EcoomicGeology

Vol. 87, 1992, pp. 1963-2001

Wall-RockAlterationandHydrothermalFlow Pathsaboutthe Ann-Mason

PorphyryCopperDeposit,Nevada--A 6-KinVerticalReconstruction
JOHNH. DILLES*ANDMAICOT. EINAUDI
Departmentof Geology,StanfordUniversity,
Stanford,California94305

Abstract

Surfaceexposures in the Singatse Rangeat theAnn-Mason deposityielda nearlycomplete

vertical crosssection,from 1 to 6 km in palcodepth,throughone of three porphyryCu
depositsgeneticallytied to the MiddleJurassic Yeringtonbatholith.Detailedfield mapping
of wall-rockalteration,veinlets,andsulfides, combinedwith petrographic, mineralcomposi-
tion, and fluid inclusionstudies,hasled to an assessment of temperatures,salinities,origins
andflowpathsof hydrothermal fluidsthroughtimeandspace.Ann-Mason isassociated witha
graniteporphyrydike swarmemanatingfrom a deepgranitecupolaeraplacedinto earlier
quartzmonzodiorite.On the basisof crosscutting relationsbetweendifferentveinsandage
relative to porphyrydikes,hydrothermalalteration-mineralization canbe dividedinto pre-
mainstage(endoskarn),mainstage(propylitic,sodic-calcic, andpotassic)andlate stage(so-
dic,chloritic,andsericitic).Advancedargillicalterationin the nearbyBuckskinRangerepre-
sentsthe palcosurface environmentof porphyrysystems exposedin the Singatse Range.
Pre-main-stage endoskarn(plagioclase + salite+_garnet)in quartzmonzodioriteis local-
izedadjacentto metasedimentary wallrocksat palcodepths of 3 to >6 kin.Main-stage propy-
litic alteration(albite+ epidote+ actinolite+ chlorite)formedat palcodepths above4 kin;
sodic-calcicalterationformed at greater palcodepthsof 3.5 to >6 km alongthe granite-
quartzmonzodioritecontactandin the deepportionof the porphyrydike swarm.The most
intensesodic-calcic alterationlackssulfideandformedoligoclase-actinolite-sphene by addi-
tionof Na andleachingof K, Fe, andCu. Potassic alteration,characterized by replacement of
hornblendeby biotite +_K feldspar,formedin a verticalzone 4 km high and 1.2 km in
diameterextendingupwardfrom the granitecupolaalongthe axisof the dike swarm.The
hypogeneCu orebody(495 Mt of 0.4 wt % Cu) lies within the areaof mostintensepotassic
alterationat a 2.5- to 4.0-kin palcodepth,containingabundanthydrothermalbiotite and
quartz-Kfeldsparveins.Sulfideassemblages includechalcopyrite+ bornitc+_molybdenite,
andchalcopyrite> pyrite. Much of the Cu is foundin later sulfideepidoteveins.
Late-stagealterationaffectedall porphyrydikesandformeda funnel-shaped zone,rooted
in the Cu orebodyat a palcodepthof 4 km. At a 1-km palcodepth,the late-stagealteration
zoneis3 kmwide.Late-stage alterationassemblages includeearlysodicandchloriticandlate
sericiticones.Sodicalterationis zonedupwardfrom albite-chlorite-vermiculite to albite-ser-
icite-pyrite;albite-chloritealterationleachedCu from the centerof the ore zone, andboth
sodicassemblages containalbitizedK feldspar.Sodicassemblages gradelaterallyinto chlo-
ritic assemblages in whichmaficmineralsare replacedby chlorite+_sericite.Sodicand
chloriticassemblages are cut by pyrite veinswith quartz-sericite-pyrite halosand quartz-
tourmalinebrecciasat palcodepths above2 kin.
Hydrothermal evolutioncanbe modeledin termsoffourfluidsofdifferentoriginsreacting
with rocksby alkali exchangeand H+ metasomatism. Phaseequilibriaand fluid inclusion
studiesconstraintemperaturesandsalinitiesof hydrothermalfluidsto the followingvalues:
(1) garnetendoskarn
fluidsat >500C,lowsalinity,
Xco _<0.02;(2) sodic-calcic
fluidsat
250 to >400C, 31 to 41 wt percentNaC1equiv;(3) potassic,
ore-formingfluidsat 700 to
<400C, 32 to 62 wt percentNaC1equiv;and(4) late-stagefluidsat 240 to 200C,2 to 13
wt percentNaC1equiv. Endoskarnmostlypredatedporphyrydike eraplacementand re-
suitedfrom localinfluxof Ca-bearingfluidsfrom carbonatewall rocks;thesefluidsare not
linkedto theore-formingprocess. Sodic-calcic
alterationwasdueto prograding, saline,non-
magmaticfluids(deepformationwaters?)that flowedfromthe wall-rockcontactlaterally3
kmintothebatholithat depthsof 4 to 6 kin.Astheyheated,thesefluidsalteredK feldsparto
oligoclaseandleachedFe andCu from'' 10 km3of quartzmonzodiorite. In thedikeswarm,
thesefluidsmixedwith upwelling,cooling,salinefluidsof magmaticoriginand mayhave
contributed
someK, Fe, andup to 30 wt percentof the Cu in the ore zone.Magmaticand
nonmagmatic,main-stagehydrothermalfluidsflowedin convectivecellscoincidentwith

* Presentaddress:
Departmentof Geosciences,
OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,Oregon97331-5506.

1963
19 6 4 DILLES AND EINA UDI

emplacement of multipledikes;maximum thermalgradients,

fluidfluxes,andmetasomatism
occurredin theorebodyat 500to 350C.Dilute,late-stage fluidsof nonmagmatic (shallow
meteoric?) origininitiallyexchanged sodium forpotassium andleachedcopperalongwarm-
ing pathswithinthe ore zone,but asthey cooledandacidified,they causedwidespread
sericiticalterationnearthe paleosurface. The zoneof maximumfluidfluxmovedprogres-
sivelyupwardandmajormetasomatism ceasedat about200C.
The volumeandintensityof Na metasomatism thatcharacterizes
theAnn-Mason depositis
recognized in onlya few otherporphyryCu districts;the processesrelatedto Na metasoma-
tismareunlikelyto be necessary for the formationof suchdeposits.Na metasomatism does
occurin numerous (nonporphyry-related) mineralizedandbarrenplutonic-volcanicterranes
aroundthe worldandis the expectedresultof heating(e.g.,prograde)salinefluidswhich
circulatenearigneous heatsources.Wheresuchfluidsareinvolvedin porphyryCu systems,
theymaybothaddcomponents
to orthomagmatic
oresandredistribute
components
from
earlier concentrations.

Introduction Gustafsonand Hunt, 1975; Brimhall, 1980). The

questionof multiplesourcesof components in ore-
STUDmS of porphyrycopperdepositshaveled to ma- formingfluidshasbeenaddressed almostexclusively
jor advancesin understanding of hydrothermalcy- throughisotopictracers,but rarely throughactual
cling of elementsin the upper crust.The common observationandanalysisof potentialsourceregions.
featuresof these deposits(Lowell and Guilbert, Numericalmodelsof massandheattransportpredict
1970; Gustafsonand Hunt, 1975; Gustafson,1978; that deepexposuresbelowore zoneswouldbe sub-
Beaneand Titley, 1981; Titley and Beane, 1981), jectedto inward-convecting andprograding hydro-
fluid inclusions andto stableisotopecharacteristicsthermalfluidsof nonmagmatic origin,but the recog-
(Roedder,1971; Sheppardet al., 1971; Nash,1976; nitionof thesefluidpathways andtheir effectson cy-
Taylor, 1979), and numericalanalysisof massand clingof metalsandothercomponents remainlargely
heattransport(Cathies,1977; Henley andMcNabb, undemonstrated (Carten,1986). The idealizedview
1978; Norton, 1978), have led to the generalview oftwohydrothermal fluidsources,onemagmatic and
that early,high-temperature, potassicalterationand the othermeteoric,maybe simplistic (Normanet al.,
deposition of low sulfurCu-Fe sulfidesresultedfrom 1991);Bowmanet al. (1987) havedemonstrated con-
coolingof hypersalinefluidsof magmaticorigin,and temporaneityof highto moderatesalinitymagmatic
that late, lower temperaturesericiticalterationand andformationwatercomponents in ore fluids.
deposition of pyrite-richsulfideassemblagesresulted The presentstudyaddresses thesequestions in the
frominfluxof lesssalinenonmagmatic hydrothermal contextof the Ann-Masonporphyrycopperdeposit
fluidsof meteoricor formationwaterorigin. of the Yeringtondistrict,Nevada,where Mesozoic
In spiteof the abundance of descriptionandanaly- rockshostingthedeposithavebeentilted 90owest-
sisof porphyrycopperdeposits,severalimportant wardandthereforemaybe examinedin crosssection
gapsin our understanding of them remain.Many of (Proffett,1977).The 2.5- by 5-kinsurfaceexposures
thesegapsresultfrom the limited exposures, in any in theAnn-Mason arearepresenta crosssectionfrom
givenlocality,of the tops,sides,or bottomsof ore a 1- to 6-kmpaleodepth throughthe flankof a huge
zones.In order to build an integratedview of a total fossilhydrothermal system.This studyemphasizes
hydrothermalsystem,which likely involves100 the description
of geology,spatialandtemporaldis-
km3of uppercrust,investigators havehadto rely on tributionof hydrothermal mineralassemblages, sul-
piecingtogetherobservations fromnumerous locali- fideandoxidemineralogy, andfluidinclusion charac-
ties that are thoughtto representdifferentpaleo- teristicsin the 12-km2 Ann-Masonexposures. These
levels.This approach,however,cannotaccountfor data are used to estimate pressures,temperatures,
the variabilitybetweendepositsand for the critical andsalinitiesandto infer sourcesandflow pathsof
magmaticand hydrothermalfeatureslocatedup to hydrothermal fluidsthroughthe life of the system.
several kilometers below and to the side of ore zones. Thestudylinksthemagmatic-stage processes
(Dilles,
As a consequence, presentmodelsare incomplete 1987) to the hydrothermal stage,andthe proximal
andpresentuswith numerousquestions. alteration-mineralization
in porphyryore zones(Car-
The questionof relative importanceof magmatic ten, 1986)with distalskarns(Einaudi,1982).A com-
versusnonmagmaticsourcesfor metalsand other panionpaper (Dilles et al., 1992) presentsoxygen
components in porphyrycopperdepositscontinues andhydrogen isotopedatathatfurtherconstrain the
to be debated(BeaneandTitley, 1981;Reynoldsand sources of hydrothermalfluids;silicatemineralcom-
Beane, 1985), althoughmany workers have con- positionsare reportedby Dilles (1984, andunpub.
cluded that meteoric water redistributes metals intro- data);for brevity, only the key variationsare given
ducedearlierby magmatichydrothermalfluids(e.g., here.
 ANN-MASONCuDEPOSIT,NV: FLOW PATHS 1965

Methodof study alteration-mineralization.The maps presented

hereinare reducedandsimplifiedversions.
The 2.5- by 5-kmsurfaceexposures in theAnn-Ma- Electronmicroprobeanalyseswere acquiredwith
sonareawere mappedin detail at a scaleof 1:4,800. an ARL instrumentat the Universityof California
Igneousrocktypes,structure,andhydrothermalfea- Berkeleyusingstandardtechniquesand Benceand
tureswere mappedconcurrentlyon a seriesof over- Albee (1968) correctionsas describedin Dilles
laysatop a topographicbase.Alterationmineralas- (1984, 1987). Typical analyticalerrorsrangefrom
semblages were mappedusinga hand lens to note +1 wt percent(1 ) for silicato _+0.05wt percentfor
alterationmineralsoccupying plagioclase andK feld- elements1 wt percent.
sparsites,biotite and hornblendesites,and magne- Fluid inclusionheatingandfreezinganalyses were
tite andsphenesites.Most of thesemineralsitescan obtainedon 100-/zm-thick, doublypolishedrock
be readilyidentifiedin all but sericiticalterationby sectionswith a U. S. GeologicalSurvey-design, gas-
shapeand size. Sulfideproportions(_+50%)were flowstage,asdescribedby Werre et al. (1979). Cali-
mappedby notingthe type andpercentageof relict brationagainststandards of knownmeltingpointsin-
iron andcoppersulfidesor were estimatedfrom ox- dicatedan accuracyof better than_0.5C for freez-
ide assemblages and texturesin leachedexposures, ing point depressions,better than _+2C for
e.g., boxworkgoethitepseudomorphs of pyrite, and liquid-vaporhomogenization on heatingby bracket-
glasslimonite,chrysacholla, and malachitereplace- ing, and _+10 to 20C for halite dissolutionon
mentsof chalcopyrite.Mapped assemblages were heating.
confirmedor modifiedby binocular microscope Mineral and rock abbreviationsare given in Ta-
studyof slabbedand feldspar-stained samples.The ble 1.
sampleswere alsostudiedby X-ray diffraction(40
samples)andtransmittedandreflectedlight micros- GeologicSetting
copy (140 samples)and were analyzedby electron Districtgeology
microprobe(24 samples).Four drill holestotaling
2,250 m werepartiallyreloggedandplottedwith ex- The Yeringtonminingdistrict,containing6 million
isting AnacondaCompanydata on crosssections. tonsof copperin threeporphyrycopperandnumer-
Copperassays were providedby the AnacondaCom- ousskarndepositsof Jurassic age (Einaudi,1982),
pany. liesnearthe westernmarginof the BasinandRange
Generalized maps of alteration mineral assem- province(Fig.1). Sincetheground-breaking studyof
blagesand other datawere compiledat a scaleof the districtby Knopf(1918), detailedstudiesunder
1:9,600 (Dilles, 1984). Becausealteration assem- the auspices of the AnacondaCompanyhavebeen
blagesoverlapdue to superposition of alteration conductedon districtgeologyand structure(Prof-
typesduringfluidevolution,separatemapswerecon- fett, 1977), the porphyrycopperdepositat the Yer-
structedfor earlyandlate events.Minorweathering ingtonmine (Price, 1977; Carten, 1986; Einaudiet
effects,suchasclayalterationof feldsparassociated al., unpub.data),anddistrictcopperskarns(Einaudi,
with oxidationof pyrite,havebeenremovedin order 1977, 1982; Harris and Einaudi, 1982). The copper
to showonlythe hypogenehydrothermalpatternsof deposits are all locatedwithinor nearthe contactof

T,B 1. Abbreviations

Jaf andesite from volcanic rocks of Artesia Lake Cz clinozoisite Or orthoclase

Jsg MiddleJurassic (166 Ma) Shamrockbatholith Cp chalcopyrite Po pyrrhotite
YB MiddleJurassic (169 Ma) Yeringtonbatholith Di diopside Plag plagioclase
QMD quartzmonzodioriteof YB Ep Epidote Ps pistacite
BG border graniteof Bearintrusionof YB F fresh Py pyrite
PG porphyriticgraniteof Luhr Hill of YB Fsp feldspar Qtz quartz
PGt transitional
phase(Dilles,1987) Gar garnet Rt rutile
GP YB graniteporphyrydike Gr grossular Sal salite
2 , 2nd secondary Gyp gypsum Ser sericite(muscovite)
Ab albite Hm hematite Sph sphene(titanite)
Act actinolite Hbl hornblende Sulf sulfide
Ad andradite Ig igneous Tm tourmaline
An anorthite Ilm ilmenite Verm vermiculite
And andesineplagioclase Ksp K feldspar Wo wollastonite
Bi biotite Mgt magnetite WR whole rock
Calc, Ca calcite Mo molybdenite Zo zoisite
Chl chlorite Olg oligoclase
plagioclase
1966 DILLES AND EINAUDI

quartz monzodiorite dikes and granite of the

Shamrockbatholith, both dated at 165 to 166 Ma.
OligocenesilicicignimbriteandMioceneandesitc
CU DEPOSIT flowsunconformably overlie Mesozoicrocks(Prof-
ATTITUOE
fett andProffett,1976). Mioceneandesitcandolder
NORMAL FAULT
rocksweretilted60to 90W duringthe Mioceneto
ALLUVIUM
recentbasin-and-range normalfaultingthat accom-
IGNIMBRITES &
VOLCANIC FLOWS modateda >100 percenteast-westextension(Prof-
SHAMROCK
BATHOLITH
fett, 1977). Structuralattitudes(ProffettandDilles,
FULSTONE 1984) and palcomagnetic studies(Geissmanet al.,
VOLCANICS

1982) of Mesozoicrocksindicatethat Mesozoicrocks
PH
DIKES
] are presentlytilted 90 W as a result of the late
POEPHYRITIC
l
Cenozoicfaultinganda smalladditionalcomponent
of pre-Oligocenedeformation.Thus,Mesozoicrocks
ARTESIA VOLCANICS hostingore are presentlyexposedin crosssection
METASDIMENTS
with stratigraphictopsto the west(Figs.i and2).
ME TAVOLCANICS Yeringtonbatholith
The Yeringtonbatholithis geneticallylinkedto all
FIG.1. Simplified geologicmapof theSingatse Range,Yering- the known copper depositsin the district.The pri-
ton district,afterProffettandDilles (1984). mary sourcesof data on the batholith are Dilles
(1987) and Proffett and Dilles (1984, and unpub.
data),which form the basisfor the followingsum-
the JurassicYerington batholith, a differentiated mary.
graniticplutonthat containspetrologicevidenceof The Yeringtonbatholithis a large compositeplu-
exsolutionof magmatichydrothermal(ore?)fluids tonthatoccupieda 250-km2areabeforeTertiaryex-
(Dilles,1987). tension.It rangesin composition from 56 to 70 wt
Mesozoicrocks,containingall Cu mineralization, percentSiO2andintrudesa roofof cogenetic(?)vol-
consistof a Triassic-Jurassic volcanicand sedimen- canic rocks of Artesia Lake. Each intrusive phase
tary sectionand a youngerseriesof Middle Jurassic has an essentialmineralogyof plagioclase(mainly
volcanicandplutonicrocks.The summaryof the Me- Ans_4),microperthiticK feldspar, quartz, horn-
sozoicgeologythat followsis basedon field relations blende,biotite,magnetite,sphene,apatite,ilmenite,
of ProffettandDilles (1984, andin press)andon U- and zircon. Hornblende quartz monzodioriteof
Pb geochronology of DillesandWright (1988). McLeodHill is the earliestintrusivephaseandis in-
The oldestexposedrocksare a 1,300-m-thickse- trudedby the Bearphase,whichis compositionally
quenceof Middle (?)or earlyLate Triassic,calc-alka- zonedfromhornblendequartzmonzoniteupwardto
line andesitcand rhyolite (McConnellCanyonvol- a borderphaseof biotite granite.The McLeodHill
canics).They are overlainby a 1,800-m-thickse- andBearintrusionscomprise95 percentof the ex-
quenceof early Late Triassicto Middle (?) Jurassic posedvolumeof the batholithbut are not directly
carbonate,volcaniclastic, and argillaceous sedimen- relatedto coppermineralization.
tary rocks,includingevaporitegypsumand eolian The final phaseof the batholith is closelyasso-
quartziteat the top of the section(Fig. 2). These ciatedwith porphyrycopperdepositsat the Ann-Ma-
rocksarepartof thevolcanic-arc terraneof the early sonarea,the Yeringtonmine, andother localities;it
Mesozoicmarineprovinceof Speed(1978). consistsof the porphyriticgraniteof Luhr Hill and
In the MiddleJurassic, a majoreventof volcanism, cogeneticgraniteporphyrydikes.In contrastto the
plutonism, metamorphism, and deformation oc- mediumto coarsegrainsizeof other intrusions, the
curred in the Yeringtondistrictbetween 170 and graniteporphyrydikescontain50 vol percentof a
165 Ma. ThisJurassic magmaticarc developedalong 0.02- to 0.05-mm, aplitic-texturedgroundmass of
the westernmarginof North Americain response to quartz,alkalifeldspar,andminorplagioclase andbio-
subduction tectonicsto the west.Magmatism began tite and50 vol percentof phenocrysts of thesesame
with eruptionof up to 1,500 m of subaerial(?)inter- mineralsplushornblende,sphene,andmagnetite.
mediate and silicic volcanic rocks of Artesia Lake, Dilles(1987) concludedon the basisof petrologic
whichwere closelyfollowedby emplacement of the datathatthe batholithcrystallizedat 700Cunder
cogeneticYeringtonbatholithat 169 to 168 Ma. Up relativelyhighoxygenfugacityandin thepresenceof
to 2 km of latite volcanicrocksof FulstoneSpring exsolvedaqueousfluids.He proposedthat porphyry
were emplaceddisconformably on top of the Artesia coppermineralizationlargelywascausedby exsolu-
Lake volcanicsat 166.5 Ma and were intrudedby tion of high-salinityaqueousfluidsduringrapidup-
 5BolsB' . 7 Lo 38I59' 52
(LTS)
L 54
70

85

f
70

86 'J48
Ludwig Mine
48

x, d-' s
77

I
!
27

Jqrnd84
74
Singatse
Fault

, 80
88
\
,

/ Jqmo

TYPES

? ' Ohgocene
gmmbrltes

-- LTS unconformity

[ Gramteporphyry

Deposit
0.2 wt % Cu
Contour
Vl
Granite
porphyry
-transitional

Sngatsd
Peak , Porphyrhc
gramte
/border phase

54
.'.[8order
gramte
of 8ear QM

70 48
?jj
Quartzmonzadiorite
/brecclated dqmd

7 Gabbro
6tU-Pb 169Me
Singatse Andeslte
of Artesia Lake

5O :?" Quartzite
- Gypsum
Bluestone Mine

/D
/ ' '_'' I-Pb
FrontFaUt 35 168-M0
imestone af Ludwig

I
dJ'Volcanic
tuf[
EXPLANATION 8 hmestone

o
0 3000
I Poooo
FT Contact
?_
KM ...........' Massive
' -Ig showing
dip fohation
attitude
limestone

othtude Argillite
tuff limestone,&
Oligocene
gnimbrltes
hove
themapshaves
been
removed
thedurassic
north
gealagy
af theSingorse
fault,sothat
Inthelawerplateasbased
andril)hales.
Fault,
showing
dip
Bedding
8dsplacement sandstone

Overturned
Jointattitude "Andesite-Fels
beddingothtude of McConnell
Canyon

FIC.2. MapsoftheAnn-Mason
area(A-E).Thesemaps, whichareoriented in approximate
Jurassic
cross
section,
aremodernplanmaps
withnorthtotheright.In thisposition
thelowerTertiarysurface
and
rangefrontfaultareatJurassic
paleodepths
of 1 and6 kin,respectively.
A. Geology
afterDilles
(1987).
1967
 38'158'
LOver
Tert/ory
eros/on
$urfo
38'159'
I.19017
! _

SQSet-Qtz-

o' OJ/cJhlr'i'zed
F CB chlor,tmzed
119o1,_ S)ngotse m
hornblende

--N+
m EXPLANATION
/ s-S-6very
ramnor
g ' troce ES-2
0 3000 6000 FT eros,on
) m m m , j surfoce
{LTS)
0 2KM re,nor
ES-
/
/ Geomogc{
.... pyG
....
t-
......
olterotmOn
con,oct

FIG. 2, B. Simplifiedhydrothermal
alterationassemblages
(abbreviations
in Table 1).

1968
 38ol58'

...' Le
Tertiary
er '58159'
/1917' I

[ ANDRATIOS

'--__

' c.o FOU ._ .

/ PyCp
>I

0 3000 6000 FT Sulhde:0 01 - 0 I0

0 2 KM

/
/
All
sulfide
ogy
volumes
end
ident[fmohon

ofoxidized
ratios
surface
ere
based
of

samples
on
hand
lens
rehc sulfide textures nd oxide minerel-

/ Sulfide
Py. Cp I

FIG. '2. C. Hypogenesulfidedistribution.

1969
 38158' Lo,
e . 38159'

,19o,7'
s) /
o o

o o

o o o oo o .'.'.''. :.'.':'.'

,,0,5'
--
/ / o
(op
o
o (p:((o '-.
iFj.t
.' ': .'.': ' :: ."

, o 0o o o I ;G;:'.:L::::
."'!
')htrr' qo / 8;::::./
' :l o o%_ o ', OZ.?.:.: Contours,
Cu
in,pro
- o o o i / -:': Peak

o j -- o '.'"l of Yermgt0n Batholith

O o . ;,. (projected
t0 surface
north
119014
' o' o o o "-, lu.o 0f the Stagelse
Fault)
-- .' o o 'k Fault
- PG-top o o o x

/ o -- { (from K L. Howard,Jr.,
f ' / unpubhshed
data)

/ -_angeFront
Fault
I Geologic contact

w 0
0
I ....
000

'
6000
FT
2 KM

Showing
I00,
500
and
2000
ppm
Copper
contours
FIc. 2. D. Coppergrade.

1970
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT,NV: FLOW PATHS 1971

of the Ann-Mason area, and full thicknessesare ex-

posedin the BuckskinRange(Dilles,1987; Proffett
andDilles, 1991). On the right (north)sideof Figure
2, <200 m ofTertiaryrocksin thehanging wallofthe
Singatse faulthasbeenremovedto exposethe center
of the Jurassicgraniteporphyrydike swarmthat
hoststhe Ann-Masondeposit;geologicrelationsin
thisareaare basedon interpretationof drill core.
In the followingtext, exceptasnoted,we refer to
the maps(Fig. 2A-D) with referenceto the Jurassic
cross-sectionalorientationprior to Cenozoictilting.
In thisorientationJurassic
southispresent-daysouth,
Jurassicnorth is present-daynorth, Jurassic up and
the paleosurface are present-daywest, and Jurassic
downanddeepexposures arepresent-day east.Anal-
ogously,Jurassic eastandwestare aboveandbelow,
respectively,the presentsurface.
Igneousrocksand age:On the southsideof the
Ann-Masonarea,quartzmonzodioriteintrudedearly
Mesozoicsedimentary andvolcanicrocksandthe Ar-
tesiaLake volcanicsalongan irregular,steeplydip-
ping contact(Fig. 2A). The bordergranitephaseof
the Bear intrusionis exposedonly in the northwest
part of the Ann-Masonarea.
The porphyriticgraniteof Luhr Hill formsanirreg-
3000 6000
FT ular, cupola-shaped intrusionwhosesoutherncon-
500 I000 1500 2:000m
tact, exposedover 2 km of strikelength,hasa 45 S
Jurassic paleodip.The cupolaapexis fiat at a 4.6-
FIG.2. E. Samplelocations:
square= drill hole,circle= surface. km paleodepth,but a "spire" of graphic-texture
graniteextendsat least1.8 km upward(to the west)
into the centerof the Ann-Masonorebody(Figs.2A
wardemplacement, pressurequenching,andcrystal- and 3). A swarmof graniteporphyrydikesstrikesN
lizationof graniteporphyrydikes.U-Pbzircongeo- 70 W and dips 45 N in map view (Fig. 2A), but
chronology (DillesandWright, 1988) yieldeddates strikesnorthwestand dipssteeplyin Jurassic recon-
of 169.4 _ 0.4 Ma (_+2a error)for earlyquartzmon- struction(Figs.3A and 4). Dikes showslightpetro-
zodioriteand 168.5 _+0.4 Ma for a late granitepor- graphicvariationsand local crosscuttingrelations
phyrydikefromthe Ann-Mason area(Fig. 2), which with one another.They form a centralknot or plug
indicatesthat the batholithwasemplaced,crystal- aroundthe spire of graphicporphyritic graniteand
lized, andhydrothermally alteredwithinonemillion diminish in number and width with distance from the
yearsandthatthe ageof mineralization isMiddleJu- axisof intrusion(Figs.2, 3, and 4). The granitepor-
rassic. phyrydikestransect4.5 km of paleoverticalexpo-
sureandwere emplacedalonga prominentjoint set;
Geologyof theAnn-Masonarea in mapview (Fig. 2A) theyhaveirregularshapes due
Igneousandhydrothermalfeaturesin the Ann-Ma- to pinchingand swelling,en echelonoffsets,andto-
son area are well exposedin a structurallyintact pography.On the basisof texturalvariationsof por-
(largelyunfaulted)3- by 5-km block on the south phyrydikeswith depth,Dilles(1987) suggested that
marginoftheYerington batholith(Figs.1 and2). Fig- magmawas tapped from the porphyritic granite
ure 2 isthe present-dayplanmaporientedin a Juras- magmachamberat a paleodepthof 6 to 7 km to form
siccross-sectionalview,with the lowerTertiaryero- the dike swarm.
sionsurfaceat the top (west)representingan esti- The age of hydrothermalalterationat Ann-Mason
matedJurassic paleodepthof i km and the range appearsto be the age of the dikes(168.5 Ma). All
frontfaultat the bottom(east)representing a paleo- phasesof the Yeringtonbatholithare stronglyhydro-
depthof ,6 km. The 1- _+1-kmpaleodepthof the thermallyalteredwithin the axisof the granitepor-
top of the Yeringtonbatholithhere is basedon the phyrydike swarmwith the exceptionof a few dikes.
,600-m minimum stratigraphicthicknessof the Thesefew dikesare thoughtto havebeenemplaced
overlying,cogeneticArtesiaLake volcanics; the base late duringdike emplacement andasthe hydrother-
of the volcanicsis exposedin the southwestern part mal systemwaned.Late graniteporphyrydikesthat
1972 DILLES AND EINAUDI

D-108

D-222

Tv

EXPLANATION
Boundary FAULT

Geologic Contacl

D-108 DrillHole&Number

Tertiary
Alteration Type
Volcanic
Rocks
Inner Llm11 of Fresh
Hornblende

1-5Vol% Bericitc
Assemlege SQ

Potasslc
Assemblage
B
(100% BOtlZedHornblende)

SodlC Assemblage A- I
(Ab-Qtz-Chl- Verm- Rt)
JPg
,

Yergton Batholith Rock Type

v -
-JpG
..............
Generalized Geology and AlterstiDe
ANN-MASON
, Pphyrltlc
Granite
ofLuhr
Hill SECTION 13600 E

& Bear Border Granite

2000

A
600

EXPLANATION

............ AlteretlOn Boundary

Tertiary
Voiceinc
Rocks
Fault

Minerslogic. Grade,
or Vein Boundary

Molybdenum Grade

O.Ol
wt%
Molybdenum
Sulfide Assemblage

Pyrlte >) Chalcopyrlte

py/Cp>5
Pyrlte ) Chalcopynte

Chalcooyrlte Pyrlte

Chaicopyrlte Only

Chalcooyrde & Bornlie

Copper Grade (Wt% Cu)

...
Ouartz
(o
t%
Cu 0.1-04%

Vein Density
4% Cu
Cu

Sulfides. Copper Grade, and Quartz Veins

ANN-MASON
SECTION 13600 E

!Volume
%Banded
o
& 'A' Style Quarlz Veins
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1973

crosscut mineralized and veined rock have been

mappedat the Yeringtonmine (Carten,1986; Ein-
audi et al., unpub.data),but the limited Ann-Mason
exposures havenot alloweddetailedinvestigation of Blue Hill

dikecontacts. At bothdeposits,andesitcandrhyolite
dikesof Mesozoicagecutmineralized rocks.
Metalgradesandmorphology: The Ann-Mason de-
positis a largehypogenesulfidebodycontaining at
least495 milliontonsof 0.4 wt percentCu (Einaudi, SingatseFault
1982) and>0.01 wt percentMo. The ore zonedoes
not cropout at the presentsurface(Fig. 2A andD)
andthe deepestdrill holesat 1,000 m belowthe pres-
ent surfacewere still in ore. Thus,the presentsur-
facesat Ann-Masonand Blue Hill representcross- Blue Hill Fault
sectionalslicesthrough the Jurassicsoutheastern
fringeandnorthwesternmost fringe,respectively,
of
hydrothermally alteredrocksoutsidethe orebody
(Fig.4). The depositwasdiscovered in 1966by drill-
ing a targetproposedby J. M. Proffetton the basisof Explanation

mapped alteration patterns, an understandingof Granite porphyry dikes and

plugs\
structuraltilt, and geophysical data. ..7 Porphyritic graniteofLuhr Hill
The highestgradesof copperoccurwithinthe axis McLeod Hill
and Bear intrusions
of the graniteporphyrydikeswarmin a 2.5-kmverti- Limit oflale Sodic alteration
cal interval above the porphyritic granite cupola Limit ofMain Stage Sodic-calcic
alteration
(compare Fig. 2A andD). UnalteredYeringtonbath- Limit of >0.1% Cu and potassc
alteration
olith hasa coppercontentof 60 ppm,exceptfor the assemlageB (100% biotizedhornblende)

graniteintrusions,which have 10 ppm. Copper

gradesabruptlyincreasetowardthe dikeswarmfrom ) m 1000
<100 ppm at 500 m to >2,000 ppm in the center. FIc. 4. Interpretative reconstructedJurassicplan section
The top of the ore zone(definedas>2,000 ppmCu) throughAnn-MasonandBlueHill at 1.8 km belowthe lowerTer-
is located1.5 km below (moderneast)the Tertiary tiary erosionsurfaceat section13600 E (inverted,but identicalto
erosionsurfaceor at a paleodepthof 2.5 km; Fig. 3). Solidlinesindicategeologyconstrained by surfacedata
(Proffettand Dilles, 1984; Dilles, 1987) and drill data. Dashed
higherexposures in thegraniteporphyrydikeswarm linesareprojected(inferred).The reconstruction, madeby restor-
average100 to 500 ppm Cu in zonesof late-stage ing post-Jurassic movementon the Blue Hill and Singatsefaults
sericite-pyriteveins.A few drill holesin this areain- andremoving90ofwestwardtilt abouta N 0 W axis,yieldsdikes
tersectedsulfide-bearing rock at <100 m belowthe dipping70 S;a morerealisticrestorationof 80W tilt abouta N
modernsurfacewith Cu gradesthat are similarto 10 E axisyieldsverticaldikes.
gradesof surfaceoxide rocks,which indicatesthat
little supergeneenrichment or leachingoccurred.
The ore zoneis characterized by >2,000 ppmCu occurswithinthe pluginsidethe zoneof maximum
in hypogene Cu-Fesulfides, quartzveins,andperva- coppergradesin the areaof highestquartzveinden-
sive hydrothermalalteration.The zone of highest sity; in pre-tilt Jurassicposition,Cu/Mo ratios in-
coppergrade(>0.4 wt % Cu) formsan annuluswith creaseupwardand outward. '
an outsidediameterof 1 km; the zone corresponds The other baseand preciousmetalscontentsare
closelyto the contactof the quartz monzodiorite low. Soilandrockcontain<50 ppmPb andZn in the
with the centralplugof graniteporphyrydikesand upper part of the hydrothermalsystem.Gold and
thegraphicporphyriticgranite(compare Fig. 2A and silverassays of drill corefromthe ore zoneare typi-
D; Figs.3 and4). Within the annulus,quartzmonzo- cally <0.03 and0.17 ppm, respectively.
diorite commonlycontainshigher copper grades Sulfidezoning:Sulfidemineralsandpercentageare
than do the graniteporphyrydikes(K. L. Howard, zonedin a pattern that closelymimicscopperand
pers.commun.,1981; Fig. 3B). Molybdenumlargely molybdenumdistributionand silicatealterationzon-

FIc. 3. North-southcrosssectionlookingwestthroughorezonetoday(approximately equivalentto

invertedJurassicplanview),modified fromunpublished dataofD. L. Gustafson(1969),K. L. Howard,
Jr.,A. Souviron,
andJ.M. Proffettof theAnaconda Company.Location isshownin Figure2A andB. A.
Geology andalteration
(Bassemblage ispartlyretrograded
toCBthroughout).B.Distribution ofsulfides,
coppergrades, andveintypes.RefertoTables1, 2, and4 forabbreviations
ofalteration
assemblages and
vein types.
1974 DILLES AND EINA UDI

ing.In planviewat a paleodepthof 3.2 km (basedon phyrydikes(Fig.2A andC), whereasat higherlevels

drill coredata,Fig. 3B),a centralorezoneof chalco- it is both disseminatedand in shear, vein, and breccia
pyrite > bornite > molybdenite(1 vol % sulfide) zones.
givesway outwardlyto successively lower copper Hydrothermalalteration:Approximately42 per-
gradesin zonesof chalcopyrite only,chalcopyrite > centof the Yeringtonbatholithin the 12-kin2surface
pyrite, pyrite > chalcopyrite,and outermostpyrite exposures at Ann-Masonis pervasivelyaltered(Fig.
(1-5 vol % sulfide).Surfacemappingextendsthis 2B, Tables2 and3). Alterationtypesarebroadlydi-
patternin Jurassic orientationlaterallyandto depth visibleonthebasisof relativeageandmineralassem-
(up to 3 km southof ore and 1 km below ore) and blages(seebelow)into (1) pre-main-stage endoskarn
upwardto a 1-kmpaleodepth (1.5 km aboveore;Fig. alteration,(2) main-stage alteration,includingpropy-
2C). At depth,in the potassicallyalteredporphyritic litic, sodic-calcic,and potassicalteration,and (3)
granitecupola,zonesof>0.1 volpercentsulfidewith late-stagealteration,includingsodic,chloritic,and
pyrite/chalcopyrite _<1:1 representthe deepestex- sericitic alteration.The terminologyfor general
tensions of> 2,000 ppmcopperatpaleodepths of 5.5 types of wall-rockalterationis that of Meyer and
kin. In the uppermost(western)exposures sulfides Hemley (1967), exceptthat we havesubstitutedthe
consistof pyrite >>chalcopyriteassociated with late- terms "sodic" and "sodic-calcic" for their term "al-
stagealteration;thesulfidecontentincreases upward bitization" to emphasizethe metasomaticcharacter
from 1 vol percenton the southmarginof the ore of thistype anditslink to potassic alteration(cf. Car-
zoneto >5 vol percentalongthe lowerTertiaryero- ten, 1986).
sionsurface.The pyriticmineralization southof the Propyliticalterationiswidespread in thebatholith,
ore zonelargelyis disseminated within granitepor- affectingall shallowrocksin pre-tilt Jurassic orienta-

TABLE
2. HydrothermalAlterationAssemblages

Alteration Assemblage
type symbol New (added)andrecrystallized
minerals
Relictminerals
2

Pre-mainstage
Endoskarn ES-1 Grandite+ labradorite(An50_68)
+ Sal+ Rt
ES-2 Olg/And(An2_a6)
a + Sal+ Hbl + Sphq-Qtz (+Ep) Olg/And+ Sphq-Hbl + Ksp
Main stage
Sodic-calcic S-1 Olg/Anda + Sph+ Qtz q-Rt Olg/And+ Sph
S-2 Olg/(Ab)a + Act+ Qtz + Sph+ Ep (q-Py) Olg+ Sph
S-5 Olg/(Ab)a + Qtz + Sph+ Ep q-Act (_+Chl) Olg/And+ Hbl + Sph+ Ksp
S-6 Olg/Aba + Qtz + Sph+ Ep + Act Olg+ Sph
S-7 Olg/Aba + Qtz + Sph+ Ep + Act Olg+ Ksp+ Sph
Weak sodic- SW Ep + Sphq-(Olg)/Ab aq-Qtz q-Actq-Bi _+Setq-Py Olg+ Ksp+ Hbl + Sph(q-Mgt)
calcic (_+Chl_Rt)
Potassic K Ksp+ Abi + Bi + Qtz + Cp +_Bnq-Mo + Rt + Chl5 Olg + Ksp+ Bi
B Bi+Ep+Qtz+Ab i+Cp+{BnorPy}+Rt+Ser 5q-Calcq-ChP Biq-Olgq-Ksp+Mgt+Sph
(q-Ilm)
WB Bi + Ep q-Cp q-Qtz Olg + Ksp+ Hbl + Mgt + Sph
Propylitic PA Act q-Bi + Chl + Abi + Ep + Hm + Serq-Calc+ Rt q-Py q-Tm Olg/And+ Ksp+ Hbl + Bi +
(q-Cp) Mgt + Sph
Late stage Chl + Rt q-Qtz
Chloritic
CB Chl + Hm q-Py q-Serq-Calcq-AbI q-Ep (_Cp q-Verm) Ab q-Ksp+ 2nd Bi q-Bi + Mgt +
Ep + Rt (_+Cp)
PC Chl + Abi + Hm + Rt q-Ep q-Py q-Serq-Calc(q-Cp_+Verm) Ksp+ Mgt + Olg
Sodic(albitic) A-1 Olg/Aba + Chl q-Verm+ Rt q-Sphq-Py q-Qtz Olg q-2nd Bi + Bi + Rt q-Cp
l+
A-2 Ab + Chl + Set + Rt + Py (_Tin _Verm) (+ Cp)
ATto Ab + Tm + Rt + Py q-Chl q-Ser q-Ksp (_+Cp)
Sericitic SQ Set + Qtz + Py + Rt (q-Cpq-Tin) (+Cp)
TBx Tm + Qtz + Py + Rt q-Set (q-Cp)

See Table 1 for mineral abbreviations

Mineralsin parentheses
occurin traceamounts;
otherslistedin orderof abundance
Quartz,apatite,andzirconarepresentasrelictmineralsin all assemblages
a Specifies
compositional
rangepresent in assemblage;
a sample maycontain a largerangeof Ancontent(Fig.5)
l Albiteformspseudomorphs afterprimaryigneousplagioclase
5Mineraliscommonly present,
buttextures suggest
thatit partiallyor entirelypostdates
formation
of assemblage
andistherefore
largelyretrograde
 ANN-MASON Cu DEPOSIT, IqV: FLOW PATHS 1975

T.. 3. Estimated Area and Volume of Altered Pre-Main-Stage HydrothermalAlteration

IgneousRocksat Ann-Mason
The periodof porphyrydike emplacement is used
Description Area(km) here asa time line to distinguish
Volume(kma) betweenpre-main
stage,main-stage,and late-stagealteration.In this
Totalmappedarea 12 context,pre-main-stagealterationis definedasall al-
Endoskarn 0.5
Main-stagealteration
terationtypesthat both largelypredate,but locally
Sodic-calcic 1.4 7.8 postdateporphyry dikes. Main-stageveins always
Weak sodic-calcicSW 0.4 0.5 crosscutpre-main-stage endoskarn veins(Table4).
Potassic
B (andCB) 1.3 5.0
Potassic WB 0.6 2.0 Endoskarn
Late-stagealteration
2
Chloritic CB and PC 0.6 3.7
Sodic 0.7 2.6
Endoskarn, characterizedby hydrothermalgarnet,
Tourmaline ATm and TBx 0.15 0.5 calcic plagioclase,and/or clinopyroxene,occursin
SericiticSQ 0.14 0.4 quartz monzodioriteadjacentto exoskarnat palco-
(superimposed
onpotassic) (0.8) (2.7) depthsof 3 to 6 km (Fig.2B).Two endoskarn assem-
Totalaltered
a 5.0 (42%) 19.8 blageshave been mapped(Table 2): garnet endo-
Late stageaboveLTS skarn(assemblages ES-1)andsaliteendoskarn (assem-
at 0 to 1-kmpalcodepth
4 3-3.5 7-10 blage ES-).Salite endoskarnis widespreadand
locallyextendsinto the batholithup to 1,000 m from
Estimated
for1- to6-kmJurassic
palcodepth
frommapareas the contact with carbonate rocks where it contacts
andreconstructed palcoplan
maps(e.g.,Fig.4) assuming
a cylin- main-stagesodic-calcic
alterationassemblages (see
dricalgeometryforpotassic
alteration,
conicalgeometryforlate-
stagealteration,
andbothplanar(dike-controlled) (cu- below).In contrast,garnetendoskarn
andconical is restrictedto
pola contact)geometriesfor sodic-calcic
alteration within 200 m of the contact with carbonate wall rocks
Muchoflate-stage
alteration
issuperimposed
onpotassic
alter- and is everywhereenclosedin saliteendoskarn;
it is
ation
volumetricallytoo smallto be shownin Figure 2B.
aExcludes propylitic-actinolite
alteration
andepidote
veining Graniteporphyrydikesin the southernborderof the
4Estimations based oncylindrical
andconical
projections
batholithgenerallycut endoskarnin quartz monzo-
dioritebut alsoarelocallyalteredto saliteendoskarn.
In the metasedimentary rocksof the contactaure-
tionwithin2 kmofthelowerTertiaryerosionsurface ole, Harris and Einaudi(1982) recognizedan early,
(Fig. 2B). Main-stagesodic-calcic alterationoccurs barrenskarnoidstageanda late, metasomatic Cu-Fe
alongdeepmargins oftheporphyritic granitecupola skarnstage.Theyproposedthatskarnoidin metased-
andin deeperportions ofgraniteporphyry dikes,lat- imentaryrocksand endoskarnin quartz monzodio-
eralto andbelowa centralzoneof potassic alteration rite were contempoianeous productsof early,high-
andcopperore.Late-stage alterationformsa funnel- temperaturealterationthat accompaniedand post-
shaped zoneextending upwardfromthecenterofthe dated intrusion of quartz monzodiorite.Einaudi
orezone,whereit issuperimposed onmain-stage po- (1982) concludedthat youngerCu-Fe skarnforma-
tassic alteration. tion wasbroadlysynchronous with graniteporphyry
Volumeof alteredrocks:The mappedareaof each dike emplacement,basedon age relationsat the
alterationandassumptions aboutthethird-dimensionBluestoneandLudwigskarndeposits.
geometrycanbe usedto estimatethe totalvolumeof Garnetendoskarn(ES-1): Garnetendoskarnissimi-
differentalteration typeswithintheAnn-Mason hy- lar to "commonendoskarn" definedby Harris(1979)
drothermalsystem(seeTable 3). Within the i to 6 at the DouglasHill minesouthof the Ann-Masonde-
kmofpalcodepth exposed,sodic-calcic,potassic,
and posit.It consists of pinkto palebrown,massive gran-
late-stage alterationeachoccupysubequal volumes ditc garnet(Ad,sGr75, partial microprobeanalysis),
of 7 to 8 kma. However, the volume of sodic-calcic milkycalcicplagioclase (An5s_76,Fig. 5), minorgreen
alterationis poorlyconstrained and the estimateis saliticpyroxene(Fe/Fe+ Mg + Mn -- 0.24), andlocal
conservative; it couldbe larger. Approximately37 relict quartz (Fig. 6). Garnet containspyroxenein-
percentof the volume(2.7 kma) of late-stagealter- clusionsand is replacedby clinozoisiteor epidote
ation is superimposed on potassicalteration.Late- and calcite.The presenceof epidotemineralsand
stage(mainlysericitic)alterationprobablyalsoaf- plagioclasehelps to distinguishgarnet endoskarn
fected7 to 10 kma of rockin the 0- to 1-kmpalco- from garnetexoskarnformedfrom carbonaterock.
depthintervalnowerodedabovethelowerTertiary Most garnet endoskarnoccursin brecciasnear the
erosionsurface.Thus,the hydrothermalalteration contactwith Triassiclimestone(Fig. 2A andB). En-
affected 30 km3of rockbetweena 0- and6-kmpa- doskarnbrecciasconsistof angularto subrounded1-
lcodepth,with subequalproportions aboveandbe- to 100-cm-diameterclastsof quartz monzodiorite
low the ore zone. andmetavolcanics in a matrix(30-40%) andveinsof
19 7 6 DILLES AND ElNA UDI

F-T.1F-T3F-T.1
r.j <m
 ANN-MASON Cu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1977

Alteration Rock
AssemblageType SampleNo. Oligoclase Andesine Labradorite
AlbiteI ' , I , i } Byt.
PG

QMD

PA QMD Y-793

CB QMD Y-310

CB QMD Y-692D

ATm GP Y-680B

A-Z GP Y-799A

A-I PG D-222-2865

K GP D-109-2682

B QMD D- 222-917

B PG Y-540B

SW GP Y-677

S-2 GP Y-774 D

S-2 PG Y-756

ES-2 QMD Y-765C elellll

ES-2 QMD Y-775 ee

ES-I QMD Y-714B eee .#...t.....

,Peristerlte
Gap,
1400C,2 kbI I I I I I ,

I0 20 30 40 50 60 70 75

XAn= IO0'An/(An
+ Ab)
FiG.5. Plagioclase
compositions
fromalteredrockat Ann-Mason.Eachpointrepresents
oneten-se-
condspotanalysis
byelectron
microprobeandisplottedasmolefraction
An/(An4-Ab).Notethatseveral
assemblages
andindividual
sampleshavecompositions
spanningtheperisterite
gap.Themolefractionof
K feldspar,
whichisalways<3.8molepercent,
hasbeenignored.Alteration
assemblageabbreviations
are
fromTable2. Byt.= bytownite.

white 0.5-mm-diameterplagioclaseand quartz. are present(Figs.6 and7B). Saliteendoskarnis com-

Veins of epidote (Ps23-30) containgranditegarnet mon in graniteporphyrydikesbut is mostabundant
(Gr30Ad70 and Gr70Ad30 ) that is more Fe rich than in quartzmonzodiorite,whereit formspatchy,irreg-
rock garnet. ularalterationzonesup to severalmeterswidealong
In contrastto garnet(Gra5_67Ad65_aa)
andpyroxene poorly defined fracture sets oriented N 400-60
(Fe/Fe + Mg + Mn = 0-0.20) reportedby Harris W/40-60 NE whichmaybe filled with greenam-
(1979)fromgarnetendoskarn in apophysesofquartz phibole,plagioclase,quartz, and morerarely, clino-
monzodioriteat shallowJurassicstructurallevels pyroxeneand sphene(Table 4). Veins have inner
southof Ann-Mason,garnetendoskarn(ES-l) from selvagesof plagioclase-salite and outer selvagesof
Ann-Mason contains more Fe-rich pyroxene and plagioclase-green amphibole(Figs. 6 and 7A). Pro-
moreAl-richgarnet.Theserelationssuggest morere- gressivereactionsfromfreshrockto veinare summa-
ducingconditions and/orhighertemperatureof for- rized in Figure 6. Amphibolein veinsandouter sel-
mation(e.g.,Einaudiet al., 1981) forAnn-Masonsam- vagesis actinolitichornblendewith A1203= 3.2 to
pies,consistent withthegreaterpaleodepth andtheir 4.6 wt percent, Na20 + K20 -- 0.74 to 1.03 wt per-
location within the batholith. cent, and Fe/Fe + Mg = 0.69 to 0.73 wt percent.
Salite endoskarn(ES-2): Salite endoskarnforms Where inner salite-bearingselvagesare absent,am-
bleachedrockin whichfeldspars arealteredto milky phibole-bearing endoskarn
is indistinguishablefrom
sodicplagioclase(An21_36) and marie mineralsare sodic-calcicassemblageoligoclase-darkamphibole
convertedto palegreensaliticclinopyroxene (Fe/Fe (S-5) (seebelow).
+ Mg = 0.20-0.22; Mn/Mn + Fe + Mg = 0.01) and Temperatures from phaseequilibria:Temperature
sphene.Biotite and magnetiteare absent,andrelict andXco2conditions offormation ofgarnetendoskarn
plagioclase, quartz,andrare dark greenamphibole in sample Y-714B can be estimated from phase
1978 DILLES AND EINA UDI

massive, near
Vein-controlledto pervasive,widespread carbonate

'"-,,,,,,,mblage ES-2 ES-1

Mineral

K-feldspar - -- -

+ 10-20%Qtz An15+ 5-25%Qtz Plag(An50-80)

Plagioclase + Qtz
An17-42 An15-70 ; .

Hornblende
+ Augite
Plag(An22-367)
Biotite +Act
+Qtz )
.... + Mgt
Sal + Sph _+Act -Gar (Ad25Gr75)->
'I+Sal

Magnetite
..Sph
Sphene
rim- Sph ) ) __Rt.... -)

VeinMinerals Qtz+ Hbl+ Sal+ Sph Qtz+ Sal+ Hbl+Sph Plag

Hydrothermal An22-36+ Qtz+ Sph An22-36+ Qtz+ Sph An50-80+ Gar

Wallrock
Minerals + Hbl/Act+ Mgt +Sal+ Act + Qtz + Sal + Rt
FIC. 6. Endoskarn alterationsequence.This and similardiagramsfollowingillustratemineralogic
variationsdue to alterationintensityandspatialposition.Inferredmineralsitereactionsare shownby
lineswith arrows;boldlines= relictmagmatic or protolithminerals,thinlines= hydrothermalminerals.

relations in the system Ca-Fe-Si-AI-O2-CO2-H20 and are themselves crosscutby late-stageveins(Ta-

(Fig. 8). For the reconstructedpalcodepthof 6 km (2 ble 4).
kbars), the assemblagelabradoritc (An65)-grandite
garnet(Gr75Ad2s)-quartz is boundedby reactions1', Propyliticalterationand epidoteveins
3', and7 (Fig.8), whichwererecalculated usingideal Propyliticalterationof igneousrocksiswidelyand
cationsitemixingfor thesemineralcompositions and pervasivelydistributedin the upper 60 percentof
epidotecomposition ofPss4.Wollastoniteisnotpres- exposures at Ann-Masonwhere it extendsfrom the
ent in the assemblage; onthe basisof patchyreplace- lower Tertiary erosionsurfacedownwardto palco-
ment of garnetby epidoteand calcite,the latter are depthsof approximately 4 km (shownin Fig. 2B by
considered retrograde.The garnetendoskarn in sam- the lower limit of >10% marlcschloritized).Propy-
ple Y-714B is thus restrictedto temperaturesbe- litic alterationconsistsof the assemblage actinolite-
tween530and615CandXco2= 0 to 0.20 atP = 2 chlorite(Table2), characterizedby partialreplace-
kbars,atfo2bufferedby Ni-NiO.Thisfo2is reason- ment of hornblendeby actinoliteand of biotite by
able, becausethe oxidationstate of the Yerington chlorite+ rutfie,andweakalterationof plagioclase to
batholithis slightlyaboveNi-NiO but is below the albite+ epidote+ sericite.K feldsparandsphericare
magnetite-hematite buffer (Dilles, 1987). The tem- stable.Magnetitemaybe addedduringalterationof
peraturerangeestimatedisconsistent with the stabil- maficmineralsbut hascommonlypartly undergone
ity of actinolitichornblendein the ES-2 assemblagehypogene(?)oxidizationon octahedralpartingsto
(e.g.,Winklet, 1976, p. 165-171). hematite;tracesof sulfide(<0.25 vol %, Py/Cp > 1)
are common.
Main-StageHydrothermal Alteration Epidoteveins(0.1-0.5 cmwide)occupyup to ten
On the basisof agerelations,main-stagealteration jointsper m in propylitizedrocksandhavebleached
can be distinguishedfrom pre-main-stageand late- 0.1- to 5-cm-wideselvages in whichplagioclase is al-
stagealteration.Main-stagealterationisbroadlysyn- teredto albite+ epidote+ sericite,actinoliteispseu-
chronouswith, i.e., both predatesand postdates, domorphous after hornblende,biotite is alteredto
graniteporphyrydikes.All main-stage veinletscross- chlorite+rutile, K feldsparis dustedwith clay,and
cut pre-main-stageendoskarn veinsandassemblagesmagnetitelocallyis rimmedby sphene,epidote,or
 ANN-MASOHCu DEPOSIT,HV: FLOW PATHS 1979

zonescut epidoteveinsandpropylitizedrockscon-
A Di <--- Hbl
Mg.t
OIg
+Qtz
"out"!
<---
Ksp.....
ett31<--- i firmsthe relativelyearlyageof the latter.
/.' ,',:-,-.",,:.,' .... %--','/.e;"-.
Sodic-calcic alteration
E2 ,I-, i ,,,,,?;,(
f:,,)1 FRESH Rocksthat are alteredto sodic-calcic
assemblages
are characterized by: (1) a bleachedappearance, (2)
K feldsparreplacedby Na plagioclase and/orepi-
+Di+Hbl + Hbl SphVeinMotmmedSph dote,(3) hornblende andbiotitereplacedby actino-
SphVns + SphVei lite, (4) a sphenecontenthigherthan that of fresh
) t. v I I v J
igneous protoliths,
(5) absence ofmagnetiteandbio-
+ Pig+
Di + Pig + Pig+
Hbl tite, and(6) a generalabsence ofsulfide(Table2, Fig.
+ Sph
Hbl + Hbl+ Sph + Ksp
+ Mgt
+ Sph
10). Asdiscussed below,the amountandintensityof
0 5cm
I I i i t

sodic-calcic alteration increases inward toward the

orebody,andthe accompanying mineralogic changes
are interpretedto reflectinwardflowof a thermally
prograding (heating)hydrothermal fluid.

' ' /.-. 700

Graphite
__

'-,d,';o;
''-,"..
". :-.'c"
.. 600 , -
. '. .. , ..
FIG.. Endoskarn ES- alteration.
A. CompositesketchEom
thin sections
andslabsof sampleY-65. The zonedalterationen-
velope
issymmetrical
about
thediopside
+ hornblende
sphene
vein
ontheleftd illustrates
theprogressive
reactions
from
fresh 500
rockto pervasive
ES-. B. Photomicrograph
(crossed
nicols)of
McLeodHill QMD with K felspar alteredto chessboard-twinned
andesinc(An35) + qartz ad afic sitesto opside-salite. a,Wo,
Width = 1.8 min. Co

hematite(Table4). At higherstructurallevels,simi-
+ \cz,zo
lar bleachedfracturesin propylitizedrockscom-
400
monlycontainminorpyrite _ chalcopyrite_ magne- Mgt
Fe
--

tite _ hematiteandnoepidote.At intermediatestruc- + excess Qtz and C-0-H fluid

turallevels,theseepidoteveinsoccurin propylitized Pf--2000I borsI logf(-18.5

quartzmonzodiorite whereaswithinadjacentgranite , I I ,
0 0. I 0.2 o.$ 0A
porphyry dikes weak sodic-calcicalterationoccurs
(seebelow).The similarityandproximityof epidote
selvageassemblages to weak sodic-calcicassem- Xco2
blagessuggest thatthe two aresynchronous andre- FIC.8. T-Xcodiagram showing stability field(stippled)ofen-
latedalterationtypes.Thisinferenceissupported by doskarnassemblage ES-1 (labradorite-grandite-quartz) at Pn,ia=
the commonoccurrencein deepeststructurallevels 2,000barsandlogfo = -18.5 (i.e.,fo slightlyabovetheN-NO
of epidoteveinswith selvages of the sodic-calcicas- buffer at 500to 600C.Reactions(1) to (6) andinvariantpointsA
and C are taken from Taylor and Liou (1978) and references
semblages oligoclase-actinolite
(S-2) or oligoclase- therein. Reactions(1'), (39, (3"), (7), (8), and (9) and invariant
amphibole(S-5) (Fig. 9). Thus,we interprettenta- pointsB andC' are calculatedfor naturalcompositions in sample
tively the epidoteveinsandpropyliticalterationto Y714B (Fig. 5 andtext).The limitingreactionsfor the pure end-
representweak hydrothermalalterationat interme- membercompositions are(1) grossular + quartz= 2 wollastonite +
anorthite;(3) anorthite+ quartz+ 2 calcite-- grossular+ 2CO,
diateto highstructural levels,similarin ageandgra- (4) 4 zoisite+ quartz= 5 anorthite+ grossular+ 2HsO.Reaction
dationalwith main-stage sodic-calcicalteration.The (7) is recalculatedusingepidoteactivity-composition relationsof
fact that late-stagesericiticandchloriticalteration BirdandHelgeson(1980).
1980 DILLES AND EINAUDI

Ep fib<- 5%Ep+milkyAn20-23
<- An25-16 the apexof a cupolaon the Luhr Hill granite,where
Ep+ Sph4
Act+ Sph Hbl
Mgt
2nd8i+Ep
IOQ
Hbl
the cupolais cut by graniteporphyrydikesbelow
mdkyAn?O-2 5 5%Qz("Ksp ore-gradecopperandmostpotassicalteration.
fibrousAct*Ep*An20-i-Qz
80% 2ndBi Sodic-calcic alteration at Ann-Mason has affected
2nd BI + $ph
1.8 km2 of surfaceexposures locatedon the deep
fringeandbelowthe copperorebodyat palcodepths
of 3.5 to >6 km.It iswidespread oneithersideof the
contactof the Luhr Hill granitecupola(compareFig.
2A andB) andalonggraniteporphyrydikesthat cut
the cupolaat a highangle.Basedoncrosscutting rela-
tionsbetweenintrusionsand altered rocks(seebe-
low), sodic-calcic alterationcommencedafter crys-
tallizationof the outer carapaceof the Luhr Hill in-
trusionbut beforeemplacementof the first granite
porphyrydikes,andcontinuedafteremplacement of
dikes.
Agerelationsbetweenpotassic
andsodic-calcic
al-
teration are somewhatambiguous.In most cases
wheresodic-calcic alterationoccursasselvagesalong
fracturesin biotitizedLuhrHill granite,thetwoalter-
ationtypesare transitionalover 1 to 10 cm and no
criteriafor relativeage can be seenin thin section
(e.g., Fig. 9B). In other casessodic-calcic
alteration
clearlypostdatespotassicalteration:for example,a
youngergraniteporphyrydike which is altered to
sodic-calcic assemblages cutsan olderporphyrydike
which is pervasivelybiotitized. Age relationshave
beendocumented in greaterdetailin benchfacesat
I I t I the Yeringtonmine, where Einaudi (1970a, b) and
B. o i 2 3 cm Carten (1981, 1986) showedthat sodic-calcic alter-
ation developedbroadly contemporaneously
with
FIG. 9. Sodic-calcic S-2 alterationaroundveins.A. Composite
sketchof a zonedS-2 envelopedevelopedsymmetrically around
potassicalterationduringeachof several,separate
an epidote-actinoliteveinlet cutting Luhr Hill granite (PGt, intrusiveevents.We interpret a similarhistoryfor
Y-780). Progressive mineralreactionsat the top areinferredfrom Ann-Mason.
textures.Note that oligoclase-hornblende assemblages (S-5type) Sodic-calcicalterationhas been classifiedby its
aredevelopedintermediately betweenS-2andfreshrock.In addi- structural control and distinctive minerals into five
tionto the mineralslisted,nearthe vein< i percentsericitedusts
plagioclase;albiteformsrimsandveinsin plagioclase; andhydro- mappablemineralassemblages (Table2, Fig. 10). In
thermalbiotite is partiallychloritized.Theseare interpretedto quartzmonzodioriteand granite,districtzoningof
representa weak,younger,andlowertemperaturealteration.In a alterationassemblages frompropylitizedrocktoward
similarenvelope in sampleY-326,calciteproxiesforsomeepidote the axisof the granitecupolaanddike swarmfollows
replacingplagioclase. In both samples,hydrothermalbiotite re-
placementsof hornblendeare mostabundantin the outermost
the sequence:SW(?)- S-5 - S-2 - S-1 (Figs.2B
zoneadjacentto freshrock.B. Sketchof mineralogyof sample and 11). In graniteporphyry dikes,districtzoning
Y-783C at the boundarybetweensodic-calcic S-2 andpotassicB alongthe pre-tilt strikeof the dikestowardthe axisof
alterations.Most actinoliteformspseudomorphs of hornblende, the cupola and dike swarmfollows the sequence:
whichis absentin B alteration,andhence,the reactionboundary SW - S-7 - S-6 - S-2 (Figs.2B and 11). In both
ofamphibole to secondary biotitemustbemovingtowardthevein.
Arrowsshowdirectionof thesereplacement reactions,whichsug- quartzmonzodiorite andgraniteporphyry,thesedis-
gestthateitherbothzonesdevelopedsynchronously dueto bimet- trict zonalchangesoccurover distances of 1,000 to
asomatism or hydrothermalbiotite formedafter hornblendewas 2,000 m. However,zoningof alterationassemblages
replacedby actinolitepseudomorphs during sodic-calcic alter- similarto the districtpattern alsooccurslocally at
ation.
any point abouta porphyrydike or fractureon the
scaleof i to 15 m or 1 to 15 cm,respectively.
Sodic-calcic alteration was first described at the Oligoclase-quartz(S-1) and oligoclase-actinolite
Yeringtonmineby Einaudi(1970b) andat Ann-Ma- (S-2)assemblages areidenticalgeologically andmin-
sonby Proffett(1970); theseauthorsidentifiedits eralogicallyto the sodic-calcic
alterationassemblages
earlyageanddistribution in structurallydeepand S-1 andS-2, respectively, definedby Carten(1981)
lateralpartsof thehydrothermalalterationpatterns. at the Yeringtonmine.
In both localities,sodic-calcicalterationoccursnear Structural control: Intense sodic-calcic alteration
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT,NV: FLOW PATHS 1981

Peripheraland Weak (LowerT) Centraland Intense(HigherT)

GRANITE PPY SW s-7 s-6 s-2 s-1
MINERALS 500 m < 100 m <50 m 500 m < 1 cm

Groundmass
Od92-97Kspar(trace
topartially
albitized)
..... -___Ab:) )An3'7iAn20.26
_ An22.+__>
f+10% Qtz-'-' 10% Qtz
Kspar
megacrysts
trace
albite
onrims
and
cracks
...... --->
Ep_+
Qtz-An3-7-J
Od90-94 ....... Ep i

Plagioclase
An16-25 trace
albite
rims "-minor
Ab-
major
AbAn3-7
An20-36) .An22-35-
Hornblende
weakly
bleached I......
;.............
,Ep Act, An22
:Qtz
,Ep
Biotite pale2ndBi/Verm/Chl/Ser
ActEp-
+ Sph + Ep
Magnetite <0.5._%
Ep+__py
C..-; ..... ) .Tm
Sphene ,
VEIN
MINERALSEpAct
Ab,Calc
ChlQtz;, i Act,Ep,Qz An22
An22 Tm + Qtz
PyCp , ,

HYDROTHERMAL
Ab+ Ep+Act+ 2ndBi/Verm/Chl
+I ,An20-26
+ Ep An22-35
WALLROCK
MINS Sph
Ser Calc
PyCp I IAct+Sph +Qtz+Rt
I AbsentAbsent]S-2 S-1
QMD
Alteration S-5

FIG.10. Sodic-calcic
alteration
sequences
developed
in LuhrHill graniteandgraniteporphyry
dikes;
distances
aremapped
widths
ofassemblages
(fromFig.2B,etc.).Coexisting
albite+ oligoclase
occurs
in
S-2 near dashed line.

exhibits two structural controls. In fractured rocks, samefractures,and may gradeinto massive
epidote
assemblages form 1- to 25-cm-wideselvagesalong replacements of wall rockup to 25 cm wide.
fractureswhich coalesceinto pervasivelyaltered A secondstructuralcontrolis exhibitedby perva-
zonesalongthe Luhr Hill granitecontact.Jointfrac- sivesodic-calcic alterationof 10- to 20-m-widegran-
turesdominantlystrikeN 70 W anddip 45 N and ite porphyrydikes(Fig. 12). Abundantjoints (aver-
may containactinolite_ epidote(<1 mm), epidote, age spacing10-25 cm) containonly sparseepidote
or rarely chlorite,quartz, calcite,epidote,sphene, fillings,andK feldsparphenocrysts commonlyshow
pyrite, or chalcopyrite(Table4). Epidoteveinscom- concentricalbite or epidoterims.Theseobservations
monly postdateactinolite veins and reoccupythe suggest thatthe groundmass of the graniteporphyry
dikeswashighlypermeableand that dikesconcen-
trated the flow of hydrothermalfluidsbecauseof
both high fracture and intergranularpermeability.
Quartz monzodioriteadjacentto pervasivelysodic-
calcicaltered granite porphyry dikes commonlyis
pervasivelyalteredfor <1 m at the contact,beyond
which fracture-controlled sodic-calcic alteration or
epidoteveinslocallypersistfor a few metersto tens
of meters.
Weaksodic-calcic(SW) alteration:Weak sodic-cal-
cic alterationoccursat palcodepthsof 2.5 to 4.5 km
and is transitionalbetweenpropyliticalterationand
more intensesodic-calcic alteration.K feldsparand
plagioclase are weaklyto partiallyalteredto albite;
igneousbiotiteis convertedto palegreenbiotite(or
vermiculite?)andchlorite;andhornblendeisfreshor
is weakly altered to actinolite(Table 2, Fig. 10).
Rocksaltered to the weak sodic-calcic assemblage
contain <0.5 vol percent pyrite and subordinate
chalcopyrite(Py/Cp > 1).
Fringesodic-calcic assemblages (S-7, S-6) in por-
FIG. 11. Schematic diagrams in bothplanandcrosssection(in- phyry dikes:Within graniteporphyrydikes,sodic-
set)illustrating
fluidflowandalteration duetosaline,nonmagma- calcicalterationincreases in intensityinwardtoward
ticfluids.Asargued in text,inflowheatingpathsyieldprogressivethe Luhr Hill granite.The map-scale zonalsequence
sodic-calcic
alteration
assemblageSW-->S-7-->S-6-- S-2in gran- is from a >500-m-wide zone of weak sodic-calcic
ite porphyrydikes(GP)andS-5-- S-2-- S-1aboutveinsand/or
joints in quartzmonzodiorite(QMD), whereasupflowcooling (SW),througha narrow< 100-m-widezoneof albite-
pathsof thesamefluidsarepredictedto yieldpotassicbiotiteas- actinolite(S-7),a local<50-m-wide zoneof albite-ac-
semblageB. tinolite-epidote(S-6),to a widezoneof oligoclase-ac-
1982 DILLES AND EINAUDI

tive distributionsof the two alterationtypesare not

QMD QMD known becauseof the difficulty in distinguishing
them in the field.
//GPD
# Pre-tilt
Up The main area of developmentof the oligoclase-

Limit
of...r
..../4,....4
plOo

Sodic-Calcic

Alteration orth
amphiboleassemblage (S-5) in quartz monzodiorite
is characterizedby a dark, salt and pepper texture
dueto darkgreenamphiboleandby commonrelict K
feldspar;both of thesefeaturesallowthe S-5 assem-
blageto be distinguished from oligoclase-actinolite
(S-2)in the field.Dark greenamphibolein thin sec-
-- QM D-- < - GP >-
-< QMD-
tion exhibitsweak to moderate pleochroism( =
A B C D E F blue-green,fi = green,a = palebrown)andis inter-
- --- Ksp pretedto be relict magmaticactinolitichornblende;
. Anl-9 - -_ _ ---Ah17_40 -
-- Hbl magmaticbiotite sites are convertedto actinolite,
..... Bi
.... Mgt
epidote, sphene,and quartz, as in S-2. FreshLuhr
Sph Hill graniteis alteredadjacentto fracturesin 1- to
.......... py 10-cm-wideselvagesto a narrow outer oligoclase-
- Act

. --
................... 2 nd Bi
Chl
amphibole selvageformedby successive inward de-
.... Ep structionof K feldspar,magnetite,and then biotite,
- - Calc
.............. Rt
followedby reactionof dark green amphiboleto
...... Set pale green actinoliteto form an inner S-2 selvage
Bi--Act :tChl*Colc+Sph:bEp ' ' ' <0.2_5% (Fig. 9A).
Mgt-"EP +Sph .... 025-10% Proximalsodic-calcic assemblages (S-2,S-1):Oligo-
HbI">Act+Sph:EP :bC(]lc2-ndBi - ' >10% clase-actinolite (S-2) is the mostwidespreadsodic-
Plag-Ab+Ep*Calc*Ser '
calcicassemblage at Ann-Mason; it isfoundin all rock
B. Ksp-Ab+Qtz
o ' ' 20 m
types immediatelyflankingthe deep axial zone of
porphyrydikesandalongthe granitecupolacontact
FIe;. 12. Zoned sodic-calcic alterationarounda granitepor-
phyrydike intrudingquartzmonzodiorite(QMD) at the upper at palcodepths > 3.5 kin. The dominanthydrother-
limitoftheoligoclase-actinolite (S-2)assemblage, basedonpetrog- mal reactions defining this assemblageinclude
raphy of samplesY-774 A to F. A. Plan map. B. Mineralogic conversionof all igneous K feldspar to milky,
changes inQMD adjacenttodikeandpositions ofmineralogic reac- "chessboard-twinned"(see Fig. 13D) oligoclase
tions.Both the preferentialalterationof the dike and alteration
zoningaroundthe dike suggestthat hydrothermalfluidswere
(An20_26Ab79_73Or0.5_]) plus approximately0 to 10
channeledalongthe dike. percent quartz (Figs. 5, 13A,and14A);conversion of
hornblendeandbiotite to pale greenactinolite(Fe/
Fe + Mg = 0.18-0.24) (Fig. 13B);anddestruction of
tinolite(S-2)(Fig. 2B). Assemblages S-7andS-6were magnetiteand ilmenite. Quartz blebsin plagioclase
mappedin the field on the basisof their bleached replacementsof K feldsparare commonlyin optical
appearance andthe presenceof mineralsmegascopi- continuity(Fig. 13A). Transmission electronmicro-
callysimilarto assemblage S-2,exceptfor K feldspar scopeexamination of oligoclase plusquartzreplace-
sites:in S-7,relictK feldsparphenocrysts havealbite mentsof igneousK feldsparin sampleY-756 reveals
rims,andthe groundmass K feldsparhasbeen con- that mostoligoclase is compositionally homogeneous
vertedto albite;in S-6, K feldsparphenocrysts have at An20_25 but that in a few grainsminor peristerite
beenreplacedby epidote(Fig. 13C). exsolution yieldedAn]_2o (Fig.5; TEM photo,fig.64
Fringesodic-calcic assemblage (S-5)in quartzmon- of Dilles, 1984).
zodioriteandgranite:Within the McLeodHill quartz In the oligoclase-actinolite assemblage (S-)near
monzodioriteand laterallyto the north in the Luhr its boundarywith S-6, white albite replacesoligo-
Hill granitecupola,the outermostsodic-calcic assem- claseasthe stableplagioclase (e.g.,S-2assemblage in
blageis oligoclase-amphibole (S-5).This assemblage sampleY-774D = An_9, mostlyAria_7;Figs. 5 and
is poorlycharacterizedbut is a lessintenseform of 14B);thisalbite-bearingzoneof the oligoclase-actin-
sodic-calcicalteration,analogous to S-6 and S-7 as- olite assemblage couldnot be mappedseparatelyin
semblages in graniteporphyrydikes. the field but is inferredto everywhereoccurat the
In the McLeodHill quartzmonzodioritein the ex- peripheryof S-2 (e.g.,Fig. 10).
treme southeast part of Ann-Mason(Fig. B),S-5 is The oligoclase-quartz (S-l) assemblage is found
the dominantsodic-calcic assemblage alongfractures onlyin theLuhrHill granitecupolaat palcodepths of
andcommonlyoccurswithoutaninneroligoclase-ac- 4.5 to 5.0 km, where it occursrarely asnarrow,<5-
tinolite (S-2)selvage(Fig. 11). Here, sodic-calcic al- mm-wideselvages on plagioclase veinletsenclosedin
teration and salite endoskarnare abundant, and rela- pervasiveoligoclase-actinolite (S-2) assemblage. The
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT,NV: FLOW PATHS 1983

FIG.13. Photomicrographs of sodic-calcicandlate-stage alteration.

A. Sodic-calcicS-2in LuhrHill PG
sampleY-324 illustrating K feldsparmegacryst alteredto Ang4 oligoclase + 10 percentsmallquartz
grainsin opticalcontinuity(crossed nicols).B. Fibrousactinolite+ sphene+ quartz_+oligoclase replace-
mentofigneous biotitein sample Y-324(planepolarized). C. Graniteporphyryalteredtosodic-calcic S-6
in sampleY-530 (crossed nicols).K feldsparmegacryst is alteredto epidotewith an albiterim, horn-
blendeto actinolite,andgroundmass K feldsparto albite.Relictigneousplagioclase is oligoclase(An9_
ga)-D. Late-stagesodicA-2 alterationof graniteporphyryin sampleY-798A(crossed nicols).Plagioclase
phenocrysts, groundmass K feldspar,andtheK feldsparmegacryst arealteredto albite(An_a);albitized
megacryst is chessboard-twinned. Largespheneis alteredto rutfie + goethiteand marlcsalteredto
chlorite + sericite + rutfie. E. Granite porphyry altered to sericitic SQ assemblagealong
quartz-sericite-(pyrite)
> jarositeveinin sampleY-694A(planepolarized).Fine-grained sericitereplaces
feldsparphenocrysts, andmixedquartz+ sericitereplacesgroundmass. F. Tourmaline-quartz matrix
breccia(TBx,Y-309,planepolarized)withfragments (Frags)ofquartz-sericite-alteredBearbordergran-
ite andquartzphenocrysts.

oligoclase-quartz
assemblage representsthe highest concluded fromphasepetrologythattheoligoclase +
degreeof metasomatic exchange betweenhydrother- actinolite(S-2)assemblageformedat 360 to 480C
mal fluidsandwall rock:the productis a white, por- at 300 to 800 barspressure.The deeperoligoclase-
celaneousplagioclase-quartz-rutilerock devoid of actinolite-bearingS-2 assemblageat Ann-Mason
mafic minerals. Becauseof its limited distribution, likely formedat greaterthan 375 to 400C at esti-
S-1 is not distinguishedfrom S-2 on thesimplified matedpressures of 500 to 1,000 bars,respectively,
alterationmaps(Fig. 2B). basedon the minimumtemperatureof the crestof
Temperatures from phaseequilibria:Carten(1986) the peristeritesolvus(Maruyamaet al., 1982). The
1984 DILLES AND EINAUDI

siccrosssectionthe potassiczoneassemblage B hasa

diameterof 1,200 m enclosingthe >0.2 percent
Cu orebody(Figs.2B and3A). It narrowsdownward
to a 300-m diameterin the Luhr Hill granitecu-
polaandnarrowsupwardto an inferreddiameterof
900 m alongthe lower Tertiary erosionsurface
(Fig. 2B). Potassic
alterationwasmappedby noting
the presenceof shreddyaggregates of hydrothermal
biotitein hornblendesites.Sparsehydrothermal bio-
tite alsooccurslocallyin somedikesawayfromthe
A main axisand as selvageson quartz,magnetite,or
chalcopyriteveinsnearthe Tertiary erosionsurface,
outsidethemainzoneofpotassic alteration(Table4).
Abovethe ore zone,mostbiotitehasbeenreplaced
by sericite,ohiorite,and vermiculite(Fig. 2B), and
the presenceof precursorhydrothermalbiotiteis in-
ferred from the shreddycharacterof pseudomor-
phoussheetsilicates.
Potassic alteration is divisible into three assem-
blagesthat are zonedfrom deep or fringe areasto-
wardthecentralorezone,in the sequence: weakbio-
tite (WB),biotite(B) (Fig. 2B),andbiotite-Kfeldspar
(K) (Fig. 15; Table2). This zonalsequence reflectsa
gradualincreasein the degreeof potassium metaso-
matismandintroductionof quartzveinletsandCu-Fe
sulfides.
Weakbiotiteassemblage (WB): The weak biotite
Qtz (WB) assemblage occursin the Luhr Hill granitecu-
polaat the lowerlimit of potassic alterationat palco-
depthsof 5 to 6 km andasa 50- to 500-m-widezone
alongthe fringeof the graniteporphyrydike swarm
at palcodepths of 1 to 4 km. The latter occurrenceis
FIC. 14. Plagioclase replacementof K feldsparin sodic-calcic poorlydefineddue to sodicand chloriticalteration
assemblage S-0,.A. SlabbedsampleY-756 of Luhr Hill PG with by late-stage fluidsandis not shownin Figure2B or
milky An_4 oligoclase + 10 percentquartzreplacements of K
feldsparmegacrysts andgroundmass: Relictigneousoligoclase is described fully;it maygradelaterallyanddownward
the samecompositionbut is gray. B. Photomicrograph (crossed intothe weaksodic-calcic (SW)assemblage.
nicols)of K feldsparmegacryst alteredto chessboard-twinned al- The deep,weakbiotite(WB)assemblage ischarac-
bite An_9+ quartz+ patchyepidotein graniteporphyrysample terizedby widespread, pervasivereplacementof 5 to
Y-774C at the outerlimit of S-2.Note relictigneousalbitizedpla- 90 percent of the individualhornblendesitesby
gioclaseinclusions (Ab Incl); groundmass is quartz+ albite,
shreddy-textured green-brownpleochroicbiotite;
suchshreddybiotite occursas randomlyoriented,
presence of oligoclase with incipientperisteriteexso- 0.05- to 0.5-mm-diameterflakesassociated with up
lutionin S-2isinterpretedasa subsequent lowertem- to 50 percentepidote,quartz,sparserutile, andrare
peraturereequilibration.The albite-bearingouter sulfideor magnetite(Fig. 16A).Relictigneous,1- to
fringeof the Ann-Mason S-2 assemblage (Y-774D, 2-mm-diameter,red-brownpleochroicbookbiotite
Figs.2B, 5, 12, 14B)andthe outerzonesodic-calcic commonlycontainsrutile needlesoriented in the
assemblages with albite,epidote,andchloritelikely {001} crystallographic planeof biotite;igneousbio-
formedat lowertemperatures belowthe peristerite tite alsois commonlyrimmedby shreddy0.!-mm-
solvus. diametergreen-brown pleochroicsecondary biotite.
Potassic alteration
Granite is otherwise fresh exceptfor rare biotite-epi-
dote-chalcopyrite veinlets(Table4).
Potassic alterationaffected20 percentof Ann-Ma- Biotiteassemblage (B) and "A" veinlets:Toward
son surfaceexposuresand extendsfrom the lower the top of the Luhr Hill granitecupolabelowthe ore
Tertiaryunconformity to palcodepths of greaterthan zone,the weakbiotite (WB) assemblage gradesinto
6 kin. It is spatiallyassociated with both the axisof the biotite(B) assemblage, in whichhornblendeand
the graniteporphyrydikeswarmandthe apexof the sphenehavebeencompletelydestroyedandsecond-
LuhrHill granitecupola(Fig.2A,B, andD). In Juras- ary biotite and rutile have been added(Fig. 16B).
 ANN-MASON Cu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1985

Deep or lateral,weak Central,strong

AS
GRANITE
MINERAL
WB
WeakBiotite Biotite
B K
K-feldspar
K-feldsparOr90-94
Ab (in QMD) ..... Ser ......

PlagioclaseAn16-25
Kspvein
selvages -AbEpGreen
BiSer--;- Ab+Ser+Ksp
rims
Calc; Kspselvagesin PG
Hornblende

Green
Bi
+Ep
+Qtz
+1'_
- .GreenBi
Sph +Ep
Mgt +Qtz
+Rt---)
'- PaleBrownBi+
Biotite Rim & Cleavage of Green Bi Rt. J Pale
Chl+RtSulf
Magnetite .... Cp
+PyorBnHmRt--
Sphene
Ilmenite
.t ------ -
VEIN MINERALS Ep Sulf;tr Qtz Sulf "A"Bi;sparse"A"& "B" "A"Qtz+Ksp+_Cp
Bn
Qtz; abundantEp + Sulf "B"Qtz+MoS2CpBn

HYDROTHERMAL GreenBi+ Ep + Qtz+ Rt GreenBi+ Ep+ Qz + Ab Ksp+ Chl+ Rt + Qtz +

WALLROCK
MINS Ksp Cp Py + Rt Ser Calc Ksp Ab Bi+_Cp Bn +_
Cp Bn or Py Mo

FIG. 15. Potassic

alterationsequences.

Thesechangesare accompanied by introductionof percent.The biotite-Kfeldspar(K) assemblage is re-

chalcopyriteassociatedwith sparse"A" veinlets strictedto narrowselvageson quartzveinlets.These
(usageof Gustarson andHunt, 1975;Table4). The A veinletsrangein stylefrom generallyolder, discon-
veinletsare <3 mm wide and containbiotite, chalco- tinuous,0.1- to 1.0-ram-widebandedquartzveinlets
pyrite,and/orquartzandlocalepidoteor pyriteand transitionalbetweenA andB styleveins(heretermed
havelocal<l-mm K feldsparselvages. At a higher "AB" veins)to generallyyounger,regular-walled,
structurallevel near the ore zone, the biotite assem- 0.5- to 5-mm-wideB veinswith a centerline(using
blageisprincipallydevelopedin McLeodHill quartz the veinclassification systemof Gustarson andHunt,
monzodioriteadjacentto the centralplug of granite 1975). BandedAB veinletsconsistof granularquartz,
porphyry where it is associatedwith highestCu sparseK feldspar,uncommon bornitcandchalcopy-
grades.Here, plagioclase andK feldspararepartially rite, and rare molybdenite;someAB veinletshave a
alteredto albite(An6_]2; Fig. 5). Hydrothermal bio- <l-cm-wide bleachedselvageof K feldspar-quartz.
tites(Fig. 16C) haveatomicFe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.32 to AB veinletsare cut by B quartz-Kfeldspar-molyb-
0.45 andTi = 0.10 to 0.32 per 22 oxygenequivalents denitc veinsthat commonlyhave up to 1-cm-wide
andthusoverlapwith the low Ti end of the rangeof selvages in which groundmass feldsparis alteredto
magmaticbiotite compositions from the Yerington pink K feldspar,magnetiteis commonlydestroyed,
batholith(Dilles,1987). In general,in potassic alter- plagioclaseisconvertedto albite(Anl_13,Fig. 5), and
ation,Ti andFe/(Fe + Mg) arelowerin hydrothermal bothbookandshreddybiotiteare>50 percentchlor-
green biotite than in relict igneousbook biotite itized and contain abundantsageniticrutile (Fig.
(Dilles, 1984). The latter containsrutile needles,and 16D). The remainingbiotiteiscommonly palegreen-
magnetiteis stableor partlysulfldizedor oxidizedto brownpleochroicin thinsection,hasa low potassium
sulfldes or hematite. Veins associated with the biotite content(3.5-8.0 wt % K20) andatomicFe/(Fe + Mg)
assemblage comprisevery rare, earlybiotite matrix -- 0.20 to 0.25 (Dilles, 1984). The low potassium
breccias; rare,youngerbiotite+_chalcopyrite A vein- contentis interpretedaspartialalterationof biotite
lets with no selvages(Fig. 16C); late epidote-chlo- to vermiculiteto form mixedlayer biotite-vermicu-
rite-sulfideC veins(described below);andyoungest lite, which has been termed hydrobiotite in other
gypsumveinlets(Table4). The latterareinterpreted porphyry copper deposits(Brindley et al., 1983;
to be the resultof late-stageor supergene hydration Ilton and Veblen, 1988). Alternatively, they
of minor amountsof anhydriteinferred to have couldbe mixedlayer biotite-chlorites.Both banded
formedduringearly potassicalterationof quartz AB veinlets and B veinlets commonlyalso con-
monzodiorite. tain minormuscovite,calcite,gypsum(after anhy-
Biotite-Kfeldspar assemblage (K) and AB and B drite?), and apatite and locally contain a zeolite
veinlets: Thebiotite-Kfeldspar(K) assemblage isvo- (Ca0.9Na0.)A13.2Si9.1024.8HO
and clay. It is unclear
lumetrically minorandoccurs principally in thecen- whether or not these latter mineralsaccompanied
tral graniteporphyrydikeswarm.It occursonlyin potassicalteration.
drill core and is included in the area of biotite assem- C veinlets:
In the Ann-Masonorebody,mostmolyb-
blagein Figure3 wherequartzveinsexceed0.5 vol denitcandsomecopperarefoundin the earlyA, AB,
1986 DILLES AND EINAUDI

D
FiG. 16. Photomicrographs of hydrothermalbiotite textures.A. Weak biotite (WB) assemblage of
potassic alterationin sampleY-545Bfromthe Luhr Hill granitecupola.Igneoushornblendeis5 percent
replacedby greenbiotiteon itscleavages andmargin.B. Potassic alterationassemblage B, characterized
by pervasive replacement of igneoushornblende by shreddy-textured disoriented flakesof greenbiotite
with minorquartz,epidote,andrutfie(Y-540,Luhr Hill granitecupola).C. Assemblages B andweakCB
fromthe orebody(D-109-903',graniteporphyry).Igneousbiotiteispartiallyrecrysta!!ized at the edges
andcontains exsolution rutile.BiotiteA veincontainsminorchalcopyrite andtracebornitc.All biotiteis
partiallyalteredto ohiorite,andplagioclase is dustedwith sericiteduringpostpotassic, lower tempera-
turealterationCB.D. Sagenitic rutileexsolution in bleachedigneous biotitecrystalenclosed in K feldspar
fromthe orebody(D-114A-1726',graniteporphyry).K feldsparflooding(assemblage K) is associated
withbandedquartzveins,andlaterweaksericiteandohioritealteration(CB)isassociated with B andC
veins.E. Palegreento palebrownshreddy-textured biotite-vermiculite
aggregate with quartzandrutfie
occurswith oligoclase in sodicassemblage A-1 (D-222-2863',Luhr Hill granite,orebody).Shreddybio-
tite developed duringearlypotassic alterationandwaslaterbleachedduringsodicalterationandconver-
sionof K feldsparto oligoclase.
andB veinlets.However,mostof the copperwithin fide C veinletsin the orebodyhave <1- to 50-mm-
the potassicB alterationzone and orebodyoccurs wideselvages in whichbiotiteisretrograded
to chlo-
withinor associatedwith veinletswhichpostdatethe rite, e.g., the chloritizedbiotite CB assemblage.
AB and B veinlets, here termed "C" veinlets. The SomechloriteC veinletscut quartz-oligoclase-albite
manytypesof C vinlets containcombinations of the veinsin the central A-1 zone, but mostC veinsoccur
mineralschalcopyrite,pyrite or bornitc,quartz,epi- peripheralto the A-1 zoneandhaveno agerelation-
dote,andchlorite(Table4). The agesofthe variousC shipwithsodicveins.C veinletsarecutby D veinsof
veinlets relative to other veinlets are not well under- sericitic alteration, describedbelow.
stood.Relativelyabundantepidoteandchloritesul- Thetimingandmineralogy
ofC veinletsaresimilar
 ANN-MASON Cu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS
to nearby A-1 sodic, chloritized biotite CB, and The dominant reactions include alteration of K feld-
chloriticPC alterationtypes.We interpretC veinlets sparto sodicplagioclase
to be transitionalbetweenearlierpotassic alteration
andlate-stage alterationandareperhapslargelysyn-
chronous with developmentof the deeperandmore
centralsodicA-1 assemblage, theearliestandhighest
temperaturealterationof the late stage.The source
of the copperin C veinsis unclear.We prefer the
interpretationthatit wasderivedfromcopperdepos-
ited in earlierAB andB veinletsassociated with po-
tassicalterationby leachingduringsodicA-1 alter-
ation,asdescribedbelow,andtransported>100 m.
The lackof directevidenceof leaching,e.g., sulfide
castsin C veinletselvages, indicatesthat the Cu was
added to the rock in C veinlets and was not derived
from leachingthe immediatelyadjacentwall rock.
An alternativeinterpretationis that Cu in C veinlets
wasderivedfromcoolingof potassic fluidsor mixing
of potassic
fluidswith otherhydrothermalfluids,i.e.,
sodic fluids.
Temperatures from phaseequilibria:Phaseequilib-
ria do not closelyconstraintemperaturesof forma-
tionofpotassic assemblages.Application oftheexper-
imentaltemperature-oxygen fugacitycurvesfor bio-
tite equilibria(WonesandEugster,1965) to biotite
Fe/Fe + Mg valuesin the assemblage biotite-Kfeld-
spar-magnetite-quartz yieldstemperaturesthat may
be toohigh,in the range600to 800C.The Ti con-
tent of biotiteyieldsestimatedequilibriumtempera-
turesof 400 to 600C,basedon comparisons with
Ti contentsfrom talc-alkaline60 to 75 wt percent
SiO2 plutonit and volcanicrocksfor which biotite
equilibration temperatureiswell constrained (Dilles,
1984, p. 124-133; Brigham, 1984; Robert, 1976).
The K feldspar-biotite(K) assemblage is at least
partlyyoungerthanthebulkof thebiotite(B)assem-
blage,andlowertemperatures are suggested by the
presenceof chloritizedbiotite andof muscovite,zeo-
lite, andclayin B veinlets.We inferthatpotassicalter-
ation beganat magmatictemperaturesof 700C
and continued to below 400C.
Late-StageHydrothermalAlteration
Late-stagealterationisdefinedonthebasisof cross-
cutting relationsas all those alterationtypes that
postdatethe eraplacementof all graniteporphyry
dikes.Late-stage
alterationpostdates
main-stage
po-
tassic and sodic-calcic alteration and includes earlier
sodicand chloritic alteration, later sericiticalteration
andtourmalinebreccias,andminor,very deepchlo-
ritic alteration(Table2). In aggregate,thesedefine
an inverted conicalvolume that expandsupward
fromthe ore zone(Fig. 2B).
Sodic and chloritic alteration
Rocksthat have undergonesodicalteration are
bleachedand depletedin ferromagnesian
silicates.
1987
+ quartz,andof biotiteand
hornblende to biotite-vermiculite, chlorite, or seri-
cite (Fig. 17). Similarassemblagespostdatingpotas-
sicalterationin the Yeringtonminewere referredto
assodic3 andsodic4 of late sodicalteration(Carten,
1981, 1986). In all casessodicveinsand alteration
assemblages cut and replaceearlier potassicalter-
ationveinsandassemblages.
Sodic and related chloritic alteration can be di-
vided on the basisof palcodepthandmineralassem-
blageinto two dominantassociations and oneminor
one. At depth, a centralalbite-chlorite(A-l) assem-
blageis flankedby the chloriticassemblage chlorit-
izedbiotite (CB);at higherstructurallevels,a central
albite-sericite(A-2) assemblage is flankedby the
chloriticassemblage chlorite-sericite(PC). At great
depth,minoramountsof a peripheralchlorite(C) as-
semblageand proximalchlorite-calciteveinsoccur.
The centrallylocateddeep A-1 and shallowA-2 as-
semblages representthe mostintenseformof late so-
dium metasomatism, differ mostlyin terms of seri-
cite/chloriteratios (higher in A-2), and are inter-
preted assynchronous, zonallyrelatedassemblages.
Althoughthe two fringingalterationtypesCB andPC
are similarto varietiesof propyliticalteration,they
are discussed here with sodic alteration because of
their temporalandgenetictiesto sodiummetasoma-
tism.
Deepalbite-chlorite assemblage (A-l): The albite-
chloriteassemblage is distributedwidely at palco-
depthsof 2.5 to 4 km in the core of the Ann-Mason
orebody(presentlyundervolcaniccover)but is rare
in surfaceexposures. It isspatiallyassociatedwith the
centralplugof graniteporphyryandthe spireof the
Luhr Hill granitecupolaand is surroundedby the
zoneof highestcoppergradeandof pervasivebiotit-
ization of hornblende(Fig. 3A). Granite porphyry
dikesare preferentiallyaltered relative to McLeod
Hill quartzmonzodiorite.
In the albite-chloriteassemblage (Table 2; Fig.
17), K feldsparis replacedby chessboard-twinned
oligoclasewith albite rims and 10 percent quartz.
Both relict igneousand hydrothermalplagioclase
haveirregularzoning(An2_s; Fig. 5). Hydrothermal
biotite from earlier potassicalterationis pseudomor-
phically replaced by chlorite and by pale brown
phlogopite-vermiculite mixtures(Fig. 16E) that are
Fe andTi poor(Fe/Fe + Mg = 0.08; TiO = 1.02 wt
%; Dilles, 1984). Magnetiteis destroyedand mafic
silicatescontainminor rutile and/or sphene.Sparse
sulfide(0-1 vol %) consists ofbornite+ chalcopyrite,
chalcopyriteonly,or pyrite + chalcopyrite(Py/Cp --
1:1 to 5:1) that occurpartiallyin relict AB and B
veins,and rare molybdenite,commonlyin B veins.
The local presenceof sparsepyrite + chalcopyrite
contrasts with the relativelyabundantchalcopyrite+
1988 DILLES AND EINAUDI

Weakr peripheral Stronlr

central
Asse._._. Chloritic
Potassic B Alteration
CB Sodic
A-1
K-feldspar

Plagioclase(An1-25)
--- Ser
Ab..... -OIg/Ab
(An3-30)
+10% Otz
-Ab+SerEpCalc---OIg/Ab(An2-25)
Biotite
-Chl Verrn+ Rt Ep- -- --Verrn + Chl + Rt Sph-- --)
Magnetite
-Hrn........... -,---
Rt_Sph-
Rutile Sphene >

CpBn g;-' '-'-.......... Py+

Cp- --
VEIN MINERALS Ep Py Cp Chl + Qtz Qtz + OIg/Ab(relict?)
HYDROTHERMAL Chl + Ab + Ser + Hm + Rt OIg/Ab + Qtz + Verm + Chl
WALLROCKMINS Verm Ep Py + Rt + Py Sph

Weak, peripheral Strong, Central Late

...Assemblage
--
Chloritic PC Albitic A-2 Sericitic SQ TBx
BG, GP MINERALS

K-feldspar
Or90-94 (clay) --Ab+10%
QtzSer---
--Set +QtzOtz+Tm
Calc matrix
Plagioclase
(An10-37) --Ab+5-20%
SerCalc
orEp-Ab
+<5%
Serl
-- I
>Ser
+Qtz
Tm
Qtz+Ser
+RtAb
Hornblende
"C_-hl--+t"C"lc
1,'o'
c;t'" 6 II ( i +Py
frags
+_Ser+_
Mgl/HmorSulf
Chl+Ser(2:l)
Ser+Rt,
......... Verm
+Rt-Py Tm'
Biotite --Chl
+Rt+_Verm
Ser
+_Calc
'+PyTm i O
i

Magnetite - -HmSulf
trace
Rt..... Py>>Cp(23%
Su10
-5-8%
, i
>- +1%
Sphene -Rtorleucoxene .
i

VEIN MINERALS Qtz + Sulf+ Ep + Chl "D"Py Qtz Tm Ser "D"Qtz + Py Qtz + Tm
Tm Py
HYDROTHERMAL
WALLROCKMINS Ab + Chl + Ser + Rt + Hm Ab + Chl + Ser Tm + Rt Ser + Qtz + Py Qtz + Tm
Verm Ep Calc Py Py + Qtz Verm Tm Py

FIC. 17. Late-stagealterationsequences.A. Alterationof previouslypotassically

altered (B assem-
blage)QMD andGPat thelevelof the orezoneto chloriticCB andsodicA-1 assemblages. B. Shallow-le-
velalteration
immediately belowtheTertiaryerosionsurface.ChloriticPCandsodicA-1 assemblages are
thoughtto be synchronous and are cut successively
by volumetricallysmallerand more structurally
controlledsericitic(SQandTBx)assemblages.

bornitcof precursorpotassicalteration,suggesting chloritizedbiotite (CB) assemblage (Table2). In the

that fluidsresponsible for formationof albite-chlorite ore zone, biotite in the potassicbiotite (B) assem-
alsoleachedcopperfrompotassic protore. blageis partiallyalteredto chloriteadjacentto the
The albite-chlorite(A-l) assemblage is commonly zoneof sodicalbite-chlorite(A-l) alteration.The CB
pervasivelydevelopedin graniteporphyriesbut also assemblage ischaracterized (Fig. 17A)by conversion
formsas <1- to 3-cm-wideselvageson fractures. ofbiotiteto paleintergrowths ofchlorite,biotite-ver-
Sparsequartz + albite veinletscut more abundant miculite,andminorrutile. Plagioclase is partiallyal-
(<0.5 vol %) AB and B veinletsrelated to potassic teredto albiteandsericite.Magnetiteispartiallyoxi-
alteration(Table4). In additionto the evidencefrom dizedto hematiteor sulfidizedto pyrite.Sulfidesand
veinlets,the presenceof sodicassemblages in late chlorite are commonlyassociatedwith epidote C
graniteporphyrydikesthat cut potassicallyaltered veins(Table4), andsulfidecontentsandpyrite/chal-
rocksalsoindicatesthat deep sodicalterationpost- copyriteratiosare higherthanin precursorpotassic
datedpotassicalteration.There is no direct evidence assemblages.
of the relativeageof sodicandsodic-calcic alteration High-levelalbite-sericite assemblage (A-2): Albite-
becausethesetwo alterationtypesdo not overlap sericiteisthe mostvoluminous alterationassemblage
spatially;however,we infer that sodicassemblagesbetweenthe ore zoneandthe overlyingTertiary sur-
areyoungeronthebasisof agerelationswithpotassic face; at this erosionsurface(1 km paleodepth),the
assemblages. albite-sericite(A-2) zone is 3 km wide, centeredon
Deep chloritizedbiotite (CB): In the ore zone and the axisof dike intrusion,and is flankedby a rela-
aboveit toward the Tertiary erosionsurface,most tively narrow zone containingthe chlorite-sericite
hydrothermal biotitethat formedduringpotassic al- (PC) assemblage (seebelow).Albite-sericiteisperva-
teration was later altered to chlorite to form the sivelydevelopedin mostgraniteporphyrydikesand
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1989

largelyisrestrictedto the dikes(Fig.2B).It ischarac- lies alongthe axisof the porphyrydike swarm,but
terized by alterationof K feldsparto chessboard-sericiticalterationalsois developedalongD veins
twinnedalbite(Anx_e,; Figs.5 and 13D) and 1 to 10 cuttingchloriticPC andpropyliticPA-alteredrockin
vol percentquartz,of plagioclase to albite+ sericite, the structurally
highestexposures up to 3 km southof
and of mafic mineral sites to chlorite + sericite with thisaxis(Fig. 2A andB). Sericiticveinsandselvages
minorrutile and 1 to 5 vol percentpyrite.The seri- cutsodic,chloritic,propylitic,andpotassic alteration
cite to chloriteratio increasesupward. assemblages,andin turn, are cut locallyby tourma-
Veinlets related to albite-sericite alteration are rela- line breccias.
tively rare;they includequartz,pyrite, andtourma- Intermediateargillicalterationis not presentasan
line veinlets.Tourmalineveinletslocallyhavea l- outer selvageon sericiticalteration,at any scale,at
ram-to 10-cm-widealbite-sericite(A-2) selvage.In the levelsof exposurein the Singatse Range.Thisab-
somebleachedalbite-rich rocks,tourmalinerosettes sencecontrasts with generalizedmodelsof alteration
occupymaficmineralsites;this alterationstylehas zoningfor porphyrycopperdeposits(e.g., Lowell
beenmappedasthe albite-tourmaline (ATm)assem- andGullbert,1970) andwith the commonpatternof
blage(Figs.2B and 17B;Table 2). zoningof wall-rockalterationseenin porphyry-re-
Chlorite-sericiteassemblage (PC):Fringingthe al- latedbasemetallodedeposits(e.g.,MeyerandHem-
bite-sericite(A-2) zone,andcommonly restrictedto ley, 1967).
quartzmonzodioriteandquartzmonzonite,isthe rel- Sericite-quartzassemblage (SQ) and D veins:The
ativelysulfide-poor chlorite-sericite
(PC)assemblagesericite-quartzassemblage increasesin abundance
(Fig. 2A andB). ShallowchloriticPC alterationissim- upwardfrom i to 5 vol percentof smallpartsof the
ilar to deeperchloritizedbiotiteCBbutisdeveloped orezone(Fig.3A) to 50 percentof exposures along
in rocksthat containedigneoushornblenderather the overlyinglower Tertiary erosionsurface.Seri-
thanbiotitizedhornblende, asseenby nonshreddy citic alterationoccursin distinctselvagesalongD
chloritesheaves formingpseudomorphs of prismatic veins(terminologyof Gustarson andHunt, 1975; see
hornblende. Sericite also is more abundant than in Table 4) andshearedzonesthat currentlystrikeN
chloritized biotite(CB).Theprincipalalteration reac- 75W anddip 75 N andlocally200-30 N, both
tionsareconversion of plagioclaseto albite+ sericite of whichresortto verticalJurassic orientations.
The
and of biotite and hornblende to chlorite and minor dipsdifferfromthe predominant45N dip of earlier
rutile. Magnetiteis partiallyreplacedby hematite_ porphyrydike contacts, joints,andA-ABveinlets.D
sulfides. Hornblendesites,nowoccupied by chlorite, veinsare filledwith pyrite _ chalcopyrite_ quartz_
rarely alsocontainactinoliteor magnetite-hematite, sericite(Table4). Chalcopyriteiscommonin the ore
but the common lackof amphibole distinguishes the zone but is rare alongthe Tertiary erosionsurface
chloriticPC assemblage fromthe propyliticactino- wherepyrite/chalcopyrite exceeds 50:1 (Fig.2C and
lite-chlorite(PA)assemblage. D). At deepstructurallevels,D veinletsare thin (<1
Very deepchloritic(C) alteration:Chloriticalter- mm),containsparsequartz,andsericiticselvages are
ation occursat >4-kin palcodepthsin volumestoo narrow(1-10 ram);in contrast,at highstructurallev-
small to show in Figure 2B. East-west-striking,els,D veinsrangefrom1 to 100 mmin width,contain
steeplydippingzonesof Mg chlorite(varietyleuch- abundantquartz,andtheir sericiticselvages arewide
tenbergite)+ rutile+ quartz(C, Table2) cutthrough (> 1 m).
andreplacegarnet(ES-l) andsalite(ES-2)endoskarn Two varieties of serieitie alteration have been
brecciain the southeast part of Ann-Mason (Fig. 2A noted(Fig. 17B)but havenot beendifferentiatedin
andB). In theLuhrHill granitecupola,deepchlorite mapping.In the mostintenseserieitiealterationof
veinscontainingcalcite,quartz,sericite,and/orpy- highstructurallevels,the quartzcontentis higherin
rite havenarrowselvages in whichbiotiteis chlorit- aninner<l-m-wide selvageof hard,gray,textureless
ized andplagioclase is partiallyalteredto albite+ rock that is completelyaltered to abundantquartz
sericite(Table4). Mostveinsappeartobelate-stage, and lesser serieite. Tourmaline rosettes are common
causeretrogradealterationof biotite(WB andB) as- in this inner selvageand their abundancevariesin-
semblages,and introducepyrite, but some are verselywith serieiteabundance; rockquartzis com-
youngerlateCenozoicveinsalongnormalfaults. monlyreerystallizedto a eoarsergrainsize;and5 to
Sericitic alteration and tourmaline breccias
20 vol percentpyrite is common.The moretypical
serieitiealterationdoesnot totallydestroythe origi-
Sericitic alteration and tourmaline breccias are the nal rocktextureanddoesnot containaddedquartz;it
youngestalterationtypesand are characterizedby is typicalof narrowselvages at depthand of outer
replacement of igneousrocksby sericiteandquartz > 1-m-wideselvages oninnerquartz-richserieitiesel-
alongfracturezoneswith steepJurassic dips.Both vagesin shallowest exposures.It is characterized
by
alterationtypesareprimarilylocalizedwithintheex- alterationof feldsparsto sericite_ minorquartz,of
tensivezoneof olderlate-stagesodicalterationthat maficmineralsitesto sericite+ pyrite + rutileor leu-
1990 DILLES AND EINAUDI

coxene,and of spheneto rutile or leucoxene(Fig. assemblage andbroadspatialdistribution;all were

13E). Pyrite makesup 1 to 5 vol percent of the petrographicallycharacterized(Table 5; Dilles,
rock andis weatheredto jarosite+ hematite_ goe- 1984). Becausethe inclusions are smallandin multi-
thite. ple minerals,veins, and fractures,which indicate
Tourmalinebreccias:Tourmaline breccias(TBx, trappingof multiplefluids,the dataare difficultto
Figs. 2B and 17B) are spatiallyassociated with but interpret, similar to those of the Yeringtonmine
less voluminous than sericitic alteration. Breccias are (Price, 1977) and other porphyry deposits(e.g.,
up to 50 m wide and strike N 70 W. The breccia Roedder,1971, 1984, p. 439 if).
matrixconsists of quartz+ tourmaline+ 1 percent
pyrite + trace rutile or leucoxene.Angular clasts Classification
average1 to 5 cm in largestdimension,are matrix Abundantsmall(<10-tm)fluidinclusions occurin
supported,and consistof sericiticand rarely sodic all freshandhydrothermally alteredsamples. The in-
A-2 assemblages of the Yeringtonbatholithsimilarto clusions aretypicalof porphyrycopperdeposits and
nearbywall rocks.Tourmalineforms short prisms wereclassified followingthe petrographic criteriaof
within radiatingaggregates andhasPrussian blue (w) Nash(1976).TypeI inclusions containliquid+ 1 to 5
to clear (e) pleochroism; partial microprobeanalysis volpercentvaporbubble_ rarered-translucent, hex-
suggests it isthe varietydravitewith Fe/(Fe + Mg) = agonalhematiteplatelets;type II inclusions contain
0.24 andMnO < 0.02 wt percent. liquidanda large(>50 vol %) vaporbubble;typeIII
inclusionscontainliquid + a small(commonly1-5
Fluid Inclusions
vol %) vaporbubble+ oneor moresalts_ otherdark
Reconnaissance heatingand freezingexperiments solids.The saltsincludehalite (cubic,paleblue, iso-
were conductedon fluid inclusionsin quartz from tropic,large),sylvite(?,cubic,paleorange,isotropic,
eachalterationtype from 1- to 5.5-kin palcodepths small),andone or two tabular,colorless, weaklyto
andproximalto distalpositionsin order to estimate stronglybirefringentsalts(anhydrite?).Dark solids
trappingtemperatures,pressures,and salinitiesof includecommonhematiteplatesanda triangular(tet-
eachhydrothermalfluid. Ten samplesof endoskarn, rahedral)opaque,possibly chalcopyrite. No fluidin-
potassic, sodic-calcic, sericitic,andtourmalinebrec- clusionscontaina visible CO2 phase,but samples
ciawere selectedbasedonwell-developedalteration containing abundanttype I andtype III fluidinclu-

TABtJ
5. Characteristics
of Fluid InclusionSamples

Inclusion Lateral Palco- Pressure Corrected

Sample Alteration Host distance depth correction Th
number assemblage quartz Type Character Abundance Salinity (km) (kin) (C) (C)

Y-309 Tm-Qtzbreccia(TBx) R I PS,S C 1-13 0 1.5 17 150-240

with SQfragments II PS,S VR ? 17
Y-308 Sericite-quartz(SQ), V I P, S C 2-5 0 1.5 17 180-260
Qtz-Ser-(Py)vein
Y-727 Bi-Ksp-Ep-Clay-Chl V I S C ? i 1.3 15 150-250
K/PC selvageon Qtz- III P, PS VR >26
Chl(Bi)-Ep-Mgtvein
D-114A PotassicB cutby D R I S C ? 0 3.1 30 170-190
-361 Qtz-Ser-Cpvein III S C 32-42 200-360
D-109 PotassicK (Ksp-Bi-Chl V I S C 1-7 0 3.3 38 160-270
-2816 -Rt-Cp-Bn-Calc)
with III P, PS C 36-57 270-510+
-2682 B veins
Y-505B Potassic
B with Cp R I S, P? C ? 0 4.8 45 330-400
vein III S, P? VR >26
D-222 PotassicB, CB, >0.4% R I S C ? 0 3.1 30 130-220
-917 Cu, lateEp-Cp-Pyvein III S C 32-62 200-550
Y-774D Sodic-calcic
S-2 Ab-Ep R III S C 31-41 0.6 4.0 180-340
-Act-Sph,Ep vein
Y-784 Sodic-calcic
S-1/20lg R I S R ? 0 4.7 45 185-305
-Act-Sph-Rt,Qtz vein III S C 32-36 190-310
Y-765C EndoskarnES-20lg-Sal V I PS? R ? 1.5 5.4 50?
-Sph,Qtz veins

Explanation:
hostquartz:R = rock,V = vein;characterofinclusion:P = primary,PS= pseudosecondary,S = secondary;
abundance:
seeTable4; salinityin wt % NaC1equiv;lateraldistance
southof centerof GPdikeswarm; palcodepth
isdepthbelowlowerTertiary
erosionsurface+ 1 km;pressure correction(procedureisgivenin text)yieldsthe corrected
homogenizationtemperature
(Th)
i Contains
halite,sylvite,___1-2
othersalts(possibly
anhydrite),
___hematite,
and___triangular
opaque(chalcopyrite)
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1991

sionsyieldedsmallbubbleswhen crushedin oil; we

interpretthisto indicatea COapressureof > 1 bar.
High-salinity (typeIII) fluid inclusions
Type III fluid inclusions are interpretedas pri-
mary,pseudosecondary, andsecondary, basedonthe
petrographic criteriaof Roedder(1984, p. 12-25).
Primarytype III fluid inclusionsoccur as isolated,
commonlylarge,equantinclusions, in somecasesfill-
ing negativequartz crystalsand rarely in growth
zonesboth in igneousquartz and in hydrothermal
vein quartz in potassicand sodic-calcicalteration.
Type III inclusions are absentfromsericiticandtour-
malinebrecciaalterationtypes,andtherefore,we in-
terpret that they representtrappedmain-stageor
magmaticfluids.
Igneousquartzin allphases oftheYeringtonbatho-
lith contains typeIII inclusions withhalite_ sylvite_
hematite(Fig. 18A).Theseareinterpretedashaving
beentrappedduringcrystallization andwatersatura-
tion of eachgraniticmagma(Dilles, 1987). They
were not analyzed.
PotassicK and B assemblages containabundant
typeIII fluidinclusions; thosein B quartzveinsasso-
ciatedwith hydrothermalK feldspar(D-109-2816',
Table 5) displaythe highestsolid/liquidratio of all
fluid inclusionsstudied.Type III inclusionsasso-
ciatedwith potassic assemblages yieldcalculatedsa-
linitiesof 32 to 62 wt percentNaCIequiv(Fig.19A).
In sodic-calcic assemblages, type III fluid inclusions C D
containhalite _ rare hematiteandoccurasprimary
inclusions in quartzandepidoteveins(e.g.,Fig. 9A)
with oligoclase-actinolite (S-2) selvages, asprimary
inclusions in quartzthatformedduringreplacement
of K feldsparby oligoclase + quartzduringS-2alter-
ation,andassecondary inclusions in igneousquartz FIG. 18. Photomicrographs of Ann-Masonfluid inclusions in
of sampleswith S-2 alteration(Y-774D and Y-784; quartz(all samescale,plane-polarized light).A. Quartzpheno-
Table 5). Salinitiesof fluid inclusionsin sodic-calcic crystin "unaltered"graniteporphyrysampleY-781withprimary,
assemblages are31 to 41 wt percentNaCIequiv(Fig. magmatie(?)typeIII liquid(!)-richinclusions containing a small
19). An importantconclusionis that high-salinity, vapor bubble(v),halite(h), andsometimes sylvite(s),a birefrin-
gentshit(bf), hematite(hm),or a yellow-brown platelet(?).Simi-
moderate-to high-temperaturefluids (see below) lar inclusions occurin quartzin A, AB, andB veins.The central
wereassociated bothwith sodic-calcic alteration(and inclusionappears tobevaporrichwithdaughters. B.Quartzpheno-
metal leaching?)and with potassicalteration(and erystfromgraniteporphyryalteredto sodie-ealeie assemblage S-2
Cu-Fe sulfidedeposition). (Y-774D),containing planesof secondary typeIII inclusions(! + v
+ h _+othersalts)in fracturesparallelto adjacentepidotevein.C.
Low-salinity(typeI andII) fluid inclusions Secondary typeI (! + v) inclusionin sampleY-781 quartzpheno-
cryst.D. Type I inclusions in vein quartzfrom pervasivesericitic
TypeI fluidinclusions occurin all samplesstudied alterationassemblage SQ (Y-308).
assecondary inclusions alongfracturesin quartzbut
are abundantonlyin the ore zoneandaboveit. Pri-
marytype I inclusions possiblyoccurin quartzfrag- of whichwere too smallto yield microthermometry
mentsin tourmalinebrecciaandin quartzof the seri- data (Table 5). Limited freezing point depression
cite-quartzassemblage (Fig. 18C and D). On this data indicatethat type I fluid inclusions
are low sa-
basis,mosttypeI inclusions areinterpretedasrepre- linity (2-13 wt % NaC! equiv, mostly 2-5 wt %;
sentingtrappedlate-stagefluids.Other typeI inclu- Fig. 19A).
sionsof possiblydifferentoriginsincludea few sec- In the tourmalinebrecciasample,the type I fluid
ondaryinclusionsin deeppotassic samplesandpseu- inclusionsappearto coexistwith sparsesecondary
dosecondary inclusionsin saliteendoskarn,the latter vapor-rich(typeII) fluidinclusions. No othertypeII
1992 DILLES AND EINAUDI

7O m TYPEI L+VL

T 6O
'5
Sodc-Calcc

S-2
Potassic

E =4o
B K
I0

HO
MOGENI
SEQUE TYPEIT

TYPE liT

TBX Y-309
L+V --V
TYPEliT L+V+HL+ H--L
L+V+H

PL=0 5 Kb
L+V L

z 4O
i S=20
PH
=0
[5
Kb
type III 5 SQ Y-308
type I PL=0.5Kb

2( L+V+H--L +V--L-
Or)

z 0 T '
* L+V +H-'+L+H--L
S=19 PL
=0,5
Kb
o10 eL+V--L >o m_ %:o
,5bI
, I , I I '
D-II4A- 361'

06 lOO
I I i

200 300 400 5)0 600

I

51
s=? 0 I
I00

200
I
B&SQ
I ,go '
500
t=.o b, P=O3 x

A TH (C) K D-109-2816.5' 6 2682'

P:,b, :05 x

B Y-5058
' I i I
Pi,
=l71Kb,PH
=0515
Kb
500

S -2 Y-774D

2-]S=,, p=13
K,
p=0
4Kb
S=17 S-2 Y-784
400
PL=1.6Kb,PH:05Kb

Ts ,oo oo o'o .o 5o
T(C)
C FI. 20. Homogenizationtemperaturesof fluid inclusions.
Pressurecorrections of 0 to 190Cshouldbe appliedasdiscussed
3OO oo x in text for hydrostatic(P,) to lithostatic(Pi) pressures
basedon
geologicestimate.Type I, II, and III inclusionshomogenizeto
water-richliquid (L) or water-richvapor (V), and mosttype III
o Y-774 D
homogenize to L by halite (H) dissolution.

Y-784
200 '= + D-222-917'
fluidinclusions werepositivelyidentified,exceptpos-
+ D-114A-361' sible inclusionswithout liquid that are associated
x D-109- 2682' with type III inclusionsin igneousquartz (Fig. 19A).
Thesemay have originatedby magmaticboiling of
NaC1-H20 fluids.
IOO
IOO 200 300 400 Homogenizationtemperatures
High-salinitytype III fluid inclusionsgenerallyho-
B %% C mogenizeby disappearance of the vaporbubbleat
Fie;.19. Fluidinclusion
salinitydata.A.Salinityvs.homogeniza- 150Cfollowedby dissolution of haliteat a higher
are estimated temperature(170-550C; Figs. 19B and 20), de-
tiontemperature(Th).Salinitiesfor typeI inclusions
fromfreezingpointdepression fromcurves ofPotteret al.(1978); scribedelsewhereas"halite homogenization" (Wil-
salinities
fortypeIII inclusions
arecalculated fromPotter(1977) son et al., 1980). Homogenizationtemperatureis
fromhalitedissolutiontemperature. B.Plotofdissolutiontempera-
tureof halite(Ts)vs.vaporbubble(Tiv)forsodic-calcic (Y-774D taken as the higher of the two temperatures.Price
andY-784) andpotassic (D-222-917',D-114A-361',andD-109- (1977) reportedthat similarinclusions from the Yer-
2682') samples. ingtonmine homogenizedby halite dissolutionfirst
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT,NV: FLOW PATHS 1993

followedby vaporbubbledisappearance
at 150 to ' I ' ' 1 ' '
230C. I-- I / Im'gm'T' //-I
Mostlow-salinityfluid inclusionsyieldedhomoge- L I ol I FLU,DS X / _1
nizationtemperaturesof 100 to 250C. The modal z
temperaturedecreases slightlyfrom 205C at a 1.5-
km palcodepthin sericite-quartzalterationto 170C
10 '
at 4.7 km associated with late-stagechlorite veins
(Fig. 20). Three inclusionsfrom deeppotassicalter-
..: .'..-!:....
ationhomogenizedat 280 to 360C.

EstimatedP-T of trapping ././:::: /

Geologicestimatesof inclusiontrappingpressures
at Ann-Masonare basedon the palcodepthrange
from1.3 to 5.5 km andcorrespond to 130 to 550 bars
for hydrostaticpressureand 350 to 1,490 barsfor
lithostaticpressureusinga rock densityof 2.77 g/
cma.We postulatethatmosttypeI fluids,represent-
ing late-stagefluidsof surficialorigin,circulatedand 00 zoo 300 400 500 600 700 coo
were trappedunderhydrostaticconditions,whereas
T (C)
magmaticfluids initiated under lithostaticcondi-
tions.The type III fluidsassociated with sodic-calcic FiG.'2.1.IsopJethaJ pressure-temperature diagramfor the sys-
and potassicalterationevolvedfrom magmaticand tem NaCl-fI20 modifiedfromChou(1987)with liquiduscurves
formationwaters(Dilleset al., 1992) andwere likely fromBoduar(1992).40, 60, and70 arewtpercentNaCIisopleths
coexistingwithlow-salinity fluid.Arrowed P-TfluidpathsA-A'-A",
trapped at conditionsintermediatebetween litho- B-B'-A",C-C'-A",andB'-D-D'aredescribedin text.Abbreviations:
staticandhydrostatic; we arbitrarilyassigntwo times P.L. = lithostaticpressure,P.2 X H = twotimeshydrostatic pres-
hydrostaticpressureto them. sure,L = liquid, V = vapor.
Most type III fluid inclusionsmeasuredwere
trappedathighpressure abovetheliquid-vapor (boil-
ing) curve, as indicatedby halite homogenization. Fig. 21). Hence,halitehomogenization temperatures
This is consistentwith the relatively great trapping are likely minimatrappingtemperatures.
depths(3.1-4.7 km, Table5) andwith the lackof any Independent estimates oftrappingpressure forthe
coexistingvapor-richinclusions.Two sourcesof typeIII inclusions thathomogenized by halitedisso-
thesehigh-salinity,main-stagefluidsare hypothe- lution have been derived by applicationof the
sized,asillustratedqualitativelyin Figure 21. Many methodof RoedderandBodnar(1980) fromP-V-T-X
fluid inclusionsin potassicalterationcould be de- datafor the system NaC1-H20.For 22 typeIII inclu-
rivedfromhigh-salinity magmaticfluids.Theselikely sionsmeasured,thismethodyieldsfluid densitiesof
originatedat lithostaticpressureby boiling in the 1.14 to 1.36 g/cma at 200 to 510C homogeniza-
two-phaseregionand subsequently separatedfrom tion. The differencebetween the halite and vapor
the coexistinglow-salinityfluid and cooled nearly bubbledisappearance temperatures rangesfrom46
isobaricallyintothe one-phase region(pathA-A',Fig. to 348C(mostly46-210C).Thistemperature dif-
21) asproposed by John(1989, 1991) onthebasisof ferenceyieldstrappingpressures of 1,100 to 8,350
NaC1-H20 P-T-V-X relations (Sourirajanand Ken- barsusingthe 23 to 25 bar/Cisochores for the liq-
nedy, 1962; Bodnaret al., 1985; Chou,1987). These uid + haliteregionof a 40 wt percentNaCI composi-
salinefluidsmay alsohavebeentrappedduringsub- tion (Bodnar,1992, andpers.commun.). The calcu-
sequentascentand coolingat two timeshydro- latedpressures rangefromoneto eighttimeslitho-
staticpressure(A'-A",Fig. 21). Fluid inclusionsin so- staticpressureandareunreasonably high.We cannot
dic-calcicalterationare likely derivedfrom forma- accountfor the discrepancy betweenthe geologic
tion watersthat attainedhighsalinityby interaction and fluid inclusion estimates. However, the most
with halite-bearingevaporiteat 150 to 300C and probableexplanation isthatthesetypeIII fluidshave
were heated while flowing toward the Luhr Hill isochores with reducedslopesdueto ionsotherthan
granite cupolaat two times hydrostaticpressure Na-K-C1,ashasbeendemonstrated for Ca+2(Stewart
(pathsB-B'andC-C',Fig. 21). Coolingof thesefluids and Potter, 1979).
may have resultedin additionalpotassicalteration The <250C low-salinitytype I inclusionhomoge-
(B'-A"andC'-A",Fig. 21). Subsequent
to trappingof nization temperaturesrequire a pressurecorrection
the fluid inclusions,they cooledand becamehalite of 15 to 45C corresponding
to a 1.3- to 5.4-km
saturatedat 200 to 500C (schematicpath B'-D, palcodepthat hydrostaticpressure,as calculated
1994 DILLESAND EINAUDI

B LATESTAGEALTERATION 4-AdvancedAr(

AMARIN
STAGE
ALTERATION
ISArtesia Volcanics
N
JurassicPaleosurface

...,.,,.....,.,.
..,.,,
d:.'t Tertiary

I;/ PRO McLeodAb-Ep-Act-Chl-

j-Hi// OMD
Hm

contact Chloritized

km

ChI-Rt uhrHill
granitecupola

' ,,<""'. .. 200--

I'-'-.-'

and
flowlines
. /T[

where
i.ofherms
are %
tangent
" y/C
I '
FLU
/ t I1/
I - !1 / * iohfe- '..

II 4o
O rI Luhr
H,II
/ (biotite)-ex,st,ng.
gran,te
B,otite-Pistin
.rothermol

km fengency
cur / Tick.
award
mnerol
replaced
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT,NV: FLOW PATHS 1995

fromthedataofPotter(1977).Applyingthepressure volved,at leastin part.Replacementof K feldsparby

correction,thesetypeI fluidshavea homogenization sodicplagioclase in endoskarnwaslikely causedby
modeof 220 + 20C.Thus,dilutetypeI fluids,in- fluidsmigratingup a thermalgradientand doesnot
terpreted to representlate-stagealterationfluids, requireunusuallysodium-rich fluids(e.g.,Na/Na + K
circulatedto at leasta 5-kmpalcodepth undera very 0.8: Orville, 1963); this conclusion,combined
low geothermalgradient. with the intensecalciummetasomatism recordedby
The threetypeI inclusions frompotassicalteration garnetendoskarn, suggests
thatprograding, Ca-bear-
trappedat 5.5 and3.5 kin, applyinga minimumpres- ingfluidsflowedintothe batholithat paleodepths of
surecorrection basedonhydrostatic pressure,yield 3 to 6 km fromthe adjacentcarbonate-bearing wall
minimumtrapping temperaturesof 320 to 425C rocks.At a slightlylater time and at slightlyhigher
(Table 5). These latter could be nonboiled,cooled structuralpositions,saline,magmatiehydrothermal
magmaticfluids,suchasthosedocumentedby John fluids flowed outward into the carbonatewall rocks,
(1989). carryingFe, Si, and Cu in solutionto form copper
If the coexistingtype I and II fluid inclusionsin skarns(Einaudi, 1977, 1982; Harris and Einaudi,
tourmalinebreeeiaswere trapped during boiling 1982).
underhydrostaticpressure,then the trappingpres- Hydrothermal flowlines during developmentof
surewas 14 barsor a 155-m depth at 190C. This barrenendoskarn andcopper-bearing skarnare not
depthisconsiderably
lessthanthegeologic depthes- illustratedin Figure22. Giventhe hightemperatures
timate of 1.5 + 0.5 km and is consideredincorrect, of formationof garnetendoskarn, thisalterationtype
possiblybecausethe type I and II inclusionswere mostlikely is linked to the earlieststagesof batho-
trappedat differenttimes. lithie intrusion.Copper-bearing skarnformedlater,
Discussion and Conclusions probablyduringmain-stage
sodie-ealeie
andpotassie
alterationof igneousrocks.However,the flowdirec-
Evolution of Ann-Masonhydrothermal system tionsfor fluidsthatformedCu skarnwouldappearto
We proposethat at leastthreehydrothermalfluids be counter to hydrothermalflowlinesrelated to
of differentoriginwere involvedin the Ann-Mason main-stagesodie-ealeiealteration in the batholith
hydrothermal system.
Main-stagehydrothermalalter- (seebelow,andFig. 22C). This apparentcontradic-
ationandcoppermineralizationat theAnn-Masonde- tion results from the lack of detailed resolution of the
positwasthe resultof high-temperature convective space-timedistributionof fluid flow paths;these
flowandinteraction of two fluids:a cooling(ther- likely were far morecomplexthanillustratedin Fig-
mally retrograding),saline,hydrothermalfluid of ure 22 andperhapsinvolvelarge-scale infiltrationbi-
magmaticoriginlinkedto potassic alterationandore metasomatism as demonstrated for the contact aure-
deposition anda heating(thermallyprograding), sa- ole of the NotchPeakstock(Labotkaet al., 1988).
line, hydrothermalfluid of nonmagmatic origin Potassic alterationand Cu-(Mo) ore:The highest
linkedto sodic-calcicalterationandmetalleaching. coppergradesat Ann-Masonare spatiallyassociated
The resulting main-stagealteration zones were with granite porphyry dikes emanatingfrom the
broadlyoverprintedby late, lowertemperature,di- LuhrHill granitecupolaandwithquartzveins,potas-
lute, and convecting,nonmagmatic hydrothermal sicalteration,Mo, high Cu/Fe ratio sulfides,and sa-
fluidsthat causedsodic,chloritic,and sericiticalter- line fluid inclusions. Potassiealteration,definedby
ationandredistributedcopper.Timeframesillustrat- the replacementof hornblendeby biotiteandlocally
ing our interpretationof the spatialand temporal of plagioelaseby K feldspar,and accompanied by
evolution ofwall-rockalteration,hydrothermal flow- >100 ppm Cu, extends>4 km verticallyalongthe
lines,andisotherms arepresented in Figure22. axisof thedikeswarm;itsvolumeexceeds 5 kma (Ta-
Endoskarn and skarn:Endoskarn, essentially de- ble 3). The >0.4 wt percentCu orebodyis centrally
void of sulfideandiron oxideminerals,is the earliest locatedwithin the potassiezone and extendsverti-
alterationtyperecognized in thebatholithandispre- cally1.2 km abovethe Luhr Hill cupola(Fig. 22A).
main stage.However, it continuedto form during Theseobservations, in conjunctionwith petrologle
main-stagealterationassociated with emplacement andstableisotopedatapresentedelsewhere(Dilles,
of porphyrydikeswithinthe batholith.Petrologic 1984, 1987; Dilles et al., 1992), are consistent with
and fluid inclusiondataindicatethat garnetendo- upwardflowof highlysalinemagmatiehydrothermal
skarnformedat hightemperatures (600-500C) fluids,precipitationof quartzdue to decreasedsolu-
and that low-salinityhydrothermalfluidswere in- bility with coolingand pressurereduction(e.g.,

FIG. 22. The Ann-Mason

geneticmodelin Jurassic
crosssection,showingsimplifiedwall-rockalter-
ationandinferredhydrothermal flowlines
andisotherms
forthemainstage(A,B) andlatestage(C, D).
Referto Tables1, 2, and3 for assemblages
andabbreviations.
Keyto mineralreactionboundaries
in D
also refers to C.
1996 DILLES AND EINAUD1

Fournier,1985), andpotassicalterationdueto alkali 600

exchange ofK in fluidfor Na in wallrockduringcool-

ing (Fig. 23), and precipitationof Cu-Fe sulfides
5OO
fromHS-bearing fluidsby sulfidationofFeOin horn-
blendeand/or magnetite.
Sodic-calcic alteration: The Ann-Mason data also 400
documentthe largevolumeof sodic-calcic alteration
and the detailsof distributionpatternsof different
300
mineralassemblages at a scalethat wasnot apparent
fromthe morelimitedYeringtonmineexposures. So-
dic-calcicalteration,definedby thereplacement of K 200

feldsparby Na plagioclaseand of hornblendeand

biotite by actinolite,affected>8 km3 of granitic
rocks,extendingto depthsof at least3 kmbelowand
laterallyto 3 km beyondthe copperorebody;the ul-
timateproductof the fluid-rockreactionwasa rock
composed of oligoclase, quartz,andrutile-sphene es- FIc. 23. Temperature- log(a+/aa+) diagramillustratingpaths
(arrows)of coolingmagmatic fluidsandheatingandcoolingnon-
sentiallydevoidof sulfide,iron oxide,andmaficsili- magmatic fluids.Exchange reactionK feldspar+ Na+ = albite+ K+
cateminerals.The implicationisclearthathydrother- (dottedline) is basedon SUPCRT92database(Johnson et al., in
mal fluidscausingsodic-calcic alterationwere capa- press), assuming Ptt.icl
= I)lithostatie
atT > 500C,Ptt.ia= 2 X Phydrostatic
ble of leachingand transportingpreciselythose at500to 200C,andPa,la= P42oL_v atT < 200C.Position ofthe
components that were addedto the zoneof potassic exchangereactionrepresentsan averagefor the P-T conditions
of flowlinesdepictedin Figure 22C and D (actuallocationof
alteration(e.g., K, Fe, Cu, S, etc.). exchangereactionfor inflow versusoutflow differsby <0.10
Flowpathsand sources of fluids, Na-Caalteration: log (a+/aa+)).
The conclusion that hydrothermal fluidsresponsible
for sodic-calcic alterationflowedlaterallytowardthe
granitecupolaat depthis basedon the samereason- largelyderivedfroma nonmagmatic source(Dilleset
ing appliedby Carten(1986) at the Yeringtonmine: al., 1992).We suggest hereandin Dilleset al. (1992)
fluidsmigratingup a temperaturegradientin granitic that trapped formationwaters derived from ocean
rockstend to causesodicalterationas governedby water or meteoric water that had interacted with
the changewith temperatureof the equilibriumcon- evaporite,shale,andcarbonatewere a likely source.
stantfor the K-Na exchangereactionbetweenNa-K- Sources of metalsin ore:Oneimportantimplication
CI fluid + Na feldspar+ K feldspar(Fig. 23). The of the abovehypothesisis that nonmagmatic fluids
progressiveincrease,toward the granite cupola,in which causedsodic-calcicalteration would likely
degreeof Na-Ca metasomatism and in temperature flow into the outer portionsof the ore zone and, on
(from <300 to >400C), recordedby sodic-calcic coolingor mixingwith magmaticwaters,couldcon-
mineral assemblages, is consistentwith prograding tribute K, Fe, Cu, and other componentsto the ore
fluidflowtowardthe cupolafroma sourceup to 3 km zone. If the alterationpattern reflectsflow direc-
from the Luhr Hill granitecupolacontact(Fig. 23). tions,the fluidflowpathfor nonmagmatic fluidsmust
These hydrothermalfluids were extremely saline have been approximatelyhorizontal between the
(31-41 wt % NaC1equiv),similarto fluidscausing Mesozoicwall rocksand the ore zone, a distanceof 3
potassicalteration,but they had an averagelower km (Fig. 22A and C). However, near the ore zone,
temperature. sodic-calcicassemblages occur at higher structural
The sourceof saline,inwardlyconvectingfluidsis levels, suggestingthat flowlinesinclined upward
unknown.However,we rule out recycledmagmatic here and shiftedinto parallelismwith magmatichy-
hydrothermalfluids(e.g., Eastoe,1982, fig. 6) be- drothermal fluidsflowingverticallyupwardalongthe
cause the geologic,isotopic,and petrologic data axisof the graniteporphyrydike swarm(Fig. 22C).
stronglysuggestthat these inwardlycyclingfluids This point of transitionfrom heatingto coolingof
were of nonmagmatic origin.The maprelationssug- nonmagmatic fluidsis the point, neglectingsmall
gest a sourcein the Triassic-Jurassic metavolcanic pressureeffectson equilibria,at whichflowlinesbe-
andmetasedimentary wall rocksof the batholith.The cometangentto isotherms,and hydrothermalalter-
pre-tilt Ann-Masondikeandjoint orientations, which ation is transitionalfrom sodic-calcicto potassic
were the dominantcontrol on fluid flow, project (Figs.11 and 22A, C).
southeast intothesewall rocks.Oxygenisotopecom- Comparison of multiplechemicalanalyses of fresh
positionsof mineralsyield calculatedsodic-calcic (>50) andaltered(20) rock (R. B. Carten,1981, un-
fluid compositions (3-6%0)that are up to 3 per mil pub. data;Dilles andEinaudi,1988; Dilles, unpub.
lower than magmaticfluids,requiringthat they be data)indicatethat up to 50 ppmCu wasleacheddur-
 ANN-MASON Cu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1997

ing sodic-calcic alterationof McLeod Hill quartz natesabove2-kmpaleodepths, but its distributionor
monzodiorite. We calculatethat thisleachingcould presenceabovea 1-kmpaleodepthremainsundocu-
be the sourcefor a maximum of 30 percentof the mented.This assemblage is not uncommonin active
copperdepositedin the Ann-Masonore zone.These hot springs (e.g., Sigvaldsonand White, 1962;
resultsindicatethatthe bulkof the copper(andsul- SchoenandWhite, 1965), whereit may formduring
fur?)in the ore zoneis of orthomagmatic derivation coolingand/orboilingat shallowlevels(100 m) and
(e.g.,Burnham, 1979),deposited directlyfrommag- low temperatures(200C) above sericitic zones
matichydrothermal fluidsthat evolvedduringcrys- (e.g.,Cathies,1991).However,the albite-sericite as-
tallizationof the Luhr Hill granite(Dilles, 1987; semblage at Ann-Masonclearlyformedat deeperlev-
Cline andBodnar,1991). elsthanthe hot springoccurrences, andit predated
Late-stage alteration:Late-stagealterationrecords or evolvedupwardto the intensehydrolysis of seri-
the transitionfrom high- to low-temperatureand citic alteration.
fromsalineto diluteaqueous fluidsandislargelycon- Evolutiontoward lower alkalis-H+:Hydrothermal
finedto the shallow(4-km) axialportionof thehy- fluids associated with sericitic alteration and tourma-
drothermalsystem,superimposed on main-stage al- line brecciasmark the end of the hydrothermalevo-
teration-mineralization
(Fig. 22D). Here, it formsa lutionarypathatlevelsofexposure oftheAnn-Mason
funnel-shaped volumeof 7 kma, whoseuppermost deposit.Thesefluids,shallowly(3 km) convecting
i kmhasbeenstrippedby earlyTertiaryerosion.The in a near-surface environmentin through-going frac-
late-stagemineralassemblages reflectseveralimpor- ture zones,evolvedfromsodicfluidsthroughcooling
tant changesfrom main-stageones:(1) decreased anddilution.They were dilute, relativelyacidic,and
heat input by graniteporphyryintrusions,(2) de- low temperature(200-240C). Whereasearlier al-
creasedinput of magmaticand nonmagmatic saline bite-chlorite(A-l) and albite-sericite(A-2) assem-
aqueousfluids,and (3) inwardconvectionat shallow blagesare characterizedby hydrolysisof maficsili-
depthsof dilute nonmagmatic hydrothermalfluids. catemineralsto chloriteandsericiteandby albitiza-
There is no evidenceof emplacement of granitepor- tion of K feldspar,the sericite-quartzassemblage is
phyry dikesduringthis stage,becauseall dikesap- characterized by completehydrolysis of all feldspars.
pearto havebeenaffectedequallyby late-stagealter- We presumethat with further cooling,fluidsthat
ation.Oxygenandhydrogenisotopedatasuggest that caused sericitic alteration evolved to an even lower
late-stagefluidsoriginatedasmeteoricwateror sea- pH andformedkaolinite-or pyrophyllite-bearing ad-
water (Dilles et al., 1992). vancedargillicalteration;sucha path requiresevolu-
Hydrothermalcharacteristics of sodicalteration: tionto a low K+/Na+ ratio (log(a+/aa+)_-1.5; Fig.
Late-stagesodicalterationwas transitionalin terms 23) and a low K+/H+ ratio (log (a+/a+) _ 4). Al-
of temperature,salinity(?),Na exchangecapacity, thoughnot recognizedat Ann-Mason,advancedar-
and alkali-hydrogenion activity ratiosbetween ear- gillic alteration (Hudson, 1983) and jasperoidre-
lier sodic-calcic and later sericitic alteration assem- placementbodiesare foundat or nearthe paleosur-
blages.The deepalbite-chlorite(A-l) assemblage is face in the structurally overlying, regionally
superimposed on the coreof the potassically altered sericitized,Artesiavolcanicsof the BuskskinRange
orebodyandcontains lesssulfideandhasa lowercop- (ProffettandDilles, 1991; Fig. 22B).
per gradethan adjacentpotassicalteration,indicat- Hydrothermal flow paths:The thermalhistoryand
ingthatlate-stage fluidsleachedcopper,in a manner flow pathsof hydrothermalfluidsassummarized in
analogous to fluidscausingsodic-calcic alteration. Figure 22 are in broad agreementwith hydrody-
Redeposition ofcopperleachedduringthisstagemay namic convection models for fluid flow in and around
have occurred in C veinlets, but there is little evi- fractured,coolingplutons(e.g.,Cathies,1977;Nor-
dencethatmolybdenum wasremobilized.Samples of ton andKnight, 1977; Norton, 1982), asmodifiedby
the A-1 assemblage containboth high-salinitytype the requisitegenerationof magmatichydrothermal
III anddilutetype I secondary fluidinclusions, but it fluids.Magmaticfluidswere likely formedasmulti-
is unclearwhichinclusiontype is geneticallyrelated ple pulsesassociated with eachdike emplacement,
to A-1. However,the extensivesodicalterationsug- by separation ofhypersalinefluidsfromthe LuhrHill
geststhat fluidswere moderatelysalineand caused magma,andby upwardmovementalonggranitepor-
replacementof K feldsparby albite by alkali ex- phyrydikesfollowingintrusionandpressure quench-
changeduringheating.Thus,theselate-stagesodic ing (Dilles, 1987). Maximummain-stagefluid flow
fluidsare analogous to main-stage fluidscausingso- occurredin the range 350 to 550C, coincident
dic-calcicalteration,but they were lesssalineand with the highesttransportpropertiesof H20-NaC1
had a lower pH, a lower temperature(ca. 200- solutions, i.e., maximain heat capacityandisobaric
400C), and a lower K+/Na+ ratio (log (a+/aa+))of thermalexpansion and a minimumin viscosity(e.g.,
-1.5 to -1.0 vs. -1.0 to -0.8 (Fig. 23). Norton andKnight, 1977). Main-stagesalinehydro-
The sodicassemblage albite-sericite(A-2) domi- thermalfluidsconvectedcloselyabovethe apexof
! 998 DILLES AND EINAUDI

the Luhr Hill granitecupolaalongfracturedandper- blages,spatial-temporaldistributionrelativeto other

meablegraniteporphyrydikesshortlyaftertheirem- alterationtypes,andlow coppergrades.At Sierrita-
placement;magmaticfluids dominantlyflowed up- Esperanza(WestandAiken, 1982) andRoyston,so-
ward;nonmagmatic fluidsflowedinwardtowardthe dic alterationis weakly developedand localized
cupolaand then upwardin a parallelismwith mag- alongfractures;at the otherdeposits listed,sodical-
maticfluids.Isothermsformedan upwardprotuber- terationis more intense,locallypervasive,accompa-
anceabovethe cupolaasa resultof upwardtransfer niedby actinolite,andK feldsparis totallyreplaced.
of heat and massby fluid flow and by intrusionof At Yandera(Watmuff,1978), sodicalterationoccurs
granite porphyry dikes. High lateral thermal gra- outsidethe biotite zone, aswould be the caseat Ann-
dientsin thisareawere preserveddue to the inward Masonif erosionhad cut into the untilted depositto
transferof heatby convectingnonmagmatic fluids. paleodepthsof 2 to 3 km. At Ox Lake (Richards,
Late-stagehydrothermalfluidsconvectedbroadly 1976)andCopperMountain-Ingerbelle,sodicassem-
at shallowerdepthsdue to upwardtransferanddis- blagesreplacebiotite _ magnetiteand are sulfide
persalof the magmaticthermalanomalyby earlier poor.
fluids,aspredictedby Cathies(1977). An inverted Implicationsof sodicalteration:The lack of re-
cone-shaped, low-gradientthermal anomalyis por- portedsodicalterationin mostporphyry-related de-
trayed(Fig. 22D) basedon theoreticalthermalmod- positsmaybe due eitherto nonrecognition, or more
els (Norton and Knight, 1977), but in detail iso- likely,to the nongenerality
of the geologicprocesses
thermsmay have been highly irregulardue to the relatedto itsdevelopment.Asconcluded above,volu-
strongfracturecontrolof fluid flow. minoussodicalterationmay requireearly incursion
andheatingof salinenonmagmatic
water, a situation
Applicationtofurther understanding
of porphyry neithercommonlymet in, nor uniqueto, porphyry
systems settings.The factthatsodicalterationisnotuniqueto
Sodicalterationin otherporphyry-related deposits: porphyry-related igneous centersisillustrated
by the
Sodic-calcicand sodicalteration(referredto in the knownoccurrenceof sodicalterationin a varietyof
discussion that followsas"sodic")occursin a broad mineralized and unmineralized continental, or rifted
rangeof hydrothermal ore deposits(e.g., "albitiza- continental,plutonic-volcanic terranesof both Pha-
tion" of Meyer andHemley,1967). Sodicalteration nerozoic(e.g.,Gilluly, 1933; Fox, 1988; Battlesand
is commonin mineralizedalkalinegranitesandrare Barton,1989; Battles,1991) andmiddleProterozoic
metalgranitesasa muscovite-albite association (e.g., age (Lagerbladand Gorbatschev,1985; Rickard,
SchwartzandSurjono,1990) but isnotwidelyrecog- 1988; Hitzmanet al., in press).Accordingto Battles
nized as a characteristicstyle of alterationin por- and Barton (1989), the specialcircumstances that
phyrycopperdeposits. Althoughthismayin partbe lead to sodicalterationwere widely developedin
dueto lackof exposure of deepportionsofhydrother- Mesozoicarcigneousrocksof the westernGreatBa-
mal systems elsewherefrom Yerington,wheremost sin,where 15 localities(includingthe Yeringtondis-
sodicalterationoccurs,the largeamountsof sodical- trict) have widespreadsodicalteration.These au-
terationin the centerandupperpartsof Ann-Mason thorssuggest that sodicalterationislinkedto moder-
makethisunlikely. ately saline, halogen-rich,and isotopicallyheavy
To Carten's(1986) listof fiveporphyry-related de- waters(e.g.,formationwatersor seawater)that con-
positsoutsidethe Yeringtondistrictwhichareknown vect into rifted intrusive volcanic centers. Similar so-
to containsodicalteration(Ajo and Sierrita-Esper- dic alteration is well documented in oceanic rift set-
anza, Arizona; Ox Lake, British Columbia; Yandera, tings,wherethe upper3 km of ophiolitesuiteshave
PapuaNew Guinea;andthe Drammendistrict,Nor- been altered to K-depleted and -enriched green-
way) we add: Copper Mountain-Ingerbelle, British schistsby seawaterconvection(e.g., Harper et al.,
Columbia (Fahrni et al., 1976); Royston,Nevada 1988; Kimball, 1988).
(Seedorff,1991); Cuddy Mountain, Idaho (Fank- Prograde fluid paths:In spiteof the factthat most
hauser,1969); andthe LightsCreek district,Califor- porphyry-related depositsare associated with multi-
nia (Gratonand McLaughlin,1917). We retain the ple intrusivecenters,andtherefore,are likely to un-
New Cornelia(Ajo) mine,Arizona,despiterecentK- dergocyclicalheatingandcooling,mostgeneralmod-
Ar ages(Hagstrumet al., 1987), whichwe believe elsof porphyry-related systems arepresentedonlyin
are ambiguous; theseauthorshave givena reinter- terms of unidirectionalcooling of hydrothermal
pretationthat the CardiganPeakplutonwhich con- fluids(e.g., Burnham,1979). Becausethe evidence
tainssodicalteration(Gilluly, 1946; Cox and Ohta, for prograding(heating)fluid pathsis likely to be
1984) is 20 m.y. youngerthan the Corneliapluton foundat somedepthbelowore zones,or because late
whichhoststhe porphyrycopperdeposit. retrogradehydrolyticalterationmasksor destroys
There is some evidence that sodic alteration in earlier events,the progradecycle has only rarely
manyof the depositslistedaboveis similarto that in beenrecognized in porphyrysystems. At E1Salvador,
the Yeringtondistrict in terms of mineral assem- Chile, Gustarson andHunt (1975) describeearly,rel-
 ANN-MASONCu DEPOSIT, NV: FLOW PATHS 1999

ativelyhightemperatureandalusite-corundum assem- will shedfurtherlightonthesources andsinksofcom-

blageson the marginsof the lastmajorporphyryin- ponentsin hydrothermalsystems.
trusion.Hemley et al. (1980) interpret this assem- Acknowledgments
blageto be the resultof progradingsolutionsthat The authorsare indebtedto many workerswho
leachedsilica.As suggested by the Ann-Masondata,
havecontributedto the understanding of hydrother-
prograding fluidsarecapableof leachingmetalsfrom mal wall-rock alteration in the Yerington district.
wall rocksand thereforeare a potentialsourceof
ChuckMeyer initiatedthe wall-rockalterationmap-
metals;theyarealsocapableof leachingmetalsfrom
ping of the Yeringtonminefor the AnacondaCom-
previouslyformed ore zones,and therefore,are a
pany. JohnProffett, Don Gustarson,Ken Howard,
likely causefor the variabilityof metal distribution
patternsobservedin porphyry-related deposits. andA. Souvirondid initial geologicstudiesat Ann-
Mason;Nick Harrisinvestigated the adjacentskarns.
Metalzoning:Variationsin timingof deposition and
zonal distributionof differentmetalsin porphyry- Proffett's and Rick Carten's work provided the
type depositsare controlledin partby differences in groundwork for this study. Discussions with Carten,
Eric Seedorff,Proffett,Howard, andR. Bodnarhave
initial abundances of metalsand volatile speciesin
magmas(e.g., Candela,1989). Additionalvariations aidedourunderstanding greatly.We thanktwo Eco-
arethe resultof differencesin wall-rockcomposition, nomic Geology referees for thoroughreviews.JHD
the evolutionarypath takenby early fluids,and the thanks the Anaconda Company for funding,the Na-
redistributionof elements by latesuperimposed alter- tional Science Foundation for a graduate fellowship,
ation. Suchvariabilityis particularlywell illustrated
and the Mudd fund for material support while at
StanfordUniversity.
in the Yeringtondistrict,wheretwo porphyryintru-
sive centersof identical age, and with the same August19, 1991;July24, 1992
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