Smig 2016

PRIMERA
CONFERENCIA EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO
ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

DUE TO RISE OF WATER TABLE IN GRANULAR SOIL
A STRAIN INFLUENCE FACTOR APPROACH
BRAJA M. DAS
2016
SOCIEDAD MEXICANA DE INGENIERA GEOTCNICA, A. C.

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Editado por: Miguel Angel Figueras Corte
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CONSEJO DE HONOR
Leonardo Zeevaert Wiechers
Ral J. Marsal Cordoba
Alfonso Rico Rodrguez
Enrique Tamez Gonzlez
Guillermo Springall Caram
Edmundo Moreno Gmez
Carlos Jess Orozco y Orozco
Luis Vieitez Utesa
Gabriel Moreno Pecero
Ral Flores Berrones
Luis Miguel Aguirre Menchaca
Gabriel Auvinet Guichard
Luis Bernardo Rodrguez Gonzlez
Ral Vicente Orozco Santoyo
Alberto Jaime Paredes
Mario Jorge Orozco Cruz
Juan Jacobo Schmitter M. del Campo
Hctor M. Valverde Landeros
CONSEJO CONSULTIVO
Jos Francisco Fernndez Romero
Rigoberto Rivera Constantino
Walter Ivn Paniagua Zavala
Juan de Dios Alemn Velsquez
David Yez Santilln
MESA DIRECTIVA 2015-2016

Ral Aguilar Becerril
Presidente
Norma Patricia Lpez Acosta
Vicepresidente
Carlos Roberto Torres lvarez
Secretario
Celestino Valle Molina
Tesorero
Mara del Carmen Surez Galn
Nilson Contreras Pallares
Miguel Figueras Corte
Aristoteles Jaramillo Rivera
Vocales
Ysamar Libertad Pino
SOCIEDAD MEXICANA DE INGENIERA GEOTCNICA, A. C.
COMIT ORGANIZADOR XIX RNPIG
Araceli Aguilar Mora
Rosemberg Reyes Ramrez
Zenn Medina Domnguez
Miguel Angel Figueras Corte

Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniera Geotcnica
vii
Braja M. Das Conferencia Eulalio Jurez Badillo
ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION DUE TO RISE OF WATER

TABLE IN GRANULAR SOIL A STRAIN INFLUENCE FACTOR APPROACH
Contenido
PREFACIO . viii
SEMBLANZA DEL PROFESOR EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO ix
SEMBLANZA DEL DR. BRAJA M. DAS ..... xi
RESUMEN . 2
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SETTLEMENT CAUSED BY GROUNDWATER

TABLE FLUCTUATION 3
3. EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR LOSS OF SOIL STIFFNESS .. 4
4. RESULTS OF LABORATORY MODEL TESTS 7
5. RECENT DEVEVLOPMENTS .. 9
6. NUMERICAL MODELING ... 9
7. A MODEL FOR DETERMINATION OF Cw .. 11
8. CONCLUSIONS .. 15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16
REFERENCES . 17
_____________________________________________________________________________________
viii
XIX Reunin Nacional de Profesores de Ingeniera Geotcnica
PREFACIO
En 1962, aos despus de concluir sus estudios en la Universidad de Harvard bajo la gua de Arthur
Casagrande, Eulalio Jurez Badillo es el primero en obtener el grado de Doctor en Ingeniera otorgado por la
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico (UNAM). En esa poca, con la coautora de Alfonso Rico
Rodrguez, escribe los tres tomos clsicos del conocido libro: Mecnica de Suelos. Fue uno de los
fundadores del Instituto de Ingeniera de la UNAM en 1956 y de la Sociedad Mexicana de Mecnica de
Suelos en 1957. Desde 1959 y hasta hace muy poco tiempo, el Dr. Jurez Badillo se dedic a la imparticin
de clases y a la investigacin en la Divisin de Estudios de Posgrado de la UNAM.
La destacada labor del Dr. Jurez Badillo en la investigacin y en las aulas ha dejado una huella en todos sus
alumnos, donde adems de adquirir los conocimientos de los fundamentos de la mecnica de suelos,
escuchamos sus pasajes filosficos, su conceptualizacin de la vida y sus siempre interesantes acertijos. A
todas estas aportaciones se suma su permanente disposicin, ejemplo de trabajo y, especialmente, su calidad
humana.
La Mesa Directiva actual, con la aprobacin del Consejo de Honor y del Consejo Consultivo de la SMIG,
presenta la Primer Conferencia Eulalio Jurez Badillo en el marco del XIX Reunin Nacional de
Profesores de Ingeniera Geotcnica (RNPIG), rindiendo as un merecido homenaje a tan ilustre ingeniero
mexicano por sus distinguidos logros, contribuciones y dedicacin a la formacin de generaciones de
ingenieros interesados en la geotecnia.
Se ha invitado a otro distinguido especialista a impartir la Primer Conferencia Jurez Badillo: al Profesor
Braja M. Das, decano emrito de la Facultad de Ingeniera y Ciencias de la Computacin de la Universidad
de California. Es autor de numerosos artculos tcnicos, textos y libros de consulta de ingeniera geotcnica,
entre los que destacan Fundamentos de Ingeniera de Cimentaciones y Fundamentos de Ingeniera
Geotcnica, empleados en diversas universidades del mundo. Nuestro sincero agradecimiento al Profesor
Das por aceptar ser el primer ponente de la conferencia principal de la XIX RNPIG y aportar este valioso
material.
Mi reconocimiento y aprecio al Dr. Ral Vicente Orozco Santoyo por sumarse a esta labor y preparar la
semblanza del Dr. Jurez Badillo, al Dr. Rosemberg Reyes Ramrez por contribuir amablemente con la
semblanza del Profesor Braja Das y, en especial, al M en I. Miguel ngel Figueras Corte por ser el
responsable de la coordinacin de la Primer Conferencia Eulalio Jurez Badillo.

Presidente, SMIG
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ix
SEMBLANZA DEL PROFESOR EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO
Ral Vicente Orozco Santoyo
Cuando la SMIG me invit a participar en este evento magno y trascendente, intitulado: PRIMER
CONFERENCIA EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO, sent un gran honor y una profunda emocin,
motivados por este importante personaje, mi mentor principal, quien ha influido en mi proceder profesional y
afectivo de mi vida, en cuestiones an ajenas a la mecnica de suelos, uno de sus "juguetes" favoritos.
Desde que lo conoc, en 1961, durante un curso de especializacin en Vas Terrestres de la UNAM, me
transmiti muchos conocimientos de mecnica de suelos en la materia denominada geotecnia. Desde
entonces unific los criterios bsicos de esta disciplina, que abarca la geologa, la mecnica de suelos, la
mecnica de rocas y otras afines, para entender y "sentir" el comportamiento de lo que l ha denominado
como geomateriales. Sus teoras se aplican a cualquiera de stos, sean suelos o concretos (de cemento
Portland, asflticos, alquitrnicos, etc.), con expresiones de la fsica sencillas de entender, basadas en la
observacin de la naturaleza y comprobadas con experimentos reales.
Recuerdo que durante la Maestra en Vas Terrestres, Eulalio nos imparti un curso bsico de geologa
aplicada, y nos ense a entender y amar a la naturaleza, en todo su esplendor, para lograr que nos
"sintiramos" suelo transportado o residual, roca o cualquier otro geomaterial.
Durante los seminarios y las materias afines a la geotcnica, en los estudios de postgrado, nos inculc a que
constantemente se debe estudiar, observar y actualizar los conocimientos, y aprender de los xitos y fracasos.
Muchas ancdotas se pueden contar sobre lo que sus discpulos vivimos con Eulalio, nuestro maestro y
amigo, con enfoques "fuera de serie", fundamentalmente en su manera de pensar y establecer de inmediato
los criterios bsicos de ingeniera, para dar soluciones slidas a sus problemas, as como los de actuar en la
vida, principalmente en situaciones difciles de carcter mental y espiritual.
Aparte de ser un hombre de primera magnitud, su nobleza, generosidad y disciplina como ingeniero,
profesor, investigador, cientfico y filsofo, son cualidades muy notables que nos conducen en todo momento
a pensar y actuar en forma positiva. Por eso su NOMBRE en esta conferencia que ser perdurable dentro y
fuera de esta querida Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniera Geotcnica, antes Sociedad Mexicana de Mecnica de
Suelos, en que fue socio fundador y la presidi en 1957.
Siendo yo estudiante de ingeniera civil en Guadalajara, Jal., se grab en mi mente un comentario que me
hizo mi padre (Ing. Ernesto Orozco y Orozco, representante federal de la SCOP): "una eminencia resolvi un
gran problema de estabilidad de taludes en la carretera Guadalajara - Ixtlahuacn del Ro, en la barranca del
Ro Santiago. Era precisamente el Dr. Eulalio Jurez Badillo.
Durante los estudios geotcnicos para el proyecto de terraceras y obras de drenaje, en el Libramiento a Pto.
Vallarta. Jal., Eulalio efectu una visita de supervisin y nos ense que en el campo debemos "sentir" la
estabilidad de los taludes, sobre todo a largo plazo, y el sentir de otros conceptos bsicos. Nos llam la
atencin su salud fsica y la mental, as como sus estados anmico y afectivo en toda su extensin; en el sitio
practicaba profundamente el yoga y la meditacin.
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x
El Dr. Eulalio Jurez Badillo ha producido y presentado diferentes e innumerables obras nacionales y
extranjeras: artculos, publicaciones, libros, conferencias, plticas, etc., por lo cual ha recibido muchos
nombramientos y reconocimientos.
Entre sus principales obras destacadas, est la elaboracin del primer libro de texto, en espaol, sobre
mecnica de suelos, realizado en conjunto con el M.I. Alfonso Rico Rodrguez (). Los tres tomos que se
editan son famosos en los pases de habla hispana.
Tambin fue uno de los fundadores del Instituto de Ingeniera-UNAM, en 1957; adems, en 2005 recibi la
medalla de Profesor Emrito al cumplir 50 aos de catedrtico en la UNAM, directamente del rector (Juan
Ramn de la Fuente).
En noviembre de 1926, el Dr. Eulalio Jurez Badillo naci en Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas y despus estudi
ingeniera civil y matemticas en la Escuela Nacional de Ingeniera. Su maestra la recibi en la Universidad
de Harvard y el doctorado en la UNAM. Por otro lado, es acadmico de honor en la Academia de Ingeniera.
Cabe destacar el apoyo que ha recibido de su esposa, sus hijos, sus nietos y familia en general.
ENHORABUENA!
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xi
SEMBLANZA DEL PROFESOR BRAJA M. DAS
Rosemberg Reyes Ramrez
Braja Mohan Das, naci en la India el 2 de marzo de 1941, realiz sus estudios de posgrado en Estados
Unidos obteniendo su M.S. en Ingeniera Civil en la Universidad de Iowa y su Ph. D en Ingeniera
Geotcnica por parte de la Universidad de Wisconsin, Madison.
El Profesor Das es autor de ms de 250 artculos tcnicos en el rea de ingeniera geotcnica y ha escrito un
importante nmero de textos y libros de referencia en ingeniera geotcnica. Sus principales reas de
investigacin incluyen cimentaciones superficiales, anclajes de tierra y geosintticos.
Es miembro vitalicio de la Sociedad Americana de Ingenieros Civiles, miembro vitalicio de la Sociedad

Americana de Educacin en Ingeniera y miembro emrito del Comit de Estabilizacin Qumica y Mecnica
de la Junta de Investigacin de Transporte del Consejo Nacional de Investigacin (Washington DC).
El Profesor Das ha participado en los comits de Cimentaciones Superficiales de la ASCE, en el Comit de

Cimentaciones Profundas y en el Comit de Muros de Concreto. Tambin fue miembro del comit editorial
de la ASCE para el Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. de 2000 a 2006, fue co-editor de Geotechnical and
Geological Engineering an International Journal publicado por Springer en los Pases Bajos, donde fungi
como presidente de comit desde 1995 hasta 2001. Actualmente es editor en jefe de la revista - International
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering - publicado por Taylor y Francis (Reino Unido). El primer nmero de la
revista fue publicado en octubre de 2007.
El Dr. Das ha recibido numerosos premios por excelencia en la enseanza, entre ellos el Premio de la
Fundacin AMOCO, el Premio AT & T a la Excelencia Pedaggica de la Sociedad Americana de Educacin
en Ingeniera, el Premio Ralph Teetor de la Sociedad de Ingenieros Automotrices y el Distinguished
Achievement Award a la excelencia acadmica de la Universidad de Texas en El Paso.
El Dr. Braja Das es Decano Emrito del Colegio de Ingeniera y Ciencias de la Computacin de la
Universidad Estatal de California, en Sacramento, en 2006 despus de 12 aos como decano el Profesor Das
se jubila y actualmente reside en Las Vegas, Nevada, EUA.
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1
PRIMERA CONFERENCIA EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO 2016
ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION DUE TO RISE OF

WATER TABLE IN GRANULAR SOIL A STRAIN INFLUENCE FACTOR
APPROACH
ASENTAMIENTO ELSTICO DE CIMIENTACIN SUPERFICIAL DEBIDO A LA

ELEVACIN DEL NIVEL DE AGUA SUBTERRANEA EN SUELO GRANULAR
APPROXIMACION BASADA EN LA INFLUENCIA DEL FACTOR DE DEFORMACION
BRAJA M. DAS
Dean Emeritus, California State University, Sacramento
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2
ABSTRACT
Increase in the elastic settlement of shallow foundation supported by granular soil due to the rise of
groundwater table may be due to several factors, such as the presence of soluble salt, presence of
fines, and loss of capillary tension effect in the soil. However, the most important factor
contributing to the increase in settlement is the loss of soil stiffness due to submergence. Terzaghi
(1943) suggested that the stiffness of granular soil is generally reduced by about 50% after
saturation which induces additional settlement.
Several empirical relationships are presently available in the literature for estimating the settlement
of shallow foundations on granular soil caused by the rise of ground water table. These relationships
are based on the assumption of the loss of soil stiffness as suggested by Terzaghi (1943). A
comparison of these relationships shows that there is a wide variation in the water table correction
factor. The empirical relationships have been summarized in this paper. In addition, the results of a
limited number of laboratory tests that are presently available in the literature are also included.
In order to provide a more rational procedure for estimating the settlement correction factor due to
the rise in water table, a recently developed concept based on the strain influence factor has been
elaborated upon. The strain influence factor diagrams for a circular and rectangular foundation used
for this study were developed using FLAC and FLAC3D with soil modulus of elasticity of 30 MPa,
Poissons ratio of 0.2, and load intensity of 100 kPa per unit area of the foundation. These
parameters are generally consistent with most of the shallow foundations constructed in the field.
Laboratory model test results compare well with the strain influence factor approach.
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3
1. INTRODUCTION
Elastic settlement of shallow foundations supported by granular soil has been the subject of study
by geotechnical engineers over the past several years. These studies can generally be grouped into
two major categories:
A. Methods Based on Observed Settlement of Structures and Full Scale Prototypes: These
methods are empirical or semi-empirical in nature and are correlated with the results of the
standard in situ test such as the standard penetration test (SPT), the cone penetration test
(CPT), the flat dilatometer test (DMT), and the pressuremeter test (PMT).
B. Methods Based on Theoretical Relationships Derived from the Theory of Elasticity. The
relationships for settlement calculation available in this category contain the term modulus
of elasticity (Es).
A review of most of these methods can be found in Das and Sivakugan (2007), and Das, Atalar and
Shin (2009). Generally speaking, in the case of shallow foundations supported by granular soil, the
elastic settlement is primarily a function of (a) applied pressure; (b) stiffness of the soil (i.e., the
modulus of elasticity, Es); (c) length-to-width ratio of the foundation; and (d) the depth of
embedment.
One other factor that also may play an important role in the development of elastic settlement of
shallow foundations is the variation of groundwater table if located close to the foundation. The
groundwater table can rise up to or beyond the foundation level due to flooding or rain. This can
cause substantial additional unforeseen settlement that can exceed the tolerable limit provided in the
building code. At the present time, there is no widely accepted procedure to quantify the increase in
settlement due to the rise of groundwater table. Various researchers have, in the past, proposed
correction factors to account for water table depth. These factors differ from each other in
magnitude and also vary with water table depth. A few field observations and some small-scale
laboratory model tests have been reported in the literature. These will be reviewed in this paper. In
addition, a recently developed rational procedure to quantify the additional settlement of shallow
foundations due to the rise in water table by use of the strain influence factor will be discussed in
detail.
2. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SETTLEMENT CAUSED BY GROUNDWATER

TABLE FLUCTUATION
Figure 1 shows a shallow foundation on a granular soil deposit. The width and the depth of
embedment of the foundation are B and Df, respectively. The groundwater table is located at a depth
of Dw measured from the ground surface. Following are various factors associated with the increase
in foundation settlement due to the rise in the groundwater table:
Some soil will have soluble salt which, due to their ionic nature, create strong bonding with
the soil grains when dry. The rise in water table causes the salt to dissolve and the bonding is
lost. This might create large additional settlement in loose granular soil (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, 1990).
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4
Figure 1. Shallow foundation in a granular soil.
Presence of fines in granular soil mass may induce additional settlement when the water
table rises. These fines create bonding with coarse grains in dry state, which is lost when
they are saturated. Moreover, the lubrication mechanism of soil grains by water can result in
additional settlement (US Army Corps of Engineers, 1990).
Capillary tension exists in partially saturated soil above the water table. This causes an
apparent cohesion in the granular soil mass increasing the effective stress and hence the
shear strength. When the water table rises, the capillary suction is lost and additional
settlement occurs (US Army Corps of Engineers, 1990).
The most important factor, however, for settlement increase is the loss of soil stiffness due
to submergence. Terzaghi (1943) intuitively predicted that submergence of granular soil
from a dry state will approximately reduce the effective unit weight () by 50%. This, in
effect, will reduce the confining stress in soil located below the foundation by about 50%
and hence the soil stiffness (i.e., the modulus of elasticity, Es). As a result, when the water
table rises from very deep and reaches the foundation level, the elastic settlement will
increase by 100%.
3. EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR LOSS OF SOIL STIFFNESS
Based on the rationale provided by Terzaghi (1943), several empirical relations have been proposed
in the past by various investigators to account for additional elastic settlement arising from the loss
of soil stiffness due to the rise of groundwater table. Now, a nondimensional parameter can be
defined as:
(water table)
= (1)

where Cw = settlement correction factor, Se(water table) = total settlement with water table rising, Se =
elastic settlement in dry sand
Most of the empirical relationships found in literature are summarized in Table 1. It is important to
point out that Cw proposed by Bazaraa (1967) shown in Table 1 is based on the effective unit weight
of soil at a depth of Df + B/2 in dry state compared to when water is present. He used the dry and
saturated unit weights of soil as 17.29 kN/m and 19.65 kN/m, respectively.
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5
Table 1. Empirical Relationships for C w .
Author(s) Year Equation for C w
1
= < 2.0
Teng 1962
0.5 + 0.5

Alpan 1964 = 2.0 0.5 (for = )

Terzaghi and Peck 1967 = 2 > 1.0 (for surface foundations)
2
+
2
no water
Bazaraa 1967 =
+
2
water present
1
= > 1.0
Peck, Hanson, and Thornburn 1974
0.5 + 0.5 +

Bowles 1977 = 2 > 1.0
+

NAVFAC 1982 = 2 > 1.0
1.5
Figures 2, 3 and 4 show comparisons of Cw obtained from the relationships given in Table 1. It can
be seen from these figures that, for given values of Df/B and Dw/B, the magnitude of Cw varies over
a wide range. For example, for Df/B = 0 and Dw/B = 0.5, the magnitude of Cw can vary from about
1.0 to 1.75.
The general trend of the variation of Cw with Dw/B is linear or convex upwards (for a given Df/B).
However the main differences are
The maximum value of Cw = Cw(max), and

The magnitude of Dw/B at which the water table starts inducing additional settlement. It can
vary from 0.4 to 2.
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6
Figure 2. Plot of Dw/B vs. Cw for Df/B = 0.
Figure 3. Plot of Dw/B vs. Cw for Df/B = 0.5.
Only a few laboratory field test results are presently available in the literature to compare the
applicability of the empirical relationships. In the following section, some useful laboratory test
results obtained from the studies of Agarwal and Rana (1987); Murtaza, Athar and Khan (1995);
and Morgan, Shukla and Sivakugan (2010) are summarized.
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7
Figure 4. Plot of Dw/B vs. Cw for Df/B = 1.0.
4. RESULTS OF LABORATORY MODEL TESTS

Agarwal and Rana (1987) evaluated Cw by conducting a number of model tests on three square
model foundations with Df/B = 0. The size (B B) of the model foundations were 200 mm 200
mm, 150 mm 150 mm, and 100 mm 100 mm. The dry unit weight of sand for the test varied
from 15.5 kN/m to 15.7 kN/m. The results of Cw obtained from this study are shown in Figure 5.
From this study, Cw can be expressed by the relation:

= 1.95 0.57 (2)

Equation (2) shows that Cw is 1.95 at Dw/B = 0, 1.38 at Dw/B = 0.5, and 1.0 at Dw/B = 1.0. Hence,
the groundwater table has no effect on settlement if it is located at a depth equal to or greater than B
below the foundation.
Murtaza, Athar and Khari (1995) conducted tests with model foundations with dimensions of 60
mm 60 mm, 80 mm 80 mm, and 100 mm 100 mm resting on dense, medium and loose sand.
First, tests were conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity in dry sand at various degrees
of compaction with Df/B = 0 (i.e. surface foundation). Following that, allowable loads for each case
were determined with factor of safety, FS = 1.5, 2 and 3. Settlements of the model foundation at
allowable load were determined in dry and fully saturated conditions (Df/B = 0). Figure 6 shows the
settlement of the 60 mm 60 mm model foundation at various applied pressures in dry and
saturated conditions of the sand. The results of these tests showed that settlement increased
significantly in the order of 8 to 12 times in wet sand. In submerged condition, settlement increased
eight times for a factor of safety of 3 and twelve times for a factor of safety of 1.5 when compared
to the dry condition.
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8
Figure 5. Variation of Cw vs. Dw/B from the laboratory model tests of Agarwal and Rana (1987).
Figure 6. Laboratory model test results of Murtaza et al. (1995) on 60 mm 60 mm model

foundation.
Morgan, Shukla and Sivakugan (2010) conducted some laboratory tests on a square model
foundation measuring 100 mm 100 mm (Df/B = 0) supported by two types of granular soil at very
loose state (relative density, Dr = 0%) and very dense state (Dr = 100%). Additional settlement by
increasing Dw/B and applied pressure were measured (Figure 7). The results from these tests
indicated that the magnitude of Cw can be as high as 5.3.
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9
Figure 7. Additional settlement due to water table rise obtained from laboratory experiments by
Morgan et al. (2010).
5. RECENT DEVEVLOPMENTS
From the previous discussions in Sections 3 and 4, it was shown that the magnitude of Cw may be
substantially higher than 2 (a value that was originally postulated by Terzaghi, 1943). The variation
of Cw with Dw/B appears to be a function of the length-to-width ratio of the foundation, embedment
ratio (Df/B), type of soil, level of pressure applied to the foundation, among others. During the last
five years or so some systematic, but limited, studies to understand the problem under consideration
both numerical modeling and laboratory experimentationhave been undertaken. The results of
these studies are summarized in the following section.
6. NUMERICAL MODELING
Shahriar, Sivakugan and Das (2013) have provided a numerical modeling approach to estimate Cw
by using the explicit finite difference code FLAC. The analysis was done by assuming the soil
behavior as (a) linear elastic, (b) hyperbolic non-linear elastic, and (c) Mohr-Coulomb elastoplastic.
For the study, the following parameters were used (Df/B = 0):
Youngs modulus Es (in dry soil) = 30 MPa

Youngs modulus of soil in submerged soil = 15 MPa
Poissons ratio, = 0.2
Dry unit weight of soil = 17.2 kN/m
Saturated unit weight of soil = 20.1 kN/m
Submerged (effective) unit weight of soil = 10.3 kN/m
Foundation width B = 1 m
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10
Figure 8 shows the variation of Cw with Dw/B for circular and strip foundations based on linear
elastic constitutive model. For this case Cw = 2 for circular and strip foundations at Dw/B = 0 as
postulated by Terzaghi (1943).
Figure 8. Variation of Cw with Dw/B based on linear elastic constitutive model

(after Shahriar, Sivakugan and Das, 2013).
Figure 9 shows the results of the variation of Cw with Dw/B for a circular foundation (Df/B = 0)
using a hyperbolic non-linear elastic model, where the stiffness decreases with the increase in stress,
for soil friction angle, = 40. The hyperbolic non-linear elastic model in FLAC is used to predict
two important aspects of soil behavior: non-linearity and stress dependency. This model is based on
the stress-strain relationship proposed by Kondner and Zelasko (1963),

(1 3 ) =
1
+ (1 3 )max
where (1 3)max is the asymptotic value of stress difference, is the axial strain, and Ei is the
initial tangent modulus which is also the slope of curve. The plots of Cw vs. Dw/B show that,
for the foundation, the variation of Cw is a function of pressure applied to the foundation. At Dw/B =
0, the magnitude of Cw can be about 2.5 when the pressure on the foundation is qu (qu = ultimate
bearing capacity).
Figure 10 shows a comparison of Cw obtained for a circular foundation (Dw/B = 0) based on Mohr-
Coulomb model, hyperbolic model and linear elastic model. For this part of the study, the
foundation was subjected to a working load. The working load is defined as the one that gives a
factor of safety of 3 against bearing capacity failure which was estimated through FLAC runs. Note
that when the Mohr-Coulomb model is used, the additional settlement due to submergence is much
larger, which may explain the high additional settlement found in the literature.
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11
Figure 9. Variation of Cw for a circular foundation based on hyperbolic non-linear elastic model
for = 40 (after Shahriar, Sivakugan and Das, 2013).
Figure 10. Settlement corrections for circular foundation with water table rise based on three
different soil models under working loads = 0.3, = 35 (after Shahriar, Sivakugan and Das,
2013).
7. A MODEL FOR DETERMINATION OF Cw
Keeping in mind the wide variation of the water table correction factor (Cw) obtained from limited
model test results (Section 4) and the results obtained from numerical modeling (Section 6),
Shahriar et al. (2015) proposed a model for estimation of Cw with Dw/B based on the strain
influence factor concept. This can be explained with reference to Figure 11 which shows the nature
of variation of the strain influence factor and Cw with depth under a foundation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
12
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of: (a) shallow foundation with rising groundwater table; (b) strain
influence factor under the foundation; (c) groundwater table correction factor, Cw.
The total area of the strain influence factor diagram is At, and Aw is the area of the submerged strain
influence factor diagram. The maximum value of Cw is Cw(max) when the strain influence diagram is
fully submerged. The magnitude of Cw when the water table is located at a depth Z below the
foundation may be expressed as:

= 1 + (max) 1 (3)

The strain influence factor diagram recommended for use in Equation (3) was given by Shahriar,
Sivakugan and Das (2012). This was obtained using FLAC and FLAC3D with soil modulus of
elasticity, Es = 30 MPa; Poissons ratio, = 0.2; and load per unit area of the foundation, q = 100
kPa. Vertical and horizontal stresses were obtained at various depths along the centerline below the
foundation, which were then used to calculate the vertical strain using the constitutive relationship
of Hookes Law:
1
= + (4)

where z and Es are the vertical normal strain and elastic modulus, respectively, at a depth z below
the centerline of the foundation, and x , y , and z are the stresses along x, y and z directions.
The strain influence factor (Iz ) was then obtained as:

= (5)

_____________________________________________________________________________________
13
The variations of Iz vs. z/B thus obtained for circular foundations and rectangular foundations with
B/L = 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0 are given in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Strain influence factor diagrams obtained from linear elastic analysis (after Shahriar,
Sivakugan and Das, 2012).
Based on several laboratory model tests with circular and rectangular model foundations (B = 100
mm) conducted on loose sand at a relative density of 38% and dense sand at a relative density of
77%, Shahriar et al. (2015) have reported the following average values:
Cw(max) = 6.3 and n = 0.85 (for loose sand)

Cw(max) = 3.4 and n = 1.1 (for dense sand)
Substituting the above values in Equation (3) gives:
0.85
= 1 + 5.3 (for loose sand) (6)

and
1.1
= 1 + 2.4 (for dense sand) (7)

Table 2 gives the variation of Aw/At for various values of Dw/B and B/L.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
14
Table 2. Aw/At values at different depths for various foundation shapes (after Shahriar, 2015)
Water table Foundation shape

depth, Circular Square Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular Strip
Dw/B (B/L = 1) (B/L = 0.75) (B/L = 0.50) (B/L = 0.25) (B/L = 0)
0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.5 0.573 0.612 0.658 0.703 0.757 0.785
1 0.33 0.368 0.416 0.475 0.562 0.314
2 0.149 0.171 0.2 0.241 0.327 0.399
3 0.08 0.094 0.11 0.135 0.196 0.264
4 0.044 0.051 0.06 0.075 0.113 0.163
5 0.019 0.023 0.027 0.034 0.051 0.078
6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Figures 13 and 14 show a comparison of Equations (6) and (7) with the laboratory model test results
(B = 100 mm) for circular and rectangular foundations with B/L = 0.5 in loose and dense sand. The
agreement is good.
Figure 13. Comparison of Equation (6) with laboratory model test results: (a) circular foundation
in loose sand; (b) rectangular foundation (B/L = 0.5) in loose sand (after Shahriar et al., 2015).
_____________________________________________________________________________________
15
Figure 14. Comparison of Equation (7) with laboratory model test results: (a) circular foundation
in dense sand; (b) rectangular foundation (B/L = 0.5) in dense sand; (after Shahriar et al., 2015).
8. CONCLUSIONS
The studies presently available on the subject of elastic settlement of shallow foundations resting on
granular soil due to the rise of ground water table have been summarized. Based on this review, the
following general conclusions can be drawn:
There is a wide variation in the water table correction factor (Cw) at a given Dw/B obtained
from the empirical relationships presently available.
The magnitude of Cw at Dw/B = 0 can be substantially larger than 2 and commonly believed.
It is a function of several factors, such as type of soil, stress level on the foundation, and the
length-to-width ratio of the foundation.
Numerical modeling assuming soil behavior as linear elastic, hyperbolic non-linear elastic,
and Mohr-Coulomb elastoplastic illustrates the fact mentioned above.
A new model for predicting Cw using strain influence factor has been presented along with
some laboratory model test results which shows good agreement.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank the Mexican Society for Geotechnical Engineering and the National
Meeting of the Professors in Geotechnical Engineering for providing me the forum to
deliver the First Eulalio Jurez Badillo Lecture. It is truly a great honor.
Thanks are due to Professor N. Sivakugan of James Cook University, Queensland, Australia,
for involving me as the Associate Supervisor for the Ph.D. work of Mohammad A. Shahriar
during which the present strain influence factor method was developed.
My wife, Janice Das, has been a constant source of inspiration for all of my scholarly work
for the past 47 years. She helped prepare this paper in its final form.
Cengage Learning, the publisher of most of my major books, for translating the books into
Spanish, which introduced me to a number of Spanish-speaking engineers around the work,
including Mexico.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
17
REFERENCES
Agarwal, K. G.; Rana, M. K. (1987). Effect of Ground Water on Settlement of Footing in Sand,
Proceedings, Ninth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Dublin,
A. A. Balkema, 2, 751-754.
Alpan, I. (1964). Estimating the Settlement of Foundations on Sand, Civil Engineering and Public
Works Review, 59(700), 1415-1418.
Bazaraa, A. R. (1967). Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Estimating Settlements of Shallow
Foundations on Sand, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois,
Champaign-Urbana.
Berardi, R.; Lancellotta, R. (1991). Stiffness of Granular Soil from Field Performance,
Geotechnique, 41(1), 149-157.
Bowles, J. E. (1977). Foundation Analysis and Design, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York
Das, B. M.; Sivakugan, N. (2007). Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Granular SoilAn
Overview, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1(1), 19-29.
Das, B. M.; Atalar, C.; Shin, E. C. (2009). Developments in Elastic Settlement Estimation
Procedures for Shallow Foundations on Granular Soil, 3rd Geotechnik Symposium, ukurova
niversitesi, Adana, Turkey, 43-75.
Kondner, R. L. A.; Zelasko, J. S. (1963). A Hyperbolic Stress-strain Formulation of Sands.
Proceedings, Second. Pan-American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,
Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1, 289-324.
Morgan, A. B.; Shukla, S. K..; Sivakugan, N. (2010). An Experimental Study on the Additional
Settlement of Footings Resting on Granular Soils by Water Table Rise, Soils and Foundations, 50
(2), 319-324.
Murtaza, G.; Athar, M.; Khan, S.M. (1995). Influence of Submergence on Settlement of Footing on
Sand, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), 76 (5), 51-54.
NAVFAC (1982). Soil Mechanics Design Manual 7.1, Department of the Navy, Navy Facilities
Engineering Command, Alexandria, Virginia.
Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E., and Thornburn, T. H. (1974). Foundation Engineering, 2nd Ed., John
Wiley and Sons, New York.
Shahriar, M. (2015). Settlement of Shallow Foundations Due to Rise of Water Table in Granular
Soil, Ph.D. Dissertation, James Cook University, Australia, 164 p.
Shahriar, M. A.; Sivakugan, N.; Das, B. M. (2012). Strain Influence Factors for Footings on an
Elastic Medium, Proceedings, 11th Australia-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics,
Melbourne, Australian Geomechanics Society and the New Zealand Geotechnical Society, 131-136.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
18
Shahriar, M. A.; Sivakugan, N.; Das, B. M. (2013). Settlement Correction for Future Water Table
Rise in Granular Soils: A Numerical Modelling Approach, International Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 7(2), 214217.
Shahriar, M. A.; Sivakugan, N.; Das, B. M.; Urquhart, A.; Tapiolas. M. (2015). Water Table
Correction Factors for Settlements of Shallow Foundations in Granular Soils, International Journal
of Geomechanics, ASCE, 15(1), 7p.
Teng, W. C. (1962). Foundation Design, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Terzaghi, K. (1943). Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Terzaghi, K.; Peck, R. B. (1948). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 1st Ed., John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (1990). Engineering and DesignSettlement Analysis,
http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/em.htm , Washington, D.C.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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PRIMERA

CONFERENCIA EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

SOCIEDAD MEXICANA DE INGENIERA GEOTCNICA, A. C.

Editado por: Miguel Angel Figueras Corte

MESA DIRECTIVA 2015-2016

COMIT ORGANIZADOR XIX RNPIG

Araceli Aguilar Mora

Rosemberg Reyes Ramrez

Ral Aguilar Becerril

Zenn Medina Domnguez

Miguel Angel Figueras Corte

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION DUE TO RISE OF WATER

SEMBLANZA DEL PROFESOR EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO ix

SEMBLANZA DEL DR. BRAJA M. DAS ..... xi

2. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SETTLEMENT CAUSED BY GROUNDWATER

3. EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR LOSS OF SOIL STIFFNESS .. 4

4. RESULTS OF LABORATORY MODEL TESTS 7

6. NUMERICAL MODELING ... 9

7. A MODEL FOR DETERMINATION OF Cw .. 11

Ral Aguilar Becerril

SEMBLANZA DEL PROFESOR EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO

Ral Vicente Orozco Santoyo

SEMBLANZA DEL PROFESOR BRAJA M. DAS

Rosemberg Reyes Ramrez

Es miembro vitalicio de la Sociedad Americana de Ingenieros Civiles, miembro vitalicio de la Sociedad

El Profesor Das ha participado en los comits de Cimentaciones Superficiales de la ASCE, en el Comit de

PRIMERA CONFERENCIA EULALIO JUREZ BADILLO 2016

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION DUE TO RISE OF

ASENTAMIENTO ELSTICO DE CIMIENTACIN SUPERFICIAL DEBIDO A LA

2. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SETTLEMENT CAUSED BY GROUNDWATER

Figure 1. Shallow foundation in a granular soil.

3. EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR LOSS OF SOIL STIFFNESS

Table 1. Empirical Relationships for C w .

Author(s) Year Equation for C w

The maximum value of Cw = Cw(max), and

Figure 2. Plot of Dw/B vs. Cw for Df/B = 0.

Figure 3. Plot of Dw/B vs. Cw for Df/B = 0.5.

Figure 4. Plot of Dw/B vs. Cw for Df/B = 1.0.

4. RESULTS OF LABORATORY MODEL TESTS

Figure 6. Laboratory model test results of Murtaza et al. (1995) on 60 mm 60 mm model

Youngs modulus Es (in dry soil) = 30 MPa

Figure 8. Variation of Cw with Dw/B based on linear elastic constitutive model

7. A MODEL FOR DETERMINATION OF Cw

The strain influence factor (Iz ) was then obtained as:

Cw(max) = 6.3 and n = 0.85 (for loose sand)

Substituting the above values in Equation (3) gives:

Water table Foundation shape

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