03/11/2015

KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BERDASARKAN MATRIKSNYA

PERTEMUAN KE-9
Composite
materials
POLYMER MATRIX
COMPOSITES (PMC) Matrices

Polymer Matrix Metal Matrix Ceramic Matrix

Composites (PMC) Composites MMC) Composites (CMC)

Thermoset Thermoplastic Rubber

Material Komposit

What is a polymer?
Poly mer
many repeat unit
Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) is the material consisting of a
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating polymer (resin) matrix combined with a fibrous reinforcing dispersed
structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds phase.
Examples of polymers:
Polymer Matrix Composites are very popular due to their low cost
and simple fabrication methods.
repeat repeat repeat
unit unit unit
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H Cl H Cl H Cl H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
Polyethylene (PE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polypropylene (PP)

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Classification of Polymers

Polimer Linear - Semua polimer yang molekulnya dalam
bentuk rantai.

Polimer Termoplastik - Polimer linear atau bercabang di
mana rantai molekul tidak saling berhubungan satu sama
lain.

Polimer Thermosetting - Polimer yang saling menyilang
untuk menghasilkan struktur jaringan dimensi tiga yang
kuat.

Elastomer - Ini adalah polimer (termoplastik atau
termoset ringan) yang memiliki deformasi elastis > 200%.

Polymer(Matrix) Composite (Matrix + Reinforcement)

Konfigurasi rantai
Molekul:

a. Linear
b. Branched
c. Crossed linked
d. Ladder

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Resin thermoset adalah polimer yang paling banyak digunakan Polymerisation:

pada PMC. This is the process of joining monomers into gaint chain like molecules.

Epoxy dan polyester biasanya dicampur dengan penguat fiber. Methods of Polymerisation:
Condensation polymerisation
Addition polymerisation
Bentuk yang paling banyak digunakan adalah struktur laminar,
dibuat dengan menumpuk dan ikatan lapisan tipis pada fiber dan
polimer sampai ketebalan yang diinginkan diperoleh.
Fibers in PMCs

Bentuknya bermacam-macam : discontinuous, continuous atau

woven/tenun seperti pada pembuatan kain .
Bahan utama fiber pada FRPs adalah gelas, karbon, dan Kevlar 49.
Fiber yang tidak umum, seperti boron, SiC, Al2O3 dan baja.
Glass (in particular E-glass) adalah bahan fiber yang paling umum
pada FRPs saat ini; penggunaannya untuk memperkuat plastik dari
sekitar tahun 1920.
Degree of polymerization = No of monomer units in a chain
103 to 105

Thermosets
Bahan termoset biasanya cair atau lunak sebelum pendinginan,
dan dirancang untuk dicetak menjadi bentuk akhirnya.
Thermoset dibuat dengan mencampurkan dua komponen (resin dan
hardener) yang bereaksi dan mengeras, baik pada temperatur ruang
atau panas.

Memiliki sifat mengalami reaksi kimia melalui aksi panas, katalis, Hasil polimernya biasanya berupa ikat silang yang besar, sehingga
sinar ultraviolet, dll, menjadi zat yang relatif tidak larut dan dapat thermoset ini disebut juga dengan polimer jaringan.
dicairkan.

Mereka mengembangkan struktur ikatan tiga dimensi yang baik Bentuk ikat silang terjadi selama polimerisasi pada resin cair dan
pada pendinginan. Setelah mengeras atau terikat silang, mereka hardener, sehingga strukturnya hampir selalu amorphous.
akan terurai dari pada mencair.

Bahan termoset umumnya lebih kuat dari pada bahan termoplastik

karena jaringan ikatan 3-D nya, dan juga lebih cocok untuk
aplikasi suhu tinggi hingga mencapai suhu dekomposisi bahan.

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Types of Thermosetting plastics

Thermosets

Extensive cross-linking formed by covalent

bonds.
Bonds prevent chains moving relative to
each other.

Epoxy:
Epoxy is a polymer that contain an epoxide group in its chemical structure.
Example: DGEBA (Diglcidyl Ether of Bisphenol A )
Polyester:
A condensation reaction between a glycol and an unsaturated dibasic
acid results in polyster. This contains a double bond C=C between its
carbon atoms.
Example: poly ethylene terephthalate (PET).

Charecteristics of Polyester:

Cheap
Charecteristics of Epoxy: Resistance to variety of chemicals
Adequate moisture resistance
Better Moisture Resistence
Low shrinkage
Good adhersion with Reinforcement

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Thermoplastics
Some thermoplastics normally do not crystallize, they are termed
In thermoplastic polymer, individual molecules are linear in structure with
no chemical linking between them. as"amorphous" plastics and are useful at temperatures below the Tg.

Mereka berada di tempat karena ikatan sekunder yang jelek

(intermolecular force), seperti ikatan van der Walls dan hydrogen.

Generally, amorphous thermoplastics are less chemically resistant.

Reasons for the use of thermoplastic matrix composites

Thermoplastics (80%)
Refrigeration is not necessary with a thermoplastic matrix.

Parts can be made and joined by heating.

Parts can be remolded, and any scrap can be recycled.

Thermoplastics have better toughness and impact resistance than

thermosets.

Shorter fabrication time.

No cross links between chains.
Can be recycled.
Weak attractive forces between chains broken by
warming.
Change shape - can be remoulded.
Weak forces reform in new shape when cold.

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UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC OF
THERMOPLASTIC Thermoplastic polymer have higher strain-to-failure.

Near to glass transition temperature Variation of Tensile modulus with temperature for
Tg, polymeric materials changes a Amorphous and Semi crytaline thermoplastic.

hard solid to soft, tough ( leather like)

solid. Over a temperature range
around Tg.Near this temperature, the
materials is also highly viscoelastic.
When load is applied it exhibit Elastic
deformation.
With increasing temperature polymer
changes into rubberlike solid
undergoing deformation on external
load.
Further increasing the temp both
amorphous and semicrystallline
thermoplastic achieve highly viscous
state and attain the melting temp Tm.

Types of Thermoplastics
COMPARISON OF THE THREE POLYMER CATEGORIES

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Thermoplastics Vs Thermosets Functions of Matrix

Menopang fiber secara bersama-sama.

Melindungi fiber dari lingkungan.

Mendistribusikan beban secara merata di antara fiber sehingga semua

fiber terdistribusi sejumlah regangan yang sama.

Meningkatkan sifat sebuah lapisan tranversal.

Meningkatkan resisytansi impak dan kerusakan komponen.

Membantu menghindari rambatan retak yang tumbuh melalui fiber dengan

memberikan alternatif kegagalan sepanjang permukaan antara fiber dan
matriks.

Desired Properties of a Matrix

Reduced moisture absorption. Reasonable strength, modulus and elongation (elongationshould be
greater than fibre).
Low shrinkage.
Strength at elevated temperature (depending on application).
Low coefficient of thermal expansion.
Low temperature capability (depending on application).
Good flow characteristics so that it penetrates the fibre bundles
completely and eliminates voids during the compacting/curing
process. Excellent chemical resistance (depending on application).

Must be elastic to transfer load to fibres. Should be easily processable into the final composite shape.

Dimensional stability (maintains its shape).

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Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics

Stress-strain behavior of different polymer
matrices

Degradation
temperature - The Thermoplastic polymers Thermosetting polymers
temperature above
which a polymer 80 90
burns, chars, or Polysulfon 80
70
decomposes.
60 70
Polyester Epoxy

Glass temperature - 60

Stress (Mpa)
Stress (Mpa)
The temperature 50 Phenolic
50
range below which 40
Polyamid 40
the amorphous 30 Polyethylene
30
polymer assumes a
20 20
rigid glassy
10
structure. 10
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 1 2 3 4 5
The effect of temperature on the modulus of Strian(% ) Strian(%)

elasticity for an amorphous thermoplastic.

Notice to the range of ultimate strains of different polymers

Comparision of various polymers as matrix materials

Limitations of PMC (Termoplastis)

Low maximum working temperature.

High coefficient of thermal expansion- dimensional instability

Sensitivity to radiation and moisture.

Processing temperature are generally higher than those with

thermosets.

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Pultrusion
Advantages:
 Minimal kinking of
fibres/fabrics
 Rapid processing
 Low material scrap rate
 Good quality control
Potential Problems:
 Improper fibre wet-out
 Fibre breakage
 Inadequate cure
 Die jamming
 Complex die design
Pultrusion -characteristics
seek uniform thickness in order to achieve uniform cooling and hence minimise
residual stress.
hollow profiles require a cantilevered mandrel to enter the die from the fibre-feed
end.
continuous constant cross-section profile
normally thermoset (thermoplastic possible)
impregnate with resin
pull through a heated die
resin shrinkage reduces friction in the die
polyester easier to process than epoxy
tension control as in filament winding
post-die, profile air-cooled before gripped
hand-over-hand hydraulic clamps
conveyor belt/caterpillar track systems.
moving cut-off machine ("flying cutter"). The solid laminate will be cut to the
desired length
Inside the metal die, precise temperature control activates the curing of the
thermoset resin.

Interfacial bonding The Interface

Good bonding (adhesion) between matrix phase and dispersed
phase provides transfer of load, applied to the material to the
dispersed phase via the interface. Adhesion is necessary for
achieving high level of mechanical properties of the composite.
There is always an interface between constituent phases in a
composite material.
For the composite to operate effectively, the phases must bond
where they join at the interface.

There are three forms of interface between the two phases:

Direct bonding with no intermediate layer. In this case adhesion

(wetting) is provided by either covalent bonding or van der
Waals force.

Intermediate layer (inter-phase) is in form of solid solution of the

matrix and dispersed phases constituents.

Intermediate layer is in form of a third bonding phase

(adhesive).

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Reinforcement-Matrix Interface Interfacial bonding

The load acting on the matrix has to be transferred to the reinforcement
via. Interface.
The reinforcement must be strongly bonded to the matrix if high stiffness
Setelah matriks memiliki kebasahan (wetability) terhadap penguat,
and strength are desired in the composite materials
A weak interface results in low stiffness and strength but high resistance
to fracture. ikatan akan terjadi.
A strong interface produces high stiffness and strength but often low
resistance to fracture, i.e. brittle behavior Untuk sistem tertentu, lebih dari satu mekanisme ikatan mungkin

terjadi pada waktu yang sama.

2 types of failure at interface
Ikatan dapat berubah selama tahap produksi atau selama perbaikan.
1) Adhesive failure - failure occur at interface
2) Cohesive failure failure occur close to the interface (either at the fiber or
matrix)

Types of interfacial bonding at interface Physical Bonding

Mechanical bonding
Physical bonding
Chemical bonding
These kind of bonding involves weak secondary or vander
waals forces, dipolar interactions and hydrogen bonds.
Mechanical Bonding
These type of bonding mechanism is of low significance because of its
low magnitude.
It is a simple mechanical keying or
interlocking effect between the The bond energy lies in the range of 8-16 kJ/mol.
fiber-matrix phases.

When the matrix shrinks radially on

cooling over the
reinforcement leads to a griping
action of the matrix on the fiber.

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Chemical bonding
Interphase
Dissolution Bonding: This bonding is of short range and occurs at an In some cases, a third ingredient must be added to achieve
electronic scale. This type of bonding is hindered by the presence of bonding of primary and secondary phases
impurities on the fiber surface and also gas or air bubbles at the
interface. Called an interphase, this third ingredient can be thought of as
an adhesive
Reaction Bonding: This bonding is due to the transport of the molecules,
atoms or ions which diffuse to the interface.

APPLICATIONS OF PMCs
Another Interphase
Polymer composites are used to make very light bicycles that are
Interphase consisting of a solution of primary and faster and easier to handle than standard ones, fishing boats that
secondary phases are resistant to corrosive seawater and lightweight turbine blades
that generate wind power efficiently. New commercial aircraft also
contain more composites than their predecessors. A 555-passenger
plane recently built by Airbus, for example, consists of 25 percent
composite material, while Boeing is designing a new jumbo aircraft
that is planned to be more than half polymer composites.

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) are used for manufacturing:

secondary load-bearing aerospace structures, boat bodies, canoes,
kayaks, automotive parts, radio controlled vehicles, sport goods (golf
clubs, skis, tennis racquets), fishing rods, bullet-proof vests and
other armor parts, brake and clutch linings.

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