My Korean 1 3rd

My
Korean
1
Third Edition
Young A Cho
In Jung Cho
Douglas Ling
To our parents
This book and its accompanying audio files are licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License.
To view a copy of this license, visit

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/au/.
This book and its accompanying audio files are available online at
http://talkingtokoreans.com
First edition: August 2009

Second edition, First print run: February 2010
Second edition, Online release: July 2010
Second edition, Second print run: February 2011
Third edition: February 2015
CONTENTS
PREFACE (THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITION) viii

PREFACE (THE THIRD EDITION) xii
TO THE TEACHER AND THE LEARNER xiii
ABOUT SYMBOLS USED IN THIS BOOK xvii
UNIT 1 ? 1
Situation Dialogue 1 3
Greetings 5
Introducing Yourself 7
Introducing Others 8
+{ i-e-yo /ye-yo } am; are; is 9
Korean Names 14
Addressing People at the Office: Titles 16
Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and hubae 18
Addressing Unknown People at the Shops 19
Saying Goodbye 24
Greetings, Thanks and Other Expressions 27
UNIT 2 31
Hangeul (Korean Alphabet) 32

Basic Consonants 33
The Pure Vowel 35
Aspirated Consonants 39
Other Pure Vowels () 42
Writing Syllables 46
Tensed Consonants 49
i
Pronouncing Final Consonants 51
Combined Vowels 53
Sound Shifts 58
Classroom Expressions 66
24 Basic Consonants and Vowels (Table) 69
Expanded Consonants and Vowels (Table) 70
UNIT 3 ? 73
Discussing likes and dislikes

Styles of Speech 77
Word Order 80
Yes/No Questions 82
Saying Yes and No 83
Vocabulary: Food 84
Negative Questions 90
Spaces Between Words 91
UNIT 4 ? 95
Asking people where they are going

Vocabulary: Places 98
()? as a Greeting 99

Destination Particle + to 105
Topic Particle +{/} 108
ii
Coming & Going: (), (), () 112
UNIT 5 ? 115
Talking about your daily routine

Talking about what you are doing
Verb (Doing Words) and their Endings 120
+(/), +(/), +{}
Verb Table: Present Tense Endings 122
Casual Question Verb Endings +?/+? 126
What 127

Vocabulary: Time 134
Time Particle + in, at or on 135
Activity Location Particle + in or at 137

Asking Opinions ()? How is ? 145
Adjective (Describing Words) and Their Endings 147

+(/), +(/), +{}
Adjective Table: Present Tense Endings 150
Vocabulary: Transitional Words 152
UNIT 6 ? 155
Talking about the time

Making appointments
Talking about class timetables
Spaces Between Words Revisited 159
: Which..?; What kind of ..?; What..? 160
iii
Vocabulary: Question Words 161
Vocabulary: Study 161
Telling the Time: # oclock 162

: how many; what/which; how 163
Suggestions 1: + Lets 168

Delimiter Particles + +: from till 174
Suggestions 2: +{/}? Shall we? 178
UNIT 7 ? 191
Talking about past events

Verb and Adjectives: Past Tense Endings 195
+(/), +(/), +{}
cannot or did not because of inability - 208
unintentionally
+() It's because..., (you know) 210

and + and; and then 216
Three ands: +, + and 218
UNIT 8 225
Ordering in a caf or restaurant

Asking for Something in a Shop 229
+{/} I want; Do you want to? 238
iv
Counting Nouns 242
Restaurant Related Expressions 255
Pure Korean Numbers 256
Noun +, +{}, +{/} and 262
UNIT 9 ? 265
Asking for and giving prices

Asking for a discount
; am/are/is not 270
How much? 273
Sino-Korean Numbers 274

Telling the Time: # minutes 286
Rate and Ratio Particle + per 292
Delimiter Particle + only 293

Demonstrative Pronouns: 301
(this), (that) , (that over there) and (which)
Vocabulary: Colour Terms () 302
Vocabulary: Consumer Items 304
UNIT 10 ? 313
Talking about yourself and your family

Expressing Your Age 318
Counting Korean Age 319
Addressing Peers at School: 319
v
Education System in Korea 320
Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments 326
Word Contractions 328
Vocabulary: Family 334
Honorific Subject and Topic Particles 338

Possessive Pronouns 340
Vocabulary: Occupations 342
+{/} ? Would you mind telling me 344

?; May I please have your?
Sending a Text Message 350
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 355
APPENDIX
Notes for Verb and Adjective Tables 374
Special Conjugation Rules of Verb and Adjective 376
Appendix 1: Copular be 378
Appendix 2: Verb Present Tense Endings 380
Appendix 3: Verb Past Tense Endings 384
Appendix 4: Verb Future Tense Endings 388
Appendix 5: Verbs with 392
+{/}?; +{/}, +{}?,
+{}?; +{/}, +
Appendix 6: Verbs with +; + 396
+, +(/), +{/}
+, +(/), +{/}
vi
Appendix 9: Casual Verb Endings 402
+(/), +(/), +{/} ;
+{/}?; +{/}; +{/}
Appendix 10: Adjective Present Tense Endings 406
Appendix 11: Adjective Past Tense Endings 414
Appendix 12: Adjective Future Tense Endings 422
Appendix 13: Adjectives with +; + 430
Appendix 14: Adjectives with 434
+{/}, +(/) & +{/}
Appendix 15: Adjectives with 438
+, +(/) & +{/}
Appendix 16: Casual Adjective Endings 442
+(/), +(/), +{/}
Appendix 17: Particles and Suffixes 446
Appendix 18: Korean Editing Symbols and Handwriting Sheet 448
vii
Preface (the first and second edition)
This textbook began its life as a personal collection of language activities

which complemented the textbook Learning Korean: New Directions 1,
(Pilot Edition 1) used in some Australian universities including Monash
University where we started teaching Korean in 1992. In 1995, this meagre
collection grew into a textbook of its own entitled Lets Speak Korean. The
following year the book went through a major change when Douglas Ling, a
former student of ours and a lecturer in Film Studies at RMIT University (as a
matter of fact, he is happily retired now), started helping us to rephrase the
grammar explanations to be more suitable for Australian learners. The book
title also changed to Talking to Koreans and we started to build a Korean
language learning web site based on the book and kept all the materials on the
site open to the public.
This open access policy was part of our efforts to promote Korean
language in Australia as well as around the world and to help other Korean
language educators who strove to provide a better learning environment
because of a dearth of Korean language learning materials. During the
following years, we kept modifying the book based on students feedback and
needs, added more learning materials to the web, as well as making another
title change into the current My Korean in 1998. However, in late 2006, we
lost a significant amount of our on-line materials when our university
introduced a new university-wide content management system. Only the
small amount but most important materials, have been migrated into the new
system with generous assistance from the Faculty of Arts. This situation was
somewhat disastrous, however, it gave us a chance to rethink not only the
whole project but also about our approach to teaching, resulting in another
major rewrite for the book.
viii
We have changed all the situation dialogues to make them more
authentic. In particular, we have broken away from the conventional method
of using mainly polite styles of speech throughout the entire book, because
this method tends to create highly unauthentic situations. For example, this
method created a very unlikely situation where two close friends used the
polite style of speech to each other. Therefore, we have used different styles
of speech which are appropriate to each situation, resulting in the use of close
friend style of speech in most cases. This style of speech is also more
appropriate for our students because they can immediately use it when they
talk to one another or when they talk to their Korean friends.
Another major change is the use of comics for every situation
dialogue to provide more extra-linguistic cues. When we communicate, we
use all kind of extra-linguistic cues available to make sense out of each
others speech. However, text-only dialogues lack these extra-linguistic cues
and make a students job of making sense out of an already foreign language a
lot harder. In order to solve this problem, we have used comics alongside the
recording of each situation dialogue, turning the dialogue multimodal and as
close as to that of a real situation. This multimodal dialogue allows learners
make meaning by using a crucial combination of words, graphics and sound.
Now, we should like to thank all those who have contributed in
different ways to this book:
To the Korea Foundation for the 2008 grant which made it possible to
include the comics for the situation dialogues and gave us the last push
into finishing this book;
To Ju Han Lee from Yeundoo Studio in Korea (http://yeundoo.com) for
the front cover design and the comics for the situation dialogues, and
Lae-Young Lee for her assistance with comic storyboard descriptions;
To Hye-Jung Kim for most of the illustrations other than the situation
dialogue comics;
ix
To Joel Atkinson, Erin Fitzgerald, Stephen Gartlan and Vicky Ryan for
formatting and editing;
To Youngsam Moon for providing invaluable information about
contemporary Korean expressions used by young people and for various
administrative works including organising a recording party and taking
part in it himself;
To Jihee Jung, Youngsun Hwang, Seongin Choi, Moon Chung and
Seonghwan Ahn for volunteering to do the recording;
To all the past and current students for their valuable feedback and
insights which they have let us gain through the collaborative exploration
of learning the language;
To Jung Sim Kim, Korean studies subject librarian at Monash University
for her hard work in building up the great Korean collection which was
invaluable in writing this book;
To our colleagues at the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics at
Monash University, in particular, Robert Irving, Bruce Jacobs, Helen
Marriott, Gloria Davies and Alison Tokita for their support and
encouragement;
And last but not least to our good friends, Lendriani and Nigel Thursfield,
Vicky and William Quek, Janet and Jim Murray, and Douglas and Helena
Ling for their love and support.
Following our open access policy, this book and its accompanying
audio files are licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License in the hope
that this book will make a small contribution to the development of Korean
language education throughout the world. As one of Less Commonly Taught
Languages, Korean still suffers from a dearth of learning materials. Korean
teachers often have to design their courses and develop learning materials that
suit their students on top of their normal teaching duties, let alone their fight
to keep the Korean program alive. We have met many marvelous teachers
x
over the years and they have been our inspiration. We hope this book will
help those teachers in their efforts of creating a better learning environment
for their students.
To all, many thanks again for your assistance and encouragement.
Melbourne Young-A Cho

10 July, 2009 In-Jung Cho
xi
Preface (the third edition)
Since the second edition of this textbook was released four years ago, in 2011,
we have come to gain more insight into the teaching and learning of the
Korean language. This would not have been possible without the constructive
comments and feedback provided by our students over the years. We are also
thankful to our teaching staff, Danbee Kim, Hye-yun Bae and Jaekyung Roh
for their dedication to teaching and for their valuable feedback. In particular,
we would like to make a special mention of Danbee Kim, who has made a
significant contribution to this second edition, by assisting with improved
grammar explanations and better English translation, amongst many other
things.
The main areas of revision are:

(1) Some grammar explanations have been revised to help increase students
understanding.
(2) English translation has been revised to make it more natural.
(3) New symbols are used to help students learn Korean grammatical items
more effectively.
We hope you find the revisions and improvements contained in this second
edition to be helpful for your teaching or learning of the Korean language.
Melbourne In-Jung Cho

23 January, 2015 Young-A Cho
xii
To the teacher and the learner
This book is primarily written for a Korean language university course for
beginners, but it may be used in other settings including self-study. The
guidelines, therefore, are focused on teaching or learning in a university
setting, but we suggest that all the users of the book read them regardless of
whether you are a teacher or a student enrolled in a course or you are using it
on your own for independent study.
Objectives
This book is an introduction to contemporary Korean, with special emphasis
on spoken usage for everyday situations. It introduces learners to the Korean
alphabet and everyday situations in Korean culture to help them acquire
survival Korean.
Basic Approach
Our experiences of teaching Korean for more than two decades and the
results of language learning research tell us that a good foundation of
language structures is essential for learners to be successful. This book,
therefore, concentrates on giving learners a good working knowledge of the
basic structure and grammar of the Korean language with a limited number of
vocabulary items that are frequently used in everyday situations. Once they
acquire this knowledge, they can expand their vocabulary quite easily on their
own as need arises. This approach can also maximise small contact hours
(usually four to five hours a week) available in many university settings.
Structure of the book

This book is organised into ten units and is basically taught one unit per week
in one semester. Each unit is composed of three situation dialogues, grammar
xiii
explanations and various tasks such as role plays, listening, writing and
reading.
The first two units are essentially about some Korean sounds and the
Korean alphabet. Unit One presents usual greetings and introductions
through which learners familiarize themselves with the sounds of the Korean
language. Unit Two deals with the Korean alphabet and is the only unit
without any situation dialogues. Once the students learn the Korean
alphabetic symbols and how these are put together to create meaningful
sounds, they should be able to improve their skills of reading aloud Korean
writing over the course of the rest of the book.
Unit Three and Four introduce the basic Korean sentence structure,
which is in the order of Subject-Object-Verb, compared to the English order
of Subject-Verb-Object. You should not try to understand all of the
expressions in the situation dialogues in Unit Three. We have tried to make
the situation dialogues as natural as possible and this has resulted in the
inclusion of a few expressions that are a bit challenging at this early stage of
learning.
Unit Five is a crucial one which deals with verb conjugations for the
first time. It shows how to attach present tense endings to verb stems, which
are one of many to follow. It is, therefore, vital that students fully grasp this
grammar point.
Unit Six deals with how to make simple suggestions and also
introduces pure Korean numbers one to twelve in the form of telling the time.
This is done deliberately to prepare the learners for the counting nouns to be
introduced in Unit Eight, and also to expose them to the forms of pure Korean
numbers one to four used in conjunction with counting nouns before they
learn the full forms of these numbers.
Unit Seven deals with the past tense verb endings. Once the students
learn these, they can virtually talk about the events of all three tenses, that is,
past, present and future time because the present tense endings in Korean can
be used for many future events as well. Unit Eight and Nine are essentially
xiv
about buying things that involves the learning of pure Korean numbers and
Sino-Korean numbers. Unit Ten presents how to talk about yourself and your
family.
There are eighteen appendices. Appendices One to Sixteen have verb
and adjective conjugation tables. Appendix Seventeen is a list of the particles
and suffixes covered in the book. Appendix Eighteen is a list of basic Korean
editing symbols and a handwriting sheet, which can be used for writing
practice or writing assignments.
Situation dialogues, role plays and listening tasks

As mentioned above, each unit is composed of three situation dialogues,
grammar explanations and various tasks such as role plays, listening, writing
and reading. The situation dialogues, role plays and listening tasks require
some explanation.
The situation dialogues are presented in two modes: comics and
text-only mode. Comics are used to provide extra-linguistic cues which are
normally available when we communicate. The comics and the recording of
each situation dialogue provide multimodal language input to help students
job of making meaning. There are also some differences in spellings used in
the comics and the corresponding text-only dialogue. We use the colloquial
version in the comics to show how some words are pronounced differently
from their standard spellings.
The situation dialogues are also presented in two settings: the Korean
setting and the Australian setting. The first setting involves mainly two
Korean university students, Minseo Kim and Jihun Park. The second setting
revolves around three university students, Minjun Kim, Paul Smith and
Hyeonu Lee, who are studying in Australia. The presence of any of these
characters will tell you in which setting each dialogue is taking place.
The role plays are somewhat mechanical and different from those
based on communicative methods. They are to provide a more interesting
setting for the practice of speaking and listening. They can, however, be used
xv
as a basis for the more communicative nature of role plays by encouraging the
students to be more creative and to play with the language.
The listening tasks are from our old out-of-print listening book
Elementary Task-Centered Listening Comprehension of Korean 1, which was
published in 1994 and later changed its title into Korean Through Active
Listening 1. The listening book was always used alongside the textbook until
it became out of print in early 2008. This development has allowed the
incorporation of the listening tasks into the textbook, resulting in the more
rounded and user-friendly textbook. We have to admit that the expressions in
the listening tasks are not as natural as they should be, but they still provide
good input via listening, which is very important in language learning. The
listening tasks do not have answer keys. It has only the transcript at the end of
the book and the learners are required to find the answers themselves first by
listening and then by reading.
Romanisation
This book has used the Korean government romanisation system.
xvi
About symbols used in this book
These symbols are designed to help you learn Korean grammatical items
more effectively. At the beginning, you may need some time to familiarise
yourself with these symbols. However, as you progress throughout this book,
you will find these symbols to be very useful for your Korean language
learning.
Symbol Meaning Example

+(a/b) This symbol is used for the adjective and +(/)
verb endings which follow the last vowel +(/)
rule. When the last vowel in a preceding
stem/word is or , the element a
should be used. Otherwise, the element b
should be used.
( ) Parentheses without a slash inside means ()
the part inside them can be omitted
without causing any significant change in
its overall meaning.
+{a/b} This symbol is used for the grammatical +{/}?
items which follow the consonant or +{/}
vowel rule. That is, when a preceding
word ends in a consonant, the first element
a is used, and when it ends in a vowel,
the second element b is used.
+{a} This symbol is also used for the +{}
grammatical items which follow the +{}
consonant or vowel rule. That is, the first
element a is used only when a preceding
word ends in a consonant.
a/b The backward slash used without +?/?
parentheses or braces means that a and
b are interchangeable.
subscript The particles and are often +
shortened in spoken Korean to and +
+{/}
respectively and integrated with their
preceding syllables, as in +
and + . The subscripts mean
these shortened forms.
xvii
1
?
Unit Focus:
Greetings and Introductions
o Greetings
o Introducing Yourself
o Introducing Others
o +{i-e-yo/ ye-yo} am; are; is
o Korean Names
o Addressing People at the Office: Titles
o Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and
hubae
o Addressing Unknown People at the Shops
o Saying Goodbye
o Greeting, Thanks and Other Expressions
2 UNIT 1 ?
UNIT 1 ? 3
Situation Dialogue 1
Paul, Minseo, Minjun and Jihun are introducing themselves.
Kim Annyeonghaseyo? Hello,
Minseo: Jeoneun Kim Minseoyeyo. Im inseo Kim.
Yeonse daehakgyoeseo Im majoring in English
yeongmunhak Literature at Yonsei

University.
jeongonghaeyo.
This is my older brother.
Uri oppayeyo.
(Lit. our older brother)
Kim Annyeonghaseyo? Hello,
Minjun: Kim Minjunimnida. Im Minjun Kim.
Hoju Monash daehakgyo Im an exchange student from

Monash University in
gyohwanhaksaengimnida.
Australia.
Je chingu Paulimnida.
This is my friend, Paul.
Paul Annyeonghaseyo? Hello.
Smith: Paul Smithimnida. Im Paul Smith.
Jeodo Monash daehak Im also a student from

Monash University.
haksaengimnida.
I study Korean language and
Hangugeohago gyeongjehak
Economics.
gongbuhamnida.
Park Jeoneun minseo namja chingu Im Minseos boyfriend, Jihun
Jihun: Park Jihunirago hamnida. Park.
(Mineso squints at Jihun.) (Mineso squints at Jihun.)
Kim Namja chingu anieyo. Hes not my boyfriend.
Minseo:
The romanization used in this textbook is the official Korean language

romanization system in the Republi of Korea.
4 UNIT 1 ?
Vocabulary
Annyeonghaseyo? Hello; How gyohwan exchange
do you do? haksaeng student
jeoneun jeo I /me chingu friend

+neun topic
particle
+yeyo am/are/is jeodo jeo I/me +do
{polite} also/too
yeonse daehakgyo Yonsei daehak university

University
+eseo at; in haksaeng student
yeongmunhak English hangugeo Korean

literature (language)
jeongonghaeyo major in hago and; with
je my gyeongjehak economics
oppa older brother gongbu study{formal}

(term used by hamnida
females)
+ieyo am/are/is namja Boyfriend
{polite} chingu
+imnida am/are/is +irago am/is called

{formal} hamnida {formal}
hoju Australia aniyeyo am/are/is not
monaesi Monash
daehakgyo University
UNIT 1 ? 5
Greetings
There are three basic ways to greet someone in Korean, depending on what
degree of politeness and/or formality the situation requires:
? Hi. (casual rarely used among older adults)

An-nyeong?
? Hello. (honorific)
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
? How do you do? (honorific, formal)

An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?
Generally, you should use the honorific form (unless you are close friends):
Jack: ?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
Olivia: ?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
However, when a student greets a teacher, the formal expression can be

used:
Student: ,1 ?
Seon-saeng-nim, an-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?
Teacher: ?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
6 UNIT 1 ?
And when two young people bump into each other on the street, they can
just say ? (An-nyeong?). Or they might say:
Amanda: Susan,1 ?
Susan, eo-di ga-ni? (Susan, are you going somewhere?)
Susan: , .
Eung, eo-di ga. (Yeah, I am. Lit. I am going somewhere.)
Note 1: The student addresses the teacher by the title (Seon-saeng-

nim), which is respectful. On the other hand, Amanda just addresses her
close friend by name. (There will be more on titles later).
UNIT 1 ? 7
Introducing Yourself
When meeting somebody for the first time, you can say:
. Its nice to meet you.

Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da.
OR
. Its a pleasure to meet you.

Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da.
(Although very similar in meaning, literally means First

time to see you and sounds more formal than .)
And then introduce yourself:
Robert . (I) am Robert.

Robert-im-ni-da.
Robert . (I) am Robert. (Lit. I am called Robert.)

Robert-ra-go ham--ni-da.
You may have noticed that the pronoun I is omitted, as is normally the
case in Korean sentences where the subject is obvious.
When referring to the person you are addressing, the Korean pronoun for
you is almost never used:
Robert ? Are (you) Robert?

Robert-ni? (casual)
8 UNIT 1 ?
Introducing Others
When introducing somebody, you can use:
() . (honorific)
I-bun-eun Kim Seon-saeng-nim-i-se-yo
This (distinguished person) is Mr. Kim.
() John . (polite)
I-tchog-eun John-i-e-yo.
This (person) is John.
Paul . (formal)
Je chin-gu Paul-im-n-ida.
This is my friend, Paul.
Paul . (casual)
Paul-i-ya.
This is Paul.
You will notice that the term for this (person) is different in each sentence,
and so is the final ending. The term and ending used in the first sentence
show a greater level of respect, and are termed honorific. ( literally
means this distinguished person, whereas literally means over
here.) You can also introduce someone without saying This is in casual
speech. The use of different verb endings will be introduced in later units.
UNIT 1 ? 9
+{i-e-yo/ye-yo} am; are; is

We use ending + (i-e-yo) or + (ye-yo) when we want to say
who someone is. In English, you have to change the verb to be depending
on who you are talking about. For example I am..., You are..., She is
..., They are.... However, in Korean, the change is dependent on whether
the last letter of the persons name is a consonant or vowel.
If the noun ends in a consonant: + (i-e-yo)

. I am Minjun Kim.
Jeo-neun Kim Minjun-i-e-yo.
If the noun ends in a vowel: + (ye-yo)

. I am Minseo Kim.
Jeo-neun Kim Minseo-ye-yo.
This structure has the general form A is B (when B is a noun and not an
adjective) and is therefore widely used. Note that A must be a noun,
pronoun or wh-question word, and B must be a noun and not an adjective.
For example, you cannot use this form to say He is stupid. You will study
this in more detail further on.
The very casual version of + (i-e-yo) or + (ye-yo) is + (i-ya)

or + (ya) which follow the exactly same rule explained above. The formal
version however has only one form, + (im-ni-da).
Noun + {i-e-yo/ye-yo} (polite)
Noun + {i-ya/ya} (casual)
Noun + im-ni-da (formal)

10 UNIT 1 ?
Task 1: Role Play

Introduce yourself to the other students, using the dialogue below.
[ Example Dialogue 1]
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Hello.
[Name]-im-in-da Im [name].
[Name]-( i)-e-yo Im [name].
[Name]-( i)-ra-go-ham-ni-da Im [name].
An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka? How do you do?

[Name]-( i)-ra-go-ham-ni-da Im [name].
UNIT 1 ? 11
12 UNIT 1 ?
UNIT 1 ? 13
Kim Yeongjun is meeting a businessman, Robert Irving, at the airport.
Irving: Annyeonghasimnikka? How do you do?
Robert Irvingimnida. Im Robert Irving.
Kim: Annyeonghasimnikka? How do you do?

Kim Yeongjunimnida. . Im Kim Yongjun.
Irving: Mannaseo bangapseumnida. Its nice to meet you.
Kim: Cheoeum boepgetseumnida. Its a pleasure to meet you.
Note: When businessmen from different companies meet, they will

normally shake hands and exchange name cards ( myeong-ham).
Vocabulary
Annyeonghasimnikka? How do you do? (honorific, formal)
+imnida. am/are/is (formal)
mannaseo [manna meet +seo because]
bangapseumnida am/is/are glad (formal)
cheoeum the first time
boepgetseumnida meet (with pleasure) (formal)

14 UNIT 1 ?
Korean Names
Korean names consist of a family name followed by a given name. Most
Korean given names are comprised of two syllables, though some only have
one.
The three most common family names in Korea are (Kim), (Yi, often
written Lee), and (Park). Together, these three names account for around
45% of the population.
Family name groups are divided by patrilineal decent into branches or clans.
(There are about 280 such branches of Kim). Until recently, it was illegal
for people of the same branch to marry, no matter how distantly related.
Branches are usually identified by a place name where the clan is said to
have originated, such as Gyeongju Kim.
Common Korean family names:

Kim Yi Pak Choe Cheong Cho Chang

Yun Sin Han Hong Yu Kang Song
Korean given names are typically comprised of Sino-Korean characters,

(hanja), traditionally chosen with the help of a fortune-teller. Some
parents now give their children names that can only be written in the Korean
alphabet, (hangeul).
Below are the top five baby names for boys and girls in 2013, often used in
television dramas:
UNIT 1 ? 15
2013
:
(Female) Seoyun Seoyeon Minseo Seohyeon Jimin
:
(Male) Minjun Seojun Juwon Hajun Yejun
The following are common names in 2006, 1995, 1975 and 1945
respectively. Note the female names from 1945 end with ja, equivalent to
the ko common in Japanese female names. This reflects the Japanese
colonial period, which ended in that year:
2005
:
(Female) Seoyeon Minseo Seohyeon Subin Yujin
:
(Male) Minjun Hyeonu Donghyeon Junhyeok Minjae
1995
:
(Female) Yujin Minji Jieun Jihyeon Jiwon
:
(Male) Jihun Donghyeon Hyeonu Junyeong Jaehyeon
1975
:
(Female) Miyeong Eunjeong Eunju Eunyeong Hyeonju
:
(Male) Jeonghun Seongho Seonghun Seongjin Jeongho
1945
:
(Female) Yeongja Jeongja Sunja Chunja Gyeongja
:
(Male) Yeongsu Yeongho Yeongsik Jeongung Yeonggil
16 UNIT 1 ?
Addressing People at the Office: Titles

In Korea titles are very important in showing respect to someone with a
higher position than you. Therefore, if someone has a title and you know it,
you must use it. For example, if someone is a manager, you will call them
managernim, even if they are not your manager. You will notice that that
these titles have nim at the end of them, which is used to show respect to
seniors.
Other titles for superiors include:

Professor Smith
Smith gyo-su-nim
Company President Kim

Kim sa-jang-nim
Examples:
(1) . Mr. Park, please have a seat.
Pak Seon-saeng-nim an-jeu-se-yo.
(2) (A police officer addressing an older gentleman.)
, . Sir, please move over there.

Seonsaengnim, jeojjogeuro gasipsio.
When people have no title and are of equal or lower status than you, you can
use their full name +(ssi). For example, if the lowest person in the office
is called Yeong-Jun Kim, you would refer to them as Kim Yeong-Jun ssi.
It is rude however to use ssi if you are a junior to the person you are
addressing.
UNIT 1 ? 17
ssi should also be used after someones given name where there is equal
status, but it is offensive to address anyone by their surname and (ssi),
such as (Kim ssi), so be careful!
18 UNIT 1 ?
Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and

hubae
In Korea, age is very important in establishing the relationship between
speakers. Therefore, when you are at university, you will need to address
people in the years above or below you with special titles.
The title for someone in a year above you is (seonbae) and

(hubae) is used for someone in a lower year level. For example, if you are
a 2nd year student, you are the seonbae of a 1st year student and hubae of
a 3rd year student. The same is true when the difference in year is greater
than just one year.
If you are not very close to the person in the higher year level, you would
add the respectful (nim) to the title, so that they are called seonbae-
nim. However, if you are very close to the person in the higher year level,
you may address them by one of the kinship terms (hyeong, nuna, eonni,
oppa).
UNIT 1 ? 19
Addressing Unknown People at the Shops

Although shop assistants wear name tags, they will never use their given
name to introduce themselves. (You will never have someone say Hi,
Please call me Sam to you in Korea, even though this might be appropriate
in Australia.)
Depending on the shop, the shop assistant will use sonnim (customer) or
gogaek-nim (distinguished customer) to address you, or sometimes by a
kinship term.
For example, a young clerk at the bank may address a customer with the
polite and neutral term seonsaeng-nim (Mr/Ms/Teacher) or gogaek-nim
(Dear customer). At a market, young female customers may be addressed
as eonni (older sister) if the shop keeper is a female, while ajumma will
be used for middle aged women, and ajeossi' for middle aged men. Elderly
customers may be referred to as harabeoji (grandfather) or abeonim
(honorific word for another persons father) for men and halmeoni
(grandmother) or eomeonim (honorific word for another persons mother)
for women.
If you need to call out to a staff member to attract their attention, the term
you use depends on the type of business. If you are at a caf or restaurant,
you can use a kinship term, for example to a young female waitress using
eonni if you are a female, but often people do not use any terms but simply
say, yeogiyo! (literally over here!) to get attention. In most shops, you can
use kinship terms as described above (i.e. eonni, ajumma, ajeossi, harabeoji,
halmeoni, etc.). At smaller restaurants, imo (literally aunty from mothers
side) is another commonly used kinship term to address the older ladies
working there.
20 UNIT 1 ?
Task 2: Role Play

Move around the classroom and introduce yourself to the other students,
using the dialogue below. Write down your classmates names.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? Hello.
[Name]-im-ni-da Im [name].
Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da. Its a pleasure to meet you.
B: [Name]-im-in-da Im [name].
Man-na-seo pan-gap-seumnida. Its nice to meet you.
ireum (name)
UNIT 1 ? 21
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? Hello./ How are you?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
. It's nice to meet you.
Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da
A+/. I'm A.
A-i-e-yo/ye-yo
. Its a pleasure to meet you.
Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
(first or full name) (ssi) polite neutral title such as Mr. and Ms.
Listen carefully to the following dialogue in which two people are

greeting each other. Draw lines connecting pairs of people who are greeting
each other. Ready? Listen!
1. Thomas a. Yeongjin (male)
2. Susan b. Sumi (female)
3. Paul c. Seonyeong (female)
4. Amanda d. Minseop (male)

22 UNIT 1 ?
UNIT 1 ? 23
Robert Irving is leaving Korea and saying goodbye to Kim Yeongjun.
Irving: Gamsahamnida. Thank you.
Annyeonghi gyesipsio. Goodbye.
Kim: Annyeonghi gasipsio. Goodbye.
Minjuns sister is seeing him off as he goes to Australia as an exchange

student.
Minseo: Oppa, jal ga. Bye, Minjun.
(Lit. Older brother, go well.)
Minjun: Jal isseo. Bye. Take care. (Lit. Stay well.)
Minseo: Jeonhwahae. Call me.
Minjun: Arasseo. Okay.
Vocabulary
gamsahamnida thank you (formal)
annyeonghi safely/in good health/in peace

gyesipsio stay; be (honorific, formal)
gasipsio go (honorific, formal)

oppa older brother (term used by females)
jal well
ga go (casual)
isseo stay (casual)
jeonhwahae ring; call (casual)

arasseo okay; alright; got it. (casual)
24 UNIT 1 ?
Saying Goodbye
When saying goodbye to one who is leaving, you can say:
. An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo. (honorific)

. An-nyeong-hi ga-sip-s-io. (Honorific, formal)
. Jal ga. (casual)
When you are saying goodbye to one who is staying, you can say:
. An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo. (honorific)

. An-nyeon-ghi gye-sip-si-o.(Honorific, formal)
. Jal iss-eo. (casual)
Younger people who are close friends will often just say to each other,
Annyeong in both instances.
UNIT 1 ? 25
Task 4: Writing
How should you say goodbye in the following situations?
You are talking to at so you say
student teacher street Annyeonghi gaseyo.
student teacher teachers office
student friend street
student friend friends home
customer pharmacist pharmacy
waitress customer restaurant
son/daughter mother home Danyeoogetseumnida 1
bank teller customer bank
businessman client airport
Note 1: An expression used to say goodbye to someone much older than

you (e.g. parents) when you are leaving home but will be returning later.
Task 5: Role Play

When you leave at the end of the class, say goodbye to your teacher (who is
staying) and your classmates (who are leaving).
26 UNIT 1 ?
Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
/. Goodbye to one who is leaving.
An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo/ga-sip-s-io.
/. Goodbye to one who is staying.

An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo/gye-sip-s-io.
teacher + sir/madam
seonsaeng nim
You are going to hear some dialogue in which two people are saying
goodbye to each other. As you know, Korean has different expressions for
"Goodbye" depending on whether it is directed to someone leaving or
staying. Listen carefully and write down L(eaving) in the box next to the
people who are leaving and S(taying) to the people who are staying. Ready?
Listen!
1. Thomas Sumi (female)
2. Yeongjin (male) Susan
3. Paul (teacher)
seonsaengnim
4. Minseop (male) Amanda

UNIT 1 ? 27
Greetings, Thanks and Other Expressions

(1) ? An-nyeong? (casual) Hi! (rarely used among
older adults)
(2) ? (honorific) Hello; How are you?

An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
(3) ? (honorific, formal) How do you do?

An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?
(4) . (polite) Nice to meet you.

Man-na-seo ban-ga-wo-yo
(5) . (formal) Its nice to meet you.

Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da
(6) . (formal) Its a pleasure to meet

Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da. you.
(7) !/! (casual) Long time no see!

O-raen-man-i-da!/ O-raen-man-i-ya!
(8) . (polite) Long time no see.

O-raen-man-i-e-yo.
(9) . (formal) Its been a long time.

O-raen -man-im-ni-da.
(10) ? (casual) How are things?

Eo-tteo-ke ji-nae?
(11) ? (polite) How are things going?

Eo-tteo-ke ji-nae-yo?
(12) ? (honorific) How are you doing?

Eo-tteo-ke ji-nae-se-yo?
28 UNIT 1 ?
(13) . (casual) Im doing well.

Jal ji-nae.
(14) . (polite) Im well.

Jal ji-nae-yo.
(15) . (casual) Not bad./ So-so.

Geu-jeo geu-rae.
(16) . (polite) Im doing alright.

Geu-jeo geu-rae-yo.
(17) . / . (casual) See you again./ See ya!

Tto bwa./ Tto bo-ja.
(18) . (formal) Hope to see you again.

Tto boep-ge-sseum-ni-da.
(19) . (casual) Sorry.

Mi-an-hae.
(20) . (formal) Im sorry.

Mi-an-ham-ni-da.
(21) . (formal) Im sorry. (sounds more

joe-song-ham-ni-da. polite than .)
(22) . (formal) Im sorry Im late.
Neoj-eo-seo joe-song-ham-ni-da.
(23) . (casual) No problem. (responding

Gwaen-chan-a. to someone apologising to
you)
(24) . (polite) Its alright./ Its okay.
Gwaen-chan-a-yo.
(25) . (formal) Its alright./ Its okay.

Gwaen-chan-sseum-ni-da.
UNIT 1 ? 29
(26) . (casual) Thanks

Go-ma-wo.
(27) . (formal) Thank you.

Go-map-seum-ni-da.
(28) . (formal) Thank you.

Gam-sa-ham-ni-da.
(29) ./ . (casual) Its nothing./ No problem.

Mwol./ A-ni-ya. (responding to someone
thanking you)
(30) . (polite) Youre welcome. /Its

Mwol-yo. nothing. (responding to
someone thanking you)
(31) . (polite) Youre welcome./Its

A-ni-e-yo. nothing. (Lit. It is not.)
(32) ./ . (casual) Yeah./Yep.

Eung/eo.
(33) ./ . (polite) Yes.

Ne/Ye.
(34) ! (polite) Excuse me! (drawing

Jeo-gi-yo. someones attention)
(35) ./. (casual) Just a minute./ Hang on.

Jam-kkan-man./Jam-si-man.
(36) ./. (polite) Just a minute, please.

Jam-kkan-man-yo/Jam-si-man-yo.
(37) . (casual) Nope./Nah.

A-ni.
30 UNIT 1 ?
(38) ./ . (polite) No.

A-ni-yo/A-nyo.
(39) . (casual) Goodbye.

Jal ga. (to someone leaving)
(40) . (polite) Goodbye.

Jal ga-yo. (to someone leaving)
(41) . (honorific) Goodbye.

An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo. (to someone leaving)
(42) . (formal) Goodbye.

An-nyeong-hi ga-sip-si-o. (to someone leaving)
(43) . (casual) Goodbye.

Jal iss-eo. (to someone staying)
(44) . (polite) Goodbye.

Jal iss-eo-yo. (to someone staying)
(45) . (honorific) Goodbye.

An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo. (to someone staying)
(46) . (formal) Goodbye.

An-nyeong-hi gye-sip-si-o. (to someone staying)
2
Unit Focus:
Reading Hangeul
Writing Hangeul
Sound Shifts
Classroom Expressions
32 UNIT 2
Hangeul
We write English by stringing individual letters together. But when using the
Korean writing system Hangeul, we have to think in terms of syllables. A
simple example is the word Canada - Ca-na-da. In Korean this becomes
. Every Korean syllable occupies the same amount of space, no matter
how many characters are in the syllable, and are written to fit into a square
box. Like English, Hangeul is comprised of consonants and vowels.

kae na da
camera ca-me-ra
ka me ra
Peter Pe-ter
pi teo
Mary Ma-ry
me ri
banana ba-na-na
ba na na
radio ra-di-o
ra di o
UNIT 2 33
Basic Consonants
(1) g/k (as in game or kid)
(2) d/t (as in dog or tiger)
(3) b/p (as in bed or pig)
(4) j (as in judge)
(5) s (as in speech)
(6) m (as in mother)
(7) n (as in noise)
(8) r/l (as in rain or lily)
(9) h (as in high)
(10) 1 ng (as in sing) This sound only applies when is the

final consonant of a syllable. When the same symbol
is used at the start of a syllable it has no sound value,
and acts as a dummy consonant for syllables that
begin with a vowel.
Note: According to the original Hunmin Jeongeum text:
depicts the root of the tongue blocking the throat;

depicts the outline of the tongue touching the upper palate;
depicts the outline of the mouth;
depicts the outline of the incisors (the teeth at the front);
depicts the outline of the throat.
The other symbols were derived by adding strokes to the basic ones.
34 UNIT 2
Practise writing the consonants, paying attention to the stroke order shown
below.
Symbol Sound Name

giyeok
g/k

nieun
n

digeut
d/t

rieul
r/l

mieum
M

biup
b/p

siot
s

ieung
/ng

jieut
j

hieut
h

UNIT 2 35
The Pure Vowel

The vowel is equivalent to the second and last a in Canada. You make
this sound by simply opening your mouth wide. Practise writing the
consonants on the left with to form syllables.

36 UNIT 2
With these syllables we can now create some Korean words:
(1) ga-na Ghana (African country)
(2) na-ra country
(3) da-ri leg; bridge
(4) ra-di-o radio
(5) ma-cha carriage
(6) ba-da ocean
(7) sa-ja lion
(8) ja ruler
(9) ha-na one
Each word above is made up of syllables containing an initial consonant and a

vowel. This is a basic rule every written Korean syllable must contain an
initial consonant and a vowel.
(10) a-gi baby
(11) a-nae wife
(12) a-rae under; below
(13) a-ma perhaps
(14) a-si-a Asia
(15) a-ri-a aria
In this group, there are syllables that begin with the dummy consonant ,
which has no sound value. Remember, there has to be a consonant at the
beginning of each syllable!
UNIT 2 37
(16) sa-rang love
(17) san mountain
(18) sa-ram person
(19) gang river
(20) jang-ma long rain
This last group includes syllables that also have a final consonant. These
syllables must still fit into the square box even though there is an extra
letter. The space occupied by the initial consonant and the vowel is reduced to
allow room underneath for the final consonant.
38 UNIT 2
Task 1: Listen and Write

Listen and fill in the missing first consonant in the space in each box. The first
two have been done for you.
1. Ghana
2. river
3. country
4. butterfly
5. .... leg; bridge
6. radio
7. mask
8. heart; mind
9. banana
10. sea; ocean
11. person
12. love
13. lion
14. baby
15. Asia
16. ruler
17. oneself
18. one (in number)
19. hippopotamus
20. but; however

UNIT 2 39
Aspirated Consonants
(1) k (as in kite)
(2) t (as in tank)
(3) p (as in punk)
(4) ch (as in cheese)
Practise writing these aspirated consonants.
Symbol Sound Name
k kieuk

t tieut

p pieup

ch/t chieut
To understand what an aspirated consonant is, put your hand in front of your
lips while saying kite. You can feel a burst of air. The difference between
(an aspirated consonant) and (a simple consonant) is the amount of air you
exhale when you make the sound. When you pronounce , the amount of air
you expel is quite small. This difference is similar to that between
and , and and and .

40 UNIT 2
Now make some syllables with :
Examples:
(1) cha tea; car
(2) cha-pyo train (or other public transport) ticket
(3) ka-deu card
(4) ka-me-ra camera
(5) ta-jo ostrich
(6) ta-i-eo tyre
(7) pa-do wave (of the sea)
(8) pa-ri fly (insect)

UNIT 2 41
Task 2: Listening
(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Consonants +)
You will practise the Korean consonants with the vowel ''. Draw lines
connecting two letters that you hear. Try to read them aloud on your own
before you begin. Ready? Listen!
42 UNIT 2
Other Pure Vowels

In English there are five pure vowels: a, e, i, o and u. There are also
many combination vowels, like ea in the word wheat, oi in the word
noise, and ou in house. The word Canada illustrates a major problem in
learning to pronounce English. The same letter, in this case a, can have
more than one pronunciation. But happily, in Korean each vowel symbol
always represents the same sound. So once you have learnt the symbols, you
will always know how to pronounce the correct sound.
There are nine pure vowels:

(1) a (as in Canada or in Ah-ha!)
(2) ae (as in Canada)
(3) eo (as in an egg or Umm )
(4) e (as in bed)
(5) u (as in soon)
(6) i (as in see)
(7) oe (as in wet)
The last two pure vowels are harder to pronounce as there are no direct
equivalents in English.
(8) eu (If you say the cat sat on the mat stressing cat and
mat, the sound of the unstressed e in the the is fairly
close to this vowel. You need to make your lips
horizontal )
(9) o (This sound may be tricky to get right for some people. It
is somewhere between the o in cope and the or in
cord. The sound comes from the front of the mouth
with your lips forming a circle.)
UNIT 2 43
Note 1: All vowel symbols are formed by combining the following three
basic elements: depicts heaven; depicts earth; and depicts
humankind. With time, the dot ( ) changed to a short stroke ( - ).
Mouth position of vowels

As you can see from the diagram below, the vowels in Korean depend on how
much you open the mouth when producing the sound, and also whether the
sound is produced at the front of the mouth or the back, near the throat.
Therefore, many people (even Koreans!) find it quite difficult to distinguish
between and as they are both pronounced from a similar mouth position
with only a very slight difference in the opening of the mouth. However, for
spelling purposes, it is important that similar-sounding vowels are
distinguished; for example, means dog, and means crab.
Note 2: It is customary for vowels to be preceded by the dummy consonant

when they stand independently, e.g.: , , , , , , and .
44 UNIT 2
Now practise writing them with the dummy consonant stroke by stroke:
Symbol Sound
& Name
a

eo

o

u

eu

i

ae

e

oe

UNIT 2 45
Task 3: Listening
(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Vowels)

You will practise some Korean vowels. Draw lines connecting two letters
that you hear. Try to read them aloud on your own before you begin. Ready?
Listen!
46 UNIT 2
Writing Syllables
As mentioned earlier, every syllable is written to fit into the same imaginary
square box no matter how many consonant or vowels are in the syllable.
How the box is divided up depends first on the shape of the vowel. When you
look at the pure vowels, you will see that they have a predominant shape.
Thus we can think of them as being vertical: , horizontal:
, or combined: . Have a look at how the vowel shapes the syllable:
With vertical vowels with no final consonant, the box is divided vertically in
half, with the initial consonant on the left and the vowel on the right:

With vertical vowels with a final consonant, the space for the initial
consonant and vowel is reduced to allow room underneath for the final
consonant:

With horizontal vowels with no final consonant, the box is divided in half
horizontally, with the initial consonant at the top and the vowel at the bottom:

With horizontal vowels with a final consonant, again the final consonant is
placed at the bottom. The initial consonant and vowel are pushed upwards:

UNIT 2 47
Examples:
(1) lemon
(2) bus
(3) supermarket
(4) ice cream

(5) album
(6) orange
(7) juice
(8) chameleon
(9) kangaroo
(10) coffee
(11) computer
(12) taxi
(13) tennis
(14) television
(15) piano
(16) pizza
(17) hamburger
(18) hotel
48 UNIT 2
Task 4: Listening
(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Consonants + Vowels)
You will practise various combinations of Korean consonants and vowels.

Draw lines connecting two letters that you hear. Try to read them aloud on
your own before you begin. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 2 49
Tensed Consonants
(1) kk (as in sky)
(2) tt (as in stop)
(3) pp (as in spy)
(4) jj (similar to it's easy)
(5) ss (as in essence)
A tensed consonant such as sounds like trying to pronounce two at the

same time. You need to apply more pressure when making the sounds by
tensing the muscles around your vocal chords.
Now practise writing these consonants:
Symbol Sound Name
kk
ssang
giyeok
tt
ssang
digeut
pp
ssang
bieup
jj
ssang
jieut
ss
ssang
siot
50 UNIT 2
Examples:
(1) tail
(2) repeat after me
(3) (I am) busy
(4) (It is) salty
(5) (It is) cheap

UNIT 2 51
Pronouncing Final Consonants

All the consonants except for , and can be final consonants.
However, there are only seven final consonant sounds when pronouncing
individual syllables. These are called Batchim () and have their own
sound:
Consonant Sound Example

(1) k cinema
(2) n eye; snow
(3) t listening
(4) l foot
(5) m music
(6) p cooked rice; meal
(7) ng Singapore
Other final consonants take on one of the above seven end consonant sounds:
Consonant Sound Example

(8) k () kitchen
(9) k () cut; chop
(10) t () clothes
(11) t () bought
(12) t () daytime
(13) t () flower
(14) t () end
(15) t () the name of Korean
letter
(16) p () front
52 UNIT 2
Task 5: Listening
(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Consonant + Vowel +Consonant)
You will practise Korean letters consisting of 'consonant + vowel +

consonant' and belonging to Korean Family names. Draw lines connecting
the letters in the sequence that you hear. Have a look at the letters and read
them aloud before you begin. The first pair is given as a starting point.
Ready? Listen.
UNIT 2 53
Combined Vowels
There are twelve combination vowels:
i + a, eo, o, u, ae, e Examples

(1) ya (as in yard) baseball
(2) yeo (as in young) female
(3) yo (similar to yor- of New York) chef
(4) yu (as in new) glass
(5) yae (as in yam) story
(6) ye (as in yes) yes
o + a, ae, i
(7) wa (as in Washington) snacks
(8) wae (as in sweat) why
u + o, e, i
(9) wo (as in was) what
(10) we (as in wet) waiter
(11) wi (as in weak) ear
eu + i
(12) ui (as in can we doctor
if you say it quickly)
54 UNIT 2
Now practise writing them with the dummy consonant stroke by stroke:
Symbol Sound
& Name
ya

yeo

yo

yu

yae

ye

wa

wae

wo

we

wi

ui

UNIT 2 55
Task 6: Read Street Signs

Read the following street signs.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
56 UNIT 2
Task 7: Listening
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY: Country Names)
Gabon Namibia
Nigeria Niger
Libya Madagascar
Mali Moroco
Mauritanie Mozambique
Botswana Somalia
Sudan Algeria
Angola Ethiopia
Egypt Zaire
Zambia Chad
Kenya Tanzania
In this task, you will continue to practise the alphabet using the names of
African countries. Write down the number of the country that you hear next to
the country name on the map below. Have a look at the map and read aloud
the country names before you begin. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 2 57
58 UNIT 2
Sound Shifts
1. Resyllabification
You will have noticed that some of the consonants are represented by two
roman letters, for example (g/k), (d/t) and (b/p). When these
consonants come at the end of an individual syllable (i.e. syllable final
consonant), we use the [k], [t], [p] set of sounds but the sound is cut off or
blocked. The same thing can happen in English. Say the words pock,
pot, and pop very quickly. You will find that you do not actually make the
[k], [t], [p] sounds at the ends of the words. Your mouth goes to a position to
make the sounds but does not go through with it. We say that these end
consonants are unreleased because we do not release the sound. While in
English you can say these words more clearly and enunciate the final
consonants, in Korean these [k], [t], [p] end consonants are always unreleased
when we say a syllable on its own.
But when we run syllables together, the end sound can shift depending on
what follows. Again, the same thing applies in English. Say the following
sentences quickly, and with a bit of a drawl:
look over there

sit on the chair
drop in sometime
When you say these quickly, you always sound the [k], [t], and [p] at the end
of look, sit and drop. But the sound can also slide: [k] to [g], [t] to [d] and
[p] to [b]. If you say these consonants in pairs, you will see that the way you
use your mouth to make them is very close. So when you are talking quickly,
it is very easy to slide from one sound to the other. Another example is the
phrase sit down. When you say it quickly, it naturally becomes siddown. It
UNIT 2 59
takes more effort to make distinct [t] and [d] sounds and you have to talk
more slowly.
People generally like to speak quickly in everyday conversation, and the

sound shift allows that with minimum effort. Look at the Korean word for
think:
. saeng-gak-hae-yo.
The romanization represents the pronunciation if you say it very slowly, one
syllable at a time. Practise these separately and then say them quickly,
running them together. You will find that the sounds shift a bit and a smooth
and natural pronunciation is saenggakaeyo.
For the same reason:
is not chaek-i but chaegi

is not meok-eo-yo but meogeoyo
is not mi-an-hap-ni-da but mianhamnida
is not han-geul but hangeul.
2. Consonant assimilation
The nasal consonants are and . To make pronunciation easy and flowing
some consonants get changed before these two consonants as shown below:
Some p-based sounds become [m]:

, sound
Some t, s, ch, and h-based sounds become [n]:
, , , , , , sound
60 UNIT 2
Some g/k-based sounds become [ng], like in English singer (not sin-ger)
, , sound
Examples
Spelling Pronunciation

also has its own assimilation rules. If and come together, the
wins (i.e. the is not pronounced at all). It means the [n] sound becomes an
[l] sound. If comes before an [i] or [y] sound, the sound is doubled, and
you hear more of an [l] sound than an [r] sound.
+ double (l) sound

+ (, , , , etc.) double (l) sound
Examples

These changes are made to keep pronunciation economical.

Have you ever wondered how Koreans seem to be able to speak so fast?
UNIT 2 61
3. Tensification
The following shows the difference between untensed and tensed consonants
in Korean:
Untensed Tensed

Sometimes it is easier to tense a consonant when it is before another strong

consonant, rather than assimilating it like we did with the nasal consonants
and .
Examples

62 UNIT 2
4. Aspiration and weakening

The [h] sound in Korean becomes very weak when it appears in the middle of
a word or a sentence. This is similar to English, where for example, you
pronounce the phrase, tell him as telim with the [h] sound almost silent. In
particular, the tends to become silent in casual speech between vowels,
after the nasal consonants and , or after the consonant .
Examples

When immediately precedes or follows , , or , it becomes silent

and makes these soft consonants harder (i.e. aspirated):
aspirated

Examples

UNIT 2 63
You need not think of these sound shifts as a set of rules that you must learn.
If you practise saying the syllables quickly, running them together, the reason
for the shifts will become obvious, and eventually altering your pronunciation
in this way will become natural.
Pronouncing Korean is relatively easy because, apart from these sound shifts,
Korean words sound the way they are written. As you will be introduced to
new words, sentences, and the like, through printed text, it is important that
you devote some time to learning Hangeul. Practice makes perfect!
64 UNIT 2
Task 8: Read and Match

Write the capital cities next to the appropriate Australian state or territory
underneath. The first one has been done for you.
Capital Cities
a. e.
b. f.
c. g.
d. h.
State or Territory Capital City
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
UNIT 2 65
Task 9: Read and Match

Write the capital cities next to the appropriate country underneath. The first
one has been done for you.
Capital Cities
a. h.
b. i.
c. j.
d. k.
e. l. (Paris)
f. m.
g.
Country Capital City Country Capital City
1. 8.
2. / 9. (Japan)
3. (Germany) 10. (China)
4. 11.
5. (USA) 12.
6. (England) 13. /

7.
66 UNIT 2
Classroom Expressions
(1) . Open your book.

Chaek pyeoseyo.
(2) . Listen carefully.

Jal deureuseyo.
(3) . Listen and repeat after me.

Deutggo ttara haseyo.
(4) . Please read.

Ilgeo boseyo
(5) . Answer (the question).

Daedapae boseyo.
(6) . Please write .

Sseo boseyo.
(7) ? Do you understand?

Algesseoyo?
(8) , . Yes, I understand.

Ne, algesseoyo.
(9) (.) . No, I dont really

(Anyo.) Jal moreugenneundeyo. understand
(10) ? Do you have any questions?

Jilmun isseoyo?
(11) , (OR ). Yes, I have (a question).

Ne, inneundeyo (OR itseoyo).
(12) () (OR ). I dont have (any questions).

(Jilmun) eomneundeyo (OR eopseoyo)
(13) () . Please speak/say it slowly.

Cheoncheonhi (malsseum)hae juseyo.
UNIT 2 67
(14) . Ive forgotten.

Ijeobeoryeonneundeyo.
(15) Test ? How do you say test in

Test hangugeoro mwoyeyo? Korean?
(16) . You say siheom.

Siheomirago haeyo.
(17) . Please speak/say it in Korean.

Hangungmallo haseyo.
(18) . Try it again.

Dasi hanbeon hae boseyo
(19) . Thats correct.

Majasseoyo.
(20) . Thats incorrect.

Teullyeonneundeyo.
(21) . Well stop here today.

Oneureun iman hagesseoyo.
68 UNIT 2
UNIT 2 69
24 Basic Consonants and Vowels

a ya eo yeo o yo u yu eu i
/ng
ch
h
70 UNIT 2
Expanded Consonants and Vowels

a ae ya yae eo e yeo ye o wa
kk
tt
pp
ss
/ng
jj
ch
h
UNIT 2 71
Expanded Consonants and Vowels (Continued)

wae oe yo u wo we wi yu eu ui i
kk
tt
pp
ss
/ng
jj
ch
h
72 UNIT 2
3
?
Unit Focus:
Discussing Likes and Dislikes
o Styles of Speech
o Word Order
o Yes/No Questions
o Saying Yes and No
o Vocabulary: Food
o Negative Questions
o Spaces Between Words
74 UNIT 3 ?
UNIT 3 ? 75
Minjuns Korean friend Hyeonu is picking him up at the Melbourne Airport.
: , .
: , .
, .
: , .
, ?
: .
: .
: , .
Romanisation and Translation

Hyeonu: Minjuna, yeogiya. Hey Minjun, over here!
Minjun: Eo, geurae. Oh, right.
Ya, oraenmanida. Hey, its been a while.
Jal jinaesseo? Been well?
Hyeonu: Geureom, jal jinaeji. Sure, doing well.
Geunde, neo an pigonhae? Hey, arent you tired?
(Lit. By the way, arent you tired?)
Minjun: Gwaenchana. Im alright.
Hyeonu: Gabang jwo. Give us your bag.
(Lit. Give me the bag.)
Minjun: Anya, an mugeowo. Nah, its okay (Lit. Its not heavy).
76 UNIT 3 ?
Vocabulary
+{/} casual ending for addressing a person with their first name.
+ is used when the persons name ends in a consonant (eg.
) and+ is used for a vowel (eg. ).
here
yeah; yep; oh (casual)
hey (casual)
yeah; okay; alright;
long time no see
have been well
of course; then
am doing well
by the way; but
you
not
tired
fine; alright; okay
bag
give
nope; nah (casual) (Lit. Its not.)
heavy
Note: At this stage you do not need to understand all the grammar presented
in the situation dialogues. It will be helpful to just memorise the expressions
even though you may not understand how they are constructed
grammatically.
UNIT 3 ? 77
Styles of Speech
You have seen that Korean has different styles of speech depending on the
relationship between the speakers. The four most commonly used are:
1) ? (honorific, formal)
2) ? (honorific, informal)
3) ? (polite, informal)
4) ? (casual)
Styles (1) and (2) are honorific, and are used when you need to be polite and
show a certain level of respect towards the listener due to their age, status and
so on. A typical situation would be a student talking to their teacher. You will
find that style (1), which is also formal, is often used in business settings.
Style (3) is polite and informal. This is usually used when you talk quite
informally to people you do not know very well and whose age and/or status
is similar to or below you. You can also use it to speak to people whom you
feel close to, but they are older than you and/or their social status is higher
than that of yours (e.g, a uni friend who is a few years older than you). Style
(4) is used among close friends or when you speak to your siblings, in
particular, younger family members. Also, depending on how strict their
family upbringing is, some children may also use Style (4) with their parents
instead of Styles (2) or (3).
The different styles of speech used by Koreans are actually quite complex,
and it is not uncommon for people to mix the different styles of speech while
talking to the same person, depending on the context and their relationship.
Korean verbs consist of a stem which carries the basic meaning -

(like), and an ending such as + as in (1), + as in (2), and so on,
which carries a grammatical function (past/present/future, or politeness
levels, or statement/question/request etc.).
78 UNIT 3 ?
UNIT 3 ? 79
Hyeonu is showing Minjun around Melbourne and it is about lunch time.
: ?
: ... .
: ? ?
: .
: , .

Hyeonu: Bae an gopa? You hungry?
(Lit. Arent you hungry?)
Minjun: Eo... yakgan. Yeah, a bit.

Hyeonu: Jeomsim mwo meogeullae? Whaddaya want for lunch?
Pija joahae? Pizza ok? (Lit. You like pizza?)
Minjun: Pija? Geureom. Pizza? Sure!
Hyeonu: Geureom, uri pija meokja. Pizza, it is then.

(Lit. Then lets eat pizza.)
Vocabulary
hungry what
not pizza
yeah; oh like
a little; a bit we; us
then; of course lets eat
lunch
? What do you wanna eat?

80 UNIT 3 ?
Word Order
Every language has a structure. Look at the examples below:
a) I like pizza.
(Subject) (Verb) (Object)
b) I pizza like.
(Subject) (Object) (Verb)
The obvious difference between the two sentences above is the order of the
words. Why dont people say sentence (b)? Its because English sentences
follow a basic Subject-Verb- Object pattern as in (a). In comparison, the
basic Korean pattern is Subject-Object-Verb as in (b). In Korean, the verb
always comes at the end of the sentence.
Here are the Korean counterparts of I, like, and pizza:
I like pizza.

Now, lets say I like pizza in Korean. (Subject) comes first, and then
(Object) second, and (Verb) last. Therefore, I like pizza in
Korean is:
1) .
I pizza like
UNIT 3 ? 81
You might think that you have learnt only one sentence, .
However, if we replace with other words, such as (Robert),
(coffee) or (ice cream) just a few of the words that you
have learnt so far you can actually make many Korean sentences:
2) .
3) .
4) .
Before we go on any further, we have to learn one more thing about the
sentence pattern above. When we talk about ourselves, we usually add a topic
particle + to (I) or (we). Therefore, sentences (1) - (4) could be
changed as follows:
5) .

You will learn more about the topic particle, +{/} in later units.
82 UNIT 3 ?
Yes/No Questions
In the previous section we learnt how to make a simple statement such as
. Turning this into a question is quite simple. You just
say ? with a rising intonation.
So if a sentence has a rising intonation at the end, it becomes a question:
a) ? (Do you) like pizza?
And if it has a falling intonation, it becomes a statement:
b) () . I like pizza.
You may be asking what has happened to the pronoun you in the question
form. As mentioned in Unit 1 Introducing Yourself, the equivalent Korean
pronouns of I, you, he/she, it and they are normally omitted when it is
obvious in context to whom or what you are referring. In particular, the
Korean pronoun for you is hardly ever used, unless the speaker and the
listener are very close. To use it in any other situation can be very insulting to
the listener. The most common strategy when you are addressing someone is
either to omit the subject altogether, or to use the persons name instead.
For example:
(1) () ? (Do you) like pizza? (Casual)
(2) , ? Robert, do you like pizza? (Casual)

UNIT 3 ? 83
Saying Yes and No

Now, lets learn how to say yes or no to the above question: ?
Casual Polite
Yes or
No
If you like pizza, you can simply say (yes). Alternatively, you can say
and then repeat the verb as in the dialogue below. In English, we can
add I do as in Yes, I do. But in Korean, you simply repeat the verb.
(1) Friend 1: ? Do you like pizza?

Friend 2: , . Yes, I do.
If you dont like pizza, you can just say (no) to your friend. You can also
add the verb, but in this case you need to use the negative form of the verb
(just as in English you say No, I dont.), which you can make by putting the
negative word (not) before the verb . Refer to the dialogue below:
Friend 2: , . No, I dont.
However, as can sound rather direct, some people often reply in an

indirect way, as in the dialogue below:
Friend 2: . Hmm Not really. (Lit. As for

me, not particularly).
In Korean, it is generally considered impolite to say no directly. Instead,

you would normally give an excuse or a reason, without actually saying
(no).
84 UNIT 3 ?
Vocabulary: Food
(Fruit)
1. apple 6. strawberry
2. orange 7. watermelon
3. grape 8. lemon
4. pear 9. peach
5. tomato 10. banana
(Vegetable)
1. potato 6. cabbage
2. mushroom 7. cucumber
3. carrot 8. spring onion
4. corn 9. onion
5. Kimchi 10. white radish
cabbage (daikon)
(wombok)
(Beverages)
1. water 9. black tea
2. coffee 10. green tea
3. milk 11. ginseng tea
4. soy milk 12. barley tea
5. orange juice 13. corn tea
6. cola; Coke 14. beer
7. Sprite; 15. Soju
Seven Up
8. tea 16. Korean
rice wine
UNIT 3 ? 85
/ (Meat/Seafood)
1. fish 5. lamb/mutton
2. crab 6. chicken
3. beef 7. duck
4 pork 8. egg
(Other)
43. bread 50. cake
44. cheese 51. doughnut
45. sweet snacks 52. chocolate
46. biscuit 53. candy; lollies
47. cookie 54. potato chip
48. sandwich 55. (uncooked)
rice
49. hamburger 56. cooked rice;
a meal
86 UNIT 3 ?
?
What foods do Koreans like the most? (in 2014)
Food Response
1. 21 %
2. 16 %
3. 13 %
4. 12 %
5. 6%
?
What drinks do Koreans like? (in 2007)
Drink Response
1. 65.7 %
2. 29.5 %
3. 21.2 %
4. 17.7 %
5. 13.5 %
6. 9.7 %
7. (soft drinks) 8.6 %
8. (energy drinks) 6.6 %
9. (sports drinks) 6.2 %

UNIT 3 ? 87
Task 1: Word Check

Select the odd one out in each row of words below. The first one has been
done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Task 2: Word Check

Match the list of items with where you can buy them. The first one is done for
you.
(fruit shop): ,
(vegetable shop):
(bakery):
(butcher):
88 UNIT 3 ?
UNIT 3 ? 89
Hyeonu and Minjun go to a pizza shop.
: .
Minjun sees Hyeonu eating olives.

: ?
: , ? ?
: . .

Hyeonu: Deureogaja. Lets go in.
(Minjun sees Hyeonu eating olives.)
Minjun: Neo ollibeu joahae? You like olives?
Hyeonu: Eung, wae? Neon sireo? Yep, why? Dont you like em?
(Lit. You dislike them?)
Minjun: Eo. Nah (Lit. Yeah).

Nan byeolloya. Not really (Lit. As for me, not
particularly).
Vocabulary
Lets go in [+] you
you dislike
olive(s) why
like [+] I
/ yeah; yep not really

90 UNIT 3 ?
Negative Questions
When asking questions, Korean people use the negative form very often. For
example, in Situation Dialogue 2, ? (Are you not hungry?) is
used, whereas in English we would normally ask, Are you hungry?
(?). When Koreans use negative questions, you should still think of
the question as if it were not in the negative form. Negative questions are
often used because they are considered to be indirect and therefore less
confronting. Using negative questions rather than positive ones will often
make your Korean sound more natural in many situations.
One aspect of negative questions that can be very confusing to non-native

speakers of Korean is that when answering, the opposite occurs from what
happens in English. For instance, if someone asks you in English, Arent you
hungry? and you are feeling full, you respond by saying No, Im not
hungry. However, in Korean you would reply with Yes, Im not hungry (,
). because you are agreeing with the negation, i.e. agreeing that
you are indeed not hungry. On the other hand, if you are hungry, then you
would reply with No, Im hungry (, ). which may sound very
strange in English, but it is the correct and natural way to respond in Korean.
If you are still confused about how to respond to a negative question in

Korean, one good strategy is to just answer the question with a straight
statement, without the yes or no. For example, (Im not
hungry).
UNIT 3 ? 91
Spaces Between Words

As in English, there are spaces between words in Korean sentences. The
difference is, postpositional words (what are prepositions in English) and
sentence endings in Korean are attached to the end of the word, without a
space in between. Therefore, when we type or write in Korean we need to
leave a space after each word unless they have a postposition or sentence
ending attached to it:
(1) . I like pizza.
(2) . Ilikepizza.
(3) . I l i k e p i z z a.
As you can see above, sentences are harder to read with no spaces between
the words. The spacing is made more obvious on the hand writing sheet
shown below. ( . ?)
.
?
92 UNIT 3 ?
Task 3: ?
Move around the classroom asking your classmates if they like the food
below.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ?
B: , () .
A: ?
B: () .
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
UNIT 3 ? 93
Task 4: Writing
You are being asked about what food you like and dislike. Write your
answers to the following questions according to the preferences provided
below. Use the examples 1, 2 and 7 as a model. Answer in polite speech style.
You like a lot: apple, coffee, beef.

You like: pear, milk, lamb, wine.
You dont like very much: pork, fish, beer.
1. ? , .
2. ? .
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
6. ?
7. ? .
8. ?
9. ?
10. ?
94 UNIT 3 ?
Task 5: Listening
(EXPONENT)
(A) ? Do you like (A)?
, (A) . Yes, I like (A).
, (A) . No, I don't like (A).
child yes no
like not then
pizza very much spaghetti
hamburger Korean beef barbecue
Kimchi(pickled Korean cabbage)
Korean version of Hokkiean mee noodle
You will hear a teacher asking what sort of food Korean children like these
days. Put a mark 'O' next to the food they like and a mark 'X' next to the food
they do not like. Ready? Listen!
1 2 3
4
?
Unit Focus:
Asking People Where They Are Going
o Vocabulary: Places
o ()? as a Greeting
o Destination Particle + to
o Topic Particle +{/}
o Coming & Going: (), (), ()

96 UNIT 4 ?
UNIT 4 ? 97
Jihun and Mineo are on campus at university.
: , ?
: .
: , ? . .
: , .

Jihun: Minseoya, eodi ga? Hey, Minseo, wherere ya goin?
Minjun: Doseogwan. Library.
Jihun: A, geurae? Oh, okay (Lit. Oh, is that so?).
Nadonde. Me, too.
Gachi gaja. Ill come with you.
(Lit. Lets go together.)
Minjun: Geurae, geureom. Yeah, alright (Lit. Alright, then).
Vocabulary
+{/} casual ending for addressing a person with their first name
where
[ go +(casual present tense ending)] go

Library
[ me + too +(casual soft ending)] me, too.

( is often pronounced as in casual spoken Korean, so in the
cartoon has been used to make the conversation sound more
authentic.)
together ( is pronounced ga-chi [], not ga-ti.)
[ go + lets] lets go
98 UNIT 4 ?
Vocabulary: Places
home toilet; restroom
school hairdressers
library barbers
bookshop public bathhouse
office; company public sauna
bank post office
restaurant hospital
market pharmacy
shop; store airport
() supermarket the city (downtown)
mart (a big supermarket) park
convenience store karaoke room
department store PC / Internet cafe

/ shopping mall/centre / night club

coffee shop blind date
/ bar; pub meeting; group date
theatre; cinema meeting (formal)
movie cinema class

UNIT 4 ? 99
()? as a Greeting
In Australian English we often say, How are you going? as a greeting, but it
is not a very serious question and a simple good or not bad is enough for a
polite respons, even if youve had a really bad day. Similarly, Koreans use
? (Are you going somewhere?) as a greeting. You dont need to give a
specific answer and can just say something like,, ... (Yeah, just
somewhere...)
? (Casual)
? (Polite)
? (Honorific)
Note that the intonation pattern changes for depending on whether you
are using it to mean where? or to mean somewhere, as shown in the
diagram below:
Where are you going? Are you going somewhere?
When we use ? as Where are you going?, the stress is on the word
, and intonation of the last syllable rises slightly and then falls.
100 UNIT 4 ?
On the other hand, when we use ? as Are you going somewhere?,

the stress is on the word , and the intonation of the last syllable rises
steeply.
If you cannot differentiate between these two questions, the best strategy is to
just reply ... (Just somewhere...) because unless someone is very close
to you, it is unlikely for them to ask you, Where are you going? in Korean.
UNIT 4 ? 101
Task 1: Role Play

Choose 3-5 places that you would like to go from the locations given below.
Write them down in Korean beside the place where you are going. Talk about
them with a partner using the following dialogue as an example.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: , ?
name
B: .
place
A: , ? .
place
B: ? .
A: , .
home library
school hospital
bank class
restaurant market
post office bookshop
shop supermarket
airport department store
toilet office
coffee shop pub
theatre; cinema mart
pharmacy movie cinema
karaoke room Internet cafe
convenience store the city

(downtown)
102 UNIT 4 ?
UNIT 4 ? 103
Minseo and Jihun are at a bus stop near university.
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: ?
: .
: .
: .

Jihun: Minseoya, eodi ga? Hey Minseo, wherere ya goin?
Minseo: Gangnamyeoge. To Gangnam station.
Jihun: A, geurae? Oh, okay. (Lit. Oh, is that so?)
Minseo: Neon? What about you?
Jihun: Nan jibe ga. Going home.
Minseo: Jal ga. See ya. (Lit. Go well.)
Jihun: Neodo. Bye. (Lit. You, too.)
Vocabulary
where
[ go +(casual present tense ending)] go

Gangnam station: a major Seoul subway station
+ to
[ you +(topic particle)] you

[ I +(topic particle)] I
[ well/carefully/properly/a lot go] goodbye
[ you + too ] you, too.
104 UNIT 4 ?
Note: In Korean, Where are you going? is not always answered with the
location of the place you are headed towards, but sometimes also with the
purpose of you going there. For example, instead of saying to the pool,
when someone asks where you are going, you might just say to swim:
A: ? Where are you going?
B: . (Instead of ) To swim.
UNIT 4 ? 105
Destination Particle + to
When you want to say that you are going somewhere, you can use:
Place + (Casual)
Place + (Polite)
+ is equivalent to the English to. However, in English the word to in

Im going to school comes before the place word, school. In Korean, +
is added at the end of the place word. Since + is a postposition, there is no
space between it and the place word, as previously explained (See Spaces
Between Words in Unit 3.):
(1) () 1 . Im going to school.
(2) A: () ? Where are you going?

B: . Im going home.
(3) A: () ? Where are you going?

B: () . Im going to school.
Note 1: + is also different from the English preposition to in that it is

often omitted in spoken Korean. However, + cannot be omitted when the
place word to which + is attached consists of a single syllable, for example:
, (river), (mountain), and so on.
106 UNIT 4 ?
Task 2: Role Play

Suppose that you are on the way to one of the places below. (First, make sure
you know the Korean words for all the places below). Now, go around the
classroom and ask your classmates where they are going, using the example
dialogue below. Write their names beside the places where they are going.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: , ?
name
B: .
place
A: , ?
B: ?
A: .
place
B: , ? .
A: .
1. home 12. library

2. school 13. hospital
3. bank 14. the city (downtown)
4. restaurant 15. market
5. post office 16. bookshop
6. shop 17. supermarket
7. airport 18. department store
8. toilet 19. office
9. coffee shop 20. pub
10. theatre 21. mart
11. pharmacy 22. movie cinema

UNIT 4 ? 107
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? Where are you going?
A(place) . I'm going to A.
Verb stem +{/} Let's (verb)
school bank
restaurant post office
home shop
toilet coffee shop
+ also together
Listen carefully to the following dialogue and draw lines connecting

people with the places where they are going. Ready? Listen!
1. (Thomas) a. school
2. (Susan) b. restaurant
3. (Paul) c. post office
4. (Amanda) d. home
5. (female) e. rest room
6. (male) f. shop
7. (male) g. bank
8. (female) h. coffee shop

108 UNIT 4 ?
Topic Particle +{/}

When the topic particle +{/} is added to a noun, its general meaning is
like the English as for (noun) or with regard to (noun). +{/} can be
used in many ways. In this section we will use it to describe what one person
(or one subject) is doing in contrast to another.
Rules:
If the noun ends in a vowel, add +. (Note. In spoken Korean, + is
often contracted to )
+ (written or formal) or
+ (spoken)
If the noun ends in a consonant, add +.

+
Examples:
(1) . Paul is studying Korean.
. I am studying sociology.
(2) . Paul likes sandwiches.
. But Sumi doesnt.
(3) . Paul is Australian.
. Sumi is Korean.
(4) . Paul is going to the bookshop.
. Sumi is going to the bank.

UNIT 4 ? 109
110 UNIT 4 ?
UNIT 4 ? 111
Paul sees Hyeonu on campus.
: , ?
: ! . ?
: .
: ? !

Paul: Hyeonuya, eodi ganya? Hey Hyeonu, wherere ya goin?
Hyeonu: Poriguna! Oh, its you, Paul!
Suyeongjange ga. Im goin to the swimming pool.
Neon? What about you?
Paul: Hangugeo sueop. Korean class.
Hyeonu: Geurae? Yeolsimhi hae! Oh, okay. Dont work too hard!
(Lit. Work hard!)
Vocabulary
? [ go +?(casual masculine question ending)]
? [ go +?(casual feminine question ending)]
+{} [ am/are/is +(exclamatory ending indicating surprise or

realisation)]
[ swimming place] swimming pool
[ Korean language] Korean language
class (the time spent being taught, not a group of students)
hard; diligently; with effort
do (refers to something mentioned earlier)

112 UNIT 4 ?
Coming & Going (), (), ()

In Korean the words (come), (go), and (go to and from regularly)
are used rather differently from their English equivalents.
If you meet a friend in the street and they ask where you are going, you might
reply (Im going home). However, if talking on the phone to your
housemate who is waiting for you at home, a Korean person will say
(Im going home), whereas in English you would say, Im coming
home now. This is because in Korean the use of and depends on the
location of the speaker, rather than the location of the listener.
Furthermore, in English we often ask, Which university do you go to?.

However, in Korean we do not use the verb (go) in this context, but instead
we say, ?. The verb is used when you go
somewhere on a regular basis. It implies a process of going to and from that
place repeatedly. So if your friend asks you, ? (Which
hospital do you go to?), you are probably a doctor or a nurse working at a
hospital or quite sick and need to make frequent visits to the hospital! On
the other hand, the question, ? (Which hospital are you
going to?) is used to refer to a single trip. It implies that at present you are on
your way to a hospital.
UNIT 4 ? 113
Task 4: Word Check

Write down the Korean words next to the English equivalent. The first one is
done for you.
a. g. m.
b. h. n.
c. i. o.
d. j. p.
e. k. q.
f. l. r.
1. shop 10. pharmacy
2. school 11. library
3. bank 12. hospital
4. restaurant 13. market
5. post office 14. bookshop
6. home 15. supermarket
7. toilet 16. department store
8. coffee shop 17. airport
9. movie cinema 18. theatre

114 UNIT 4 ?
Task 5: Writing
Here is a list of items that you need to find. Below is a list of useful telephone
numbers from a Korean community information booklet. Write down where
you can obtain the items. The first one is done for you.
Item Place where you can obtain it
1. (dictionary) or
2. (DVD)
3.
4.
5. (aspirin)
6.
7. (Korean BBQ dish)
8. (stamp)
9. (newspaper)
10.
a. 9405-2230 h. 2327-3479
b. 4432-1110 i. 3457-5531
c. 8623-2743 j. 2348-8624
d. 3464-1336 k. 3469-1128
e. 2393-2010 l. 8862-7736
f. 3437-2766 m. DVD 8905-9230
g. 9815-4340 n. 2326-3092
5
?
Unit Focus:
Talking About What You Are Doing
Talking About Your Daily Routine
o Verbs (Doing Words) and their Endings

+(/), +(/), +{}
o Casual Question Verbs Endings +?/?
o what
o Vocabulary: Time
o Time Particle + in, at or on
o Activity Location Particle + in or at
o Asking Opinions ()? How is ?
o Adjectives (Describing Words) and their Endings
+(/), +(/), +{}
o Vocabulary: Transitional Words
116 UNIT 5 ?
UNIT 5 ? 117
Minseo is at the library when she receives a call from Jihun.
: ?
: . , ?
: .
: . .
: , . .

Jihun: Jigeum mwo hanya? Whatcha doin (now)?
Minseo: Ripoteu sseo. Writing an essay.

Geunde, wae? Why do you ask? (Lit. But why?)
Jihun: Geunyang. No reason.

Minseo: Na bappa. Ppalli malhae. Im busy. Just say it.
(Lit. Quickly say it.)
Jihun: Anya, geunyang. Nah, I was just asking.

Ripoteu majeo hae. Finish your essay.
(Lit. Do the rest of the essay.)
Vocabulary
now; at the moment
? [ what do +? (casual masculine question ending)] Whatcha

doin?
report; essay (often mispronounced as )
[ write + (casual present tense ending)] write
by the way; but; anyway
118 UNIT 5 ?
why
no reason; just/simply because
[ busy +(casual present tense ending)] busy
quickly
[ speak (casual present tense form)] say; speak

nah (short form of (Lit. Its not.))
[ rest of + do] finish
UNIT 5 ? 119
120 UNIT 5 ?
Verb (Doing Words) and their Endings

+(/), +(/), +{}
In Unit 3 you have learned the different styles of speech used in Korean
depending on the relationship between speakers. Here, we will focus on three
types: 1) casual form, 2) polite form, and 3) honorific form.
Verb Stem +(/) (Casual)
Verb Stem +(/) (Polite)
Verb Stem +{} (Honorific)
Verb endings are quite similar to the English present tense, as in I study or
she studies. However, it is also used to indicate an action that is going on at
present, as in Im studying at the moment (as well as Im studying at
Monash University this year).
1) Casual form
If the last vowel of the stem is or : +
+ live/lives/is living, etc.
+ go/goes/ is going, etc.
( already has and no final consonant,

so we dont need to add )
If the last vowel is not or : +

+ eat/eats/is eating, etc.
+ read/reads/is reading, etc.
+ write/writes/is writing, et. (When the stem
ends in the vowel , it is dropped.)

UNIT 5 ? 121
When there is no final consonant, the vowels are usually combined into one
syllable:
+ come/comes/is coming, etc.
+ give/gives/is giving, etc.
If the stem ends in :

do/does/is doing, etc.
study/studies/is studying, etc.
This rule is useful when you look up unknown words in the dictionary. At this
stage, dont worry too much about having to remember all these rules. The
best way would be to memorize both the stem and ending together as a chunk.
2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual form except that you add
+ at the end.
+ + live/lives/is living, etc.
+ + eat/eats/is eating, etc.
3) Honorific form
There are rules for forming honorific form depending on whether the verb
stem ends in a consonant or vowel.
If the verb stem ends in a consonant: +

+ sit/sits/is sitting, etc.
If the verb stem ends in a vowel: +

+ go/goes/ is going, etc.
Refer to the verb table on the following pages to see the three different forms
for a range of verbs.
122 UNIT 5 ?
Verb Table: Present Tense Endings

Casual Form Ending
English Stem
+(/)
borrow (books) () + ()
buy (shoes) () (+) ()
clean (house) () ()
dance () + ()
dislike
draw (drawing) () + ()
drink (juice) () + ()
do (homework) () ()
eat (an apple) () + ()
exercise; work out
get married
give +
have (money) () + ()
not have (time) () + ()
kiss
like
listen to (music) () + () *
love
meet (friend) () (+) ()

UNIT 5 ? 123
Polite Form Honorific Form Question Ending Question Ending

+(/) +{} +? +?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () * () ? () ?
() () ()? ()?
() () * () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
() * () * () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
124 UNIT 5 ?
Casual Form Ending

English Stem
+(/)
phone (A) (A ) (A )
play tennis +
put on (clothes);
() + ()
get dressed
read (book) () + ()
rest +
ride (bike) () (+) ()
shop
sing
sleep () (+) ()
smoke (cigarettes) () + ()
study
take a photo +
text a message (+)
wait for (bus) () + ()
watch (television) () + ()
write (letter) () drop + () *
withdraw (money) () + ()
work
UNIT 5 ? 125

+(/) +{} +? +?
(A ) (A ) (A ) (A )
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
() () ()? ()?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ()
? ?
() () () ()
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
126 UNIT 5 ?
Casual Question Verb Endings +?/+?

The verb forms you have previously studied in this unit can also be used for
making questions. However, in casual form there are alternative question
endings:
Verb Stem +? (less blunt)
Verb Stem +? (more blunt)
The +? ending sounds more blunt and tends to be used more often by males,
while the less blunt +? form sounds gentler and used more often by females.
The rule for constructing these forms is very simple: Verb Stem +?/+? as
shown in the verb table in the previous pages.
Examples:
(1) ? Are you listing to music?
(2) ? Are you going home?
(3) ? Are you having lunch?
(4) ? Are you texting (on the mobile phone)?
Note. Due to the nasal sound in +?/+ ?, sometimes there will be a

sound change. For instance, / is pronounced [/] and
/ is pronounced [/].
UNIT 5 ? 127
what
Asking questions such as What do you like? or What are you doing now?
is very simple in Korean. The counterpart of what is . But you have to
remember that in Korean the pronoun you is usually omitted when it is
obvious whom you are referring to. Therefore, we just put ? after
as follows:
(1) ? What dya like? (casual)

(4) ? What do you like? (polite)
(5) ? What do you like? (honorific)
You can ask, What are you doing (now)? in the same way. The counterpart
of are doing in Korean is (). But if you were asking your teacher, you
will need use the honorific form , as below.
(6) ? What are you doing?
And if we add (now) to the beginning of the sentence it becomes:
(casual)
(7) A: ? What are you doing now?
B: . Im not doing anything.
OR
B: . Im studying Korean.
128 UNIT 5 ?
Task 1: Role Play

Choose one of the following activities. Now, go around the classroom and
practise the dialogue with your classmates.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ?/?/?
B: . , ?
A: .
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
UNIT 5 ? 129
Task 2: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What are you doing now?
(Something) Verb stem + (/). I'm (verb)ing (something).
Noun + . I'm doing Noun .
study telephone
eat listen
read sleep
drink put on
meet sing
dance see or watch
song television
friend clothes
juice book
music apple
You are going to hear a dialogue that describes various activities. Write
down the letter of the picture that describes what you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

130 UNIT 5 ?
UNIT 5 ? 131
Minjun and Hyeonu are on campus talking about their plans for the weekend.
: ?
: ?1 .
: ? 2
: .
: ?
: .

Minjun: Ibeon toyoire mwo hae? What are you up to this Saturday?
Hyeonu: Toyoil? Toyoiren albahae. Saturday? Im working (my casual

job) on Saturday.
Minjun: Museun alba? What job?

Hyeonu: Sikdangeseo seobing. Waiter at a restaurant.
(Lit. Waiting tables at a restaurant.)
Minjun: Geureom iryoireun? What about Sunday, then?

Hyeonu: Ajik gyehoek eopseo. No plans yet.
Vocabulary
this
Saturday
+ on
what
[ do (casual present tense form)] do; are doing
+ [+ (time particle) on +(topic particle; emphasis)]

132 UNIT 5 ?
[ do casual/part-time job (casual present tense

form)] doing a casual job; working part-time
what; what kind of
restaurant
+ (activity location particle) in; at
waiting tables (i.e. serving)
then
Sunday
yet; still
plan(s)
[ there isnt; not have + (casual present tense ending)]

there isnt any; dont have any
Note 1: Echo questions, such as ? in the dialogue above, are

frequently used by Koreans to confirm what someone else has just
said and also to show that you are listening. These type of questions
support the conversation and show your active interest.
Note 2: is used before the noun that you are asking about, and means
what (movie)?, what kind of (person)?, which (colour)? etc.
You need to be very careful not to use (what) in these cases

because what and what something in Korean are different.
UNIT 5 ? 133
However, instead of Noun?, you can also use the form

Noun ? for the same effect as shown in the dialogue below:
A: ? What are you up to this Saturday?
B: . Im working part-time.
A: ? What job?
(instead of ?)
B: . Waiter at a restaurant.
134 UNIT 5 ?
Vocabulary: Time

am/morning pm/afternoon

morning; midday; evening; night
(breakfast) (lunch) (dinner)

weekday weekend day off public holiday
workday

yesterday today tomorrow the day after
tomorrow
/
last week this week next week
/
last month this month next month
/
last semester this semester next semester
or or or
last year this year next year

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Friday Saturday Sunday
UNIT 5 ? 135
Time Particle + in, at or on

When you want to indicate that something has happened at a particular time,
you attach the particle + to a time word.
Time Word +
(1) (). I go to school in the morning.
(2) (). I go to a swimming pool in the afternoon.
(3) (). I come home at 8 oclock.
(4) (). Im going to Sydney on the weekend.
However, similar to English, some words are used without +:
(today) (now)
(yesterday) (this year)
(tomorrow)
(5) () Im going to a cinema tomorrow.
(6) (). Im a bit busy at the moment.
When two or more time words are used together, the time particle + is
attached to the last one only:
(7) I go to school at 8 oclock in the morning.
(). (i.e. You do not say )
(8) Im going to school at 7 oclock
(). tomorrow morning.

136 UNIT 5 ?
Task 3: Writing
Fill in the blanks below according to the information provided in the box.
The first five sentences have been completed for you.
morning: go to university, play tennis, swim, drink coffee, eat breakfast

afternoon: come home, listen to music, drink tea
evening: read the newspaper, study Korean
night: watch TV, write an email, go to a club
weekend: clean the house, do shopping, meet a friend, go to the cinema
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .
15. .
16. .
17. .
UNIT 5 ? 137
Activity Location Particle + in or at

+ is used to indicate where an activity takes place. It is equivalent to the
English in or at when used in relation to an activity. This is a distinction
that English does not make, so you should try and remember that when an
activity is involved, use +, not +.
Activity Location +
Examples:
(1) (). Im buying a pair of trousers
at a department store.
(2) Im studying (OR I study) Korean
(). at Monash University.
(3) (). Im withdrawing money at a bank.
(4) (). Im buying a book at a bookshop.
(5) (). Im working at the office.
(6) (). Im borrowing a book at the library.
(7) (). Im having lunch at a restaurant.

138 UNIT 5 ?
Task 4: Writing
Fill in an appropriate place name for the activities below. There may be more
than one possible answer.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .
15. .
16. .
17. .
18. .
19. .
20. .
UNIT 5 ? 139
Task 5: Role Play

Choose two of the activities below that you usually do on weekends.
Move around the classroom and talk about your weekend activities with your
classmates.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ? * usually; normally
B: . .
. .
? (What about you?)
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
140 UNIT 5 ?
Task 6: Writing
Complete the dialogues using the pictures.
1. : ?
: .
: .
2. : ?
: .
: .
.
UNIT 5 ? 141
3. : ?
: .
4. : ?
: .
.
142 UNIT 5 ?
UNIT 5 ? 143
Minjun sees Hyeonu talking to Paul and asks who Paul is.
: . ?
: . .
: ? ?
: .
: ?
: .

Minjun: Hangugeo jal haneunde. His Koreans good.
Nuguya? Who is he?
Hyeonu: Poriya. Narang gyeongjehak Its Paul. Hes in my Economics

gachi deureo. class (Lit. He takes Economics
together with me).
Minjun: Geurae? Oh, okay. (Lit. Is that so?)
Gyeongjehak sueop eottae? Hows the class?
An himdeureo? Is it hard? (Lit. Is it not hard?)
Hyeonu: Himdeureo. Its hard.

Teseuteudo mana. Lots of tests, too.
Minjun: Gwajeneun? What about assignments?

Hyeonu: Gwajeneun eopseo. We have no assignments.
Vocabulary
Korean language
144 UNIT 5 ?
be good at (Lit. do well)
who
+ +{} is the casual form of +{/}(am/are/is).

I; me
+{} with
Economics (as a subject)
together
[ listen to +(casual present tense ending)]

take (a class)
? yeah?; oh, okay. (Lit. Is that so?)
class
? What is like? / How is ?
not
[ hard/tough/difficult/challenging +(casual present

tense ending)] hard
test
+ too; also; as well
[ plenty; a lot +(casual present tense ending)]

there are lots of; have lots of
assignment
[ there isnt; not have +(casual present tense ending)]

there isnt any; dont have
UNIT 5 ? 145
Asking Opinions ()? How is ?
Noun ? (Casual)
Noun ? (Polite)
Noun ? (Honorific)
When you want to ask an opinion about something (the topic), you can say
? (How is ...?) as in Hows the class? (or What is like? as
in Whats Korean food like?). The answer may be, It (the class) is hard.
In English, question words like what, when, where, who, why, how appear
at the beginning of the sentence, but Korean sentence order is the same as the
answer, which means the topic comes first regardless of whether or not it is a
question. Consider the example dialogue below:
A: ? Hows class?
class how is?
B: () . Its hard.
class is hard
Examples:
(1) A: ()? Hows your Korean class?
B: (). Its alright.
(2) A: ()? Hows the coffee?

B: (). Its good (Lit. tastes good).
(3) A: ()? Whats Korean food like?

B: (). Its very spicy.
146 UNIT 5 ?
Task 7: Role Play

Practise the dialogue with a partner, using the adjectives given below.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ?
B: . .
A: ? ?
B: (=). .
difficult
hard; tough; challenging
easy
interesting; fun; enjoyable

(=)
not interesting; boring; not enjoyable

UNIT 5 ? 147
Adjectives (Describing Words) and their Endings

+(/), +(/), +{}
Unlike in English where adjectives are used with the be verb (am/are/is),
adjectives in Korean are used by themselves and come where the verb would
go in a sentence. They are formed according to the same rules for verbs and
also have three main speech styles: 1) casual form, 2) polite form, and 3)
honorific form.
Adjective Stem +(/) (Casual)
Adjective Stem +(/) (Polite)
Adjective Stem +{} (Honorific)
1) Casual form
+ fine (weather)
+ cheap, inexpensive ( already

has and no final consonant, so no
need to add )
+ bad (When the stem ends in the
vowel , it is dropped. This makes
in the last vowel.)

+ interesting; fun
+ delicious; tasty
+ big (When the stem ends in the

vowel , it is dropped.)
148 UNIT 5 ?
When there is no final consonant, the vowels are usually combined into
one syllable:
+ cloudy
+ slow

clean
smart; clever
So far, the rule is the exactly same as that for verbs. However, here you will
learn an irregular ending used more frequently for adjectives, which is used
when the stem ends in .
If the last vowel of the stem is and stem ends in :

delete +
delete + (an old fashioned word
for pretty like fair)
If the last vowel of the stem is not and stem ends in :

delete +
delete + hot (weather or
temperature)
delete + difficult
Note: + is much more common than +, so at this stage you only need to
focus on +.
UNIT 5 ? 149
2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual form except that you
add at the end.
+ + cheap
+ + tasty
3) Honorific form
There are rules for forming honorific form depending on whether the verb
stem ends in a consonant or vowel.
If the adjective stem ends in a consonant except : +

+ interesting; fun
If the adjective stem ends in a vowel: +

+ busy
If the adjective stem ends in the consonant : delete +

delete + beautiful
You need not worry too much about having to remember all these rules.
The best way at this stage is to memorize both the stem and ending together as
a chunk, as mentioned earlier for verbs.
Refer to the adjective table on the following pages to see the three different
forms for a range of adjectives.
150 UNIT 5 ?
Adjective Table: Present Tense Endings

Casual Form Ending
English Stem
+(/)
bad drop +
beautiful drop +
boring +
busy drop +
cheap +
cold drop +
cute drop +
delicious; tasty +
difficult drop +
easy drop +
expensive +
fun; enjoyable +
good; nice +
good-looking +*
hard +
hate; dislike +
hot (spicy) drop +
plenty; a lot +
pretty drop +
sick drop +
not tasty; tastes bad +

UNIT 5 ? 151

+(/) +{} +? +?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
Note: Those with the question mark ? are used only in questions.
152 UNIT 5 ?
Vocabulary: Transitional Words
(=) by the way/anyway; but
/ but; however
(=) then; in that case
and (joining sentences)
so; therefore
Examples:
(1) A: ? Whatre ya doin'?
B: . ? Writing an assignment. Why?
(2) A: ? Do you like Korean food?

B: , . Yes, but its a bit spicy.
(3) A: . I finish my class early today.

B: , . Then, come home early.
(4) A: ? Whatre you up to this Saturday?

B: . Im working (my casual job)
. in the morning. And in the

afternoon Ill be studying.
(5) . I have a lot of homework.
. So Im really busy.
UNIT 5 ? 153
Task 8: Writing
You are conducting market research. Make your own questionnaire, asking
people what they do on weekends. Write your questions in honorific style of
speech, as you want your questions to sound very polite. The first two have
been done for you.
(Questionnaire)
(age):
(sex) (female) (male)
(occupation):
1. ?
2. ?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
!
154 UNIT 5 ?
6
?
Unit Focus:
Talking About the Time
Making Appointments
Talking About Class Timetables
o Spaces Between Words Revisited
o Which?; What kind of ?; What?
o Vocabulary: Question Words
o Vocabulary: Study
o Telling the Time: # oclock
o how many; what/which; how
o Suggestions 1: + Let's
o Delimiter Particles + + from till
o Suggestions 2: +{/}? Shall we?

156 UNIT 6 ?
UNIT 6 ? 157
Minjun asks Hyeonu if he wants to have lunch after class.
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: .
.
: . .

Minjun: Oneul ojeone sueop innya? You have class this morning?
Hyeonu: Eo. Yep.
Minjun: Museun sueop? What class?
Hyeonu: Junggugeo Chinese.
Minjun: Myeot sie kkeunnaneunde? Whens it finish?
Hyeonu: Yeol dusi. Twelve (oclock).
Minjun: Jal dwaetda. Thats great.
Geureom gachi jeomsim meokja. Lets have lunch together, then.
Hyeonu: Geurae. Geureoja Yeah, lets do that.
Vocabulary
today
[ morning; a.m. + in] in the morning
class
158 UNIT 6 ?
? [ have; there is +(masculine casual question ending)]

Do you have?
yep; yeah (casual)
what (kind of)
[ China language] Chinese language
[ what time +(time particle)] at what time
[ finish + (casual soft ending)] finish
Thats great. (Lit. It has worked out well).
twelve oclock
then; in that case
together
lunch
[ eat + lets] lets eat
okay; alright
[ like that + lets] lets do that

UNIT 6 ? 159
Spaces Between Words Revisited

We have already learnt that there are spaces between words in Korean. The
basic rule is that there is a space between words unless there is a particle such
as + to, + at, + from, etc. In English these are regarded
prepositions and considered as separate words, but in Korean they are
attached to the noun, without a space.
The particles we have learned so far are as follows:
Destination particle +
. Im going to uni.
Location particle +
. I study Korean at Monash.
Time Particle +
. I have an exam
tomorrow morning.
Topic particle +{/}

. Im a Monash student.
160 UNIT 6 ?
Which...?; What kind of ...?; What...?

When you want to ask a question that corresponds to the English which ...?
or what kind of ...?, you can use the question word in front of the noun
that you are asking about. Strictly speaking, is equivalent to what kind
of? and should be answered by stating a type. (E.g. What kind of food did
you eat? I had Italian food.) However, in common usage, is also used
to correspond to questions like What food did you eat? and can be answered
with I ate pasta. Just as the Wh- questions in English, you say these
questions in falling intonation.
Examples:
(1) A: ? What type of movie do you like?
B: . Action movies.
(2) A: ? What kind of book are you reading?
B: . A novel.
(3) A: ? What are you two talking about?
B: , . Uh, its nothing.
Note that can also mean any depending on its context as in (4). As this
is a yes-no question, you say it in rising intonation.
(4) A: ? Do you have any plan for tomorrow?
B: . ? Nope. Why?
UNIT 6 ? 161
Vocabulary: Question Words

what
what; how (many) (numerical quantity)

e.g. what time , how old , how many people
which; what kind of; what
() where
when
how much (when asking about the price)
who
who (when used as the subject)
Vocabulary: Study
() Korean accounting
Chinese business management
English economics
French (or ) education
German finance
Indonesian geography
Japanese law
Thai (or ) linguistics
Vietnamese mathematics
examination; test physics
homework politics
assignment science
essay (often misspelt Korean history

and pronounced (or )
as )
162 UNIT 6 ?
Telling the Time: # oclock

We have learnt that Pure Korean numbers and Sino-Korean numbers are used
in different situations. However, when telling the time, both sets of numbers
have to be used. Here, we will first learn how to say 1 oclock, 2 oclock, etc,
using pure Korean numbers. And later, you will be introduced to Sino-Korean
numbers and how to say minutes.
Pure Korean numbers are used for the hour:
one oclock
two oclock
three oclock
four oclock
five oclock
six oclock
seven oclock
eight oclock
nine oclock
ten oclock
eleven oclock
twelve oclock
Pure Korean numbers are also used to express a duration of a certain number
of hours:
two hours
four and a half hours

UNIT 6 ? 163
how many; what/which; how

We use when we want to ask a question regarding a numerical quantity. In
English, we often start such questions with how many but there are also
cases where we use what (e.g. Whats the time?) or how (e.g. How old is
she?). Korean uses the word for all of these cases.
(1) A: ? What time is it?
B: . Its two oclock.
(2) A: ? How many hours a day do you

study?
B: . One hour.
(3) A: ? How many cups of coffee do you

drink a day?
B: . I drink three cups a day.
(4) A: ? How old is your younger sister?
B: . Shes sixteen.
(5) A: ?* How many students are there

altogether?
B: . There are four.
(* is pronounced myeon-myeong-i-e-yo.)
(6) A: ? What floor is the office on?
B: . Its on the fifth floor.

164 UNIT 6 ?
(7) A: ?* Whats the date today?
B: . Its the 14th of September.
(* is pronounced myeo-dweol. But in spoken Korean, is

often omitted when asking what the date is.)
UNIT 6 ? 165
Task 1: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What time is it now?
A(Pure Korean Number) . It's A o'clock.
Pure Korean numbers up to 12
You are going to hear a dialogue on the time. " ?"

"5" Find the clock that shows the time you hear. Put a mark ' ' in that
clock. Ready? Listen!
166 UNIT 6 ?
Task 2: Word Check

Match the Korean words with their English equivalents. The first one has
been done for you.
a. h. o.
b. i. p.
c. j. q.
d. k. r.
e. l. s.
f. m. t.
g. n.
1. Korean 11. economics
2. English 12. linguistics
3. German 13. Chinese
Korean
4. Japanese 14.
history
5. mathematics 15. politics
6. physics 16. geography
7. accounting 17. Vietnamese
Australian
8. finance 18.
history
9. science 19. Indonesian
10. education 20. law

UNIT 6 ? 167
Task 3: Role Play

Find out the timetables of the other students in your class using the following
dialogue to complete the table below.
[ 1 Example Dialogue] [ 2]
: ? : ?
: . : .
: ? . : ? .
: . . : . .
: ? : ?
: . . : . .
/
Time Name Subject/Type of Work
8:00 - 9:00
9:00 -10:00
10:00 -11:00
11:00 -12:00
12:00 - 1:00
1:00 - 2:00
2:00 - 3:00
3:00 - 4:00
4:00 - 5:00
168 UNIT 6 ?
Suggestions 1: + Lets
When you want to make a suggestion that involves both you and the person
you are talking to in a casual style, add the ending + to the verb stem:
Verb Stem + (Casual)
(1) . Lets go together.
(2) . Lets have lunch together.
(3) . Lets study together.
(4) . Lets ride bike.
(5) . Lets go shopping this weekend.
(6) . Lets eat.
(7) . Lets watch TV.
(8) . Lets listen to Korean Music.
(9) . Lets meet at the coffee shop at two.
Note: Unlike some other sentence endings, you cannot just add + to the
casual suggestion ending + to make it into polite style of speech. You need
to use the present tense polite ending +(/) instead. That is:
. (correct)
. (wrong)
Refer to the verb table in the appendices.

UNIT 6 ? 169
170 UNIT 6 ?
UNIT 6 ? 171
Jihun asks Minseo whether she wants to go hagwon after class.
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: .
?
: , .

Jihun: Oneul ohue sueop isseo? Dyou have class this afternoon?
Minseo: Eo. Yep.
Jihun: Myeot sie inneunde? At what time?
Minseo: Se sibuteo daseot sikkaji From three till five.
Jihun: Nado daseot sie I finish at five, too. Wanna come to
kkeunnaneunde. the hagwon with me?
Kkeunnago hagwon gachi (Lit. Shall we go to the hagwon
galkka? together?)
Minseo: Geurae, geureom. Yeah, alright.
Vocabulary
today
[ afternoon; p.m. + in] in the afternoon
class
[ have; there is +(casual present tense ending)] have

172 UNIT 6 ?
what time
[ have +(soft ending)] have
three oclock
+ from
five oclock
+ until
[ me + too; as well; also] me, too
[ finish + (soft ending)] finish
[ finish + and then] after finishing
hagwon (a private educational institution)

A hagwon is a private school where students are taught subjects
such as English and mathematics after regular school hours.
Most Korean students attend these expensive schools in order to
keep up in the extremely competitive educational system. Some
other kinds of hagwon teach sports or art subjects, such as
taekwondo (Korean traditional martial arts) or piano. There are
also hagwon where adults go to learn foreign languages or to
prepare for various professional exams (e.g. ).
together
? [ go +?shall we?] Shall we go?
okay; alright
UNIT 6 ? 173
174 UNIT 6 ?
Delimiter Particles + + from till

When we want to show a starting point in time, we add the particle + to
the starting time. For the finishing time we add +.
Time Word + Time Word +
(1) A: ? Do you have class this afternoon?
B: . Yep. Ive got a Korean class from 2
. until 4.
(2) A: ? When do you have exams?
B: . From today till the day after

tomorrow.
(3) A: ? What did you do yesterday?
B: I watched TV all day from the
.* morning till the evening.
(*The standard word for television is but often in colloquial

speech, or is used. is the past tense form of .)
(4) A: ? When are the talchum (Korean

traditional mask dance)
performances on?
B: Theyre on next week from
. Monday till Wednesday.

UNIT 6 ? 175
Task 4: Role Play

Practise the dialogue with a partner, using the timetable given below. You
may ask about classes or work.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: / ?
B: / .
A: ?
B: .
1. 2. 3. 4.
12 23 45 56
5. 6. 7. 8.
7 11 8 10 9 12 10 12
Extended Role Play

Repeat the above role play, but this time ask what subject or type of work
your partner is doing as well.
A: / ?
B: / .
A: ?
B: . .
176 UNIT 6 ?
Task 5: Writing
It is 12 oclock noon on a Thursday. Use the table of opening times below to
complete the dialogues. Write down the times in Korean. The first one is done
for you.
9905-2230 Sat: 9am-1pm
8432-1110 Mon-Fri: 9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-1pm
7823-2743 Mon.-Fri.: 12pm-9pm; Sat.-Sun: 5pm-9pm
6364-1336 Mon: 9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-12pm
5293-2010 Mon.-Fri: 9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-12pm
4337-2766 Mon.-Sat.:9am-9pm
3915-4340 Mon-Fri:9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-12pm
DVD
8205-9230 Mon-Sat.: 9am-7pm; Sun.: 9am-1pm
Note: Sat: 9am-1pm is read as .
1. A: . (This is Seoul Restaurant.)
B: (Hello)?
(What time are you open till today)?
A: . .
B: (I see). .
UNIT 6 ? 177
2. A: .
B: ? ?
A: .
B: .
3. A: .
B: ? ?
A: .
B: .
4. A: DVD .
B: ?
A: .
B: . .
178 UNIT 6 ?
Suggestions 2: +{/}? Shall we?

When you want to suggest doing something with someone, you add the
ending +? or +? to the verb stem:
Verb Stem +{/}? (Casual)
Verb Stem +{/}? (Polite)
Rules:
If the verb stem ends in a consonant: +()?
+? ? Shall we sit?
If the stem ends in a vowel: +()?

+? ? Shall we meet?
Examples
(1) A: ? Shall we see a movie together?
B: , . Sounds good (Lit. Yup, good).
(2) A: ? What shall we eat?

B: . Lets have Bulgogi.
(3) A: ? What shall we do this afternoon?

B: . Lets play tennis.
(4) A: ? Shall we have coffee?

B: ? Oh, I cant. I have something on
. (Lit. Oh no, what to do? I have other

plans/appointment).
UNIT 6 ? 179
(5) A: ? Which restaurant shall we go to?

B: . Lets go to Seoul Restaurant.
(6) A: ? What kind of restaurant shall we go to?

B: ? How about a Korean restaurant?

180 UNIT 6 ?
Task 6: Role Play

Practise making an arrangement to have a dinner with a partner. You may add
more food to the list below.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ?
B: ? (of course).
A: , ?
B: , .
() Korean food
() Chinese food
French food
Indian food
Italian food
() Japanese food
Malaysian food
Spanish food
/ Thai food
Vietnamese food
UNIT 6 ? 181
Task 7: Word Check

Select the odd one out in the following groups of words. The first one has
been done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
182 UNIT 6 ?
UNIT 6 ? 183
Paul wants Hyeonu to study with him tomorrow.
: ?
: ?
: ?
: .
: .
?
: . .

Paul: Oneul ohue sigan isseo? You got time this afternoon?
Hyeonu: Oneul ohu? This afternoon?
Neutgekkaji sueop inneunde. I have class until late.
Paul: Geureom naeireun? What about tomorrow, then?
Hyeonu: Naeireun gwaenchana. Tomorrows okay.
Paul: Geureom uri naeil gachi Then lets study together
gongbuhaja. tomorrow.
Du sie doseogwan eottae? How about two oclock at the
library?
Hyeonu: Joa. Cool (Lit. Good).
Geureom naeil bwa. See ya tomorrow, then.
Vocabulary
today
[ afternoon; p.m. + in (time particle)] in the afternoon

184 UNIT 6 ?
time; hours
[ have; there is +(casual present tense ending)] have
[ late + till] until late
class
[ have +(soft ending)] have
then; in that case
tomorrow
+ topic particle
[ okay; fine +(casual present tense ending)] okay; fine
we
together
[ study + lets] lets study
[ two oclock + at (time particle)] at two oclock
library
? How about ?; Whats like?
[ good +(casual present tense ending)] good
[ see +(casual present tense ending)] see

UNIT 6 ? 185
Task 8: Role Play

Practise this role play with a partner.
A: You are arranging a time to meet a friend tomorrow. First, fill in half of
the schedule below. You start the conversation.
B: You are arranging a time to meet a friend tomorrow. First, fill in half of
the schedule below. You partner will start the conversation.
Your Schedule for Tomorrow

6 7 8 9 10 11
12 1 2 3 4 5
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ?
B: ? ?* . .
A: ?
B: .
(*? is a contracted, colloquial form of ? which

literally means How to do? but can be translated as, Oh, no (Im afraid I
cant). This expression can be used when indicating that you are unable to
accept someone elses offer or request. Pronunciation: eo-tteo-ka-ji.)
186 UNIT 6 ?
Task 9: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A ? Have you got A?
, A . Yes I have got A.
A(the time) ? Is A(the time) o'clock O.K.?
. It's O.K.
. It's fine.
time today tomorrow
o'clock yes Pure Korean numbers up to 12
You are going to hear a dialogue in which two people make an

appointment to get together. Draw lines connecting people with their
appointment time. Ready? Listen!
1
(Thomas) 2 (male)
3
4
(Susan) 5 (female)
6
7
(Paul) 8 (female)
9
10
(Amanda) 11 (male)
12
UNIT 6 ? 187
Task 10: Role Play

Practise arranging to see a movie with a partner. A list of popular Korean
movies is given below.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: (any plan) ?
B: , ?
A: ?
B: ? (Sounds great)!
A: ?
B: ?
movie title
A: . ?
B: ?
hour place (in front)
A: , . .
Popular Korean Films

1. The Admiral: Roaring Currents (2014)
2. The Host (2006)
3. Thieves (2012)
4. A Gift from Room 7 7 (2013)
5. Masquerade , (2012)
6. King and the Clown (2005)
7. Brotherhood (2004)
8. Haeundae (2009)
9. The Attorney (2013)
10. Ode to My Father (2014)

188 UNIT 6 ?
Task 11: Listening

(EXPONENT)
A ? Have you got A?
, A . No, I haven't got A.
A ? How about A?
. It's O.K.
. It's fine.
Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Thursday Friday Saturday
Sunday then today
tomorrow time yes no
You are going to hear more dialogue on making an appointment. This

time, listen for the day and draw lines connecting people with their
appointment day. Ready? Listen!

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday
UNIT 6 ? 189
Task 12: Word Check

Match the Korean words with their English equivalents. The first one has
been done for you.
a. g. m.
b. h. n.
c. i. o.
d. j. p.
e. k. q.
f. l. + + r.
1. Monday 10. afternoon
2. Tuesday 11. morning
3. Wednesday 12. today
4. Thursday 13. tomorrow
5. Friday 14. yesterday
6. Saturday 15. what month
7. Sunday 16. what day
8. appointment 17. from till
9. what time 18. class

190 UNIT 6 ?
7
?
Unit Focus:
Talking about Past Events
o Verbs and Adjectives: Past Tense Endings

+(/), +(/), +{}
o cannot or did not because of inability
unintentionally
o +() It's because ..., (you know)
o and + and; and then
o Three ands: +, + and
192 UNIT 7 ?
UNIT 7 ? 193
Hyeonu introduces his friend, Kim Minjun, to Paul.
: , ?
: ?
: , .
: . .
: , .
: ?

Paul: Eo, wasseo? Oh, youre here.
Hyeonu: Orae gidaryeosseo? Been waiting long?
Paul: Ani, nado banggeum wasseo. Nope, I just got here, too.
Hyeonu: Insahae. You dont know each other, do
Nae chinguya. you? (Lit. Lets do introductions.)
Ireumeun kimminjun. This is my friend, Kim Minjun
Yeogi gyohwan (Lit. Name is Kim Minjun).
haksaengeuro wasseo. Hes here on exchange.
Paul: Annyeonghaseyo, Hello, Im Paul Smith.
Paul smithimnida.
Minjun: Annyeonghaseyo? Hello?
Hyeonuhanteseo Ive heard a lot about you from
yaegi mani deureosseoyo. Hyeonu.
194 UNIT 7 ?
Vocabulary
oh; yeah
[ come +(casual past tense ending)] came; got here
a long time
[ wait +(casual past tense ending)] waited
nah; nope
[ I; me + too; also; as well] me too; I also
just now; a moment ago
[ introduce; greet; say hello (casual

present tense)] say hello
my friend
+ +/ is the casual form of +/(am/are/is).
name
here
[ exchange student + as]

as an exchange student
+ + is the formal form of +/(am/are/is).
+ from (a person)
story; conversation; chat (shortened form of )
a lot
[ hear; listen to +(polite past tense ending)]

heard; listened to
Note: In English we say come from ... using the present tense (). But in
Korean we use the past tense () since the act of coming occurred in the
past.
. I come from Australia.
UNIT 7 ? 195
Verbs and Adjectives: Past Tense Endings
Verb or Adjective Stem +(/) (Casual)
Verb or Adjective Stem +(/) (Polite)
Verb or Adjective Stem +{} (Honorific)
1) Casual form
The past tense endings consist of the present tense ending +(/) and
+. So to create a past tense verb or adjective, simply add + to the
present tense form:
(Present) (Past)
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

+ lived
+ was/were fine (weather)
When the stem ends with the vowel , only + is added:

+ went
+ was/were inexpensive
When the stem ends with the vowel , it is combined with :

+ came
When the stem ends in the vowel , it is dropped.

+ was/were bad (The dropping of
makes in the last
vowel.)
196 UNIT 7 ?

+
+ was/were interesting/fun
When the stem ends in a vowel, the vowel is usually combined with +:
+ gave
+ was/were cloudy
When the stem ends in the vowel , it is dropped.

+ was/were big

studied
was/were happy
If the stem ends in the consonant and the last vowel is not :
delete +
delete + was/were easy
If the stem ends in the consonant and the last vowel is :

delete +
delete + was/were fair/pretty
2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual from except that you add
at the end.
UNIT 7 ? 197
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
3) Honorific form
To create the honorific past tense form, instead of the present tense form
+{}, you add +{} to the verb stem.
If the stem ends in a vowel: +

+ studied
+ met
+ went
+ came
+ was busy
+ was smart
If the stem ends in a consonant except : +

+ put on; wore
+ read
+ was funy
+ was good
198 UNIT 7 ?
If the stem ends in the consonant : delete +

delete was/were
+ beautiful
delete was/were
+ cute
You also need to remember a special set of honorific verbs and adjectives:
took; ate; drank
ate
was (there)
spoke; said
slept
passed away
was/were ill
Refer to the verb and adjective tables in the appendices to see the three
different forms for a range of verbs and adjectives.
UNIT 7 ? 199
Task 1: Role Play

Form a group of three and practice introducing somebody to the rest of your
group members.
[ ]
A: , ?
B: ?
A: , .
B: . . .
name
A: , .
name
C: ? () .
name
200 UNIT 7 ?
Task 2: Listening
(EXPONENT)
/ ? Where/Which country do you come from?
A (region) . I'm from A.
A ? Which area in A are you from?
which country where + from
came China Australia U.K.
Germany France Japan
You are going to hear an immigration officer asking people what country
they come from. Choose the picture that shows the nationality that you hear
and write the number of the dialogue in the top row of the table. Ready?
Listen!
Canberra Berlin Paris

Melbourne Hamburg Rouean
Sydney Bremen Orlans
Adelaide Hanover Nantes
Brisbane Leipzig Lyon
London Tokyo Beijing

Manchester Osaka Shanghai
Liverpool Kyoto Guangzhou
Birmingham Shimonoseki Nanjing
Glasgow Yokohama Harbin
You will hear an extension of each dialogue. The immigration officer is

asking people which city in their countries they come from. Choose the city
that you hear and put a mark ' ' in the box next to it. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 7 ? 201
Task 3: Role Play

Choose one of the activities shown below. This is what you did yesterday.
Move around the classroom and have a conversation with your classmates
about what you all did. Try to expand the conversation by asking further
questions.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
[ 1] [ 2]
A: ? A: ?
B: . B: .
A: ? A: ?
B: . B: .
202 UNIT 7 ?
Task 4: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What did (you) do?
? When did (you) do (it)?
Verb stem +(/) Verb+ed
Noun + did Noun
A (o'clock) B (o'clock) from A o'clock to B o'clock
yesterday
when
what
in the evening
+ with(people)
and
+ in
() ate dinner
() slept
did
friend
() rang
cinema house
() had a walk
() read a book
() listened to music
UNIT 7 ? 203
() played piano
() watched television
() saw a movie
There was a murder last night. A detective questions each member of the
victim's household about his or her activities on the night of the murder.
Listen carefully and note down each person's activities in the appropriate
spaces on the time grid. You can either use the letter which corresponds to
each activity or the underlined words as shown in the notes from the first
dialogue. Ready? Listen!
List of the Activities
a. () . b. () .
c. () . d. () .
e. () . f. () .
g. () . h. () .
i. .
7 8 8 9 9 10 1011 11 12
1. b c d a
Mary
2.
Tom
3.
Harry
4.
Jane
204 UNIT 7 ?
UNIT 7 ? 205
Hyeonu and Paul talk about why they havent finished their assignments.
: ?
: , . ?
: . .
: .
: ? ?
: . .

Hyeo Ripoteu da haesseo? Finished your assignment?
nu:
Paul: Ani, ajik da mot Nah, not yet. You?
haesseo. Neon?
Hyeo Nado. Eoje neutgekkaji Me, neither (Lit. Me, too). I
nu: chingu saengnil patie was at a friends birthday party
isseotgeodeun. until late last night. But why
Geunde neon wae mot havent you finished? (Lit. But
kkeunnaesseo? why couldnt you finish it?)
Paul: Gamgi ttaemune. Its cause of my cold.
Myeochil gyesok Ive been sick for several days.
apasseo.
Hyeo Geurae? Yeah?
nu: Ije gwaenchannya? You okay now?
Paul: Eung. Da naasseo. Yeah. Im fine now.
(Lit. Ive gotten all better.)
206 UNIT 7 ?
Vocabulary
assignment; essay; report (often pronounced as )
all; in total
nah; nope
yet; still
[ unable (past tense form of do)] couldnt do
[ you +(topic particle)] you
[ I; me + too] me too; I also
yesterday
[ late + till] until late
friend
birthday party
[ have/there is+ past tense infix + Its because]
cause I was
by the way; but
Why
[ finish +(casual past tense ending)] finished
a cold
because of
[ several + day(s)] several days
continuously
. [ sick +(casual past tense ending)]was sick
? Really? Oh, yeah? (Lit. Is that so?)
now
? [ okay +?(masculine casual question ending)]
Is it/Are you okay?
yeah; yep
[ recover +(casual past tense ending)] got better
UNIT 7 ? 207
208 UNIT 7 ?
cannot or did not because of inability

unintentionally
You have already seen how you create a negative sentence by using the
negative word , e.g. (I didnt go). If you change to ,
the sentence becomes (I couldnt go).
Examples:
(1) . There was a party next door.
So I couldnt sleep well
. last night.
(2) . I cant come to class tomorrow.
. I have a job interview.
(3) . Ive got a cold.
.1 So I cant meet you tomorrow.
(4) . 2 I didnt do well in the exam.
. So I dont feel too good.
(5) A: ? Did you study yesterday?

B: . A friend came over to my place
, . 3 in the evening. So I couldnt.
Note 1: is pronounced mon-man-na.

Note 2: In English we use the word didnt rather than the word couldnt.
But in Korean, if there is some external reason that is preventing you from
doing something, you always use the negative word . When you use , it
implies that you intentionally choose not to do something. Thus, is used
far more often than cannot is used in English.)
Note3: is pronounced mo-taessoe.
UNIT 7 ? 209
Task 5: Grammar Check

Fill in the blank with negative particles or . The first one has been done
for you.
1. . (therefore) . .
2. . ________ .
3. (have a peanut allergy).

________ .
4. (want to buy).
(but) (money) . ________ .
5. (I have a stomach ache). ______ .
6. . (but) ______ .
7. (mobile phone) .
______ (send a text message/SMS).
8. A: , ______ ?
B: . .
9. A: ?
B: , . ______ (not answering the telephone).
10. : ?
: , ________ .
210 UNIT 7 ?
+() It's because ..., (you know)

You use +() to provide a reason for an action or situation. This is a
sentence ending which is often used in everyday conversation. It can be
translated in English as It's because..., (you know), however, this would be
often omitted because the meaning will usually be quite clear from context.
Present Past Future

Verb or Adjective + +(/) +{/}
Noun +{} +{/} +{/}
(1) A: ? Have you finished your essay?
B: . . Not yet. Ive been busy, you know.
(2) A: ? Have you finished your

assignment?
B: . . Nope. My computers crashed.
(3) A: ? Wherere you goin?
B: . To the library.
. I've got an exam tomorrow.
(4) A: What brings you to Sydney?
? (Lit. How did you come to

Sydney?) (honorific)
B: . Im here on a business trip.
. My (Lit. our) company has a branch

office here.
Refer to the verb and adjective table in the appendices.

UNIT 7 ? 211
Task 6: Role Play

Practise this role play with a partner. Take turns asking each other
? and coming up with reasons why you couldnt do it. Write your and
your partners reasons in the table below.
[ ]
A: ?
B: . . .
Reason (+) English translation
1. I had (part-time) work.
2. I slept.
3. I was sick.
4. Ive been too busy.
5. It was too hard.
I had too much to drink

6.
(alcohol).
7. . I had a car accident.
8. My computer crashed.
212 UNIT 7 ?
UNIT 7 ? 213
Minseos mum asks whether she has already eaten when she comes home.
: .
: ?
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ? ?
: ! . .

Mum: Akka ohue I called you this afternoon.
jeonhwahaesseonneunde.
Minseo: Geurae? Geuttae doseogwaneseo Yeah? I was studying in the

gongbuhago isseosseo. library (at that time).
Mum: Jeonyeok meogeosseo? Had dinner?

Minseo: Eung. Yeah.
Mum: Honja meogeosseo? Did you eat alone?
Minseo: Ani, chinguhago. Nah, with a friend.
Mum: Chingu nugu? Namjachingu? What friend? A boyfriend?
Minseo: Eomma! Aniya. Mum! Its not!
Yeongmihago meogeosseo. I ate with Yeongmi.
214 UNIT 7 ?
Vocabulary
a little while ago
[ afternoon +(time particle)] in the afternoon
[ make a phone call + (past tense

infix) +] called...
(When Minseos mother tells Minseo that she called
this afternoon, she uses the verb ending
. This places an emphasis on her
action. If she had just said , it would
describe what she did, but with a nuance indicating
that it was no big deal.)
? Oh, yeah? Really? (Lit. Is that so?)
(at) that time
[ library +(activity location particle)] in

the library
[ study + (past progressive tense)]
was studying
dinner
[ eat +(casual past tense ending)] ate
yeah; yup
alone; by oneself
nah; nope
[ friend + with] with a friend
who
boyfriend
mum
Its not
UNIT 7 ? 215
+ and; with
(When the phrase + () is attached to a person, it means
(together) with. You can omit , with not much difference
in meaning.)
A: ? Where do you live?

B: . I live in Shinsa-dong.
A: ? Do you live on your own?
B: , No, I live with a Korean friend.
.
216 UNIT 7 ?
and + and; and then

can be used to connect two sentences. It is placed at the beginning of
the second sentence and operates like the English And or And then:
(1) . Sumi is listening to music.
.* And Cheolmin is reading a book.
(*In colloquial speech, it is common to add when a persons first

name ends in a consonant: +. This should not be done with
seniors or in formal situations. )
(2) . Sumi ate her dinner.
. And then she went out again.
The sentences can describe two independent actions as in the first example, or
alternatively, two actions in a time sequence as in the second example. Note
that when the subjects of the two sentences are different, you use the topic
particle +{/} since you are contrasting them as in (1).
As in English, you can also combine these sentences and make them into one.
To do this, instead of using , you add the ending + to the stem of the
first verb:
(3) * Sumi is listening to music and
. Cheolmin is reading a book.
(*The verb in (1) is irregular, with the stem .)
(4) Sumi ate her dinner and then
. went out again.

UNIT 7 ? 217
Even though the two sentences in (4) are in past tense, when we join them
with +, we do not use the past tense form in the first clause, but only in the
final clause. That is, we do not say, (wrong).
(5) That restaurant is cheap and
. the food is delicious.
As you can see from example (5), you can also use + to link clauses that
end in an adjective, and the rule is exactly the same as for verbs.
More examples:
(6) I played the piano and
. my older brother sang.
(7) On the weekend, I watched TV at
. home and then studied Korean.
(8) I met a friend and then came
. home around six oclock

yesterday.
(9) I came back home
.* after eating dinner.
(*This structure can also be used to emphasise that you did not just do
the second action, but did something first. For example, a mum might
ask her son, Have you had dinner? upon his arrival at home in the
evening, to which he may reply, . to emphasise that he
ate before coming home.)
Refer to the verb and adjective table in the appendices.

218 UNIT 7 ?
Three ands: +, + and
1) + is a particle used to join nouns together:
2) + is an ending used to join verbs or adjectives:
.
. (petite and pretty)
3) is a transitional word used to connect two sentences:
. .
UNIT 7 ? 219
Task 7: Role Play

Choose two of the activities shown below. These are what you did yesterday.
Move around the classroom, asking each other and talking about what you did
yesterday.
[ ]
A: ?
B: () . ?
A: () .
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
220 UNIT 7 ?
Task 8: Reading
Read and translate this letter that Michael has written to his teacher after
arriving in Korea.
,
.
.
9 1 .
. !
.
! .
.
.
10 .
........
9 1 .
.
2008 9 10

Vocabulary
[ professor sir (honorific) + to (honorific)]
Dear Professor (The casual version of + is +.)
[ I (humble)+ (topic particle)] I
UNIT 7 ? 221
[ past week] last week

[ Saturday +(time particle)] on Saturday
[ arrive(past tense form)] arrived
[ today + from] from today on
[ started (past tense form)] began
+ + from till
[ study(past tense form)]

very
[ difficult +(past tense ending)] was difficult

[ four hours for; during] for four hours
[ Korea spoken language] Korean
[ do(past tense form) + its because]
+ +{/}: object particle
[ meet +(past tense ending)] met
[ tremendously be good at] awesome at
[ envious +(present tense ending)] envious
[ English + in] in English
[ speak(past tense form)] spoke
[ I (humble)+ (subject particle)] I
too (much)
[ tired(past tense form) + its

because] it was because was tired
[ eat + and]
10 [10 ten oclock around + at] at around 10
dormitory; halls of residence
Yours Sincerely (honorific)

222 UNIT 7 ?
Task 9: Reading & Writing

Read the following text and answer the questions below, in English.
Also, write about your own holidays.
. .
. Rain .
. (Valentines Day)
. Rainy day .
. !
1. With whom, and where did she watch a movie?
2. What did she do in the library?
3. Why did she not buy chocolate on Valentines Day?
4. Around how many hours of sleep did she normally get every day?
UNIT 7 ? 223
Vocabulary
[ I +(possessive particle)] my
school/uni holiday
[ cinema; theatre +(activity location particle)] in a

cinema
[ friend (plural marker)] friends
[ see +(past tense ending)] saw
[ good +(past tense ending)] was good
every day
+ and; with
[ not have/there is not +(present tense ending)]

do not have
[ buy +(past tense ending)] bought
[ friend + with] with a friend
[ go + and then] went and
[() sleep +(past tense ending)] slept
a lot
very early in the morning (usually between 1am till 6 am)
[ happy(past tense form)] was happy

224 UNIT 7 ?
Task 10: Word Check

Write down the Korean words next to their English equivalents. The first one
is done for you.
a. j.
b. k.
c. / l.
d. / m.
e. n.
f. o.
g. p.
h. . q.
i. r.
1. yesterday 10. when
in the in the
2. 11.
morning afternoon
in the
3. 12. at night
evening
4. ate dinner 13. studied
went for
5. drank tea 14.
a walk
listened to played
6. 15.
music piano
7. rang 16. read a book
saw a
8. 17. slept
movie
was watched
9. 18.
interesting television
8

Unit Focus:
Ordering in a Caf or Restaurant
o Asking for Something in a Shop

o +{/} I want; Do you want to?
o Counting Nouns
o Restaurant Related Expressions
o Pure Korean Numbers
o Noun +, +{} and +{/} and
226 UNIT 8
UNIT 8 227
Hyeonu is very thirsty and looking for a cold beer.
: ?
: . .
, .
: .
: ?
: ? .
: ~ .
, .

Minjun: Wasseo? Youre here. (Lit. You came?)
Hyeonu: Eung. Nalssiga kkwae deomne. Yeah. Oh, its quite hot today!
A, mok malla. Gee, Im thirsty.
Minjun: Mul masyeo. Have some water.

Hyeonu: Mul malgo siwonhan maekju Do you (Lit. Do you not) have
eomnya? some cold beer instead of
water?
Minjun: Maekju? Eopseo. Beer? Nope (Lit. There isnt

any).
Geunyang mul masyeo. Just have water.

Hyeonu: A~ maekjuga deo joeunde. Man but I like beer better.
Hal su eopji mwo. Ah well, I guess water will do,
then (Lit. I cant do anything
about it).
228 UNIT 8
Vocabulary
? [ come +(casual past tense ending)] came; got here
weather
quite; pretty; rather
[ hot + (exclamatory ending)] hot
ah; oh; hey etc.
[ throat dry +(casual present tense ending)]

thirsty (Lit. throat is dry)
water
[ drink +(casual present tense ending)] drink
instead of
[ cool +(noun modifying adjective ending)]

cool; refreshing
beer
? [ not have; there isnt +?(casual masculine question

ending)] Is there not?; Do you not have?
[ not have; there isnt +(casual present tense ending)]
There isnt.; I dont have
just; simply
more; (also forms comparatives like the English er

ending)
[ good + (soft sentence ending)]
, Ah well, can't do anything about it (used when you are

forced to accept a situation that may not particularly be
ideal for you)
UNIT 8 229
Asking for Something in a Shop

When we are asking for something in a shop, we say:
A: noun ? Do you have any noun ?
The reply will be either:
B: , . Yes, we do.
or
B: , . No, we dont.
Examples:
(1) A: ? Do you have any grapes?
B: , . Yes, we do.
(2) A: ? Do you have ginseng tea?
B: , . No, we dont.
(3) A: ? Do you have any questions?
B: , . No, I dont.
(4) A: ? You have (some free) time today?
B: ? Why do you ask?
(5) A: ? Do you have a boyfriend?
B: , . No, I dont
You can see from the latter examples that this phrase has a wide application -
not just asking for things in shops.
230 UNIT 8
Task 1: Role Play

Form a group. One student will play Role A, the borrower. The others in the
group will be neighbours. Rotate the roles so that everyone has a turn at
borrowing.
A: You are cooking for a party and find out that youve forgotten to buy the
items below. Ask each of your neighbours in turn if they have what you
need, until you have borrowed all of the items.
B: Divide up the six items below with your fellow neighbours. This is all
that you have to lend.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
[ ]
A: ?
B: , . / (,) .
(When B replies that s/he doesnt have the item, s/he uses the term
. Although the meaning is the same as , the ending is
softer and sounds more polite. Pronunciation: eom-neun-de-yo.)
UNIT 8 231
Task 2: Writing
Answer the questions about what is in the refrigerator according to the
picture. The first two have been done for you.
1. A: ?
B: , .
2. A: ?
B: .
3. A: ?
B:
4. A: ?
B:
5. A: ?
B:
6. A: ?
B:
7. A: ?
B:
8. A: ?
B:
9. A: ?
B:
10. A: ?
B:
232 UNIT 8
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A(things) ? Have we got A?
(A) /. We have/haven't got A.
yes no apple
orange potato mushroom
fish crab carrot
corn grape coke
beer milk cheese
bread cake egg
chicken beef Korean cabbage
orange juice
You will hear Susan ask whether or not the following items are in the
fridge. However, is quite playful. She does not always tell the truth.
Mark TRUE or FALSE according to whether or not she tells the truth.
Ready? Listen!
UNIT 8 233
(TRUE) (FALSE)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
234 UNIT 8
UNIT 8 235
Minseo and Jihun are at a coffee shop and Minseo wants to have Patbingsu.
: ?
: . , .
: ?
(Jihun tries to get the attention of a waiter.)

: !
(The waiter comes over.)

: ?
: .
(The waiter comes back.)

: , .
.
: ... .
: .
: . .

Jihun: Mwo masillae? What do you wanna drink?
Minseo: Aiseu keopi. Iced coffee.
Ani, patbingsu meogeullae. Nah, I wannna have Patbingsu.
Jihun: Patbingsu? Patbingsu?
Jihun: Yeogiyo! Excuse me. (Lit. Over here!)
Jihun: Patbingsu dwaeyo? Do you have Patbingsu?

236 UNIT 8
Staff: Jamsimanyo. Ill go and check (Lit. One

moment, please).
Staff: Joesonghamnida, sonnim. Im sorry (dear customer).

Oneureun patbingsuga an We dont have Patbingsu today
doemnida. (Lit. not available).
Minseo: Eum... Geureom aiseu keopi UmmThen, can I have an iced
juseyo. coffee, please?
Jihun: Jeodo gateun geollo juseyo. The same for me, please.
Staff: Aiseu keopi du janiyo. Two iced coffees. Certainly.
Algetseumnida.
Vocabulary
what
[ drink + wanna] wanna drink

iced coffee
[ eat + wanna] wanna eat

nah; nope (casual)
crushed ice dessert with red beans (also ice cream, fruit etc.)
[ here +(polite particle)] over here

? [ available; possible; be done +(casual present tense
ending)] Is ... available?
* ... ? can also be used for Is ... allowed (or
possible)?. For instance, it can be used in the phrase,
? (Can I pay by card?) when you wish to make your
payment with a card.
[ just a moment +(polite particle)]
Just a moment, please
UNIT 8 237
[ sorry +(formal present tense ending)]

Im sorry; I regret it; I apologise
customer; guest
[ today +(topic particle)] today

[ negative word +(formal present tense ending)]
not available; is not possible; cannot be done
then; in that case
[ give +(honorific present tense ending)] Can I

please have (Lit. Please give me)
[ I (humble) + too; also; as well] me too; I also
[ the same one of] one of the same
two cups/glasses
+{} polite particle +.

* In colloquial speech, Korean people tend to add +
before the polite particle + (i.e. +) when the
preceding word is a noun ending in a consonant. For
instance, , , and so on.
Strictly speaking, however, the proper grammatical way of
saying these would be without the + and just with the
polite participle +: that is, , , etc.
Nevertheless, for the purpose of providing authentic text,
we have included + in some parts of the textbook, as
appropriate.
Certainly; Of course (Lit. I understand).
Culture note: When speaking English, it is very common to add thank you
or thanks when making an order. The Korean equivalents are reserved for
when we want to express gratitude for something, and are rarely used when
ordering from a waiter or shop assistant.
238 UNIT 8
+{/} I want to; Do you want to?

When we express a desire to do something, we can use:
Verb Stem +{/} (Casual)
Verb Stem +{/} (Polite)
When ascertaining another persons desire do something, we can use:
Verb Stem +{/}? (Casual)
Verb Stem +{/}? (Polite)
Verb Stem +{}? (Honorific)
This sentence ending can only be used in the first person (I or we) or
second person (you).
1) Casual and polite forms
If the verb stem ends in a consonant (except for ): +()

+ () () want to eat
+ () () want to wear
If the verb stem ends in a vowel: +()

+ () () want to drink
+ () () want to wait
UNIT 8 239
2) Honorific form
If the verb stem ends in a consonant (except for ): +?

Would you like to?
+ () Would you like to
read?
+ () ?
If the verb stem ends in a vowel: +?

+ () () Would you like to
watch?
+ () ?
The honorific form +{}? is used in question form only, and should
never be used to talk about yourself (as it is inappropriate to honour
yourself). Also, note that we must use the honorific word - in place of
- (eat) or - (drink) when using the honorific form. That is:
? (correct) Would you like to have?
? (wrong)
? (wrong)
Examples:
(1) A: ? What do you want to drink?
B: . I want to drink coffee.
(2) A: ? What would you like to drink?
B: . Id like some tea, please.
(3) A: ? What do you wanna wear?
B: . Id like to wear jeans.

240 UNIT 8
(4) A: ? Do you wanna play tennis tonight?
B: ... . Hmm I just wanna rest at home.
. Im a bit tired today.
There are other expressions in Korean for talking about ones desire to do
something. When +{/} is used, the context is usually to express a
specific desire or decision at the time of speaking (e.g. I want to have iced
coffee), rather than a more general hope or desire (e.g. I want to speak Korean
well./ We want to travel to Europe).

UNIT 8 241
Task 4: Role Play

Get into a group of three. Two of you are friends meeting at a cafe, and one of
you is the waitress/waiter. You have learnt the items on the menu in Unit 3.
1: ?
2: . , .
1: . .
2: ! ?
: , .
2: ... .
(Beverages)
1. cola
2. coffee
3. milk
4. orange juice
5. iced coffee
6. black tea
7. green tea
8. ginseng tea
9. beer
10. Soju
242 UNIT 8
Counting Nouns
In Korean counting nouns are commonly used when counting objects with a
number. One example of a counting noun, (oclock) was introduced in
Unit 6. An example of an English counting noun is the word cup when we
say, Ill have two cups of coffee rather than Ill have two coffees.
In English, however, counting nouns are mainly used with uncountable or

mass nouns, for example, two loaves of bread instead of two breads or
three pieces of furniture instead of three furnitures. (Note that in Korean
all nouns must be used in their singular form when a number is specified.)
(1) . Can I please have two cups of coffee?
(2) . Can I please have one apple?
The use of counting nouns in English is very limited. However, there is a

wide range of different counting nouns in Korean. A very common one is ,
which can be used with most objects, although it cannot be used for people.
For people, use or (honorific). is an honorific form and should be

used for elders, seniors, customers etc. For example, when customers arrive at
a restaurant:
(3) : ? How many of you are there?
: . There are three of us.

UNIT 8 243
Examples:
The list below shows the counting nouns that you are most likely to need in
everyday conversation, so you should memorise these.
Item Counting Example

Noun
(1) oclock one oclock
(2) hours two hours
(3) months three months
(4) age (years) four years (old)
(5) people five students
(6) people (honorific) six customers
(7) general things seven apples
(8) cups eight cups of

coffee
(9) bottles nine bottles of

beer
(10) sheets/tickets/ eleven sheets of

photographs paper
244 UNIT 8
This list shows less frequently used counting nouns and is provided for you to
refer to when necessary.
Item Counting Example

Noun
(11) animals nine cows
(12) books ten books
(13) pencils twelve pencils
(14) shoes, socks thirteen pairs of

shoes
(15) suits (clothes) fourteen suits
(16) cars fifteen cars
(17) trees sixteen trees
(18) letters seventeen letters

UNIT 8 245
Task 5: Writing
Compile a shopping list from the information on the right. Make sure you use
the appropriate counting nouns. The first one has been done for you.
a. oranges 3 1.
b. apples 2 2.
c. eggs 10 3.
d. beer 5 4.
e. wine 1 5.
f. cakes 4 6.
g. bread 1 7.
h. carrots 7 8.
246 UNIT 8
Task 6: Writing
You need to buy the items in the box for a party:
apples -10 apple juice - 2 bottles

pears - 5 beer - 8 bottles
coke - 7 bottles wine - 1 bottle
orange juice - 3 bottles
Use this information to complete the following dialogues.
1. 1st
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: , .
2. 2nd
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
UNIT 8 247
3. 1st
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
?
: . .
: , .
4. 2nd
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
?
: , .
: , .
?
: .
5. 3rd
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
248 UNIT 8
Task 7: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A(things) ? Have you got A?
A /. I have/haven't got A.
A(things) . Give me A, please.
yes
no
then
apple
bread
coke
whisky
beer
brandy
orange juice
general item counting noun
bottle counting noun

UNIT 8 249
Listen to the following dialogues that might happen in a shop between a

shop assistant and a customer. Write down the number of items that a
customer is buying in the box next to that item. Ready? Listen!
1. ; in a fruit shop
2. ; in a small supermarket
3. ; in a bottle shop
250 UNIT 8
UNIT 8 251
Minjun, Hyeonu and Paul are at a Korean restaurant in Melbourne.
: . ?
: .
: .
(A waiter comes back to take an order.)

: ?
: , .
.
: , .
(The waiter brings out the food.)

: .
(Hyeonu gets the attention of waiter.)

: .
.
: . ?
: , .
: , .

Staff: Eoseo oseyo. Se buniseyo? Welcome. A table for three?
Minjun: Ne. Yes.
Staff: Ijjogeuro oseyo. Please come this way.
(A waiter comes back to take an order.)
Staff: Jumun hasigetseumnikka? Are you ready to order?
(Lit. Will you order?)
252 UNIT 8
Minjun: Bibimbap hana, gimchijjigae One bibimbab and two kimchi

dul juseyo. jjigae please.
Bibimbabeun gogi ppaegoyo. Well have the bibimbap without
meat. (vegetarian bibimbap)
Staff: Ne, algetseumnida. Yes, certainly.
(Lit. Yes, I understand.)
(The waiter brings out the food.)
Staff: Masitge deuseyo. Enjoy your meal.
(Hyeonu gets the attention of waiter.)
Hyeonu: Jeogiyo. Excuse me. (Lit. Hey over
Yeogi mul han janman deo there!) Can we have another
juseyo. class of water, please?
Staff: Ne. Mwo piryohan geo deo Sure. Is there anything else you
eopseuseyo? need? (Lit. Is there not anything
else you need?)
Paul: Anyo,gwaenchanayo. No, were fine.
Staff: Ne, algetseumnida. Okay then.
Vocabulary
Welcome (Lit. Please come promptly.); a fixed expression
for greeting customers
three people (honorific)
+? is it? (+{/} is the honorific form of

+{/})
[ this side + to (direction particle)] this way
[ come +(honorific present tense ending)]

(please) come
Bibimbap (a rice dish with mixed vegetables, beef etc.)
UNIT 8 253
? [ order +(honorific infix) + (future

infix) +?(honorific question ending)]
Are you ready to order? Would you like to order?
one
Kimchi stew
two
meat
[ give +(honorific present tense ending)]

Can I please have ? (Lit. Please give me )
[ take out; exclude + and + (polite particle)]
without meat, please
Okay. (Lit. I understand.) (formal)
Enjoy your meal [ deliciously (Note. This is

a part of an idiomatic expression so it is unnatural to
translate it separately) Please eat/drink
(honorific)]
[ over there +(polite particle)] Excuse me.
(when you want to attract someones attention)
here
water
one cup/glass
+ only; just
more
[ needed +(noun modifying adjective

ending) thing] something you need (Lit. needed
thing)
254 UNIT 8
? [ not have; there isnt +(honorific present

tense ending)] Is not there any?; Do you not have
any?
no (Lit. No, Im not/Its not.); contracted form of
(polite)
[ okay; fine +(polite present tense ending)]
Im/Were fine
yes (polite)
UNIT 8 255
Restaurant Related Expressions
. (casual) Before eating: Thank you for this meal.
! (formal) (Lit. I will be enjoying the meal); when

someone has cooked for you, or treated
you to a meal.
. (casual) After eating: That was a good meal.
. (formal) (Lit. Ive enjoyed the meal)
! Yum!; Tastes good!
(). Im full.
? What is your recommendation?

(Lit. What is delicious here?)
A ? Does A have meat in it?
. Could you hurry up, please?
. Can I have some more side dishes?

(Lit. Please give me more side dishes.)
. One more bowl of rice, please.
. I didnt order this.
(OR .)
. Complements of the house.

(Lit. This is a (free) service.)
. Can I have the bill, please?

256 UNIT 8
Pure Korean Numbers

Korean uses two sets of numbers. The first is comprised of numbers that
predate the influence of Chinese culture in Korea, Pure Korean numbers.
The second is based on the Chinese number system, Sino-Korean numbers.
Pure Korean numbers up to 12 were introduced in Unit 6 for telling the time
(e.g. 1 oclock). Here, we will introduce more Pure Korean numbers. You
will hear these numbers used most often for counting everyday objects, such
as when people are ordering food or drinks in a restaurant, etc.
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
Examples:
(1) . Can I please have one apple? (Lit.
Please give me one apple).
(2) . Two lattes, please.
(3) . Can I please have three coffees?
(4) . Can I please have four hamburgers?
Note that the object does not change to a plural form when there is more than
one, unlike in English.
UNIT 8 257
Note also that a modified form of , , , and are used with

counting nouns, as shown below:
(5a) . Can I please have two coffees?

(5b) . Can I please have two cups of coffee?
While these pure Korean numbers exist up to 99 (shown below), nowadays

most Koreans tend to use them only for numbers up to about 20, and use
sino-Korean numbers for bigger numbers. Listening Comprehension Tasks
10 and 11 introduce the Pure Korean numbers up to 20.
20 30 40 50
60 70 80 90
258 UNIT 8
Task 8: Word Check

Connect the numerals with their Pure Korean number equivalent. The first
one is done for you.
10
UNIT 8 259
Task 9: Listening
one two three four
five six seven eight
nine ten
You are going to hear pure Korean numbers from 1 to 10. Circle the
number that you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. a.5 b.9 2. a.7 b.10 3. a.2 b.8 4. a.9 b.3
5. a.1 b.6 6. a.3 b.8 7. a.3 b.9 8. a.3 b.1
9. a.7 b.5 10. a.4 b.9
You are going to hear the numbers again. However, this time write down
the number that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17. 18.
19. 20.
260 UNIT 8
Task 10: Listening

eleven twelve
thirteen fourteen
fifteen sixteen
seventeen eighteen
nineteen twenty
You are going to hear pure Korean numbers from 11 to 20. Circle the
number that you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. a.15 b.14 2. a.17 b.13 3. a.11 b.18 4. a.19 b.13
5. a.11 b.16 6. a.18 b.19 7. a.15 b.13 8. a.12 b.17
9. a.12 b.15 10. a.20 b.19

UNIT 8 261
Task 11: Role Play

Practice the following role play with a partner, taking turns being a
waiter/waitress and a customer:
A: Waiter/Waitress: You work in a fast food restaurant. Take the

customers order, filling out the order sheet below as you go. Make sure
you confirm the order at the end.
B: Customer: You are making an order at a fast food restaurant for you and
your friends. Using the menu below, decide what items and the
quantities that you want to order, then tell the waiter/waitress.
[ ]
A: . ? (What can I get you?)
B: .
A: , , ?
B: , . (Yes, thats right)
/
262 UNIT 8
Noun +, +{}, +{/} and

When listing two or more nouns, we add the particles +, +{} or
+{/} to the first noun, as shown below:
1) + for colloquial speech:

2) +{} for colloquial speech (often used by children or young females):
o If the word ends in a consonant, +:
o If the word ends in a vowel +:
3) +{/} for formal speech or in writing:

o If the word ends in a consonant, +:
o If the word ends in a vowel, +:
Note that there is no space between the first noun and the particle, but there is
a space between the particle and the second noun (not , but
). Koreans tend to use + most often in conversation.
Examples:
(1) : . A coke and a coffee, please.
: , . Sure, here you are.
(2) A: ? When do you have Korean classes?
B: . Mondays and Wednesdays.
(3) . I bought apples, lemons and

strawberries.
(4) Independent Film Bread and Milk
( ) (Director: Shin-yon Won)
UNIT 8 263
Task 12: Writing

Work out what the following dialogue means and fill in the blanks using the
words below. There may be more than one answer.
: . ?
: .
: .
: ?
: , , .
: .
: , . ?
: (dried; dry) .
: , 1 ?
: .
Note 1: Korean pub goers normally order (drinking snacks) to go with

their drinks (It is actually often compulsory to do so!). These side dishes can
vary from plates of nibbles to large hot dishes of nicely prepared food. Most
drinks are quite cheap, so the pubs usually make their money from selling
these drinking snacks.
264 UNIT 8
Task 13: Listening

(EXPONENT)
A(things) . Give me A please.
coke
coffee
orange juice
milk
routine expression meaning welcome

You are going to hear three dialogues in which a customer is ordering

drinks in a coffee shop. Write down the number of drinks the customer orders
in the box next to the drink. Ready? Listen!
9
?
Unit Focus:
Asking for and Giving Prices
Asking for a Discount
o ; am/are/is not
o How much?
o Sino-Korean Numbers
o Telling the Time: # minutes
o Rate and Ratio Particle + per
o Delimiter Particle + only
o Demonstrative Pronouns: , , and
o Vocabulary: Colour Terms ()
o Vocabulary: Consumer Items
266 UNIT 9 ?
UNIT 9 ? 267
Jihun and Minseo are at a fast food restaurant.
: ?
: .
: .
: ?
: .
: .
: .

Assistant: Mwo deurilkkayo? What can I get you?
Jihun: Bulgogi beogeo seteu dul Two bulgogi burger meals,

juseyo. please.
Assistant: Yeogi itseumnida. Here you are.
Jihun: Eolmayeyo? How much is it?
Assistant: Gucheonwonimnida. Thats 9,000 won.
Assistant: Manwon badatseumnida. Thats (Lit. I have received)

10,000 won.
Assistant: Cheonwon deuryeotseumnida. Thats 1,000 won change (Lit. I

have given you 1,000 won).
268 UNIT 9 ?
Vocabulary
what
? [ give (honorific) +? shall I?]

Shall I give ?
Bulgogi burger
meal; set
two
[ give + (honorific present tense ending)]

Could I please have (Lit. Please give me...)
[ here there is + (formal style present tense
ending)] here it is
? [ how much + am/are/is] How much is it?
9,000 won
+ + is the formal style version of +{/}

(am/are/is).
10,000 won
[ receive + (formal style past tense ending)]

received
1,000 won
[ give (honorific) +(formal style past tense

ending)] gave
Note 1: Korean shop assistants typically use formal/honorific forms when

speaking to customers. Customers will generally speak to shop
assistants in less formal - though still polite - forms.
Note 2: The highest valued Korean note is 50,000 won and the lowest is
UNIT 9 ? 269
1,000 won. Coins range from 1 won to 500 won. However, 1 won
and 5 won coins are very rarely used the more widely used ones
are 10 won, 50 won, 100 won and 500 won coins.
Further information on current Korean currency can be found at the

following web address:
http://eng.bok.or.kr/broadcast.action?menuNaviId=1691
270 UNIT 9 ?
; am/are/is not
1) +{/} (am/are/is)
In Unit 1 you have learned +{/} to say A is B when B is a noun
and not an adjective. Remember that this ending must be added to the end of a
noun, pronoun or a wh- question word (e.g what, why, when).
Noun+{} (casual)
Noun+{/} (polite)
Noun+{} (honorific)
Noun+ (polite, formal)
Noun+{} (honorific, formal)
Rules:
If the noun ends in a consonant: +
. Its a photo of my
girlfriend.
If the noun ends in a vowel: +

? What is that?
2)
If you want to say that A is not B, then you use .
Noun (casual)
Noun (polite)
Noun (honorific)
Noun (polite, formal)
Noun (honorific, formal)

UNIT 9 ? 271
In this case, however, we do not write it as an ending attached to the noun, but
as a separate word, with a space before it:
. This is not my book.
Examples:
(1) A: ? Is s/he Korean (Lit. Is that
person a Korean person)?
B: , . No. S/hes not Korean.
(2) A: ? Is that your book?

B: , . No, its not mine.
(3) A: ? How much is this one?

B: . Its 10 dollars.
(4) A: ? Who is s/he? (honorific)

B: . S/he is a professor of Korean
Studies. (honorific)
(5) A: ? What year of school is your

younger brother in?
B: .* He is in his 3rd year of high
school.
(* is pronounced [ hang-nyeon])
(6) A: ? Whens your graduation

ceremony?
B: . Its on the 25th of February.
272 UNIT 9 ?
(7) A: ? Where are we?

(Lit. Where is this place?)
B: 3 . * We are in Jongno 3-ga.
(Lit. It is Jongno 3-ga)
(*Pronounced [ jong-no sam-ga])
(8) A: ? Whats the date today?

B: . Its the 27th.
Refer to Appendix 1 at the end of the book (Copular be tables).

UNIT 9 ? 273
How much?
You have learned the meaning of how many, or what when used with
counting nouns, such as time/age/floor etc. in Unit 6. Now we will look at
the word , which has a similar meaning, but different usage.
is also used for numerical quantities but unlike , is not used

before nouns. For example, can be used as follows:
(1) ? What time is it?
(2) ? What age are you?/ What age is s/he?
(3) ? What floor is it?
In these examples, is asking what number.
is also used in this way:
(4) ? How many cups of coffee do you

drink in a day?
, on the other hand, is used like this:
(5) ? How much is this?
Note that there is no noun after , but simply the verb, is. This
construction can always be equated to How much is? In the simple form
above, it is used to ask the price of something, but the word price is not used
in the sentence. Therefore, when asking about prices, always use , and
for now, use for asking about all other quantities or amounts.
274 UNIT 9 ?
Sino-Korean Numbers
Sino-Korean numbers are used in cases where numbers are more abstract. As
such, they are used for dates, telephone numbers, bus numbers, amounts of
money including prices, minutes when telling the time, room numbers, floors
of a building, measurements of weight, height, and so on.
/ 0
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
10 20 30 40 50
100 200 300 400
1000 2000 3000
10000 20000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
Examples:
year 1995
month name January
date (of the month) the 2nd (of a month)
weeks three weeks
minutes four minutes
currency five won
floor the sixth floor
building number building no. 7
room number room no. 8
telephone number , 1 901-2005
UNIT 9 ? 275
Note: Koreans typically express the first four (or three) digits of a phone
number as one number, followed by , and then the last four digits as
another number, before finally adding . However, Koreans are increasingly
expressing phone numbers as a series of digits, as in English. That is, more
Koreans these days tend to say, , without the and .
More examples:
(1) A: ? How much is this?
B: . Its 1,500 won.
(2) A: * ? How much is the starting

salary (Lit. salary for new
employees)?
B: . 3,000,000 won (per month).
(Note: In Korea, salaries are calculated by the month. means a

months pay ( month + provision). An employee will usually
receive a bonus payment which can be up to 6 months base salary per
year, as well as allowances for meals and travelling expenses. Starting
annual salaries for university graduates in major companies averaged
37,070,000 won (US$34,048) in 2014.
(3) A: * ? When is Chuseok?

B: . Its August 15
in the lunar calendar.
(Note: is one of the most important public holidays in the Korean
calendar. Traditionally, it marked the end of the harvest in autumn. On
the day before , millions of Koreans jam the highways and crowd
the long-distance buses and trains as they travel to their hometowns for
the traditional celebrations.)
276 UNIT 9 ?
(4) A: * ? Which floor is your office on?

B: . Its on the third floor
(Note: In Korea, the ground floor is designated (level 1). So

(level 3) is actually equivalent to the second floor in Australia.)
(5) A: ? How long have you been

studying Korean?
B: . For 3 weeks.
(6) A: . Could you deliver this for me,

please?
B: * ? Whats the address?
A: . Apartment 1006, Block 7,
Hyundai Apartments.
* In examples 2, 3, 4 and 6 above, a subject particle +{/} has been used

(+ in 2, 3 and 4, + in 6). This is because in these sentences, your attention
is being focussed on the subject (i.e. monthly pay, Chuseok, office, address).
When the subject noun ends in a consonant you use +, and when it ends in
a vowel you use +. In spoken Korean, the subject particle is sometimes
omitted.
Note that it is important to remember for which items you use pure Korean
numbers and in which cases you must use Sino-Korean numbers. Eventually
you should not have to think about which number system to use. Normally,
numbers are written using digits and not spelled out in Hangul. So when a
number is written as, for example, 24, you need to know whether to read it as
(pure Korean number) or as (sino-Korean number).
UNIT 9 ? 277
Task 1: Listening
/ zero one two three
four five six seven
eight nine ten
You are going to hear Sino-Korean numbers from 0 to 10. Circle the
numbers that you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. a.4 b.5 2. a.10 b.3 3. a.2 b.8 4. a.9 b.3
5. a.1 b.6 6. a.3 b.8 7. a.3 b.9 8. a.3 b.1
9. a.0 b.8 10. a.4 b.9 11. a.10 b.7
the numbers that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20.
21. 22.
278 UNIT 9 ?
Task 2: Listening
eleven twelve
thirteen fourteen
fifteen sixteen
seventeen eighteen
nineteen twenty
1. a.15 b.14 2. a.17 b.13 3. a.12 b.18 4. a.19 b.13
5. a.11 b.16 6. a.18 b.19 7. a.15 b.13 8. a.11 b.17
9. a.12 b.15 10. a.20 b.19

UNIT 9 ? 279
Task 3: Listening
ten twenty thirty
forty fifty sixty
seventy eighty ninety
(a) hundred
1. a. 40 b. 90 2. a. 30 b. 70 3. a. 20 b. 80
4. a. 50 b. 90 5. a. 60 b. 30 6. a. 70 b. 80
7. a. 40 b. 30 8. a. 10 b. 90 9. a. 50 b. 30
10. a. 100 b. 90
the numbers that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19.
20.
280 UNIT 9 ?
Task 4: Writing
Read the dialogues and write down the prices next to each article. The first
a. ball-point pen 150 .
public transport card

b. .
(rechargeable smart card)
c. soft serve cone .
d. cheeseburger .
1. : ?
: .
2. : ?
: .
3. : ?
: .
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
UNIT 9 ? 281
Task 5: Role Play

Practise the following role play with a partner.
A: Customer: You are at a coffee shop. There is a menu on the table but
there are no prices. Ask the waiter/waitress for the price of each item
and fill in the menu below. When you have all the prices, order a drink.
When you have finished, show your partner what you have written to
check if you have got the prices correct.
B: Waiter/waitress: You are serving a customer in a coffee shop. Decide

what you would like to charge for your drinks.
[ ]
: . ?
: ?
: 5,500 .
: , ?
MENU

282 UNIT 9 ?
Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A . Give me A, Please.
. Here you are.
? How much is it?
A (price) . It's A won (Korean currency unit).
ice cream
cheeseburger
hamburger
coke
coffee
milk
black tea
+ and
general item counting noun
French fries
Welcome (when greeting customers)
sum; total amount
Sino-Korean numbers up to 9,000: hundred thousand

You are going to hear some dialogue that might happen in a fast food
restaurant. Listen for the number of items that a customer is ordering and the
price. Write down the number and the price on your sheet. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 9 ? 283
1. 2.

284 UNIT 9 ?
3. 4.

UNIT 9 ? 285
Task 7: Writing
Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a newspaper at a kiosk.
1. :
2. :
3. :
4. :
5. :
: .
? (What are you looking for?)
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
286 UNIT 9 ?
Telling the Time: # minutes

You have learnt that Pure Korean numbers and Sino-Korean numbers are
used for different things. When telling the time, both sets of numbers have to
be used. You have learnt how to say 1 oclock, 2 oclock, etc., with Pure
Korean numbers. Now that we have introduced Sino-Korean numbers, the
way to specify the minutes of the time will be explained.
Sino Korean numbers are used for the minutes of the time:
3:15
To say a specific time, including how many minutes past, simply add the
number of minutes followed by the word (minutes) after the hour, so
literally you are saying, three oclock and fifteen minutes.
Examples:
(1) A: ? Whats the time now?

B: . Its 3:15.
(2) A: ?* When do you finish class (Lit.

When does class finish)?
B: . I finish at 4:55.
( is pronounced [ kkeunna].)
UNIT 9 ? 287
Task 8: Listening
You are going to hear more dialogues on the time. For example,
?, 12 30 . Write down the time that you hear in
Korean. Ready? Listen!
1. . 2. .
3. . 4. .
5. . 6. .
7. . 8. .
9. . 10. .
11. . 12. .
288 UNIT 9 ?
UNIT 9 ? 289
Minseo is buying some fruit at a market.
: , , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: . .
: , .
: ... , .

Minseo: Jeo, ajeossi, sagwa Excuse me1, how much are the
eolmayeyo? apples?
Shopkeeper: Han gaee cheon wonieyo. Theyre 1,000 won each.
Minseo: Geureom, i podoneun How much are these grapes
eotteoke haeyo? then?
Shopkeeper: Killoe sacheon wonindeyo. Theyre 4,000 won per kilo.
Minseo: Geureomyeon, baeneunyo? Well then, what about the
pears?
Shopkeeper: Han gaee samcheon Theyre 3,000 won each.
wonindeyo.
Minseo: Neomu bissayo. Thats too expensive. Can I
Jom kkakka juseyo. please get a discount? (Lit.
Please cut the price a little.)
290 UNIT 9 ?
Shopkeeper: Geureomyeon, icheon Well then, you can just pay

palbaek wonman naeseyo. 2,800 won.
Minseo: Eum... geureomyeon, bae se Um then, Ill take three
gae juseyo. pears, please (Lit. Please give
me ~).
Vocabulary
? [ how much + is] How much is it?
[ one unit + per] per unit; each
1,000 won
? [ how ?do?]
How much is/are? (Lit. How do you sell?)
[ kilo + per] per kilo
[ four thousand] 4,000
+ [+ am/are/is + (soft sentence ending)] is
[ three thousand] 3,000
too
[ expensive +(present tense ending)] expensive

a bit
[ cut; reduce + Please do something for me]

please give me a discount (Lit. please reduce the price)
then; in that case
[ two thousand eight hundred] 2,800

+ only; just
[ pay +(honorific present tense ending)] Please pay

three units
[ give +(honorific present tense ending)]

Please give me
UNIT 9 ? 291
Note 1: Older male shopkeepers are usually addressed as . Older
female shopkeepers are addressed as (or , which

sounds a bit more polite). These days, especially in restaurants, you
will also hear people say (literally your mothers sister, i.e.
your aunt) instead of . Younger female shopkeepers are
often called by females, which literally means older sister.
However, they are hardly ever called by males, which also
means older sister but to a male. Males will simply call out
"" (literally Over here!) or (Excuse me) if they
need to catch a young female staff members attention. However, if
you feel confused about how to address people at a shop or a
restaurant, you can always quite safely use or
(equivalent to the general expression, Excuse me in English).
Note 2: When ordering something in a shop in English, we often use a

phrase such as Can I please have ?. The equivalent expression
in Korean is ... , which literally means Please give me ...
292 UNIT 9 ?
Rate and Ratio Particle + per

When we are using numbers, we often want to specify a price or an amount in
terms of another quantity. (For example $10 per kilo, 2000 calories per
person, 3 times per week, lemons are $2 for 3.) To do this in Korean, add the
particle + to the unit of measurement (the quantity which comes after per
in English).
1 10 10 dollars per kilo
Examples:
(1) : ? How much are the grapes?
: Theyre 9,000 won
. per kilogram.
(2) : How much is
? one kilo of that pork?
: . Its 6,000 won per kilo.
(3) : ? How much is this beef?
: * Its 50,000 won
. for 600 grams.
(Note: 600g ( ) is often used (rather than 1 kilogram or 500

grams) for meat because it approximates an old Korean measure for
weighing meat.)
(4) : ? How much are those apples?
: . Theyre 10,000 won for

three.
UNIT 9 ? 293
Delimiter Particle + only; just

The particle + is used when you want to say only or just (e.g. Can you
just give me 10 dollars?; I just went to Brisbane only, etc.). + comes
straight after the noun it refers to. And as with all other particle, you do not
leave a space between the preceding noun and +.
(1) : . Theyre too expensive.
. Could I please get a

discount?
: , Well then, you can just pay
. 2,800 won.
(2) : ? Would you like these

apples as well?
(Lit. Shall I give you these
apples, too?)
: , . No, just the pears, please.
(3) : . Here it is.
: ? How much is it?
: . Make it 80,000 won.

(Lit. Give me just 80,000
won).
: . How about 70,000 won?
: . All right.
294 UNIT 9 ?
(4) 1: Did Minseo also go to the
? party yesterday?
2: , . Nah, just me.
(5) 1: * Do you work (part-time)
? on Saturdays as well?
2: , . Nope, I only work on

Fridays.
( on its own means Saturday, so the (day) is actually
redundant. However, the two are sometimes used together in colloquial
speech. If you wanted to specify that something happened in the
daytime, as in the colloquial English, during daytime on Saturday,
then you would say because the word does not
have the connotation of daytime that the English word day does.
is pronounced [ to-yo-il-lal]).
UNIT 9 ? 295
Task 9: Writing
Read the dialogues and write down the prices next to each article. The first
a. book 15,000 .
b. camera .
c. apple .
d. pear .
e. grapes .
1. : ?
: .
2. : ?
: .
3. : , , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
296 UNIT 9 ?
Task 10: Role Play

A: You are at a greengrocers. Ask the shop assistant for the prices of the
fruit below and write them down in the appropriate blanks. When you
have finished, show your partner what you have written to check if you
have the prices correct.
B: You are a shop assistant at a greengrocers. Decide the prices you would
like to charge for each item.
[ ]
A: , / ?
B: .
A: ?
B: () .
A: , () .
kg kg

UNIT 9 ? 297
298 UNIT 9 ?
UNIT 9 ? 299
Minseo is buying a sweater at a department store.
: ?
: .
: .
... , ?
: .
: .
: . ?1
: , .

Minseo Jeo kkaman seuweteo How much is that black sweater?
eolmayeyo?
Assistant Sippalman wonindeyo. Its 180,000 won.
Minseo Jom bissaneyo. Oh, thats a bit expensive.

Eum...geureom, i ppalgan UmWhat about this red
seuweteoneunyo? sweater, then?
Assistant Guman ocheon wonieyo. Thats 95,000 won.

Minseo Jom boyeo juseyo. Can I have a look at it?
(Lit. Please show it to me.)
Assistant Yeogi isseoyo. Here it is.

Maeume deuseyo? Are you happy with it?
Minseo Ne, yeppeuneyo. Yes, its pretty.

300 UNIT 9 ?
Vocabulary
that (one over there)
black
sweater
? [ how much + am/are/is] How much is it?
180,000 won
+ [ am/are/is + (soft sentence ending)] is
[ expensive + (exclamatory ending)]

expensive
this
red
95,000 won
please; a bit
[ show + please do something for me]

please show (it) to me
[ here there is +(present tense ending)]
here it is
? Are you happy with it? Is it to your liking?
[ pretty; looks nice + (exclamatory ending)]

pretty
Note: You have previously learnt ? (honorific). However,

when you are buying things, ? is used instead (Lit. Does it
match with your heart/feelings?) to ask about your preference. A shop
assistant might also ask, ' ? (Is the size right?).
UNIT 9 ? 301
Demonstrative Pronouns: , , and

(this) is used when you want to refer to something or someone located
close to you the speaker, (that) to something or someone located not close
to you the speaker but to the listener, (that over there) to something or
someone distant from both speaker and listener. The corresponding question
word is (which).
this book this (one) here
that book that (one); it there
that book over there that (one) over there over there
which book which (one) where
Examples:
(1) A: . Give me that one.
B: ? ? Which one? This one?
(2) A: ? Whats is that over there?

B: . Its a Korean mask.
(3) (A customer is talking to a shop assistant about buying a TV.)

: LCD TV ? How much is this Samsung
LCD TV?
: . Its 1,050,000 won.
: LG ? Well then, how much is that

LG over there?
: . Its 1,190,000 won.
302 UNIT 9 ?
Vocabulary: Colour Terms ()

/ colour
/ white
/ black
red
1 blue
yellow
/ green
/ 2 pink
/ orange
grey
3 / brown
purple
violet
gold
silver
rainbow (, , , , , (indigo), )
Note 1: is also used sometimes to describe the colour green.

In ancient Korean there were only five pure colour words, so
was used to denote both blue and green.
Note 2: Younger people tend to use rather than , which has
a rather old fashioned connotation.
Note 3: literally means chestnut colour.
UNIT 9 ? 303
Task 11: Role Play

A: You are a customer in a department store looking at the sweaters listed

below. You have a budget of only 65,000 . Choose a sweater and ask
the shop assistant for the price. When you find the one that you can
afford, buy it.
1. black sweater 2. brown sweater 3. red sweater 4. orange sweater
5. white sweater 6. grey sweater 7. yellow sweater 8. purple sweater
9. violet sweater 10. pink sweater 11. blue sweater 12. green sweater
B: You are a shop assistant. Decide what prices you would like to charge
for the sweaters.
[ ]
: ?
: .
: . , ?
: .
: .
: . ?
: , .
304 UNIT 9 ?
Vocabulary: Consumer Items
(Electrical and Electronic Products)

1. refrigerator 8. laptop
() (computer)
2. television 9 MP3 MP3 player
3. washing 10 / mobile
machine / phone
4. electric heater 11. (= digital
) camera
5. electric 12. electronic
rice cooker dictionary
6. vacuum 13. power
cleaner charger
7. computer 14. selfie stick
(Furniture)
1. bed 4. table
2. desk 5. chair
3. bookcase 6. sofa
(Accessories)
1. watch 4. ring
2. handbag 5. necklace
3. dress shoes; 6. / earrings

formal shoes
UNIT 9 ? 305
Task 12: Word Check

Match the Korean to the English. The first one has been done for you.
a. e. i.
b. f. j.
c. g. k.
d. h. l.
1. shoes . 7. watch .
2. bed . 8. sofa .
3. bookcase . 9. ring .
4. television . 10. refrigerator .
5. desk . 11. handbag .
6. earrings . 12. necklace .

306 UNIT 9 ?
Task 13: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? How much is it?
A{/}? How about A?
refrigerator
bed
desk
sofa
bookcase
then
colour television
I see
thank you
Sino-Korean numbers up to 200,000
thousand
ten thousand
Sumi has come to Seoul to go to a university and has rented a flat. She
needs lots of household items. She has decided to buy second hand furniture.
Now, she is calling to find out the prices of some items shown in the
advertisement below. Write down the price next to each item that you hear.
Ready? Listen!
UNIT 9 ? 307
(3.0kg) 10
2 3 3 5
7556-3440
8565-3740 4 2
3 9
6985-7643 100 x 200 cm
5 5388-9155
6 386DX40 70
80x150cm MP3 8
FM/AM
4387-2513 9 5

75 3736-1884
(5) 7 50
308 UNIT 9 ?
Task 14: Web Task

Visit the (EMart) website and find the prices of 5 items you want to
buy: http://www.emart.co.kr
UNIT 9 ? 309
Task 15: Word Check

Select the odd one out in the following group of words. The first one has been
done for you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
310 UNIT 9 ?
Task 16: Reading

1. Read the following text from beginning to end without stopping, even if
you come across vocabulary that you dont know. Try to guess the meaning
through the context.
2. If you still have words that you dont know after you have tried guessing
from the context, ask your classmates. You will probably be able to
understand most of the new vocabulary using this method.
3. Ask your teacher about any remaining unknown vocabulary.
(Susan has come to Korea on an exchange program and wrote the following
email to her Korean teacher in Australia.)
! 18,000 .
. .
1,250 4,000 !
. .
. 5,500 .
. .
UNIT 9 ? 311
Vocabulary
[ I(humble) +(topic particle)] I
[ Seoul University + to] to Seoul (National)
University
[ exchange student + as]
as an exchange student
[ come +(past tense ending)] came
[ yesterday +(topic particle)] yesterday
[ friend (plural marker) + with] with friends
[ restaurant + at] at a restaurant
lunch
[ eat +(past tense ending)] ate

+{/} object particles
[ eat +(past tense infix) +(connector for adding

extra information)] ate and/but
[ quite expensive +(past tense ending)]
was quite expensive
[ one serving + per] per serving
+ past tense form of +
[ today +(topic particle)] (as for) today
+ at; in (activity location particle)
but; by the way
[ very cheap +(past tense ending)]

was very cheap
[ restaurant + at +(topic particle)]
at the restaurant
[ meal(s) +(subject particle)] meals
+ + from to
312 UNIT 9 ?
+ am/are/is

+ with
[ go +(past tense ending)] went

(caf) latts
[ drink +(past tense ending)] drank

+ [+ am/are/is +(connector for adding extra
information)] (it) was and/but
[ extremely expensive +(past tense
ending)] was extremely expensive
my (humble)
so; therefore
[ uni student +(plural marker) +(topic

particle)] uni students
[ more cheap + Its because] Its because its
cheaper
10
?
Unit Focus:
Talking About Yourself and Your Family
o Expressing Your Age

o Counting Korean Age
o Addressing Peers at School:
o Education System in Korea
o Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments
o Word Contractions
o Vocabulary: Family
o Honorific Subject and Topic Particles
o Possessive Pronouns
o Vocabulary: Occupations
o +{/} ?
Would you mind telling me ?;
May I please have your ?
o Sending a Text Message
314 UNIT 10 ?
UNIT 10 ? 315
Hyeonu introduces Minjun to Paul who is younger than both of them.
: .
: .
: , . ?
: 2 .
: ?
: 97 .
: , 94 .
: .
: .
: .
: ?
: .

Minjun: Hangugeo jeongmal jal haneyo. Your Korean is really good.
Eodiseo baewosseoyo? Where did you learn it?
Paul: Hangugeo jeongonghaeyo. Im majoring in Korean.
Minjun: A~eojjeonji. Geureom jigeum Ah~ No wonder. What year are
myeot hangnyeonieyo? you in (at university)?
Paul: I hangnyeonindeyo. Im in second year.
Minjun: Hoksi myeot nyeon saengieyo? Do you mind telling me what
year you were born?
Paul: Guchil nyeon saengiyo. I was born in 97.
Minjun: A~ urin gusa nyeon saenginde. Ah~ We were born in 94.
316 UNIT 10 ?
Paul: Geureom hyeongineyo. Then youre my hyeong. (A

males older brother)
Minjun: Geureoge. I suppose. (Lit. Thats right.)
Paul: Geureom mal noeuseyo. Then you should use panmal
with me.(Lit. relax your speech).
Minjun: Geuraedo dwaeyo? Is that alright?
Paul: Geureomyo. Of course.
Vocabulary
Korean (language)
really
[ good at +(exclamatory ending)] good at

[ where +()(location particle)] where
[ learn +(past tense ending)] learnt
[(present tense form)] major in
No wonder; So, thats why
then; in that case
now
[ what school year] what school year

is pronounced myeo-tang-nyeon.
+ am/are/is
2 [ two school year] second year (at school/uni)

+ [ am/are/is + (soft sentence ending)] is
if by any chance; perhaps
[ what year born in]

97 born in the year of 97 (Note. You can say 9 and 7
separately () or say 97 ())
[ we +(topic particle)] we
UNIT 10 ? 317
older brother (of a male)
+ [ am/are/is +(exclamatory ending)] are

Thats right; I agree.
You can use less formal speech (with me).
? Would that be okay?
[ of course +(polite particle)] Of course.
Note 1: In Korea, students do not usually talk about studying Arts or

Science (i.e. faculty), but identify themselves by their department.
Note 2: Asking a person's age is quite common in Korea as people need to

know the hierarchy and status to be able to use the appropriate style
of speech. Asking which year someone was born in is the most
common way to ask about age. However, when people feel uneasy
about asking someones age, they tend to ask what their Asian
zodiac animal is. As there are only twelve zodiac animals, it isnt
that difficult to then guess the persons age.
Note 3: Koreans would not normally thank a person for a compliment as in

English, because may be considered immodest. Instead, they might
say, (I still cant do it well) or (far
from doing it well), , (No, Im not good) etc.
Example
A: . Your Korean is really good.
B: , . No, I still have a lot to learn
(Lit. Im still not good).
318 UNIT 10 ?
Expressing Your Age

There are two ways of expressing a persons age in Korean.
1. Pure Korean Number

2. Sino-Korean Number
The first way is normally used in everyday conversation. The second is used
in more formal situations, such as for filling out forms:
(1) . Susan is twenty years old.
(2) : Name: Susan
: 20 . Age: 20 years
(Note that Sino-Korean numbers are more often written as digits. 20

is pronounced [ ].)
The pure Korean numbers are provided below. Refer to Unit 9 for Sino-
Korean numbers.
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
30 40 50 60 70
80 90
As previously noted, a modified form of , , , and is used in

conjunction with counting nouns such as : , , , ,
. No other numbers are modified. Thus, you would say or .
UNIT 10 ? 319
Counting Korean Age

In Western culture, you get a year older on your birthday. However, Korean
age is counted differently. In Korea, as soon as you are born, you are 1 year
old (this is due to Koreans traditionally taking into account the nine months of
pregnancy). And on the 1st of January of every year, everyone in Korea turns
a year older at the same time. This means that if someone was born on 31
December, he/she will turn 2 years old in Korean age, just one day after they
were born! This is why Korean age will always be older than the Western age.
When people talk about age in Korea, they generally mention their Korean
age, however, when they wish to refer to their western age, they often put the
word in front of their age, e.g. . Generally speaking, western
age is often used in more formal situations, e.g. job applications.
Addressing Peers at School:

Between first and second year in university most Korean males spend about
two years in the military () doing national service. This means that when
they return to university for second year, they may be much older than others
in the same level. These students are called or returning students.
Younger students in the same year level would address respectfully
because of their age, unless the level of intimacy between them allowed
otherwise.
320 UNIT 10 ?
Education System in Korea

Education in Korea is considered very important and competition is great.
School begins with kindergarten through primary school (excluding prep)
and on to middle and senior high schools, which are separate unlike in
Australia. Although only six years of primary school and three years of
middle school are compulsory, the vast majority of Koreans will also attend
the three years of senior high school.
Tertiary education consists of four years of University or two years of

vocational college. Unlike in Australia, Korean universities do not offer an
Honours year although there are postgraduate schools where students can do
a Masters course or a Ph.D.
The school year is divided into two semesters for early schooling as well as
for tertiary education. The first semester begins in March and lasts until
mid-July and the second semester typically runs from September 1st until
late-December.
Education System
kindergarten senior high school
primary school university
middle school postgraduate school
Level of Study
first year fourth year
second year masters course
third year Ph. D course

UNIT 10 ? 321
Task 1: ?
You are going to ask about the year of university and birth year of your
classmates. First, you should check the vocabulary list below to find how to
say the level of study relevant to yourself. Then move around the classroom
asking questions to the other students, while filling in the table below.
[ ]
A: ?
B: 3 .
?
A: 2 , 95 .
Note: Someone who was born in the year 2001 would have to say
whereas someone born in 1995 can simply use the two last digits:
(instead of saying the full year, ) .
Level of Study
first year fourth year
second year masters course
third year Ph.D course
Name () Level () Age ()

322 UNIT 10 ?
UNIT 10 ? 323
Paul is asking Minjun how he knows Hyeonu.
: .
: , . , ?
: .
: ... ?
: , .
: , .
: .
: ?
: . ?
: .

Minjun: Geureom ijebuteo mal noeulge. Well, I will start using Banmal
(less formal language) from now
on.
Paul: Ne, hyeong. Geunde Yes, Hyeong. Hey how do you
hyeonurang, ani hyeonu know Hyeonu, I mean Hyeong
hyeongirang eotteoke arayo? Hyeonu?
Minjun: High School dongchangiya. We are fellow alumni from high
school.
Paul: Dong mwoyo? Fellow what?
Minjun: Eo, dongchang Oh, fellow alumni.
Godeunghakgyo gachi We went to high school together.
danyeosseo.
324 UNIT 10 ?
Paul: A, geureokuna. Geunde Oh, thats how. Hey, what

hangugeseoneun eoneu daehak Korean university did you go to?
danyeosseoyo?
Minjun: Korea Univ. Korea University.
Paul: Jeongongeunyo? And your major?
Minjun: Jeongongeun gyeongyeong. Business management.
Neon jeongongi mwonya? Whats your major?
Paul: Gyeongjehago hangugeoyo. Economics and Korean.
Vocabulary
then; in that case
[ now + from] from now on

I will use less formal language (Lit. relax my speech)
but; by the way
older brother (for a male)
+{} with
nah, I mean (used when correcting what you have just said)
how
[ know +(present tense ending)] know

senior high school
fellow alumni
+ casual form of +
? [ what +(polite particle)] what? what was that?
together
[ attend +(casual past tense ending)] attended

, Oh, I see (pronounced [ geu-reo-ku-na])
[ Korea + in +(topic particle)] in Korea
UNIT 10 ? 325
what; which
university (or )
[ attend +( polite past tense ending)] attended
Korea University
major
() business management
() economics
+ and
Korean (language)
Note: (banmal) is made up of , which literally means half and

which means speech (i.e. spoken language), and refers to the casual style
of speech that you have been studying.
326 UNIT 10 ?
Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments
Faculty of Arts
Department of Korean Language and Literature
Department of English Language and Literature
Department of Asian Languages and Studies
Faculty of Science
Department of Physics
Department of Mathematics
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Architecture
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Law
Department of Law
Faculty of Business (and Commerce)
Department of Business Administration
Department of Accounting
Department of Finance
Department of Economics
Faculty of Education
Department of Education
Department of Home Economics
Note: To talk about a particular Major of Study, the above vocabulary is used
without (Department): (economics major).
UNIT 10 ? 327
Task 2: ?
Fill in the blanks of the example dialogue below with an appropriate response.
If you dont know the name of your major in Korean, you can refer to the list
of faculties and departments on the previous page. The department names can
be made into subject names by taking off the . Now move around the class
introducing yourself to the other students and filling in the table below.
[ ]
A: ?
B: .
A: ?
B: .
A: .
{/}.
Name () Major ()
328 UNIT 10 ?
Word Contractions
Koreans, like Australians, like to shorten words by contracting them.
This is particularly noticeable with university names as shown below:
or (Australia)
Victoria University Vic Uni
University of Queensland UQ
It is also common to use contractions for the library names at university since
there is usually more than one:
(Main Library)
(Science Library)
UNIT 10 ? 329
330 UNIT 10 ?
UNIT 10 ? 331
Paul is asking Minjuns family details.
: ?
: .
: ?
: ... ?
: . . ? ?
: ?
... , .
: , . . .
: , .

Paul: Jibi seourieyo? Do you live in Seoul? (Lit. Your
house is Seoul?)
Minjun: Eo~ Yeah.
Paul: Seoul eodiyo? Where in Seoul?
Minjun: Sinsa-dong... Geunde wae? Sinsa Dong Why?
Paul: Anieyo. Geunyang No reason. Just curious.
gunggeumhaeseoyo. What about your family?
Gajogeunyo? Da gachi sarayo? Do you all live together?
Minjun: Gajok? Eum... Bumonimeun Family? Um My parents are
daejeone gyesigo, seoureneun in Daejeon, Im just living with
yeodongsaenghagoman sara. my younger sister in Seoul.
Paul: A, geureokuna. Oh, I see.
Paul: Beolsseo sigani ireoke Time has flown.
dwaenne. (Lit. already this much.)
Jeo ga bolgeyo. I should get going.
Minjun: Geurae, josimhaeseo ga. Ok, take care.
332 UNIT 10 ?
Vocabulary
no reason; just because
[ house +(subject particle)] house

Seoul
+ am/are/is
? [ where +(polite ending)] where?

S(h)insa Dong
? but why?
am/are/is not; no reason
[ curious() curious, so]

cause Im curious
? [ family +(topic particle) + (polite particle)]
What about your family?
[ all together] all together
[ live +(present tense ending)] live
[ parents +(honorific suffix) +(topic particle)]
(as for your) parents
[ Daejeon + in (location particle)] in Daejeon
[ live; stay + and] live and
Note. [+] is the honorific word used in
place of but it does not have the meaning of to
have.
[ + in (location particle) +(topic particle)] in Seoul
[ female younger sibling] younger sister
+ [ with + only] only with
[ live +(casual present tense ending)] live
already
UNIT 10 ? 333
[ time +(subject particle)] time

like this; this much
[ become +(past tense infix) +(exclamatory ending)]

it has become!
I; me (humble)
I should get going
yes; okay; alright
Take care; Be careful on your way; Travel safely

(Lit. Go carefully).
334 UNIT 10 ?
Vocabulary: Family
/ father/dad younger brother
/ mother/mum younger sister
son first
daughter second
husband third
wife youngest child/sibling
grandmother cousin
grandfather uncle
(girls) elder sister aunt (mums sister)
(boys) elder sister aunt (dads sister)
(girls) elder brother niece/nephew
(boys) elder brother by oneself; alone
In Korea, the arrangement of family relationships is extremely important, and

there is an elaborate system of kinship terms to describe the relationship you
have to your relatives.
So for example, there are different words for older brothers and sisters
depending on your sex. These words for older sister and brother, /
and /, are also commonly used between people who are not related.
When you have a close relationship with someone who is older than you, you
can call him or her by the appropriate kinship term for your sex. Koreans do
not refer to or address people who are older than them using their given
names.
Koreans also distinguish between the fathers family and the mothers. The
terms given above for grandparents and uncle only refer to the fathers side. If
UNIT 10 ? 335
you were speaking about your mothers side, you would add the word
(literally meaning outside) in front of each of the terms: ,
, .
There are also other relationship terms without equivalent English

designations. Some of these are:
fathers older brother
wife of fathers older brother
fathers younger brother
wife of fathers younger brother
/ the eldest of ones older brothers
/ the younger of ones older brothers
A feature of modern Western families is the frequency with which people

have second marriages. As a result, it is not uncommon to have stepbrothers
and sisters. The way a Korean person would refer to these relationships would
be to add the word in front of the corresponding kinship terms. For
example, is a girls older stepbrother. To specify half-siblings, you
would add the term instead: , . However, both
these terms tend to have a negative connotation in Korea as divorce continues
to be rather stigmatized, despite becoming increasingly common.
336 UNIT 10 ?
Task 3: / ?
Ask your partner about his or her siblings. Circle the right kinship term in the
cells below and write down their ages.
[ ]
A: / ?
B: , / , .
A: , ?
B: .
A: / ?
B: .
A: ?
B: .
Relationship Age
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
UNIT 10 ? 337
Task 4: Word Check

Write down the Korean words next to their English equivalents. The first one
has been done for you.
a. h.
b. i.
c. j. /
d. k.
e. l.
f. m.
g.
1. father
2. mother
3. daughter
4. son
5. husband
6. wife
7. younger sister
8. elder brother to a female
9. elder sister to a male
10. elder sister to a female
11. elder brother to a male
12. younger brother
13. children
338 UNIT 10 ?
Honorific Subject and Topic Particles

When Koreans refer to their parents (and to seniors in general), they use
honorific words as a mark of respect. You have already seen the way that
verbs are modified in honorific speech. The subject and topic particles also
have an honorific form. The subject particle +{/} becomes + and
the topic particle +{/} becomes +.
Subject Particle Topic Particle
+{/} +{/} (neutral)
+ + (honorific)
Examples:
(1) . Mr Kim is busy these days.
(2) . Grandfather is reading

the newspaper.
(3) President Park has gone to
. America.
(4) . My mother has gone on

a business trip.
(5) Professor Lee is giving a lecture
. on Korean history.
(6) President Kim met
. the Australian Prime Minister.

UNIT 10 ? 339
340 UNIT 10 ?
Possessive Pronouns
When we want to refer to the fact that something belongs to somebody in
English, we use possessive pronouns such as my, our, your, his, her,
and their. How you use the corresponding Korean words depends on styles
of speech. This is illustrated in the following table:
my our your his/her whose
Casual
Humble * * *
Honorific * * *
Note. People usually pronounce (your) as [] or [] in spoken Korean

as the pronunciation of (your) is very similar to (my) and can be
confusing to the listener.
Examples:
(1) A: ? Whose book is this?
B: . Its mine.
(2) A: ? Whose wallet is this?

B: . Its my wallet.
However, in Korean it is not common to use the 2nd or 3rd person possessive
pronouns. In such cases you just link the item and the persons name:
(3) : ? Young-jin, Is this your book?
: . . No, its my fathers.

UNIT 10 ? 341
As seen in (3), Koreans often use (our) when they mean (my). This
reflects the importance of the notion of group and community in Korean
culture. A Korean will refer to his or her parents, school and company as
, and respectively. A man may even refer to his
wife as /! However, if you were talking about something
which is yours personally and not the groups (other than your spouse!), you
would use or the humble form , as in examples (1) and (2), and also as in
(my friend).
342 UNIT 10 ?
Vocabulary: Occupations
accountant musician
actor (on TV) novelist
() (movie) actor nurse
architect office worker
banker painter; artist
business person; poet

entrepreneur
chemist police officer
cook; chef politician
dancer professor; lecturer
designer public prosecutor
doctor public servant
driver reporter; journalist
engineer scientist
farmer secretary
fisherman singer
interpreter soldier
judge teacher
lawyer technician
miner translator
music composer writer

UNIT 10 ? 343
Task 5: ?
Use what you have learnt to talk about the members of your family and what
they do with a partner.
Relationship Occupation
344 UNIT 10 ?
+{/} ? Would you mind

telling me ?; May I please have your ?
Koreans can come across as rather rude to Westerners because they tend to
ask very personal questions, even when they do not know you very well.
However, these personal details are considered necessary by Koreans in order
to address people appropriately and to use the correct level of politeness.
These questions are also a strategy to establish areas of commonality between
the speakers in order to build a relationship. The phrase ... +{/}
? is very useful for asking people these kinds of personal questions.
This phrase is also commonly used by somebody who needs to know your
personal information as part of his or her job, such as a bank teller.
Examples:
(1) ? May I please have your name?
(2) ? Would you mind telling me your

age? (: honorific word for )
(3) ? Could you please tell me your

birthday?
(4) ? May I please have your date of birth?
(5) ? May I please have your address?
(6) ? May I please have your phone

number?
(7) ? Could you please tell me how tall you
are (Lit. your height)?
UNIT 10 ? 345
(8) ? Would you mind telling me how

much you weigh (your weight)?
(9) ? May I ask what your occupation is?
(10) ? Could you tell me your hobbies?
(11) ? Would you mind telling me what

your nationality is?
If you were asking for information about a child or someone younger than
you, you would ask such questions in a more direct way such as:
(12) ? Whens your younger sisters

birthday?
(13) ? How tall is your younger brother?
(14) ? Whats your mobile phone number?
(15) ? What year were you born in?
(16) ? What year did you enter university?
(17) ? Whats your address?

346 UNIT 10 ?
Task 6: Role Play
A: You are a bank teller. You work in the new accounts section. A
customer wants to open a new account. Fill in the form below and show
your partner what you have written when you finish.
B: You are in a bank to open a new account. Answer the bank tellers
questions. When finished, check that s/he has got all the information
correct.
[ ]
A:
B: .
A: ?
B: .
A: ?
B: .
A: ?
B: ,
A: ?
B: .
: .
:
: .
: .
UNIT 10 ? 347
Task 7: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? When is your birthday?
/? When is your birthday?
A B . It's the B of A.
birthday year 1 January
2 February 3 March 4 April
5 May 6 June 7 July
8 August 9 September 10 October
11 November 12 December
Sino-Korean numbers up to 31
Listen to these people saying when their birthdays are. Circle the day of
the month each person was born and write down the number of the dialogue
next to it. Ready? Listen!
348 UNIT 10 ?
Task 8: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? (Honorific Expression)
What is your name?
? What is your name?
A+{/}. I'm A.
/? When is your birthdate?
A B C. It's the C of B (Year) A.
name(colloquial form) honorific form of
written form of birthdate
Sino-Korean numbers up to 2000
hundred thousand
You will hear a dialogue in which a bank clerk is asking people names and
birthdates for a new account. Write down their birthdates on the correct form
below. Ready? Listen!
The last form (No. 6) is for you. The clerk will ask you your name and date
of birth. Tell them to the clerk and write them down on the form. Ready?
Listen!
UNIT 10 ? 349
Task 9: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?, Who is that person?
A. She\he is A.
?/ ? What is his/her age?
A(number) . She/he is A years old.
? What is her/his occupation?
A. It is A.
over there that
person who
age then
occupation counting unit for age
lawyer doctor
computer colloquial form of
engineer what
politician pure Korean numbers up to 40
is at a party and is asking her friend about people whom she does not
know. Write down their ages and occupations in the appropriate blanks.
Ready? Listen!
350 UNIT 10 ?
Sending a Text Message

As with texting in English, Korean people like to use shortcuts and emoticons
when sending a text message. Shortcuts help to minimize the number of
characters used such as u = you in English. An emoticon is a character or
collection of characters that show some sort of emotion, and is useful for
replacing some aspect of the communication that would normally be
conveyed through body language. Koreans use them so much that a recent
study showed that when text messages did not include any emoticons, the
recipient thought the sender was angry (>.<)!
Examples:
(1) () exam
(2) / () teacher
(3) () mail
(4) () no reason; just
(5) () game
(6) () Saturday
(7) () laughing
(8) () laughing
(9) (^o^) laughing or excited

(10) ^^ happy or smiles
(11) ^-^ happy or smiles
(12) ^__^ happy or smiles
(13) ^^ happy or smiles
(14) crying
(15) ^^;; feeling sorry or embarrassed

(16) >.< or >_< confused or upset
UNIT 10 ? 351
Task 10: Reading

1. Read the following text from beginning to end without stopping, even if
you come across vocabulary that you dont know. Try to guess the meaning
through the context.
2. If you still have words that you dont know after you have tried guessing
from the context, ask your classmates. You will probably be able to
understand most of the new vocabulary using this method.
3. Ask your teacher about any remaining unknown vocabulary.
.
87 , .
2 .
.
.
, .
.
.
.
. ^^
.
.
.
. ! >.<
352 UNIT 10 ?
Vocabulary
[ self introduction] self-introduction
my (humble)
[ name +(topic particle)] name

+ am/are/is (formal style version of +{/})
87 [87 year born] born in 87 (read - or )
[ 22 (age)] 22 years old
2 2nd year in school/uni
[ uni +(location particle)] in university

[ economics + and] economics and
[ Korean language +(object particle)] Korean
[ major in(present tense form)]
[ I(humble) +(topic particle)] I
[ parents +(honorific suffix)+ and] parents and
[ female younger sibling +(subject particle)]
younger sister
[ two (people counting noun)] two people
[ have +(present tense ending)] has/have
[ younger sister +(plural marker)+(topic
particle] (as for my) younger sisters
[ senior high school student + am/are/is
+(connector for adding extra information)]
are senior high school students and
very
[ cute+(present tense ending)] are cute

[ hobby +(topic particle)] hobby
[ Australia football] Australian football
UNIT 10 ? 353
[ Sunday +(time particle)] on Sundays

[ friend +(plural marker)+ with] with friends
together
[ soccer; football +(object particle)] soccer

[ do(present tense form)] do/does
[ rice mixed with vegetables and meat + and]
Bibimbap and
[ spicy fried rice cake +(object particle)]
Tteokbokki
[ like(present tense form)] like
so; therefore
[ restaurant +(destination particle)] to restaurants

often; frequently
[ go +(present tense ending)] go

[ sea +(object particle)] sea
sometimes; occasionally
[ sea +(activity location particle)] on/at the sea

[ water skiing +(object particle)]
[ evening +(time particle) +(topic particle)] in
the evenings
[ caf +(activity location particle)] at a caf
[ casual/part-time job do (present
tense form)] work part-time; do casual work
[ tired(present tense form)]
am/are/is tired
but; however
money
[ need] need
354 UNIT 10 ?
TRANSCRIPT
OF
LISTENING
TASKS
356 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
Unit 1, Task 3 Unit 1, Task 6

(Dialogue) 1 (Dialogue) 1:
Seonyeong: , Thomas: ,
. .
Thomas: , . Sumi: ,
.
(Dialogue) 2 (Thomas: L; Sumi S)
Susan: .
Yeongjin: , . (Dialogue) 2
Susan: . Yeongjin: ,
Yeongjin : . .
Susan: , .
(Dialogue) 3 (Yeongjin: S; Susan: L)
Paul: .
Sumi: . (Dialogue) 3
. Paul: ,
Paul: . .
. Teacher: , .
(Paul: L; Teacher: S)
Sumi: .
(Dialogue) 4
(Dialogue) 4
Minseop: ,
Minseop: .
.
.
Amanda: ,
Amanda: ,
.
.
(Minseop: L; Amanda: L)
Minseop: .
Unit 2, Task 2 Unit 2, Task 4

1. 2. -, -, -, -,
3. 4. -, -, -, -,
5. 6. -, -, -, -,
7. 8. -, -, -, -,
9. 10. -
11. 12.
13. 14. Can you see a lighthouse?
Well done. If not, try again.
15. 16.
17. 18.
19. 20.
Unit 2, Task 5
-, -, -, -,
Unit 2, Task 2 -, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, -, -, -, -,
- -, -, -, -,
-, -, -
Can you see a whale? Well
done. If not, try again.
Can you see the sun wearing
sunglasses? Well done.
Unit 2, Task 3 If not, try again.
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -, Unit 2, Task 7
- 1. 2.
3. 4.
Can you see a yacht? Well
5. 6.
done. If not, try again.
7. 8. (Dialogue) 2
9. 10. : ?
11. 2: , .
12. 13. : , ?
14. 15. 2: ,
16. 17. .
18. 19. : , ?
20. 21. 2: , .
22. : , ?
2: , .
Unit 3, Task 5 : , ?
(Dialogue) 1 2: , .
: ? : ,
1: , . ?
: , ? 2: , .
1: , .
: , ? (Dialogue) 3
1: , . : ?
: , ? 3: , .
1: , : , ?
. 3: , .
: , ? : , ?
1: , . 3: , .
: , .
? : ,
1: , . ?
3: , .
Unit 4, Task 3 : , .
(Dialogue) 1 ?
: , . : .
: , . ?
? : .
: .
: . Unit 5, Task 2
. (Dialogue) 1
A : ?
(Dialogue) 2 B : .
: , .
: , . (Dialogue) 2
? A : ?
: . B : .
: .
. (Dialogue) 3
A : ?
(Dialogue) 3 B : .
: , .
: , . (Dialogue) 4
. A : ?
: ? B : .
: .
(Dialogue) 5
?
A : ?
: .
B : .
(Dialogue) 4
(Dialogue) 6
: , .
A : ? 1.A : ?
B : . B : .
(Dialogue) 7 2.A : ?
A : ? B : .
B : .
3.A : ?
(Dialogue) 8 B : .
A : ?
B : . 4.A : ?
B : .
(Dialogue) 9
A : ? 5.A : ?
B : . B : .
(Dialogue) 10 6.A : ?
A : ? B : .
B : .
7.A : ?
(Dialogue) 11 B : .
A : ?
B : . 8.A : ?
B : .
(Dialogue) 12
A : ? 9.A : ?
B : . B : .
10.A : ?
Unit 6, Task 1
B : . : , , .
: ?
11.A : ? : , .
B : . : ?
: , .
12.A : ?
B : . (Dialogue) 4
: , .
Unit 6, Task 9 : , .
(Dialogue) 1 : ?
: ? : , .
? : ?
: , . : , .
: ?
: , . Unit 6, Task 11
: ? (Dialogue) 1
: , . : , .
: , .
(Dialogue) 2 : ?
: , . : , .
: , , . : ,
: ? ?
: , . : , .
: ?
: , . (Dialogue) 2
: , .
(Dialogue) 3 : , , .
: , . : ?
: , . (Dialogue) 2
: , I.O. : ?
? 2: .
: , .
(Dialogue) 3
(Dialogue) 3 I.O. : ?
: , . 3: .
: , , .
: ? (Dialogue) 4
: , I.O. : ?
: , 4: .
?
: , . (Dialogue) 5
I.O. : ?
(Dialogue) 4 5: .
: , .
: , . (Dialogue) 6
: ? I.O. : ?
: , . 6: .
: ,
Unit 7, Task 2, Part 2
?
(Dialogue) 1
: , .
I.O. : ?
1: .
Unit 7, Task 2, Part 1
I.O : ?
(Dialogue) 1
1: .
I.O. : ?
(Immigration Officer)
1: .
(Dialogue) 2 I.O : ?
I.O. : ? 6: .
2: .
I.O : ? Unit 7, Task 4
2: . (Dialogue) 1
: ?
(Dialogue) 3 detective
I.O. : ? :
3: . .
I.O : ? : ?
3: . :
.
(Dialogue) 4 : ?
I.O. : ? :
4: . .
I.O : ? : ?
4: . :
.
(Dialogue) 5 : ?
I.O. : ? :
5: . .
I.O :
? (Dialogue) 2
5: . : ?
:
(Dialogue) 6 .
I.O. : ? : ?
6: . :
. .
: ?
: (Dialogue) 4
. : ?
: ? : .
: : ?
. :
: ?
: .
. : ?
:
(Dialogue) 3
: ? .
: . : ?
: ? :
: .
. : ?
: ? :
:
.
. : ?
: ? :
: .

. Unit 8, Task 3
: ? 1. A : ?
: B : , .
2. A : ?
B : , . 16. A : ?
3. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 17. A : ?
4. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 18. A : ?
5. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 19. A : ?
6. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 20. A : ?
7. A : ? B : , .
B : , .
8. A : ? Unit 8, Task 7
B : , . (Dialogue) 1
9. A : ? ( ; in a fruit shop)
B : , . : .
10. A : ? : ?
B : , . : , .
11. A : ? : ?
B : , . : , .
12. A : ? : ,
B : , . .
13. A : ?
B : , . (Dialogue) 2
14. A : ? (;
B : , . in a small supermarket)
15. A : ? : .
B : , . : ?
: , . 17. 18. 19.

: ? 20.
: , .
. Unit 8, Task 10
: , 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
. 7. 8. 9.
10.
(Dialogue) 3
( ; Unit 8, Task 13
in a bottle shop) (Dialogue) 1
: . : .
: ? : .
: , .
: ? (Dialogue) 2
: , . : .
. :
: , .
.
(Dialogue) 3
Unit 8, Task 9 : .
1. 2. 3. ?
4. 5. 6. :
7. 8. 9. .
10.
Unit 9, Task 1
11. 12. 13. 1. 2. 3.
14. 15. 16. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. :
10. 11. .
: .
12. 13. 14. : ?
15. 16. 17. : .
18. 19. 20.
21. 22. (Dialogue) 2
: .
Unit 9, Task 2 :
1. 2. 3. .
4. 5. 6. : .
7. 8. 9. : ?
10. : .
Unit 9, Task 3 (Dialogue) 3

1. 2. 3. : .
4. 5. 6. :
7. 8. 9.
10. .
: .
11. 12. 13. : ?
14. 15. 16. : .
17. 18. 19.
20. (Dialogue) 4
: .
Unit 9, Task 6 :
(Dialogue) 1
: . .
: . 9.A : ?
: ? B : .
: .
10.A : ?
Unit 9, Task 8 B : .
1. A : ?
11.A : ?
B : .
B : .
2.A : ?
12.A : ?
B : .
B : .
3.A : ?
B : . Unit 9, Task 13
1. : ?
4.A : ? 1 : .
B : .
2. : ?
5.A : ? 2 : .
B : .
3. : ?
6.A : ? 3 : .
B : . : ,
?
7.A : ? 3 : .
B : .
4. : ?
8.A : ? 4 : .
B : . : ?
4 : B : .
.
: , . 9. A : ?
. B : .
10. A : ?
Unit 10, Task 7
B : .
1. A : ?
B : .
11. A : ?
B : .
2. A : ?
B : .
12. A : ?
B : .
3. A : ?
B : .
Unit 10, Task 8
4. A : ? (Dialogue) 1
B : . A : ?
B : .
5. A : ? A : ----.
B : .
?
6. A : ? B :
B : . .
7. A : ? (Dialogue) 2
B : . A : ?
B : .
8. A : ? A : ----.
?
? B :
B : .
.
The last form is for you. The
(Dialogue) 3 clerk will ask you your name

and birthdate. Tell them to her
A : ?
and write them down on the
B : .
form.
A : ----.

(Dialogue) 6
?
A : ?
B :
B : _________________.
. A :
?
(Dialogue) 4
B : _______
A : ?
_______ ______.
B : .
A : ----. Unit 10, Task 9
1. :
? ?
B : : .
. : ?
: .
(Dialogue) 5
: ?
A : ?
: .
B : .
A : ----. 2. : ,

?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
3. : ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
4. : ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
APPENDIX
374 APPENDIX
Notes for Verb and Adjective Tables
An asterisk (*) following a word in the table is used to indicate an exception
to the conjugation rule. For example, is the honorific form of eat
(not ).
Where headings do not distinguish between a question or statement form,

the same form is used for both.
An x indicates that the conjugation for that cell is not applicable. For
example, there is no formal honorific form of (cheap), ,
because the subject of the sentence would not be a human being and
therefore we cannot use an honorific form.
A q following a word in the table is used to indicate that the form given
only applies to questions. For example, ? can only be used to
say Do you find it delicious? and not That food is delicious, because the
subject of the sentence is not a human being and therefore we cannot use an
honorific form.
The Korean words for handsome, old (human being), old (things), thin
(people) and ugly are often used with , so this has been added to the
stems of each (stem+):
+
APPENDIX 375
For certain perception words such (interesting) and (tired),
the honorific statement form +{} cannot be used for third persons.
Therefore, this form has been omitted from the tables, where the +(/)
form can be used as the alternative.
(hate; dislike) is listed under the title of adjectives since it is an adjective
in Korean and does not follow the same conjugation rules as a verb.
Instead of dictionary form, the verb or adjective stem has been provided in
the following appendices. Therefore, you will need to add to the stem to
look up a particular word in the dictionary. For example, would appear
under .
376 APPENDIX
Special Conjugation Rules of Verb & Adjective

When the stem ends in , the is removed when the next
rule
syllable starts with a vowel. For example, (build) becomes
( build) and (if you build).

Rule
syllable starts with a vowel . For example, becomes
(listen).

rule
syllable starts with , , , , or . For example, (long)
becomes (is long) and (because its long).
When the stem ends in , the changes into before +

rule
and before +. For example, becomes (help)
and becomes (beautiful).
When the stem ends in , the is deleted when the next

rule
syllable starts with a vowel. For example, (big)
becomes (is big) and (sick) becomes (is sick).
When forming the +(/) form of stems that end in , is

rule
deleted and +/ are added to the stem. For example
becomes (cut) and becomes (sing).
For stems ending in , can be found instead of in

rule some formal writing.
APPENDIX 377
When the adjective stem ends in , the is deleted when the

rule
next syllable starts with or . For example,
becomes (ifis blue).
The following rules are less common:
When forming the +(/) form of (go) to give a

rule
command, is used.
When forming the +(/) form of (come) to give a

rule
command, is used.
When forming the + or + form of some stems such as

rule
and , + and + are used instead. For example,
(reach so that); (is blue so that).
When forming the + or + form of some stems such as

rule
, is deleted. For example (scoop up and).
378 APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Copular be
Present Tense (is and are)

Casual Casual Casual Polite Honorific
Question Question
be +{}? +{}? +{} +{/} +{}
be not ? ?
Past Tense (was and were)

Question Question
be +{/}? +{/}? {/} {/} +{}
be not ? ?
Future Tense (will be)

Question Question
be x x +{/} +{/} +{}

be not x x
With +() ending

Present Past Future (Suppostition)
be +{/}() +{/}() +{/} ()
be not () () ()
APPENDIX 379
Formal Formal Formal Formal

Statement Statement Question Question
Honorific Honorific
be +{/} +{} +{}? +{}?
be not ? ?

Honorific Honorific
be +{/} +{} +{/} +{}?
?
be not ? ?

Honorific Honorific
be +{/} +{} x x
be not x x
With + ending
Present Past Future (Suppostition)
be +{} +{/} +{/}
be not
380 APPENDIX
Appendix 2: Verb Present Tense Endings

Stem Casual Casual Casual Honorific
Question Question (Polite)
+? +? +(/)() +{}
ask ()
build ()
buy ()
call ()
choose ()
clean ()
come ()
cook () ()
dance () ()
do ()
draw ()
drink () *
eat () *
give ()
go ()
go regularly ()
help ()
leave ()
listen ()
live ()
marry ()
meet ()
order ()
APPENDIX 381
Formal Statement Formal Statement Formal Question Formal Question

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/}? +{}?

* *
* *

382 APPENDIX
Stem Casual Casual Polite Honorific

Question Question
+? +? +(/) +{}
play ()
quit (job) ()
quit (smoking) ()
read ()
rest ()
sing ()
sit down ()
sleep () *
smoke ()
speak ()
stand up ()
start ()
study ()
swim ()
take (vehicle) ()
talk () *
wait ()
walk ()
watch ()
wear ()
wear (shoes) ()
work ()
write ()
APPENDIX 383
Formal Formal Statement Formal Question Formal Question

Statement Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/}? +{}?

* *
* *

384 APPENDIX
Appendix 3: Verb Past Tense Endings

+(/)? +(/) +(/)() +{}
?
ask ()
build ()
buy ()
call ()
choose ()
clean ()
come ()
cook () ()
dance () ()
do ()
draw ()
drink () *
eat () *
give ()
go ()
go regularly ()
help ()
leave ()
listen ()
live ()
marry ()
meet ()
order ()
APPENDIX 385

Honorific Honorific
+(/) +{} +(/)? +{}?

* *
* *

386 APPENDIX

+(/)? +(/)? +(/)() +{}
play ()
quit (job) ()
quit
(smoking) ()
read ()
rest ()
sing ()
sit down ()
sleep () *
smoke ()
speak ()
stand up ()
start ()
study ()
swim ()
take (vehicle) ()
talk () *
wait ()
walk ()
watch ()
wear ()
wear (shoes) ()
work ()
write ()
APPENDIX 387

Honorific Honorific
+(/) +{} +(/)? +{}?

* *
* *

388 APPENDIX
Appendix 4: Verb Future Tense Endings

Stem Casual Polite Honorific
+{/} +{/} +{}
ask
build
buy
call
choose
clean
come
cook ()
dance ()
do
draw
drink *
eat *
give
go
go regularly
help
leave
listen
live
marry
meet
order
APPENDIX 389

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/} ? +{} ?
?
* *
* *

390 APPENDIX
Stem Casual Polite Honorific
+{/} +{/} +{}
play
quit (job)
quit (smoking)
read
rest
sing
sit down
sleep *
smoke
speak
stand up
start
study
swim
take (vehicle)
talk *
wait
walk
watch
wear
wear (shoes)
work
write
APPENDIX 391

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/} ? +{} ?

* *
* *

392 APPENDIX
Appendix 5: Verb with +{/}()?; +{/}(),

Stem Shall we? I want to /
Do you want to?
+{/}() ? +{/}()
ask () ()
build () ()
buy () ()
call () ()
choose () ()
clean () ()
come () ()
cook () () ()
dance () () ()
do () ()
draw () ()
drink () ()
eat () ()
give () ()
go () ()
go regularly () ()
help () ()
leave () ()
listen () ()
live () ()
marry () ()
meet () ()
order () ()
APPENDIX 393
+{}()?; +{}?; {/}(),+

Would you like to? Would you like to? I will I will
(Honorific) (Honorific Formal) (Formal)
+{}? +{}? +{/}() +
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * ()
* * ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
394 APPENDIX
Stem Shall we? I want to /

Do you want to?
+{/}() ? +{/}()
play () ()
quit (job) () ()
quit (smoking) () ()
read () ()
rest () ()
sing () ()
sit down () ()
sleep () ()
smoke () ()
speak () ()
stand up () ()
start () ()
study () ()
swim () ()
take (vehicle) () ()
talk () ()
wait () ()
walk () ()
watch () ()
wear () ()
wear (shoes) () ()
work () ()
write () ()
APPENDIX 395
Would you like to? Would you like to? I will I will
(Honorific) (Honorific Formal) (Formal)
+{}? +{}? +{/}() +
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * () *
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
396 APPENDIX
Appendix 6: Verbs with +; +

Stem Lets and
+ +
ask
build
buy
call
choose
clean
come
cook ()
dance ()
do
draw
drink
eat
give
go
go regularly
help
leave
listen
live
marry
meet
order
APPENDIX 397
Stem Lets and

+ +
play
quit (job)
quit (smoking)
read
rest
sing
sit down
sleep
smoke
speak
stand up
start
study
swim
take (vehicle)
talk
wait
walk
watch
wear
wear (shoes)
work
write
398 APPENDIX
Appendix 7: Verbs with +(),+(/)()

Stem and / but and / but and / but
(present) (past) (future)
+() +(/)() +{/} ()
ask () () ()
build () () ()
buy () () ()
call () () ()
choose () () ()
clean () () ()
come () () ()
cook () () () ()
dance () () () ()
do () () ()
draw () () ()
drink () () ()
eat () () ()
give () () ()
go () () ()
go regularly () () ()
help () () ()
leave () () ()
listen () () ()
live () () ()
marry () () ()
meet () () ()
order () () ()
APPENDIX 399
& +{/} ()
+() +(/)() +{/} ()
play () () ()
quit (job) () () ()
quit (smoking) () () ()
read () () ()
rest () () ()
sing () () ()
sit down () () ()
sleep () () ()
smoke () () ()
speak () () ()
stand up () () ()
start () () ()
study () () ()
swim () () ()
take (vehicle) () () ()
talk () () ()
wait () () ()
walk () () ()
watch () () ()
wear () () ()
wear (shoes) () () ()
work () () ()
write () () ()
400 APPENDIX
Appendix 8: Verbs with +(),+(/)()

Stem Its because Its because Its because
+() +(/)() +{/} ()
ask () () ()
build () () ()
buy () () ()
call () () ()
choose () () ()
clean () () ()
come () () ()
cook () () () ()
dance () () () ()
do () () ()
draw () () ()
drink () () ()
eat () () ()
give () () ()
go () () ()
go regularly () () ()
help () () ()
leave () () ()
listen () () ()
live () () ()
marry () () ()
meet () () ()
order () () ()
APPENDIX 401
&+{/} ()
+() +(/)() +{/}
play () () ()
quit (job) () () ()
quit (smoking) () () ()
read () () ()
rest () () ()
sing () () ()
sit down () () ()
sleep () () ()
smoke () () ()
speak () () ()
stand up () () ()
start () () ()
study () () ()
swim () () ()
take (vehicle) () () ()
talk () () ()
wait () () ()
walk () () ()
watch () () ()
wear () () ()
wear (shoes) () () ()
work () () ()
write () () ()
402 APPENDIX
Appendix 9: Casual Verb Endings+(/),+(/),

Stem Present Past Future
+(/) +(/) +{/}
ask
build
buy
call
choose
clean
come
cook ()
dance ()
do
draw
drink
eat
give
go
go regularly
help
leave
listen
live
marry
meet
order
APPENDIX 403
+{/} ; +{/}?; +{/}; +{/}

Shall we? I want to I will
+{/}? +{/} +{/}

404 APPENDIX
Stem Present Past Future

+(/) +(/) +{/}
play
quit (job)
quit (smoking)
read
rest
sing
sit down
sleep
smoke
speak
stand up
start
study
swim
take (vehicle)
talk
wait
walk
watch
wear
wear (shoes)
work
write
APPENDIX 405
Shall we? I want to I will

+{/}? +{/} +{/}

406 APPENDIX
Appendix 10: Adjective Present Tense Endings

+? +? +(/)() +{}
afraid ()
bad ()
beautiful ()
big ()
boring ()
bright ()
busy ()
q
cheap ()
clean ()
close ()
cloudy ()
cold(thing) ()
cold ()
complicated ()
cool ()
cute ()
dangerous ()
dark ()
deep ()
q
delicious ()
APPENDIX 407

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/}? +{}?

x x
x
408 APPENDIX

+? +? +(/)() +{}
difficult ()
diligent ()
dirty ()
easy ()
expensive ()
far ()
fat ()
fine(weather) ()
fun ()
(enjoyable)
good ()
handsome + ()
happy ()
happy ()
q
hate/dislike ()
heavy ()
high ()
hot ()
hot (spicy) ()
q
hot ()
(temperature)
interesting ()
(fun )
APPENDIX 409

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/}? +{}?

410 APPENDIX

+? +? +(/)() +{}
q
interesting ()
(attention)
kind ()
lazy ()
light ()
long ()
low ()
narrow ()
noisy ()
numerous ()
old (people) + ()
old (thing) + () x
pretty ()
quick ()
quiet ()
q
sad ()
salty ()
shallow ()
short ()
sick ()
slim ()
APPENDIX 411

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/}? +{}?
x
x x

412 APPENDIX

+? +? +(/)() +{}
slow ()
small ()
small ()
(quantity)
smart ()
strong ()
tall ()
q
tasteless ()
thick ()
thin (people) + ()
thin (thing) ()
q
thirsty ()
q
tired ()
ugly + ()
warm ()
weak ()
wide ()
young ()
APPENDIX 413

Honorific Honorific
+{/} +{} +{/}? +{}?

414 APPENDIX
Appendix 11: Adjective Past Tense Endings

+(/)? +(/)? +(/)() +{}
afraid ()
bad ()
beautiful ()
big ()
boring ()
bright ()
busy ()
q
cheap ()
clean ()
close ()
cloudy ()
cold (thing) ()
q
cold ()
complicated ()
cool ()
cute ()
dangerous ()
dark ()
deep ()
q
delicious ()
APPENDIX 415

Honorific Honorific
+(/) +{} +(/)? +{}?

x x
x
416 APPENDIX

+(/)? +(/)? +(/)() +{}
difficult ()
diligent ()
dirty ()
easy ()
expensive ()
far ()
fat ()
fine ()
(weather)
fun ()
(enjoyable)
good ()
handsome + ()
happy
()
happy ()
q
hate/dislike ()
heavy ()
high ()
hot ()
hot (spicy) ()
q
hot ()
(temperature)
q
interesting ()
(fun )
APPENDIX 417

Honorific Honorific
+(/) +{} +(/)? +{}?

418 APPENDIX

+(/)? +(/)? +(/)() +{}
interesting ()
(attention)
kind ()
lazy ()
light ()
long () *
low ()
narrow ()
noisy ()
numerous ()
old (people) + ()
old (thing) + () x
pretty ()
quick ()
quiet ()
q
sad ()
salty ()
shallow ()
short ()
sick ()
slim ()
APPENDIX 419

Honorific Honorific
+(/) +{} +(/)? +{}?
x
x x

420 APPENDIX

+(/)? +(/)? +(/)() +{}
slow ()
small ()
small ()
(quantity)
smart ()
strong ()
tall ()
q
tasteless ()
thick ()
thin + ()
(people)
thin (thing) ()
q
thirsty ()
q
tired ()
ugly + ()
warm ()
weak ()
wide ()
young ()
APPENDIX 421

Honorific Honorific
+(/) +{} +(/)? +{}?

422 APPENDIX
Appendix 12: Adjective Future Tense Endings

Stem Supposition Supposition
Casual Polite
+{/} +{/}
afraid
bad
beautiful
big
boring
bright
busy
cheap
clean
close
cloudy
cold(thing)
cold
complicated
cool
cute
dangerous
dark
deep
delicious
APPENDIX 423
Supposition Supposition Supposition

Honorific Polite Formal Honorific Formal
+{} +{/} +{}

424 APPENDIX

Casual Polite
+{/} +{/}
difficult
diligent
dirty
easy
expensive
far
fat
fine(weather)
fun (enjoyable)
good
handsome +
happy
happy
hate/dislike
heavy
high
hot
hot (spicy)
hot (temperature)
interesting (fun )
APPENDIX 425

+{} +{/} +{}

426 APPENDIX

Casual Polite
+{/} +{/}
interesting
(attention)
kind
lazy
light
long
low
narrow
noisy
numerous
old (people) (future)

+ (supposition)
old (thing) (future)
+ (supposition)
pretty
quick
quiet
sad
salty
shallow
short
sick
slim
APPENDIX 427

+{} +{/} +{}

* *
/
*
x x

428 APPENDIX

Casual Polite
+{/} +{/}
slow
small
small (quantity)
smart
strong
tall
tasteless
thick
thin(people) +
thin(thing)
thirsty
tired
ugly +
warm
weak
wide
young
APPENDIX 429

+{} +{/} +{}

430 APPENDIX
Appendix 13: Adjectives with +; +()

Stem and Exclamation
+ +()
afraid ()
bad ()
beautiful ()
big ()
boring ()
bright ()
busy ()
cheap ()
clean ()
close ()
cloudy ()
cold(thing) ()
cold ()
complicated ()
cool ()
cute ()
dangerous ()
dark ()
deep ()
delicious ()
APPENDIX 431

+ +()
difficult ()
diligent ()
dirty ()
easy ()
expensive ()
far ()
fat ()
fine(weather) ()
fun (enjoyable) ()
good ()
handsome + ()
happy ()
happy ()
hate/dislike ()
heavy ()
high ()
hot ()
hot (spicy) ()
hot (temperature) ()
interesting (fun ) ()
432 APPENDIX

+ +()
interesting ()
(attention)
kind ()
lazy ()
light ()
long ()
low ()
narrow ()
noisy ()
numerous ()
old (people) + ()
old (thing) + ()
pretty ()
quick ()
quiet ()
sad ()
salty ()
shallow ()
short ()
sick ()
slim ()
APPENDIX 433

+ +()
slow ()
small ()
small (quantity) ()
smart ()
strong ()
tall ()
tasteless ()
thick ()
thin(people) + ()
thin(thing) ()
thirsty ()
tired ()
ugly + ()
warm ()
weak ()
wide ()
young ()
434 APPENDIX
Appendix 14: Adjectives with +{/}(),

+{/}() +(/)() +{/} ()
afraid () () ()
bad () () ()
beautiful () () ()
big () () ()
boring () () ()
bright () () ()
busy () () ()
cheap () () ()
clean () () ()
close () () ()
cloudy () () ()
cold(thing) () () ()
cold () () ()
complicated () () ()
cool () () ()
cute () () ()
dangerous () () ()
dark () () ()
deep () () ()
delicious () () ()
APPENDIX 435
+(/)() & +{/} ()

+{/}() +(/)() +{/} ()
difficult () () ()
diligent () () ()
dirty () () ()
easy () () ()
expensive () () ()
far () () ()
fat () () ()
fine(weather) () () ()
fun (enjoyable) () () ()
good () () ()
handsome + () () ()
happy () () ()
happy () () ()
hate/dislike () () ()
heavy () () ()
high () () ()
hot () () ()
hot (spicy) () () ()
hot (temperature) () () ()
interesting (fun ) () () ()
436 APPENDIX

+{/}() +(/)() +{/} ()
interesting () () ()
(attention)
kind () () ()
lazy () () ()
light () () ()
long () () ()
low () () ()
narrow () () ()
noisy () () ()
numerous () () ()
old (people) + () () ()/

()
old (thing) + () () ()
()
pretty () () ()
quick () () ()
quiet () () ()
sad () () ()
salty () () ()
shallow () () ()
short () () ()
sick () () ()
slim () () ()
APPENDIX 437

+{/}() +(/)() +{/} ()
slow () () ()
small () () ()
small (quantity) () () ()
smart () () ()
strong () () ()
tall () () ()
tasteless () () ()
thick () () ()
thin(people) + () () ()
thin(thing) () () ()
thirsty () () ()
tired () () ()
ugly + () () ()
warm () () ()
weak () () ()
wide () () ()
young () () ()
438 APPENDIX
Appendix 15: Adjectives with +(),

+() +(/)() +{/} ()
afraid () () ()
bad () () ()
beautiful () () ()
big () () ()
boring () () ()
bright () () ()
busy () () ()
cheap () () ()
clean () () ()
close () () ()
cloudy () () ()
cold(thing) () () ()
cold () () ()
complicated () () ()
cool () () ()
cute () () ()
dangerous () () ()
dark () () ()
deep () () ()
delicious () () ()
APPENDIX 439
+(/)() & +{/} ()

+() +(/)() +{/} ()
difficult () () ()
diligent () () ()
dirty () () ()
easy () () ()
expensive () () ()
far () () ()
fat () () ()
fine(weather) () () ()
fun (enjoyable) () () ()
good () () ()
handsome + () () ()
happy () () ()
happy () () ()
hate/dislike () () ()
heavy () () ()
high () () ()
hot () () ()
hot (spicy) () () ()
hot () () ()
(temperature)
interesting (fun ) () () ()
440 APPENDIX

+() +(/)() +{/} ()
interesting () () ()
(attention)
kind () () ()
lazy () () ()
light () () ()
long () () ()
low () () ()
narrow () () ()
noisy () () ()
numerous () () ()
old (people) + ()() () ()/

()
old (thing) + ()() () ()
()
pretty () () ()
quick () () ()
quiet () () ()
sad () () ()
salty () () ()
shallow () () ()
short () () ()
sick () () ()
slim () () ()
APPENDIX 441

+() +(/)() +{/} ()
slow () () ()
small () () ()
small (quantity) () () ()
smart () () ()
strong () () ()
tall () () ()
tasteless () () ()
thick () () ()
thin(people) + () () ()
thin(thing) () () ()
thirsty () () ()
tired () () ()
ugly + () () ()
warm () () ()
weak () () ()
wide () () ()
young () () ()
442 APPENDIX
Appendix 16: Casual Adjective Endings

Stem Present Past Future / Supposition
+(/) +(/) +{/}
afraid
bad
beautiful
big
boring
bright
busy
cheap
clean
close
cloudy
cold(thing)
cold
complicated
cool
cute
dangerous
dark
deep
delicious
APPENDIX 443
+(/), +(/), +{/}

+(/) +(/) +{/}
difficult
diligent
dirty
easy
expensive
far
fat
fine(weather)
fun (enjoyable)
good
handsome +
happy
happy
hate/dislike
heavy
high
hot
hot (spicy)
hot (temperature)
interesting (fun )
444 APPENDIX

+(/) +(/) +{/}
interesting
(attention)
kind
lazy
light
long
low
narrow
noisy
numerous
old (people) + /

old (thing) +

pretty
quick
quiet
sad
salty
shallow
short
sick
slim
APPENDIX 445

+(/) +(/) +{/}
slow
small
small
(quantity)
smart
strong
tall
tasteless
thick
thin(people) +
thin(thing)
thirsty
tired
ugly +
warm
weak
wide
young
446 APPENDIX
Appendix 17: Particles and Suffixes

+{/} Topic Particles .
+ (honorific) (after nouns, pronouns) .
+{/} Subject Particles .

+ (honorific) (after nouns, pronouns) .
+{/} Object Particles .

(after nouns, pronouns)
+ (written) Direction Particles to (a person)
+ (spoken) (with people) .
+ (honorific) .
+() (written) Source Particles from (a person)
+() (spoken) .
+ Destination Particle to (a location)

.
+{} Dictection Particle to, towards

.
+ Location Particle in; at; on

.
+ Activity Location Particle in; at; on

(with action verb) .
+ Time Particle In; at; on

.
+ Rate and Ratio Particle per

2000 .
+{} Instrument Particle by means of

.
+ Possessive 's
Particle
+ ...+ Delimiter Particles from ... to (distance)

+ + Delimiter Particles from ... to (time)

+ Delimiter Particle only

10
+ (with negative) Delimiter Particle only; no more than

10 .
APPENDIX 447
+ Delimiter Particle each, every, all

+ Emphasis Particle also, too

+ (+) Combined Emphasis

+ (+) Particles
+ (+)
+ Plural Suffix students

+{/} (written) Conjunction Particles and
+ (spoken) (between nouns)
+{} (colloquial) with

+{} Conjunction Particles or

(between nouns)
+ Comparision Particle rather than, compared with

Reasons because of

448 APPENDIX
Appendix 18:
Korean Editing Symbols & Handwriting Sheet
Korean Editing Symbols
Symbols Meaning Example
Add a space
or or
Delete a space
or or
Delete l
Insert or
or
Replace
Replace or
or
Change word
order
Cannot
understand
Surname: Given Names: page of
240 blocks
( ) words on this page

Surname: Given Names: page of
240 blocks
( ) words on this page

Korean Keyboard Layout

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First edition: August 2009

PREFACE (THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITION) viii

Hangeul (Korean Alphabet) 32

The Pure Vowel 35

Other Pure Vowels () 42

Discussing likes and dislikes

Asking people where they are going

Situation Dialogue 2 103

Topic Particle +{/} 108

Situation Dialogue 3 111

Talking about your daily routine

Situation Dialogue 2 131

Time Particle + in, at or on 135

Activity Location Particle + in or at 137

Situation Dialogue 3 143

Adjective (Describing Words) and Their Endings 147

Talking about the time

Telling the Time: # oclock 162

Suggestions 1: + Lets 168

Situation Dialogue 2 171

Suggestions 2: +{/}? Shall we? 178

Situation Dialogue 3 183

Talking about past events

Situation Dialogue 3 213

Three ands: +, + and 218

Ordering in a caf or restaurant

Asking for and giving prices

How much? 273

Sino-Korean Numbers 274

Delimiter Particle + only 293

Situation Dialogue 3 299

Vocabulary: Consumer Items 304

Talking about yourself and your family

Honorific Subject and Topic Particles 338

+{/} ? Would you mind telling me 344

TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 355

This textbook began its life as a personal collection of language activities

To all, many thanks again for your assistance and encouragement.

Melbourne Young-A Cho

The main areas of revision are:

Melbourne In-Jung Cho

Structure of the book

Situation dialogues, role plays and listening tasks

Symbol Meaning Example

Yeonse daehakgyoeseo Im majoring in English

yeongmunhak Literature at Yonsei

Hoju Monash daehakgyo Im an exchange student from

Jeodo Monash daehak Im also a student from

The romanization used in this textbook is the official Korean language

jeoneun jeo I /me chingu friend

yeonse daehakgyo Yonsei daehak university

+eseo at; in haksaeng student

yeongmunhak English hangugeo Korean

jeongonghaeyo major in hago and; with

oppa older brother gongbu study{formal}

+imnida am/are/is +irago am/is called

hoju Australia aniyeyo am/are/is not

? Hi. (casual rarely used among older adults)

? How do you do? (honorific, formal)

However, when a student greets a teacher, the formal expression can be

Note 1: The student addresses the teacher by the title (Seon-saeng-