /d3/" (Bowman,
2000: 45). On the same occasion, the Thai
aspirated /tFn/ tends to be similarto English /tfl
(in initial position) which is, therefore, substitutable
accordingly.
In contrastto theanalysis ofBowman (2000),
Jotikasathira (1999) instantiates that the sounds
ItIl and ldSl do not occur in Thaiand they are
consideredproblem sounds forThai leamers to
utter.
Ronakiat(20O2) accounts forthe two English
affricates comparing to the Thai affricates as
follows:
l) Thai aspiratedaffricate ltahlt isnormally
substituted for the English /tJl since places of
articulation ofthe two sounds are veryclose. As
a result, the two sounds are quite similar to each
other. However, to pronounce the English /tJ/
correctly, it is recommended that Thai learners
I Ronakiat (2002) presents that Thai learners usually use /tFh/ in place ofusing the English sounds /J/
and ltll correctly. As a result, the Thai learners' use of /t6h/ to replace the two sounds may end in an inability to
distinguish the English fricative and affricate, lll and /tJl, correctly and that impedes successful communication.
raise their tongue tips to the area behind the
alveolar ridge, press the articulators tightly before
gradually leaving the articulators.
2) Inpronouncingthe sourd /d3/ ofEnglistL
Ronakiat (2002) investigates that Thai learners
of Englishuse Thai unaspirated afhicate ltgl to
substitute the target sound, resulting in a clear
difference between voicing of the two sounds.
Therefore, Thai learners ofEnglish should try to
voice their sound with the same articulation as
that of /tJ/ to pronounce the sound /d3/ conectly.
ltll nd
In pronouncing the English affricates
ld3l in final position, Thai students tend to
pronowrce them with great challenges in the same
way as that of English fricatives (cf. Fricatives
section above) since, according to Ronakiat
(zB2),they tend to replace the sounds with Thai
final plosives and nasals, that is /p/, ltl , /kl , and
l? | , and lml , /nl , and /ql,respectively.
Examples:
English words with Replaced with
final africates
church - lt[sttt/ + ltght:t- I
George - /d3c:dj/ * ltaS:t- /
Lateral
Based on the two tables above, English and
Thai laterals in the initial position are quite similar,
so there is no problem for Thai leamers of English
to pronounce it wrongly.
When the lateral /l/ occurs word medially and
finallyinEnglislu tlre realizationofthe two positions
is quite differant from that ofthe initial position kr
the words of Roach (2002), cleu l, with the raise
ofthe front ofthe tongue,'bill never occurbefore
consonants or before a pause" @o ach, 2002: 6l),
while the dark l, pronounced with the raise ofthe The English sound /-tl has trvo distinctions in
back of the tongue, "will never occur before pronunciation in terms of rhotic accent and non-
vowels" (Roach, 2002: 6l). rhotic accent. British English is corsidered a non-
rhotic accent because the spelling "r" is
In an analysis of Ronakiat (2002), dark I pronounced onlywhen it occurs word initially. In
which occurs word finally in English tends to pose American Englisll however, the "/' is pronounced
a great challenge for Thai learners of English to across syl lab le positions and most Americans use
master since they usually replace the dark I in the a retrofl ex approximant /1/ interchangeably with
final position with Thai nasal/n/ oromit it. This /t/ (Deterding and Poedosoedarrn4 1998; and
results in a mispronunciation of the dark I in the Roach,2002).
final position correctly.
Examples:
Examples: British English American English
English words v'ith Replaced with red /rcdl /rcdl
final Iateral bid lbs;dl lbgdl
ball - /bc:lvl * lbonl car lka:l /kail
call - i kc:lv/ * lkhc'.1
When Thai leamers of English ty to utter the
Approximants English sound / t l, *t o potential problems arise
as follows (Ronakiat, 2002):
In English, there are three approximants, i.e.
lw | , ljl , and I tl . However, the two approximants I ) The Thai presently have used /l/ in place
lwl and ljlare available in Thai withatap lr | . of /l/ and lrl inThai syllable and this tends to
fans{br to the pronunciation of English /t/3. This
Ronakiat (2002\ accounts for the di fference results in a misunderstanding in their speech.
between Thai and English /w/ in that the English
/w/ is pronounced with more rounded and Examples:
protruded lips than that of the Thai lwl ,but this English Thai
does not challenge Thai leamers to master'. read lti;dl * lli;t- !
lead lli:.dl llitt'I
When considering the sound /j/ of English
and Thai, Thai learners of English do not have 2) The use ofThai tap lrl in stead ofusing
any di ffi culty in pronounce it due to the simi larity the English ltl (incareful reading) results in a
ofthe sound /j/ across both languages2. mispronunciation of the English "/'.

' Deterding and Poedjosoedarma (1998) instantiate that "manyAmericans do make a contrast between
pairs of words such as which/witch, where/wear, why/Y, etc." because "most American linguists regard this as a
sequence of sounds /hw/ (pp.60-61 ).
2
A diffrculty in pronouncing the English sound /j/ arises when it occurs secondly as a consonant cluster
after the sounds /f/, /v/, lW, ltJ, /d/, and /n/ in British English, and the sounds /f/, lvl and /h/ in American English.
Thai learners tend not to pronounce it correctly due to the nonexistence ofsuch a cluster in Thai (Ronakiat, 2002).
Word examples of this phenomenon arefew, view, huge, two, due, new.
I Tuaycharoen (2003) presents that, presently, Thai
students tend to use ltl in stead ofpronouncing the
Thai lrl- This is fostered byAmerasian and Eurasian singers and actors who substitute the English ltl for the Thai
lrl.

6A
 Examples:
English Thai
* Abramson, A.
read ltitdl lri'.t' I
red lrcdl * lr6'.t' I
In order to pronowtce the sound /-t/ conectly,
it is recommended that Thai learners of English
raise their tongue tips approximately to the area
behind the alveolar ridge, but never make a contact
to theroofofthe mouth. During articulating, they
have to vibrate their vocal cords and optionally
round and protrude their mouth.
Conclusion
The nurnber ofEnglish constants is a lot greater
that those of the Thai consonants. Sounds of
English which do not exist in Thai are likely to
pose a great challenge for Thai leamers of English
to utter. Possible solutions for the Thai to tackle
the difficulty are to use their Thai phonetics in place
ofthe Englishsounds orto omil the target sourds
completely.
With careful consideration on the differences
betweenthetwo sound systems, Thai leamers of
English can make a lead to a better pronunciation
and to successfully speak English with a better
confidence.
Acknowledgements
The writer would like to thank Associate
Professor Nantana Ronakiat, Ph.D' for her
invaluable knowledge ofphonetics obtained during
his M.A. study at Thammasat University' Her
efforts in phonetics study and research have
staved in the writer's heart, always.
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