The Science of Knowing

Motivations to research:

Desire to know the future; Future circumstances

are somehow caused or conditioned by present
ones

Such patterns of cause and effects are

probabilistic- Effects occur more often when the
causes occur than when the causes are absent- but
not always
Social research operates within political

codes and social systems

Most of what we know is based on experience/

direct observation

Other we know based on agreement and belief

When our experience conflicts with what everyone
else knows, theres a good chance we will
surrender our experience if favor of the
experience.

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
Is it really good? Is it really bad? Vs. How do you
know its really good or bad?
ONTOLOGY
Study of the nature of being, existence, reality

What exists? What is the Truth? What is Real?

EPISTEMOLOGY

How is the truth known?

How do we know what exists?
How do we know what is real?
Predicting based on remembered patterns vs.
Understanding (example, the coming of the typhoons)

Value of traditions- Knowledge is cumulative and starts

from an inherited body of knowledge

Limiting effects of tradition and authority (govt,

religion, elders, superstars, advertisers)
Pitfalls:

Inaccurate observations (due to unconscious or casual act

of observing)

Overgeneralization (based on limited observations); need

for correct sample size and replication (repeating and
getting the same results)

Selective observation (ex. Racial and ethnic prejudices as

outcomes)

Illogical reasoning (ex. the exception proves the rule;

gamblers fallacy)

PLANTS DO NOT COOL THE ATRIUM; THE ABSENCE OF PLANTS WILL NOT
RAISE THE TEMPERATURE IN ANY GIVEN SPACE.

MRT LINES DID NOT CAUSE A DECREASE IN PROPERTY VALUES ALONG EDSA.
THE ABSENCE OF MRT LINES WILL NOT INCREASE PROPERTY VALUES

It rained for 7 days straight this week last year. It will rain again for 1 whole
week this year.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

A research problem is one or more questions to be answered

empirically by factual investigation.

Every research problem subsumes two important pieces of

information : the precise objectives of the investigation and the
study content.
SUB-PROBLEM
Each sub-problem is a complete researchable unit. Each sub-problem
should constitute a logical sub-component within the larger research goal.

Within the sub-problem, interpretation of the data must be

apparent.

Sub-problems must add to the totality of the research problem.

They should not exceed the coverage of the main problem.

There should not be too many sub-problems. If the problem is properly

stated, it will usually contain 2 to 6 sub-problems.
RESEARCH TITLE

Using Display Energy Certificates to

Quantify Schools Energy
Consumptions

Evaluating Housing Performance in

Relation to Human Behavior: New
Challenges
RESEARCH TITLE

Carbon Reduction in Existing

Buildings : A Trans-disciplinary
Approach

Delivery and Performance of a Low-

energy Ventilation and Cooling Strategy
RESEARCH TITLE

Sustainability, the Capital

Approach and the Built
Environment

Regulations and Robust Low-Carbon

Buildings
RESEARCH PROBLEM

Carbon Reduction in Existing Buildings : A Trans-

disciplinary Approach

How can carbon dioxide emission levels be reduced

in existing buildings through a trans-disciplinary
approach?
SUB-PROBLEMS
Carbon Reduction in Existing Buildings : A
Trans-disciplinary Approach
How can carbon dioxide emission levels be reduced in existing
buildings through a trans-disciplinary approach?

1. What are the levels of energy consumption in existing

buildings?
2. What factors are these energy consumption levels attributed to?
3. What measures are presently being undertaken to reduce
carbon emissions in existing buildings?
4. What have these measures resulted in?
5. How can these measures be complemented by trans-disciplinary
approaches?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. What are the levels of energy consumption in existing
buildings?
To improve the understanding of how people actually use energy in
buildings
2. What factors are these energy consumption levels attributed to?
To formalize this understanding in models that describe the current
domestic and non-domestic building stock and the patterns of energy
use.
3. What measures are presently being undertaken to reduce carbon
emissions in existing buildings?
4. What have these measures resulted in?
5. How can these measures be complemented by trans-disciplinary
approaches?
To produce tools to assist policy-makers, consultants and others in
their efforts to reduce national carbon dioxide emissions.
Public Urban Space Utilization and
Residential Circumstances:
Professional and Non-Professional Filipino Migrant
Workers in Korea
RESEARCH PROBLEM

How does the relationship between residential circumstances

and public urban space utilization differ between the cases of
professional and non-professional Filipino migrant workers in
Korea?
SUB-PROBLEMS
1) How do the residential circumstances of professionals and
non-professionals differ in terms of location and house features?

2) How important are location and house features to each group of

workers?
3) What is the relationship between residential circumstances and
public urban space utilization patterns? How do status variables
figure into the latter?

4) What are the strategies adopted to address location issues? How

do these strategies manifest spatially in the cities?
 Research Objectives and Tactics
1. To find out how residential circumstances Chi-square Analysis
of professionals and factory workers Spatial Analysis
differ in terms of location and house
features.

2. To identify the determinants of house Multinomial and Ordinal Regression

type, location and residential satisfaction. Descriptive Statistics

3. To find out the relationship between Multinomial and Ordinal Regression

residential circumstances and public Spatial Analysis
urban space utilization and to know how Descriptive Statistics
status variables figure into the latter.

4. To find out the strategies adopted by Qualitative Analysis

workers to address house feature and
location issues and to explain how these
strategies manifest spatially.
Objective No. 1 : To prove that professionals and factory workers
differ in terms of house features and location

a. Chi-square Analysis
Comparative House Features, Residential Location and Public Space
Utilization Frequency

Goal is to reject the null hypothesis that factory workers and professionals have the
same frequencies.

b.Spatial Analysis
Mapping residential locations and workplaces

Goal is to confirm that factory workers and professionals occupy different areas in
the city
Objective No. 2a: To prove that work type is a significant determinant of
residence to CBD distance and residence to cluster distance and that there are
social network and/or mobility variables that co-determine these distances

Multinomial Logit Regression and Ordinal Regression :

House Location = Status Variables + Mobility Variables + Social Variables

Equations:

logRESCBDDIS = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3NATLTY + B4YRSKOR

+ B5WORKTYP + B6INCOME+ B7JOBCHN+ B8RESCHNG+ B9FRNDFRQ
+ B10ORGMEET

logCLUSDIS = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3NATLTY + B4YRSKOR

+ B5WORKTYP + B6RESCHNG + B7CHOICE + B8ORGMEM
+ B9WRSHPFRQ + B10HSTYP + B11JBCHN

* Goal is to reject the null hypothesis that all the variables have zero slopes.
Objective No. 2b: To prove that work type is a significant determinant of
house type and that there are social network and/or mobility variables that
co-determine this outcome

Multinomial Logit Regression and Ordinal Regression :

House Type = Status Variables + Mobility Variables + Social Variables

Equations:

logHSTYP = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3CIVSTAT + B4WORKTYP

+ B5RESCHNG + B6JOBCHN + B7FRNDFRQ +ORGMEET

* Goal is to reject the null hypothesis that all the variables have zero slopes.
Objective No. 2c: To prove that work type is a significant determinant of
residential satisfaction and that there are social network and/or mobility
variables that co-determine this outcome.

Multinomial Logit Regression and Ordinal Regression :

Residential Satisfaction = Status Variables + Mobility Variables +

Social Variables

Equations:

logASSESS = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3CIVSTAT + B4NATLTY

+ B5WORKTYP + B6HSTYP + B7RESCHNG +
B8ORGMEET

logASSESS = Bo + B1FLRAREA + B2OCCUP + B3CHOICE + B4WPOWP

+ B5STRUCAGE + B6RESCBDDIS

* Goal is to reject the null hypothesis that all the variables have zero slopes.
Objective No. 3: To prove that distance and work type significantly determine
the frequency of food shopping, non-food shopping, meeting with friends, dining out and
worship place visit

Ordinal Regression:

Frequency of Utilization = Status Variables + House Features + Location Variables

Equations:

logNFDSHFRQ = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3WORKTYP + B4WEEKWH + B5HSTYP +B7 NFDSHDIST +

B8OCCUP

logFDSHPFRQ = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER +B3WORKTYP + B4WEEKWH + B5HSETYP + B6FDSHPDIST

logFRNDFRQ = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3WORKTYP + B4WEEKWH + B5HSTYP + B6OCCUP +B7CIVSTAT +

B8FRNDIS

logDOFRQ = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3CIVSTAT + B4WORKTYP + B5WEEKWH + B6HSTYP +B7DODIST +

B8OCCUP

logWRSHPFRQ = Bo + B1AGE + B2GENDER + B3WORKTYP + B4WEEKWH + B5HSTYP +B6WRSHPDIS

* Goal is to test the null hypothesis that all the variables in the equation are zero.
Objective No. 4: To find out the strategies adopted by workers to
address location issues explain how these strategies manifest spatially.

Qualitative Analysis :

Descriptive statistics, In-depth Interviews and Geographical data

RATIONALE
A brief discussion of the goals towards which, the study is aimed
at.

This presents in general how the research could create a

meaningful change in the environment through architectural
interventions.

The discussion can include the presentation of national and global

level problems such as poverty, blight, peace and order- problems
that can be translated into architectural issues.
RATIONALE (in the example)
No. of Filipino workers in Korea

Value of foreign workers in Korea

Expected continuous inflow of foreign workers

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This discussion sets the precise limits of the
problem area in terms of any or all of the
following:

Geographical scope
Subjects of study
Data coverage
Methodology
Time period
S&L in the example:
Work type
22 cities
1 year residence
Multi-nomial regression
ASSUMPTIONS
These are statements that the researcher accept as
true. Clearly stated assumptions enable the readers of
the research to evaluate the conclusions that result
from them.

Some assumptions are held true universally that

researchers do not feel compelled to state them.
Assumptions in the example:

There are differences attributed to status

Migrants create a different type of space in the host
settings
Strategies are adopted to narrow minimize these
differences
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Direct and Indirect Benefits- how can the study result to a positive change in the
environment? How can these benefits address current gaps? What are the practical values
of the research outputs?
Beneficiaries- who are the individuals, communities, agencies that will benefit from the
study?
Contribution to theories, practice, discipline; Gaps to be filled
Multiplier Effects- what are the chances for these benefits to reach a network of indirect
beneficiaries? Can the research stimulate further studies on the topic?

Replicability- can the results of the study be applied to other cases, settings or contexts?
Sustainability- can the benefits extend over a long period of time? Can future generations
benefit from the research?
SOTS in the example:
Contribution to Asia-specific literature

Urban Planning practice in Korea

Foreign labor policies relative to housing

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

From the annotated bibliography, the literature

review proper can be produced. This is more
than an itemized list of existing references; it is
rather a narrative document that includes the
following information:
Campus planning is a specialized field within the practice of architecture, landscape
architecture and urban planning, which is based on a notion of a physically-demarcated
domain. Campus plans are also referred to as works of art, which follow basic design
principles (Gaines, 1991). Many universities are indeed physically-bounded and can
easily be planned for rather independently of the areas surrounding it. But there are also
the so-called college or university towns(Gumprecht, 2008), which are closely knit with
the urban fabric and, therefore, cannot be planned for in the way that gated/walled
developments are planned. The modern and post-modern cities have been defined by
principles of order, urban aesthetics and urban space specialization (Soja, 1989, 2003).
Such principles led to the extensive application of planning tools, which physically
separate spaces on the city map on the basis of function. Territorial specialization is not
only aimed at achieving order. It also is aimed at increasing economic productivity
(Harris, 1988).

The concepts of mixed-use development and compact cities (Jenks, Jenks, Burgess,
2000) are anchored on physical proximity and connectedness as the basis for urban
efficiency. These concepts have been used or in some case, have been reverted to as
means of addressing the urban problems that have resulted from spatial segregation.
Hence, the advancement of the concept of urban ecosystems, that treats cities as living
organisms which thrive on a network of interrelated/interdependent systems (Boone,
2012). Universities being considered as vital components of extensive socio-economic
systems, is based on the principle of agglomeration economies (OFlaherty, 2005).
 Relationship to research direction
Key sources
Key theories
Major issues and debates about this topic
Epistemological and ontological grounds for the
discipline
Main questions and problems that have been
addressed to date
METHODOLOGY
 Philosophical viewpoints from which research strategies can develop are
categorized under : Positivism/Postpositivism, Interpretive/Constructivist and
Emancipatory.

BASIC BELIEFS POSITIVISM/ INTERPRETIVE/ EMANCIPATORY

POSTPOSITIVISM CONSTRUCTIVIST

Ontology (Nature of One reality; Multiple, socially Multiple realities

reality) Knowable within constructed shaped by social,
probability realities political, cultural,
economic, ethnic,
gender and
disability values

Epistemology Objectivity is Interactive link Interactive link

(Nature of important; between researcher between researcher
knowledge; relation researcher and participants; and participants;
between knower and manipulates and values are made knowledge is socially
would-be-known) observes in explicit; created and historically
dispassionate, findings situated
objective manner
RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Historical/ Interpretative

2. Qualitative
3. Correlational
4. Experimental
5. Simulation/ Modelling
6. Logical Argumentation
7. Case Studies
ARGUMENTS/ HYPOTHESIS
DATA
Type and Sources
Primacy sources are original sources that, relative to the topic, are not essentially
commentary about the topic. Primary sources are usually the topic that other sources
comment upon.
Tactics Interactive Non-interactive

Interviews In-depth interviews

Key informants
interview
Career histories
Listening Symposia
Lectures
Focus Groups Discussions guided to
test in small groups
Participants help
construct the right
questions
Surveys Multiple sorting
Projective surveys
Observation Participant Non-participant
observation observation stream of
behavior
Chronicles
Field notes
Visual mapping
Secondary Data are documented data or commentaries on primary
data. Since the data are not drawn from original sources, they need
to be interpreted by the researcher.

Sources of secondary data:

Artifacts and Buildings - Individual or group of structures ;

components of such structures; ruins, monuments, sites; pieces of
equipment, furniture, gadgets; everyday objects

Archival Documents- Books, published or unpublished literary or

creative work, past research, reviews, commentaries; videotapes,
cassette tapes, compact disks; internet/webpages;
Tactics
Survey- means of getting a reliable profile of a given population by way of sampling. It can be used to
capture perceptions, sentiments and propositions.

Observation- directly viewing and documenting environmental conditions, behavioral patterns and
phenomenon.

Field Visits- intended to establish the research context in terms of present physical and non-physical
conditions.

Interviews- system of extracting knowledge and opinions of technical consultants, experts, members of
the community and other people who directly or indirectly bear on the research outcome.

Collection of data from secondary sources- secondary sources include published or unpublished materials,
audio-visual materials, personal files and other recorded data.

Immersion- information is accessed by getting into the actual research context and being part of the
patterns being studied. It entails temporarily relocation to the setting.

Mapping- graphically representing the elements found in the real world. It involves recording and putting
together in small scale set of symbols that can be the basis for analysis.

Photo documentation- capturing selected areas or aspects of the real world in photos that can be
organized, manipulated or studied.
Making Field Notes
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Present and Projected Population

Population Distribution by:
Age, Sex, Religion, Educational Attainment, Employment,
Income
Urban-Rural Population Distribution
Population Density
Growth Trends
Literacy Rate
Household Size
Number of Dwelling Units by:
Type of Construction Materials, Structure, Ownership
PHYSICAL DATA

Macro-Site Data
Political Boundaries
Area and Land Uses
Climate
Adjoining Areas and Uses
Access

Micro Site Data

Boundaries
Area
Land Use
Topography/ Landform
Water Bodies and Quality
Orientation in relation to solar paths and wind paths
Vegetation
Flora and Fauna
Visual Resources
Existing Structures
SECTORAL DATA
General Public Services

This covers the administrative systems of the municipality, e.g., organizational structure, policy development and
information management. This also includes the local governments financial and fiscal administration.

Social Services

This encompasses education, culture, sports and manpower development; health and sanitation, nutrition and
population policies; housing and community development; social welfare, protective services and recreational facilities
of the municipality.

Economic Services

This covers agriculture, trade and industry, tourism, labor and employment; existing and projected uses of and demand
for land; projected income and employment opportunities; direction and pattern of growth of agriculture and industry.

Physical Infrastructure

This includes the inventory of roads, transportation, communication, sewage and drainage, power, telecommunication,
drinking water, solid waste disposal, transport terminal, traffic management.
INDUSTRY PROFILE

This consists of pieces of information relative to particular industries or aspects of the economy.
Industries Thesis Topics

The housing industry Subdivision development

Community development
Housing components and materials
The retail sales industry Commercial development

The health care industry Pharmaceutical Facilities

Hospital Complex
The transport industry Sea Port development
Multi-modal facilities
The manufacturing industry Industrial development
Production Centers
The food industry Food processing plants

The tourism industry Historic town renewal plans

The telecommunication Industry Information Technology Centers

INDUSTRY PROFILE

This consists of pieces of information relative to particular industries or aspects of the economy.

Current Standards of Operation

Accomplishments and Shortfalls vis--vis industry targets
Administrative/Organizational, Technical/Technological, Problems
Outlooks or envisioned future business environments
Players and Leaders in the Industry
Competition and Competitive Advantages
Opportunities for Improvement
Base Maps

Municipal or General Base Map

Poblacion or Urban Base Map
Base Maps for other Built-up Areas
Vicinity Map

Thematic or Analytical Maps

Contour Map
Soil Map
Slope Map
Land Capability Map
Soil Suitability for Agricultural Uses
Soil Suitability for Urban Uses
Hydro-geologic or Groundwater Map
Facilities/ Infrastructures Map
Development Constraints Map (geologic, fault,
flooding, etc.)
Special Projects Map
Weather Map
EXISTING STANDARDS

Quality Standards

Governing benchmarks that regulate the physical make-up of industry

outputs. These are often measured by getting feedbacks from users or
consumers

Performance Standards

These are standards that regulate operations or ways of doing things. These
are often quantified and measured in terms of units such as speed, rate,
efficiency, etc.
 DESIGN APPLICATION
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
Design Issue - any matter, concern, question, topic, proportion or
situation that demands a design in order for a building project to be
successful for its clients and users.
issue

goal

Performance
requirement

Design
Concepts

Translation
Guidelines
End of Lecture