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JURISPRUDENCE
(LEGAL THEORY)
UNIT-I
Definition.
ACC to
ULPIAN : Defines, Jurisprudence is the knowledge of
things divine and human, the science of the just and
unjust.
Branches of Jurisprudence
2. Analytical Jurisprudence
Analyses the first principles of law as they exist in a legal
system.
1. Reflection of Rules:-
The Jurisprudence comparises philosophy of law and is a
second order subject which object is not to discover new
rules, but to reflect on the rules already known. It is just
like a philosopher in law. The Philosopher does not
discover any new law. He is concerned with the Scientific
law already discovered.
SCOPE OF JURISPRUDENCE
13. It helps the judges and the lawyers in ascertaining the true
meanings of the laws passed by the legislatures by
providing the rules of interpretation.
11. The Analysis of the first principle is that law is the result of
historical reasons and circumstances and the spirit of the
people.
UNIT-II
Marks:15
1. War
2. Administration of Justice.
Meaning:-
Disadvantages.
i) It makes law rigid. When same rules are applied to all the
cases of similar nature, sometimes it may causes hardship
and injustice.
ii) Law, tends to become conservative because it does not keep
pace with the changed conditions.
iii) Law becomes more formal.
iv) Law becomes very complex.
1. Civil Justice.
2. Criminal Justice.
Distinction Between
1. Deterrent.
2. Preventive
3. Reformative
4. Retributive
5. Compensation.
1. Deterrent Theory:-
The evil doer should be given such a punishment that he
becomes an example and warning to others that might
similarly feel inclined to deviate from the straight path of
duty.
It should serve as a warning to others.
It not only dissuades the offender from repeating the crime
but also deters others from indulging in criminal activities.
2. Preventive theory:-
It is based on the idea of preventing repetition of crime by
disabling the offender through measures such as
imprisonment, dealth sentences etc.
3. Reformative Theory.
Punishment should serve as a means of social
education. It emphasizes on reformation of criminals
through the methods of individuaisation. It says that
offences are committed under the influence of motive upon
character. Therefore, they can be checked either by a
change of motive or by change of character.
4. Retributive Theory
It was accorded exclusive recognition in ancient
penology. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is the
maxim on which primitive society proceeds. This involves 2
conceptions:
5. Compensation:-
The object of punishment must not be merely to
prevent further crimes but also to compensate the victim of
the crime.
Marks: 5
Questions of Law, Fact and Discretion
Question of Law:-
Questions of fact
UNIT-III
Marks: 5
Delegated legislation.
1. Procedural control.
2. Parliamentary control.
3. Judicial control.
2. Parliamentary Control :-
Sub Delegation
Marks:15
Precedent
Kinds of precedents
1. Foreign Judgments
2. Decision of superior courts to other parts of British empire.
3. Judgments of the privy council when sitting as the final
court of appeal from the colonies.
4. Judicial dicta (obiter dicta)
5. Authoritative text books and commentaries.
Ratio decidendi:
1) Ignore of statute:
It is not binding if it be rendered in ignorance of any
statute or any other rule having the force of stature.
2) Inconsistency between earlier decision of higher Court:
It loses its binding force completely, if it is inconsistent with
the decision of a higher Court.
3) Inconsistency between earlier decision of the Court of
the same Rank:
A Court is not bound by its own earlier decisions which are
conflicting with each other.
The conflict may raise due to inadvertence, ignorance in
earlier decisions before the Court.
Advantages of Precedent:
Disadvantages of Precedent:
1) Bentham has not recognized precedent as law because it
lacks binding force of the state.
UNIT-IV
Marks:15
LEGAL PERSONALITY
Kinds of Persons
Salmond says that the duties towards animals are in fact duties
towards the society itself. The society does have an interest in the
protection and well-being of animals.
n law dead men are things and not persons. They have no
rights and no interests. The criminal law provides that any
imputation against a deceased peson, if it harms the reputation
of that person, if living, and is intended to hurt the feelings of his
family or other near relatives, shall be an offence of defamation
under section 499 of the indian penal code.
Salmond says that there are three things, more especially, in
respect of which the anxieties of living men extend beyond the
period of their death in such sort that the law will take notice of
them. These are a mans body, his reputation and his estate.
Marks :5
Corporations
Kinds of corporation
i) corporation aggregate
a corporation aggregate is an incorporated group
of co-existing persons. Corporations aggregate
have several members at a time.
E.g., a registered company, consisting of all the
shareholders and a municipal corporation
consisting of all the inhabitants of the borough,
limited companies are the best example of a
corporation aggregate.
The partnership firm is not a person because it is a person
because it is only an aggregate of individuals but is not
incorporated. The existing partners own the property and
the debts.
Advantages of incorporation
Disadvantages of incorporation
UNIT-V
Marks:15
LIABILITY
STRICT LIABILIY
Generally a man is held liable for his wrongful acts but
there is an exception to this general rule which is known as
wrongs of strict liability. These are the acts for which a man is
responsible irrespective of the existence of either wrongful intent
or negligence. They are exceptions to the general requirement of
fault.
Wrong of strict liability are also known as wrong of absolute
liability. The wrong arises from the breach of an absolute duty.
An absolute duty may be defined as a duty which renders a
man liable without any fault of his and irrespective of any
consideration of intention or negligence on his part.
It is absolute liability in the sense that it is not necessary for the
injured party to prove any intention or negligence on the part of
the injuring party. Wrongs of absolute liability can be classified
into 4 kinds:
i) Cases relating to escape of dangerous things;
ii) Cases relating to escape of animals.
iii) Cases relating to the use of things which in their nature
are specially dangerous such as fire, fire-arms,
explosives, poisonous drugs etc.
VICARIOUS LIABILITY
Normally, the person who does the wrong is liable for that
wrongful act but there are certain circumstances when the
liability of the wrongdoer is imposed on some other person than
the wrongdoer himself. Therefore, in vicarious liability one man is
made answerable for the acts of another. Modern civil law
recognized vicarious liability in 2 chief classes:
i) Masters are responsible for the acts of their servants
done in the course of their employment,
ii) Representatives of dead men are liable for the acts of
the deceased whom they represent.
1) Masters liability for the acts of his servants
Vicarious liability means liability which is incurred for,
or instead of, another. Every person is responsible for
his own acts, but in certain circumstances liability
attaches to him the wrongs committed by others.
Liability of the master for the acts of his servant is
both joint as well as several.
A servant is that person who voluntarily agrees,
whether for wages or not, to subject himself at all
times during the period of service to the lawful orders
and directions of another in respect of certain work to
be done. While the master is that person who is legally
entitled to give such orders and to have them obeyed
by others.
Marks:5
Mens Rea
Meaning of mensrea is guilty mind. Any act alone does not
constitute a crime. It requires a guilty mind behind it. Mensrea is
defined as the mental element necessary to constitute criminal
liability. Slamond says that criminal liability may require the
wrongful act to be done intentionally or with some further
wrongful purpose in mind, or it may suffice that it was done
recklessly; and in each cae the mental attitude of the doer is
such as to make punishment effective. If a person does a
wrongful act intentionally or even if committed the forbidden act
without wrongful intent but knowing the harmful consequence of
the act, he will be punished.
Mensrea must extend to all three parts of the act;
i) the physical doing or not doing;
ii) the circumstances
iii) the consequences
wrongs may be divided into three types;
i) intentional or Reckless wrongsin which mensrea is
intention, purpose, or design.
ii) Wrongs of Negligencein which the mensrea is mere
carelessness, as opposed to wrongful intent or foresight.
iii) Wrongs of Strict liability in which mensrea is not
required. These wrongful acts by themselves are wrongs
and punishable.
Exceptions to mensrea
i) When the law imposes strict liability, the requirement of
guilty mind or mensrea is dispensed with. In the interest
of public safety, health, and social welfare, many
measures imposing strict liability have been legislated. In
matters concerning public health, food, drugs etc.,such
strict liability is imposed.
ii) Where mensrea is difficult to be proved, a guilty mind
need not be proved in such cases; provided that the
penalties are petty fines.
iii) In the interest of public safety, in deciding cases relating
to public nuisance, it is not necessary to take mensrea
into consideration.
iv) In those cases which are criminal in form but in fact they
are only summary mode of enforcing a civil rights,
mensrea is not necessary.
v) Ignorance of law is no excuse is the maxim of another
exception.