Page | 1

DESIGN AND LAYOUT PROBLEM FOR A COMBINED GAS-VAPOR

POWER PLANT

General
A single Gas Turbine Power Plant topping the steam power plant
that will contain two identical controlled-extraction 5000-Kw turbine
generators. Steam will be extracted from each turbine for process use
and for a deaerator. Steam also will be extracted at a lower pressure
for use in a surface type of feed water heater. A by-pass, pressure
reducing station will provide process steam when the turbines are not
in use. All process steam become contaminated and is wasted.
Four identical boiler/heat exchangers are to supply the plant
steam requirements (two boilers to carry maximum requirements of
one turbine). The boiler/heat exchanger room will be transferring it to
the steam in a heat exchanger that serves as the boiler.
Equipment to be located in the turbine hall: turbine generators,
deaerators, low-pressure heaters, boiler feed pumps, condensers,
circulating pumps, air ejectors condensate pump, turbine control
board, overhead crane. A separate building shall be provided for gas
turbine power plant.

Data
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Compressor mechanical efficiency: 99%
Turbine and compressor adiabatic efficiencies: 85%
Generator electrical and mechanical efficiency: 98%
Burner efficiency: 95%
Turbine mechanical efficiency: 99%
Fuel: Natural gas with lower heating value of 20270 Btu/lb
Air enters the compressor suction at 95oF and 14.7 psia, and the
gas turbine at 2060oF. The pressure ratio is 14. The exhaust gasses
leave the heat exchanger at 350oF.

Steam Power Plant

Turbine generators:
96% mechanical efficiency, 95% generator efficiency,
design point is 5/4 load, 40-psia automatic extraction (for surface type
feed water heater) and 10-psia non-automatic extraction pressures (for
process use and deaerators). Steam conditions 400 psig, 550oF, and 2
in. Hg.
Process Steam: 35000 lb per hour for the plant. Show connection
for safety valve after PRV.
Boilers: Single settings, Minimum distances, 10-ft between
boilers, 18-ft aisle in front of boiler setting for control board.
Condensers: Circulating water enters at 80oF, surface type, 2-
pass, 18-gage in. tubes, 6-fps water velocity, 75% cleanliness factor.
Design condenser axis will be perpendicular to turbine axis.
Air Ejectors: 200 lb per hour of steam required for each unit;
1000 Btu per lb available for feed heating in air-ejector condensers.
Condensate Pumps: Two per condenser, 100% spare, centrifugal,
motor-driven, 150-ft total head. Allow 10% extra capacity based on the
low obtaine for the condenser.
 Page | 2

Boiler Feed Pump: four pumps for the plant,100% spare,

centrifugal, motor-driven, 325-psig discharge pressure. Allow 10%
extra flow to take care of emergencies.
Deaerators: two for entire plant, 100% spare, Make-up waters
deaerators at 60 oF.
Surface Heaters: One per turbine generator, no spare, 5oF TD,
drains cascaded to condenser. Design on basis of heat balance data.
Turbine Control Board: One for both turbines, 8 ft high by 14 ft
long, and 5 ft deep (to allow for switchgear) with 4-ft clearance.
Piping: of sufficient strength for pressures and temperatures
involved, flanged. Water piping on pump discharges designed for
velocity of about 450 fpm and less than 200 fpm on suction. 10%
pressure drop in low-pressure bleed line and % in high-pressure blee
line. Use a hand by-pass around automatic PRV.
Stack: To develop 1-in. static draft.

Requirements:
a. Calculate heat balance for turbine hall and make schematic
diagram with flows, temperatures, and enthalpies.
b. Calculate boiler size and select boiler
c. Calculate surface requirements of condenser and select
condenser
d. Calculate size of, and select, deaerators and surface heaters
e. Calculate size of boiler feed pumps and select pumps
f. Calculate size of condensate pumps
g. Make a plan layout of equipment. Show major dimension of
equipment and building, and show centreline dimensions.
h. Layout main steam pipe (single line) on drawing and show all
fittings.
i. Calculate pipe sizes for main steam lines
j. Write a bill of material for the main steam piping
k. Calculate the maximum friction loss in the steam piping from
boiler to turbine
l. Calculate the fan horsepower and select a fan
m. Determine the diameter and height of the stack
n. Draw and end view of the plant showing equipment and
piping
o. Layout the water piping from the deaerator of the boiler,
showing all fittings, and includes and automatic valve for
feedwater regulation
p. Determine the friction loss of the water piping
q. Determine the power penetrated by the gas turbine power
plant
r. Determine amount of fuel consumed per hour]
s. Draw a TS diagram for the combined gas-vapor power plant
Page | 3
 Page | 4

A. Calculate heat balance for turbine hall and make

schematic diagram with flows, temperatures, and
enthalpies.

5000 KW @ 400 psig

The value is 73.1% ; Engine Efficiency (Table 8 p. 8-61)

400 psig @ 550 0F

For the Rankine Cycle Ratio

For Emg:

Emg = (Mechanical Efficiency)(Generator Efficiency)

= (0.96)(0.95)

Emg = 91.2%
 Page | 5

For Engine Efficiency :

Engine Efficiency = 73.1 x 1.0 x 0.98

Engine Eff. = 71.638%

For RCR or Stage Efficiency :

Engineefficiency
RCR
Emg

RCR = 78.5504%

At Point 1 : w/ 400 psig @ 550 0F

P1 = 400 psig + 14.7 = 414.7 psia

T1 = 550 0F

From Steam Table ( Table 3)

P h
s

410 1276
1.5570

4.7 x1
x2

h1
5 414.7 0.6
3
s1
1.7x 10

415 1275.4
1.5553

For h1:

4.7 x 1 x2
= =
5 0.6 1.7 x 103

x 1=0.564
 Page | 6

h1=1276+(0.564)

btu
h1=1275.436
lb

For S1:

x 4.7
=
1.7 x 103
5

3
X =1.598 x 10

S 1=1.5570(1.598 x 103 )

btu
S 1=1.555402 R
lb

A point 2: w/ h1 = h2 and 4% pressure drop

P2=P1(4 )( P1)

= 414.7 (414.7)(4%)

P2=398.11 2 psia

With h1 = h2;

h2 = 1275.436

Solving For S2:

By double interpolation @ 395 psia and 400 psia

@ 395 psia

h S

1271.3 1.5562

540
 Page | 7

4.136 X3

X4

6.2 1275.436 6.1 x 103 s

10 t

1277.5 1.5623

550
 Page | 8

S = 1.5562 + x3

(4.136)(6.1 x 103 )
1.5562+
6.2

s=1.5603

@ 400 psia

h S

1270.8 1.5544

540

4.6 X

6.2 1275.4 6.1 x 103 s

10 t

1277.0 1.5605

550

S = 1.5544 + x

( 4.636 )(6.1 x 103)

= 1.5544+
6.2

s=1.55896

By interpolating the computed S values:

P2 S2

395 1.5603

3.112 X
 Page | 9

1.34 x 103 S2
5 398.112

400 1.55896
 P a g e | 10

X 3.112
=
1.34 x 10
3
5

X =8.34016 x 104

S 2=1.5603x

S 2=1.5602(8.34016 x 104)

btu
S 2=1.55947
lb R

At Point 3: w/ P2 = 40 psia and S2 = S3 = 1.55947

Solving for h3 by interpolation:

Since S 2=S'3 =1.55947 is beyond the values found in the Tables 3, we

will use Table 2

@ 40 psia and with S 2=S'3 =1.55947

hf = 236.16 sf = 0.39214

hfg = 933.8 sfg = 1.2845

S '3=S'f 3 +xS'fg3

' '
S 3Sf 3
x= '
S fg 3

1.559470.39214

1.2845

x=0.90878 16271

h'3=h'f 3 + x h'fg 3

236.16+ (0.9087816271)(933.8)
 P a g e | 11

'
h3=1084.780283 btu/lb
 P a g e | 12

h3
Solving for using RCR:

h2h 3
RCR=stage eff .=
h2h '3

RCR = 78.5504%

h2h 3
78.5504 = '
h2h 3

'
h3=h2stage ef f .(h2 h3 )

1275.4360.785504 (1275.4361084.7803 )

btu
h3=1125.6752
lb

S3 h3=1125.6752P3=40 psia
Solving w/

h3=hf 3 + x hfg 3

h3h f 3
x=
h fg3

1125.6752236.16
x=
933.8

x=0.9525757121

S 3=S f 3 +xS fg3

S 3=0.39214 +(0.9525757121)(1.2845)

btu
S 3=1.61572
lb R
 P a g e | 13

S 2=S 4 ' P4 =10 psia

At point 4: w/ and

'
Solving for h4 :

hf = 161.23 sf = 0.28356

hfg = 982.1 sfg = 1.5041

S '4 =S 'f 4 + x S'fg4

S '4S 'f 4
x= '
S fg 4

1.559470.28358
x=
1.5041

x=0.8482747158

h'4 =h'f 4 +h 'fg 4

h'4 =161.23+(0.8482747158)(982.1)

h'4 =994.3206 btu/lb

h1h 4
RCR=stage eff .=
h1h '4

'
h4 =h2 stage eff . (h2h 4 )

h4 =1275.436(0.785504)(1275.436994.3206)

btu
h4 =1054.62297
lb

S4 h4 =1054.62297P 4=10 psia

Solving with

h4 =h f 4 + x hfg 4
 P a g e | 14

h4 hf 4
x=
hfg 4
 P a g e | 15

1054.62297161.23
x=
982.1

x=0.9096761735

s 4 =s f 4 + x s fg4

s 4 =0.28358+( 0.9096761735)(1.5041)

btu
s 4 =1.65182
lb R

btu
P5=2. Hg .using s 2=1.55947
A point 5:w/ lb R

hf h fg Sf
P

S fg

0.90 66.25 1038.0 0.12642

18604

0.0797

X1 X2
0.1 0.9797 3.49 2

X3 6.24 x 103 X 4 0.0151

1.0 69.74 1036.0 0.13266

1.8453

(3.49 )( 0.0797 )
X 1=hf =66.25+ =69.0.3153
0.10
 P a g e | 16

( 2 ) ( 0.0797 )
X 2=hfg=1038.0 =1036.406
0.10

3
(6.24 x 10 )(0.0797)
X 3=S f =0.12642+ =0.13139328
0.10

( 0.0151 ) ( 0.0797 )
X 4 =Sfg =1.8604 =1.8483653
0.10
 P a g e | 17

S 1=S f + x S fg

S 1S f
x=
S fg

1.5554020.13139323
x=
1.8483653

x=0.7704151988

'
For h5 :

h5 '=hf 5 ' + x hfg 5 '

'
h5=69.03153+(0.7704151988)(1036.406)

btu
h'5=867.494
lb

h5
Solving for :

h1h5
RCR=
h1h5 '

h5=h1stage eff .(h1 h'5 )

1275.436(0.7704151988 )( 1275.436867.494)

btu
h5=954.99593
lb
 P a g e | 18

LIST OF FINAL ENTHALPIES:

btu
h1=1275.436
lb

btu
h2=1275.436
lb

btu
h3=1125.6752
lb

btu
h4 =1054.62297
lb

btu
h5=954.99593
lb

FOR ESTIMATING THE THROTTLE FLOW

KW cap
Total output =
Emg

5000

0.912

Total output =5,482.45614035

FOR NON-BLEEDING THROTTLE FLOW

Throt tle Flow NB =

Total output ( 54 ) ( 3413 )
h1h5

Throttle Flow NB=

5,482.45614035 ( 54 ) ( 3413 )
1275.436954.99593
 P a g e | 19

Throttlr Flow NB =72991.89676488

 P a g e | 20

FROM EQUATION (11-1.p.510). for the non-regenerative cycle

Turbine Heat Rate

[ (
1
Throttle Flow NB
1
2 )]
+ PS + [ Throttle Flow NB ( h4 h f @ 2inHg ) ]

5
( KWcap )
4

[ ( 72991.89676488+17500 ) ( 1275.4361054.62297 ) ]+ [ 72991.89676488 ( 1054.6229769.03153 ) ]
5
( 5000 )
4

Turbine Heat Rate 1=14707.51656895

ASSUME THAT THE FINAL TEMPERATURE OF FEEDD WATER IS:

T fw =239.0583772

Temp@ 2 inHg=100.9895

Feed water total rise=239.0583772100.9895

Feed water total rise=138.0688772

From FIG. 11-7(a) p.513. The reduction in heat consumption at

total rise in Feed water temperature = 138.0688772

ONE STAGE 5.7

From FIG. 11-7(e) p.515. The temperature correction to be

added is 0.00426. Therefore, the load and vacuum correction

will be unity, applying this correction as indicated in EQUATION

(11-5)

Turbine Heat Rate=Turbine Heat Rate 1 [ 10.0570.00426 ]

14707.51656895 [ 10.0570.00426 ]

Turbine Heat Rate=13806.53410394

P a g e | 21
 P a g e | 22

Since the plant generates process steam & electrical energy is

by produce the turbine heat rate would be added by EQUATION

(11-4 p.511)

3413
Turbine Heat Rate=Turbine Heat Rate +
Emg

3413
Turbine Heat Rate=13880.91834407+
0.912

Turbine Heat Rate=17,548.85866534

T fw =239.0583772
At

Form steam table

T hfw

238 206.42

1.0583772

239.0583772 x 2.02

240 208.44

1.0583772 ( 2.02 )
x=
2

x=1.068960972

h fw=206.42+1.068960872

h fw=207.48896096

Form Equation 11-1

Turbine Heat Rate ( KWcap )

W=
h1h f @ 239.053772

17,623.24290547 ( 5000 )

1275.436207.48896096
 P a g e | 23

W =82, 161 .65232835

 P a g e | 24

Ib
mT =86030
Assume that . Approximately &Reduce by 200 hr .

For Air Ejector

mT =85830
Therefore

HEAT BALANCE FOR DEAERATOR

m2

h4

1
mW = PS+0 . 02 mT
9 psia 1
m2+ PS+0 .02 mT
2 2

m2 h 4=m2 hf @9 psia + mW ( h f @ 9 psiahf @ 60 F )

mW ( hf @ 9 psiahf @ 60 F )
m 2=
h4 h f @ 9 psia

1
mW = PS+0 . 02 mT
2

( 17500+0 . 02 ( 85830 ) ) ( 156 . 2728 . 08 )

m 2=
1054 . 62297156 . 27

m2=2742 .10253237
 P a g e | 25

The temperature of the feed water form heater & deaerator

entering the boiler

1
m2+ PS+ 0.02mT
2

1
1.02 mT mT = PSm 2
2

h f @ 225.96F =224.6394

h fw

([ m + 12 PS +0.02 m ) (h
2 T f @ 9 psia
] [( 1
) ]
) + m T 2 PSm2 ( h f @ 225.96 F ) =1.02 m T ( hfw )

(m + 12 PS+ 0.02 m ) (h
2 T f @ 9 psia

[( 1
)
) + mT 2 PSm2 ( h f @ 225.96 F ) ]

hfw =

85830
( 2742.10253237+17500+0.02() ( 156.27 ) ] + [ ( 85830175002742.10253237 ) ( 224.6394 ) ]

h fw=207.49017735

mC
For

1
mC =mT m2 PS
2

mC =858302742. 1025323717500

mC =65587 . 89746763

mW
For
 P a g e | 26

1
mW = PS+0 . 02 mT
2

mW =17500+0 . 02 ( 85830 )

mW =19216 . 6
 P a g e | 27

HEAT BALANCE AT AIR EJECTOR

h f @ 2inHg =69.03153

200 h

mC hC

mC (hC hf @ 2 inHg )=200 h

200 ( 1000 )
hC = + 69.03153
65587.89746763

hC =72.08087306

HEAT BALANCE AT SURFACE HEATER

Pressure @ surface heater = 36 psia

Tsat=260.96 0F

With Temperature Difference of 5 0F

T 2 =TsatTd

T 2 =260.965

T 2 =255.96
 P a g e | 28

m1

h3

mC mC

h f @T 2
hC

m1

T hf

254 222.65

1.96

2 255.96 X 2.03

256 224.68

By interpolation:

255.96254
x= ( 224.68222.65)
256254

h f @36 psia =229.75

E =Eout

mC h C + m1 h3=m1 h f @36 psia + hf @ T 2

mC ( h f @ T hC )
m 1=
2

h3hf @ 36 psia

65587.89746763 ( 224.639472.08087306 )

1125.6752229.73

m1=11168.08597525
P a g e | 29
 P a g e | 30

FOR MASS BALANCE

Assume that the surface heater deaerator & air

ejector condenser are one heat exchanger.

1
M1 M 2+ 0.02+ PS
2

0.02 M T

MT

M1

Mass entering = Mass leaving

m1=11225.23684584 m1=11225.23684584

m2=2743.04431587 mT =86160

mC =65916.95568

1
PS=17500
2

96998.08597525 96998.08597525

The output of the Turbine

Internal KW

1

( )
( mT 200 ) ( h1h3 ) + ( mT 200m1 )( h3h 4 ) + mT 200m1m2 2 PS (h4 h5 )
5
(3413)
4

=
65587.89746763

( 85630 ) ( 149.7608 )+ ( 74461.91402475 )( 71.05223 ) + ( 54219.81149237 ) ( 97.8349525 )1.917

 P a g e | 31

Internal KW = 5482.73769105
 P a g e | 32

KWcap
losses= KWcap
Emg

5000
5000
0.912

Losses=482.4561404

Therefore Net output will be:

output=Internal KwL osses

5482.1779944482.73769105

output=5000.28155069

Correction:

m
correction= ( outputKWcap ) ( Internal
T
KW )

( 5000.281550695000 ) ( 86160
5000 )

correction=4.40756015

For Work Turbine:

1
( )
( mT 200 ) ( h1h 3 ) + ( mT 200m1 ) ( h3h4 ) + mT 200m1m2 PS ( h 4h5 ) 1.917 mC
2

12824017.304+5290685.04152648+5401759.3283433125731.99944544

W T =23390729.67

FOR CHECKING

Output =
3413 ( 54 ) ( KWcap)
Emg

Output =
3413 ( 54 ) ( 5000 )
0.912

Output =23389528.51
P a g e | 33
 P a g e | 34

CHECKING THE CAPACITY

E
output ( Emg ) ( mg)
KWcap= WT
5
3413 ( 54 ) 3413( )
4
KW =

23389528.51 ( 0.912 ) 23390729.67 ( 0.912 )

KWcap= KW =
5 5
3413
4 () 3413
4()
KWcap=5000 KW =5000.256774

EXTRACTIO FACTOR

h3h 5 1125.6752954.99593
FRIST BLEED= = =0.53264022
h1h5 1275.436954.99593

h4h5 1054.62297954.99593
SECOND BLEED = = =0.31090693
h1h 5 1275.436954.99593

NON-BLEEDING STEAM RATE

5
( 3413 )
4 1.25 ( 3413 )
=
h1h5 1275.436954.99593

NON BLEEDING STEAM RATE=13.31372197

For 5000 KW capacity w/ 482.4561404 Losses. The Throttle Flow

required will be:

REPLACEMENT FLOW

Non-bleeding throttle flow

( KW + Losses )( non bleed )

( 5000+482.4561404 )( 13.31372197 )

Nonbleeding Throttle Flow=72991.89676488

P a g e | 35
 P a g e | 36

For 5000 KW capacity w/ 482.4561404 Losses. The Throttle Flow

required will be:

REPLACEMENT FLOW

Non-bleeding throttle flow

( KW + Losses )( non bleed )

( 5000+482.4561404 )( 13.31372197 )

Nonbleeding Throttle Flow=72991.89676488

REPLACEMENT STEAM

1st Replacement
First Bleed=m1 ( first bleed )

11225.23684584 ( 0.53264022 )

First Bleed=5948.57179239

2nd Replacement

m
1
( 2+ PS )( second bleed)
2
Second Bleed=

( 2742.10253237+17500 ) ( 0.31090693 )

Second Bleed=6293.41005535

Total Flow required when bleeding

72991.89676488+ 5948.57179239+ 6293.41005535

total=85233.87861

CONSIDERING THE CORRECTION

Total=85233.87861+correction

85566.86534+ 4.40756015

Total=85571.2729
P a g e | 37
 P a g e | 38

FOR TURBINE HEAT RATE

h 1 ( mT mW )mT ( hfw )
HEAT RATE=
output

1275.436 ( 8583019216.6 )85830 ( 207.49017735 )

5000.28155069

HEAT RATE=13429.71395558

FOR h

mC ( hC hf @2 inHg )
h=
200

65587.89146763 ( 72.0808730669.03153 )

200

h=1000

B. CALCULATE THE BOILER SIZE AND SELECT BOILER

1
mfw =m2+ 0.02mT + PS+ mC
2

2742.10253237+0.02 ( 85860 ) +17500+65587.89146763

87546.6
mfw = =43773.3
2

Solving for the mass Flow Rate of Blow down

mbd=0.01 mT

m bd=0.01(85830)

mbd=858.3
 P a g e | 39

Solving for the mass of steam coming from the gas turbine flowing
to the boiler

msteamboiler =mfw mbd

43773.3858.3

msteamboiler =42915

Solving for
hS enthalpy of steam

h5=h1=1275.436

Enthalpy o Blow down,

hbd

hbd =hf @ 400 psig +14.7

P=414.7 psia

DIVIDED BY 0.95 ONE TO 5% PD IN HIGH PRESSURE; BLEED LINE

414.7
P= =436.5261579
0.95

FOR
hbd by interpolation

P hf

430 432.2

6.52631579
10 436.52631579 x 2.6

440 434.8

6.52631579 ( 2.6 )
x=
10

x=1.69684211

hbd =432.2+1.69684211
 P a g e | 40

hbd =433.89684211
 P a g e | 41

FOR THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE

DATA:

P1 G=14.7

T 1 G =95+ 460=555

T 3 G =2060+ 460=2520

T boilerexhaust=350+ 460=810

Compressor mechanicaleff =0.99

Turbinecompadiabaticeff =0.85

Gemeff =0.98

Burner eff =0.95

Turbinemecheff =0.99

Pressure retio=14

FUEL: Natural Gas

LHV =20270

At point 1 of the gas cycle:

From the table of properties of air

T 1 G =555
 P a g e | 42

P1 G=14.7
 P a g e | 43

By interpolation from the given table

T h Pr

540 129.06 1.3860

555 Xh XPr

560 133.86 1.5742

For the enthalpy of point 1

555540
Xh= ( 133.86129.06 )
560546

X h =3.6

h1 G=129.06+ X h

h1 G=132.66

555540
X Pr= ( 1.57421.3860 )
560540

X Pr=0.14115

Pr1 G =1.3860 X Pr

Pr1 G =1.52715
 P a g e | 44

At point 2 the gas cycle

For P2

P2 G
=Pressureratio
P1 G

P2 G=Pressure ratio ( P1G )

For Pr2

P2 G Pr 2G
=
P1 G Pr 1G

P 2G
Pr 2G = ( Pr1 G )
P1 G

Pr 2G =21.3801

For the temperature and enthalpy of point 2 in the gas cycle

From the table of properties of air:

Pr 2G =21.3801
Using

Pr h2G T2G

21.18 281.14 1160

21.3801 Xh2 XT2

24.01 291.30 1200

 P a g e | 45

For the ideal enthalpy of point 2

21.380121.18
X h 2= ( 291.30281.14 )
24.0121.18

X h 2=0.71838021

h 2Gideal=281.14+ X h2

h 2Gideal=281.85838021

For the actual enthalpy of point 2

h 2Gidealh1G
h 2Gactual=h1G +
Turbinecopm adiabaticeff

h 2Gactual=308.18750613

For the temperature of point 2

21.380121.18
X T 2G = ( 12001160 )
24.0121.18

X T 2G =2.82826855

T 2 G =1160+ X T 2 G

T 2 G =11622.82826855
 P a g e | 46

At point 3 of the gas cycle

Using the given temperature at point 3

T 3 G =2520

From the table of the properties of air

T h3G Pr3G

2500 645.78 435.7

2520 Xh3G XPr3G

2550 660.12 473.3

For the enthalpy of point 3

25202500
Xh3G= ( 660.12645.78 )
25502500

X h 3 G =5.736

h3 G =645.78+ X h 3 G

h3 G =651.516
 P a g e | 47

For the Pr of point 3

25202500
X Pr 3 G= ( 473.3435.7 )
25502500

X Pr 3 G=15.04

Pr3 G =435.7+ X Pr 3G

Pr3 G =450.74

At point 4 of the gas cycle

Pr 4 G 1
=
Pr3 G Pressure ratio

1
Pr 4 G= ( Pr 3 G )
Pressure ratio

Pr 4 G=32.19571429

From the table properties of air

By interpolation

Using Pr4G=32.1957143

Pr4G h4G T4G

30.55 311.79 1280

32.19571 Xh4G XT4G

34.31 322.11 1320

P a g e | 48
 P a g e | 49

For the ideal enthalpy of point 4

32.19571.30 .55
Xh4G= ( 322.11311.79 )
34.3130.55

X h 4 G =4.51694872

h4 Gideal=311.79 + X h 4 G

h4 Gid eal=366.58830641

For the temperature at point 4

32.19571 30.55
XT4g (1320 1280
)
34.31 30.55

XT4g 17.50755319

T4g 1280 XT4g

T4g 1297.50755319

FOR THE WEIGHT OF FUEL

Wf = weight of fuel

h3g h2gactual
Wf

LHV Burnereff.
Wf 0.01782923

FOR WORK OF THE COMPRESSOR

 P a g e | 50

h2gactual h1g

Workcompressor
Compressor
mechanicaleff.
177.30051124
Workcompressor

FOR WORK OF GAS TURBINE

Turbinemech
Workgasturbine
eff. h3g h4gactual 1 Wf
Workgasturbine 287.10765654

WORK NET OF THE GAS CYCLE

Worknetgas Workgasturbine
Workcompressor

Worknetgas 109.80714529

WEIGHT OF AIR REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A GIVEN OUTPUT

From equation 12-5 (potter, pp.559)

5
(3413
capacity )
4
Wair.required

GEMeff. Worknetgas
Wair.required 198225.54874894

HEAT BALANCE AT THE BOILER

For the enthalpy of the exhaust:

Boiler temperature exhaust = 350+460 = 810R

Using the table of properties of air
Tboilerexhaust 810

T5exhaust hboilerexhaust

800 191.81
810 Xexhaust
820 196.69
 P a g e | 51

810 800

Xexchaust (196.69 191.81
)
820 800

Xexchaust 2.44

191.81 Xexchaust
hboilerexhaust

hboilerexhaust 194.25
FOR MASS OF THE EXHAUST

hf.feedwater Me 1 Wf h4
Mfeedwater
Msteamboiler
h1 Mb hb Me 1 Wf hboilerexhaust
Me
Msteamboiler
h1 Mb hb Mfeedwater
hf.feedwater

1 Wf h4gactual hboilerexhaust
Me 262384.92784404

SINCE THERE ARE 4 BOILER IN THE PLANT

Mtotalexhaust 4 Me

Mtotalexhaust 1049539.71137614

CYCLE NET OUTPUT

h2gactual h1g
Cyclenet.output
0.99h3g h4gactual 1 Wf 0.99


Cyclenet.output 109.80714529

FOR GAS TURBINE OUTPUT

Gasturbine.output
Mtotalexhaust
0.98Cyclenet.output

3413

33091.71414836
Gasturbine.output
 P a g e | 52

FOR THE NET OUTPUT OF THE ENTIRE PLANT

Since there is a 2 steam turbine:

Capacity 50002
steam.turbine

Capacity 10000
steam.turbine

THEREFORE:

Gasturbine.output
NEToutput.plant Capacity
steam.turbine

43091.71414836
NEToutput.plant

FOR TOTAL MASS OF FUEL

Mfuel Wf Mtotalexhaust

Mfuel 18712.48089537

FOR BOILER HP
From eqution 6-9 (potter, pp.255)

BoilerHP

hs hffeedwater
Msteamboiler
33500

Where: Msteamboiler = steam generated by boiler

hs = enthalpy of steam leaving the boiler
hffeedwater = enthalpy of water entering the boiler

BoilerHP

hs hf.feedwater
Msteamboiler
33500

BoilerHP 1368.0856444

FOR BOILER HEATING SURFACE

From article 6-11 (potter, pp. 256)
Assume:
Boilerrating 2 BoilerHP 10
6840.42822201
Boilerheating.surface

 P a g e | 53

FACTOR OF EVAPORATION

From equation 6-10 (potter, pp.255)

hs hf.feedwater
Factorevaporation f
970.3
hs hf.feedwater
f
970.3

f 1.10063405
EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION

From equation 6-11 (potter, pp.256)

Equivalent f Msteamboiler
evaporation

evaporation 47233.71028289
Equivalent

EQUIVALENT EVAPORATION

From plate 13: Principal dimension (potter, pp.689), with

heating surface of 6840.42822201 sq.ft

Therefore:

SIZE OF BOILER TUBE WIDE

F-15 Heating surface= 44

Steam outlet size= 6506 sq.ft

Feed size= 2 ft
 P a g e | 54

C. CALCULATE THE SURFACE REQUIREMENT OF CONDENSER

AND SELECT CONDENSER:

Data:
Temperature of circulating water entering
= 80 F
2 Pass
18 gage in. tube
6 fps velocity of water
75% cleanliness factor
Condenser design for 2in. Hg abs
5000 KW capacity
Mc =65587.89746763
Pressure = 2 in Hg = 0.9796734 psia
From previous solution in air ejector:
To get the temperature saturation of 2
in.Hg
Tsat = 100.9895
From the institute standard Prohibit temperature less that 5 F.
potter, pp.356

Assume: TD 5

t2 Tsat TD

t2 95.9895

t1 80

THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE: m

t2 t1
m
Tsat t1
ln
Tsat t2
m 11.1457367

SINCE WATER VELOCITY IS 6 FPS:

From Figure 8-9 (Potter, pp.351), Using 6 fps velocity
= Cofficient of heat transfer = 660 Btu/hr.sq.ft.F

U 660
Temperature Correction Factor = 0.92 = ft

ft 1.05

Fm = Tube material and Thickness correction factor

F =From
Fm 519.75
1 UFigure
1 (admiralty Metal,
8-9 (Potter,
1.00, pp.351)
18 BWG)
 P a g e | 55

CONDENSER CALCULATION FOR NON-REHEAT TURBINE INSTALLATION

Based on 950 Btu/lb of steam rejected:

From Equation 8-2 (potter, pp.351)

Q U A m

Q Mc

Q 65587.89746763
Q (950)
Area
U m

Area 10755.83266436

From Table 8-2 (potter, pp.354), Approximate tube lenght for surface condenser

SURFACE AREA LENGHT

10000 to 20000 18 to 24 ft

SOLVING FOR CIRCULATING WATER

Mc (950)
water
Circulating
t2 t1

water 3896838.71254558
Circulating

From potter, pp.352. For stationary plant they are used 500 sq.ft capacity
Circulating
water
Velocity
g 6
 P a g e | 56

NUMBER OF TUBE PER PASS

gpm

Notube.per.pass.

1.0426
1246.58947938
Notube.per.pass.

1250
Notube.per.pass

EFFECTIVE TUBE LENGHT

From Table 8-1 (potter, pp.353)
Outside surface, sq.ft/1 in.ft, For tube size 3/4 in. = 0.1963

surface 0.1963
Outside
2 pass condenser or heater

Area
Length

2 Notube.per.pass
Outside
surface
Length 21.91713228

22ft 22
Length

Therefore: the lenght 21.91713228 ft is in the range of 16-22 ft

gpmwater Notube.per.pass
(6) (1.042
)

gpmwater 7815

TOTAL NUMBER OF TUBE

Totalno.tube Notube.per.pass
2

Totalno.tube 2500

FOR FRICTION LOSS OF THE CONDENSER

From Figure 8-11. Friction loss for NO.18 BWG condenser tube and water
boxes. (Potter, pp.355).

6
Watertube.velocity

0.3
Tubefriction.loss

loss 1.12
Pressure

Nopass 2

Frictionloss Length 22ft Tubefriction.loss
Nopass Nopass Pressure
loss
Frictionloss 15.44
P a g e | 57
 P a g e | 58

SELECTION OF SURFACE CODENSER

Using the total number of tube = 1400
From PLATE 14 potter, pp.690. Dimensional of Westinghouse
two-pass, non-divided water box, radial flow surface condenser
Based on in OD, NO.18 BWG tubes

FRAME NO. ACTUAL TUBE LENGHT DISTANCE REQUIRED MAX. NO.

FOR WITHDRAWING TUBES OF TUBE

7000 18'-0" 20'-10" 2580

NO. OF UNIT: 2
CONNECTION: PARALLEL CONNECTION
MODEL: TWO-PASS, NON-DIVIDED WATERBOX
RADIAL FLOW SURFACE TYPE
MANUFACTURER: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC AND MFG CO.

PRICES OF CONDENSER MATERIAL DESIGN

For No. 18 BWG

Material: Admiralty metal for lower cost
Cost: 1.45 dollar per sq.ft
49 pesos per 1 dollar

Cost Area 1.45 49

Cost 764201.91080249

D. CALCULATE THE SIZE AND SELECT DEAERATOR AND

SURFACE HEATER
FOR HEATER SELECTIO

FOR HEATER SELECTION

Assume: 5F TD
TDheater 5
Saturation temperature of heater:
Tsat.temp 260.96

t2heater Tsat.temp TDheater

t2heater 255.96
 P a g e | 59

t1 = temperature leaving from the air ejector

t1 Tc

t1 104.05087306
FOR THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
t2heater t1
mheater
Tsat.temp t1
ln
Tsat.temp t2heater
mheater 44.07981322

SOLVING FOR Q:

Qheater W hfcondense
hc
where:
Q = amount of work, Btu/hr
W = water flow, lb/hr
= mass of condensate, Mc

Mc 65587.89746763
(hf.condense - hc) = enthalpy entering and leaving heater, Btu/lb

Qheater Mc hfcondense
hc
Qheater 10005993.02271614

FOR THE FILM TEMPERATURE

From article 8-10 SURFACE CALCULATION: (Potter, pp 372)

Tsat.temp 0.8 mheater

Filmtemperature
Filmtemperature 225.69614942
 P a g e | 60

From Figure 8-23 (Potter, pp.373)

Filmtemperature 225.69614942

Watervelocity 6

780
Overallheattransfer.rate

Correction factor of Admiralty metal material, Gage 18 BWG

factor 1
Correction

For corrected value U:

value Overallheattransfer.rate
Corrected Correction
factor

value 780
Corrected

SOLVING FOR THE AREA OF THE SURFACE HEATER

From equation 8-2 (Potter, pp.351)

Qheater
Areaheater

value mheater
Corrected
Areaheater 291.02201768

SOLVING FOR TUBE PER PASS

From Table 8-1 (Potter, pp.353).

3/4 in tube, NO. 18 BWG

Watervelocity 6

1.042
gpmat.1ft.per.secvelocity
Mc

Notube.per.pass.heater

500 gpmat.1ft.per.secvelocity
Watervelocity
20.98141314
Notube.per.pass.heater

Approximate:
Notube 12
per.pass.heater
 P a g e | 61

SOLVING FOR THE TUBE EFFECTIVE LENGHT FOR THE HEATER

From Table 8-1 (Potter, pp.353) Physical properties of condenser and
Feedwater heater tubes
OD.surface, sq.ft/ 1 in. ft

ODsurface 0.1963

Assume 2 pass heater:

Areaheater
Effective
lenght 2 Notube

per.pass.heater ODsurface
lenght 61.77237597
Effective

From Plate 7 (Surface heater Dimension), (Potter, pp.682), It is obvious

that it is very long size, Now try 4 pass heater

Assume 4 pass heater:

Areaheater
Effective
lenght.4pass 4 Notube

per.pass.heater ODsurface
Effective 30.88618799
lenght.4pass

SOLVING FOR THE FRICTION LOSS

From Figure 8-24 (Potter, pp.374)

water.temp Tsat.temp mheater

Average

water.temp 216.88018678
Average
 P a g e | 62

From Figure 8-24 (Potter, pp.374).

F1 with 6 fps water velocity
F1 0.082

F2 with average temperature 216.88018678

F2 0.8
From Table 8-1 (Potter, pp.353)

The oustside Diameter of NO.18 BWG is 0.652 for 3/4 in tube size

0.652
ODNo.18.BWG FRICTION LOSS, P

0.049 F F Effective
Thickness
No.18.BWG
P
2 1 4
5.5 ODNo.18.BWG
lenght.4pass
IDNo.18.BWG ODNo.18.BWG 2 Thickness ODNo.18.BWG
No.18.BWG
1.24

IDNo.18.BWG 0.554 P 15.373249
FOR CIRCULATING WATER

From Plate 2 (Potter, pp.678)

Using Average temperature = 216.88018678F

gravity.heater 0.956
Specific
Mc
gpmheater

500 Specific
gravity.heater
gpmheater 137.21317462

SELECTION OF SURFACE FEEDWATER HEATER

From Plate 7 (Potter, pp.682) Surface Heater Dimension
For 3/4 in tube with 4 pass heater

ShellOD:
SHELL
OD 18
NO. OF 3/4 IN. TUBE: 4 PASS HEATER

Fourpass 180
MANUFACTURER: Westinghouse Electric and MFG. Co.
 P a g e | 63

FOR DEAERATOR

SOLVING WATER FLOW:

From Equation 8-11 (Potter, pp.382)

Ein = Eout
S hsentering W1 h1 W2 h2
where:
hs.entering h4

hs.entering 1054.62297

h.1 = hf at 60F

h1.entering hfat60

h1.entering 28.08

h.2 = hf at 9 psia

h2.leaving hfdeaerator

h2.leaving 156.27

S = steam flow, lb/hr

W1 = water entering, lb/hr
W2 = water leaving, lb/hr

From Equation 8-12 (Potter, pp.383)

S W1 W2

where:

S = steam from the second extraction = M2, lb/hr

M2 2742.10253237
W.1 = mass of make-up water = 1/2 process steam + 0.02MT

Mw 19216.6

THEREFORE:

W2

M2 hs.entering Mw h1.entering
h2.leaving
W 21958.70253237
2
SELECTION
FromOF
CAPACITY
NUMBER
Plate
DEAERATOR
OF
9
lb/hr
(Potter,
UNITS
at Outlet
pp.683) 10,000 to 25,000
Cochrane Corp
 P a g e | 64

E. CALCULATE SIZE OF BOILER FEED PUMP AND SELECT PUMP

Since 2 boiler feed pump should used per each turbine with 100% spare, capacity of each
pump should be flow from closed heater and deaerator with 10 % extra flow to take care of
emergencies

Mf
1.10
BFPmass.flow
2
BFPmass.flow 48150.63

CONVERTING INTO VOLUME FLOW:

From Plate 2 (Potter, 678) Using saturation temperature at Feed water

Tempfeedwater 239.0583772

gravity.BFP 0.946
Specific
BFPmass.flow
BFPvolume.flow

500 Specific
gravity.BFP
BFPvolume.flow 101.79837209

FROM PLATE 11(@125 GALLONS PER MINUTE:

DEVELOPED HEAD 400psi

PUMP SIZE-NUMBER OF STAGES #1.5-6
 P a g e | 65

MOTOR HP RATING 60

DIMENSIONS:

Pipe Numb Sucti Dischar A B C D E F G

size er on ge

stages Diam. Diam.

1.5 4 2.5 1.5 91 95 30 33 18 29 19

F. CALCULATE SIZE OF CONDDENSATE PUMP

DATA:
Two per condenser
100% spare, centrifugal motor driven
150 ft total head
10% extra capacity based on the flow obtained for the condenser

NOTE: there are 4 Condensate pump in the entire plant

FOR CONDENSATE MASS FLOW:

1.10 Mc
CPmass.flow
CPmass.flow 72146.68721439

CONVERTING INTO VOLUME FLOW:

From Plate 2 (Potter, pp.678) with:

Tc 104.05087306

gravity.CP 0.992
Specific
CPmass.flow
CPvolume.flow

500 Specific
gravity.CP
CPvolume.flow 145.45703067
 P a g e | 66

FOR HYDRAULIC HP
Frrom Equation 3-4 (Potter, pp.92)

(150) Specific
CPvolume.flow
gravity.CP
Hp
HYDRAULIC
3960

Hp 5.46565812
HYDRAULIC

FOR SHAFT Hp or BHp

From equation 3-6 (Potter, pp.93)

Assume pump efficiency:

Pumpefficiency 0.70

HYDRAULIC Hp
SHAFT
Hp Pump
efficiency

Hp 7.80808303
SHAFT
 P a g e | 67

G. MAKE A PLAN LAYOUT OF EQUIPMENT FIRST BY

TEMPLATES AND THEN BY PENCIL ON TRACING
PAPER. SHOW MAJOR DIMENSION OF EQUIPMENT
AND BUILDING, AND SHOW CENTRELINE
DIMENSIONS
P a g e | 68
 P a g e | 69

H. LAYOUT MAIN STEAM PIPE (SINGLE LINE) ON

DRAWING AND SHOW ALL FITTINGS
P a g e | 70
 P a g e | 71

I. CALCULATE PIPE SIZE FOR MAIN STEAM LINE

Solving for Pipe Diameter:

From the calculations of velocity of steam, refer to Table 2 6

Recommended Velocities and Pressure Drops for Fluids in Pipes pp. 72

from Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter; Steam condition is 400

psig, therefore use these values:

Fluid Velocity, fpm

Less than 8in dia. 8in dia. and larger
Steam, Superheated, 3,000 8,000 5,000 14,000
100 600 psig

Assuming the pipe diameter of steam line is less than 8 in. diameter,

velocity is 3,000 to 8,000 fpm. Also, assuming a diameter of 6 in. to

solve for pipe cross-sectional area

Solving for Pipe Cross-Sectional Area:

 P a g e | 72

FOR THE SPECIFIC VOLUME OF THE PRESSURE FLOW FROM

BOILER TO JUNCTION A

414.7
Pboiler.junctionA
0.95
Pboiler.junctionA 436.52631579

From steam table:

P V
1.0809
430
X.V
436.5263158
1.0562
440
430
436.5263158
XV (1.0809 1.0562
)
440 430

XV 0.01612

V1 1.0809 XV

V1 1.06478

TRIAL AND ERROR FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA (less than 8 in.

diameter)
Assume: 8 in. diamter 2

8

Area8
12
4

Area8 0.34906585
Assume: 7 in. diameter
2

7

Area7
12
4

Area7 0.26725354
 P a g e | 73

Assume: 6 in. diameter 2

6

Area6
12
4

Area6 0.19634954

Assume: 5 in. diameter

2

5

Area5
12
4

Area5 0.13635385
SOLVING FOR THE STEAM VELOCITY OF THE GIVEN AREA:

Velocity
Msteamboiler 2 V1
Area 60

At 8 in diameter:

Velocity8
Msteamboiler 2 V1
Area8 60

Velocity8 4363.55429276

At 7 in. diameter:

Velocity7
Msteamboiler 2 V1
Area7 60

Velocity7 5699.33621911
 P a g e | 74

At 6 in diameter:

Velocity6
Msteamboiler 2 V1
Area6 60

Velocity6 7757.42985379

At 5 in. diameter:

Velocity5
Msteamboiler 2 V1
Area5 60

Velocity5 11170.69898946

THEREFORE: Use the area have a lowest minimum velocity and it is in the range of 3,000 -
8,000. Therefore select the diameter of 6 in. with velocity of 7757.42985379 fpm and area
of 0.19634954 sq.in
Diameter6.in. 6

Area6 0.19634954

Velocity6 7757.42985379

SOLVING FOR THE MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS OF PIPE:

From Equation 2-5 (Potter, pp.34)

tm = maximum wall P D
thickness, in.
tm C
P = maximum internal
2s 2y service
P pressure, psig
D = pipe outside diameter, in.
where: s = allowable stress due to internal pressure at operating
temperature
From Table 2-1, pp.33 (Potter), psi
C = constant as follows:
Threaded steel, 1/2 in. and larger, depth of thread
Plain and steel, 1 in. and smaller, 0.05 in.
Plain and steel, larger than 1 in., 0.065 in
Plain end nonferrous,0.000 in.
y = coefficient (that may be operated) that is as follows:
Ferritic steels: 900 and below, 0.4;
950F, 0.5;
1000F and above, 0.7
 P a g e | 75

From Table 2 1 pp 32, psi

Material ASTM Grade Allowable

Specification Values of
Stress,psi
-20 to 650
Carbon Steel A53 A 12,000

*Note: ASTM specification A53 is for a common type of carbon-steel

pipe, more rigid than A120 and is recognized by the codes for power

plant use.

THEREFORE:

tm

P ODsch.40 Cpln.stl
(2 12000
) 2 yferritic.stl P
tm 0.17982806
Note: the calculated wall thickness should be divided by 0.875 so
that the value will be increased to allow for the mill-rolling tolerance
tm
tm.increased
0.875

tm.increased 0.20551778

SELECTION OF PIPE SIZE FROM BOILER TO JUNCTION A

From Appendix Plate 1 (Potter, pp.675) Physical properties of pipe

SCHEDULE 40
 P a g e | 76

Physical Properties of Pipe

Nomin Outsid Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe e thickn Diame Diameter cross- of pipe
Size, Diame ess, ter, in. , sectional per ft-
in. ter, in. in. Fifth area lb
power
D t d D5 Sq. Sq.
in. ft.
Schedule 40
6 6.625 0.280 6.065 8,210 28.9 0.20 18.98
0

FROM JUNCTION A TO TURBINE

Assume that the pipe diameter is 8 in. and
larger
with superheated pressure of 400 psig
The velocity is from 5,000-14,000

TRIAL AND ERROR FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA ( 8 in. diameter

and larger)
Assume 8 in diameter:

Area8 0.34906585

2
Assume 9 in diameter:

9

Area9
12
4

Area9 0.44178647
Assume 10 in diameter: 2

10

Area10
12
4

Area10 0.54541539
Assume 11 in diameter: 2

11

Area11
12
4

Area
11 0.65995262
SOLVING FOR THE SPECIFIC
V2 1.329568 VOLUME OF THE PRESSURE FLOW FROM BOILER TO
JUNCTION A:
 P a g e | 77

SOLVING FOR THE STEAM VELOCITY OF THE GIVEN AREA:

Velocity
Msteamboiler 2 V2
Area 60
At 8 in diameter:

Velocity8.
Msteamboiler 2 V2
Area8 60

Velocity8. 5448.67686663

At 9 in diameter:

Velocity9
Msteamboiler 2 V2
Area9 60

Velocity9 4305.1274008
THEREFORE: Use the area with higher velocity
Assume that it is 8 in diameter
Area8 0.34906585
tm = maximum wall thickness, in.
Velocity8. 5448.67686663
P = maximum internal service pressure, psig
D = pipe outside diameter, in.
s =allowable
Diameter8.in 8 stress due to internal pressure at
operating temperature
SOLVING FOR THE MINIMUM WALL
From THICKNESS
Table OF PIPE:
2-1, pp.33 (Potter), psi
C = constant as follows:
From Equation 2-5 (Potter, pp.34)
Threaded steel, 1/2 in. and larger, depth of
thread
P D
tm Plain andsteel, C 1 in. and smaller, 0.05 in.
2s 2y P
Plain and steel, larger than 1 in., 0.065 in
Plain end nonferrous,0.000 in.
where: y = coefficient (that may be operated) that is as
follows:
Ferritic steels: 900 and below, 0.4;
950F, 0.5;
1000F and above, 0.7
P a g e | 78
 P a g e | 79

From Table 2-1 (Potter, pp.33). Allowable stresses for some seamless
pipe materials

Material ASTM Grade Allowable

Specification Values of
Stress,psi
-20 to 650
Carbon Steel A53 A 12,000

*Note: ASTM specification A53 is for a common type of carbon-steel

pipe, more rigid than A120 and is recognized by the codes for power

plant use.

C = Plain end steel, larger than 1 in.;

Cpln.stlb 0.065

y = coefficient of Ferritic steels: 900F and below

yferritic.stlb 0.4
P = maximum internal service pressure

Pb 400

D = outside diamter of schedule 40 by 8 in pipe size From Plate 1

(Potter, pp. 675)
ODsch.40b 8.625

THEREFORE:

tm414.7

Pb ODsch.40b Cpln.stlb
(2 12000
) 2 yferritic.stlb Pb
tm414.7 0.20685855

tm414.7

tm.increased414.7
0.875

0.23640977
tm.increased414.7

SELECTION OF PIPE SIZE FROM BOILER TO JUNCTION A

From Appeendix Plate 1 (Potter, pp.675) Physical properties of pipe

SCHEDULE 40
 P a g e | 80

Note: the calculated wall thickness should be divided by

0.875 so that the value will be increased to allow for the
mill-rolling tolerance
 P a g e | 81

SELECTION OF PIPE SIZE FROM BOILER TO JUNCTION A

From Appendix, Plate 1 pp. 675 Power Plant Theory and Design

Physical Properties of Pipe

Nomin Outsid Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe e thickn Diame Diameter cross- of pipe
Size, Diame ess, ter, in. , sectional per ft-
in. ter, in. in. Fifth area lb
power
D t D D5 Sq. Sq.
in. ft.
Schedule 40
8 8.625 0.322 7.981 32,400 50.0 0.34 28.56
7
 P a g e | 82

J. BILL OF MATERIALS FOR THE MAIN STEAM PIPING

ITE QUANTIT
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
M Y
CARBON STEEL
1 NPS 6 ASTM A106 GRADE A 117 FT
PIPE
NPS 6 ASTM A106 GRADE A
2 90O ELBOW 10
FLANGED
NPS 8 ASTM A106 GRADE A
3 90O ELBOW 2
FLANGED
NPS 6 ASTM A106 GRADE A
4 T-ELBOW 10
FLANGED
5 *GATE VALVE NPS 6 CLASS 600 FLANGED 4
6 *GATE VALVE NPS 8 CLASS 600 FLANGED 2
7 *CHECK VALVE NPS 6 CLASS 600 FLANGED 4
PRESSURE
8 REGULATING NPS 6 CLASS 600 FLANGED 2
VALVE
NPS 8 ASTM A106 GRADE A
9 *SAFETY VALVE 2
FLANGED
10 STRAIGHT TEE NPS 6 CLASS 600 FLANGED 2
6 X 8 ASTM A106 GRADE A
11 REDUCER 2
FLANGED
ANSI/MSS SP -69 & SP-58, TYPE
12 TEFLON TAPE 5
37 (B3090)

ANSI/MSS SP -69 & SP-58, TYPE

13 VULCASEAL 5
37 (B3090)

ANSI/MSS SP -69 & SP-58, TYPE

14 PIPE HANGER 10
37 (B3090)

ADJUSTABLE PIPE ANSI/MSS SP -69 & SP-58, TYPE

15 10
SADDLE SUPPORT 37 (B3090)

ANSI/MSS SP -69 & SP-58, TYPE

16 PIPE ADJUSTER 10
37 (B3090)
 P a g e | 83

K. CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM FRICTION LOSS IN THE STEAM

PIPING FROM BOILER TO TURBINE

FROM BOILER TO JUNCTION A:

SOLVING FOR STEAM PIPING PRESSURE DROP:

From Equation 2-15 (Potter, pp.56)

2
fsteam.pipe
0.001295 Lsteam.pipe
V
P dID.pipe

where:
.P = pressure loss, psi
d = pipe ID, in.
W = flow, lb/min
f = 4C = Friction factor, From Figure 2-19
(Potter, pp.61)
L = lenght, ft
V = velocity, ft/s
Assume:

300
Lsteam.pipeB.A
For the value of f, using Table 2-3 (Potter, pp.63) Friction
factor for steam
By Babcock and Wilcox (B. and W.) investigator

IDpipeB.A 6.065

1
0.01080
fsteam.pipeB.A
3.6
IDpipeB.A

0.01721055
fsteam.pipeB.A

From:
1
B.A
V1

B.A 0.93916114

THEREFORE:
 P a g e | 84

2
Velocity6
fsteam.pipeB.A
0.001295 B.A
Lsteam.pipeB.A
60
PB.A IDpipeB.A

PB.A 17.30726148

FROM JUNCTION A TO BOILER:

SOLVING FOR STEAM PIPING PRESSURE DROP:

From Equation 2-15 (Potter, pp.56)

2
fsteam.pipe
0.001295 Lsteam.pipe
V
P dID.pipe

where:
.P = pressure loss, psi
d = pipe ID, in.
W = flow, lb/min
f = 4C = Friction factor, From Figure 2-19
(Potter, pp.61)
L = lenght, ft
Assume: V = velocity, ft/s

200
Lsteam.pipeA.T

For the value of f, using Table 2-3 (Potter, pp.63) Friction

factor for steam
By Babcock and Wilcox (B. and W.) investigator

IDpipeA.T 7.981

1
0.01080
fsteam.pipeA.T
3.6
IDpipeA.T

0.01567157
fsteam.pipeA.T

From:
1
A.T
V2

A.T 0.752124
 P a g e | 85

THEREFORE:

2
Velocity8
fsteam.pipeA.T
0.001295 A.T
Lsteam.pipeA.T
60
PA.T IDpipeA.T

PA.T 2.0231248

P total PB.A 2 PA.T

P total 36.63764776
 P a g e | 86

M. DETERMINE THE DIAMETER AND HIGHT OF THE STACK

SOLVING FOR THE DIAMETER OF THE STACK

From:

Q A V

where: Q = flow rate, cfm

A = area of the stack,
sq.ft
V = specific volume,
cubic ft./lb
From previous solution, the flow rate flowing to the stack is the mass of air
and mass of fuel given off by the 4 boiler
The total exhaust of the 4 boiler is:

Mtotalexhaust 1049539.71137614

From Article 7-4 CHIMNEY (Potter, pp.306) the outlet velocity are range from
50-60 fps represent good practice and help disperse the gases

Rgas 53.3

TR 350 460

TR 810

Plantelevation 47

where:
Rgas = gas constan
T.R = temperature of gas leaving the
boiler

Assume barrometric pressure is 30.01 in.Hg and from the given plant
elevation equal to 47 ft. For flow rate:
0.01 1
Pgas 30.01 47 0.4898 Qgas Mtotalexhaust
Vgas
100 60

Pgas 14.69659594 Qgas 356845.81427518

For velocity: THEREFORE:

Assume:
Rgas TR Velocityoutlet 60
Vgas
Pgas 144
Qgas
2 A Vgas
Tg Q
d
ta Cconst templeaving.boiler ta
Velocity
 P a g e | 87

Where: t.g = average gas temperature, F

temp.leaving = temperature leaving the boiler, F
t.a = air temperature
C = emperical
THEREFORE THE HEIGHT OF THE STACK: constant, ranging from 0.85 to 0.95 for
chimney height and
diameter
From Equation 7-4 (Potter, normally used for power plant
pp.305)
Assume Imperical constant:

Pt 0.256B H
1

1
Cconst 0.95t 460 T
a g
ta 95 Pt
Height
0.256B
templeaving
350
1 1
t 460 T
Tg. ta C const temp a g
leaving ta
Height 365.49748975
Tg. 337.25
Tg Tg. 460

Tg 797.25
0.01
B 30.01 47
100

B 30.0053
SOLVING FOR VELOCITY PRESSURE:2
Qgas
B
Pt 1.53708757
Pv
1000
P a g e | 88
 P a g e | 89

N. DRAW AN END
VIEW OF THE
PLANT SHOWING
EQUIPMENT AND
PIPING
 P a g e | 90

O. LAY OUT THE

WATER PIPING

FROM THE

DEAERATOR TO

THE BOILER,

SHOWING ALL

FITTINGS, AND

INCLUDES AN

AUTOMATIC

VALVE FOR FEED

WATER

REGULATION.
P a g e | 91
 P a g e | 92

P. DETERMINE THE FRICTION LOSS OF THE WATER PIPING

Given:

Piping: Of sufficient strength for pressure and temperature involve,

flanged and less than zero on pump discharges designed for velocity of

about 450 fpm and less than 200 fpm on suction. 10 % pressure drop

in low pressure bleed line and 5% in high pressure bleed line. Use a

hard by pass around automatic PRV.

SOLVING FOR THE WATER PIPING DIAMETER FROMDEAERATOR

TO JUNCTION B

Qflow.d.B A V

where:
Q = volume flow rate, cu.ft/min
A = cross sectional area, sq.ft
V = velocity of fluid, ft/min

From heat balance calculation:

Qdeaerator Mw M2

Qdeaerator 21958.70253237
1 1
Qflow.d.B Qdeaerator

62.4 60

Qflow.d.B 5.86503807
 P a g e | 93

THREFORE

Vsunction 200
2
(d)
Qflow.d.B Vsunction
4

Qflow.d.B 4
ddeaerator.B (12)
Vsunction

ddeaerator.B 2.31876494

SELECTION OF PIPE SUNCTION

From Appendix, Plate 1 Physical Properties of Pipe pp. 675 Power Plant

theory and Design by Potter

Schedule 40

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-lb
in Fifth Area
Power
D T d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
2 2.875 0.203 2.469 91.8 4.79 0.03 5.794
3

SOLVING FOR WATER PIPING DISCHARGE DIAMETER

Vdischarge 450
2
(d)
Qflow.d.B Vdischarge
4
Qflow.d.B 4
ddischarge (12)
Vdischarge

ddischarge 1.54584329
 P a g e | 94

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-lb
in Fifth Area
Power
D T d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
2 2.375 0.154 2.067 37.73 3.356 0.02 3.653
3
 P a g e | 95

SOLVING FOR WATER FRICTION LOSS

FICTION LOSS AT SUNCTION PIPE

2
fsunction
0.001295 Lsunction
suction
Vsunction
P sunction
dsunction

Where:

P = suction pressure
loss, psi
d = suction inside
diameter, in
L = suction lenght, ft
V = suction velocity, fps
f = suction friction factor
= suction density,
lb/cu.ft

Assume length of suction

Lsuction =100

For suction friction factor, f

From Eq. 2-18 potter, pp.58

64
f=
NR

Solving for Reynods number

From Eq. 2-10 potter, pp.53

Vav D
NR

Where

Nr = Reynold's number
V = average velocity, fps
D = internal pipe diameter, ft
= fluid density or reciprocal of specific volume
(1/v), lb-mass/cu.ft
= fluid absolute viscosity, lb-mass/ft-sec
 P a g e | 96

ID 1.610
Dsunction

Dsunction
Vsunction ID 62.4
NR
60 12 0.00022175

NR 125847.42577978

Then:
64
fsunction
NR

fsunction 0.00050855

THEREFORE: 2
62.4
200
fsunction
0.001295 Lsunction

P sunction
60
Dsunction
ID
P sunction 0.028361

FRICTION LOSS AT THE DISCHARGE PIPE:

From Equation 2-15 (Potter, pp.56)

2
fdischarge
0.001295 Ldischarge
discharge
Vdischarge
P discharge
ddischarge

Assume lenght of sunction

Vdischarge Ddischarge
ID 62.4
Ldischarge 100N
Rdischarge 60 12 0.00022175
For discharge friction factor, f: NRdischarge 184491.54453213
From Equation 2-18 (Potter, pp.58)
Then:
64 64
f fdischarge
NR NRdischarge
where:
f = discharge friction fdischarge 0.0003469
factor
Nr = Reynold's number THEREFORE: 2
Vdischarge
Solving for Reynold's number:
0.001295 f L
discharge discharge 62.4
P discharge
60
From Equation 2-10 (Potter, pp.53) Ddischarge
ID
Vav D
NR
P discharge 0.15031589

THE TOTAL FRICTION LOSS AT DEAERATOR WATER PIPING:

ID 1.049
Ddischarge P deaerator P sunction
P discharge

P deaerator 0.1786769

WATER PIPING DIAMETER FROM SURFACE HEATER TO BOILER

Fro heat balance calculation

1 1
Qflow.SH.B Mc
62.4 60

QQflow.SH.B
= volume flow
17.51813501
rate, cu.ft/min
A = cross section area, sq.ft
Qflow.SH.B
V = velocity A V
of fluid, ft/min
P a g e | 97
 P a g e | 98

THEREFORE

V suction . SH =200

2
(d)
Qflow.SH.B Vsunction.SH
4
Qflow.SH.B 4
dSH.B (12)
Vsunction.SH

dSH.B 4.00742351

SELECTION OF PIPE SUCTION

Form Plate 1, potter, pp.675 physical properties of pipe

Schedule 40

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-lb
in Fifth Area
Power
D t d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
5 5.563 0.258 5.047 3,275 20.01 0.13 14.62
8

WATER PIPING DISCGARE DIAMETER SURFACE HEATER TO

BOILER

THEREFORE:

Vdischarge 450
2
(d)
Qflow.SH.B Vdischarge
4
Qflow.SH.B 4

ddischarge.SH.B (12)
Vdischarge

2.67161568
ddischarge.SH.B
 P a g e | 99

SELECTION OF PIPE DISCHARGE

From Plate 1 Potter, pp.675 physical properties of pipe

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-
in Fifth Area lb
Power
D t d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
3 3.500 0.216 3.068 271.8 7.39 0.05 7.58
1
Schedule 40

SOLVING FOR WATER FRICTION LOSS

FRICTION LOSS AT SUCTION LOSS

From Eq. 2-15 potter, pp.56

2
fsunction.SH
0.001295 Lsunction.SH
suction.SH
Vsunction.SH
P sunction.SH
dsunction.SH

P = suction pressure loss, psi

d = suction inside diameter, in
L = suction lenght, ft
V = suction velocity, fps
f = suction friction factor
= suction density, lb/cu.ft

Assume length of suction

Ldischarge .SH =100

For discharge friction factor, f:

From Eq. 2-18 potter, pp.58

64
f
NR
 P a g e | 100

Where

f = discharge friction factor

Nr = Reynold's number
 P a g e | 101

Solving of Reynolds number

From Eq. 2-10 potter, pp.53

Vav D
NR

D dischargeID . SH=2.469

Ddischarge
Vdischarge ID.SH 62.4

NRdischarge.SH
60 12 0.000155

621232.25806452
NRdischarge.SH

Then:

64

fdischarge.SH
NRdischarge.SH

0.00010302
fdischarge.SH

Therefore

2
Vdischarge
fdischarge.SH
0.001295 62.4
Ldischarge.SH

P discharge.SH
60
Ddischarge
ID.SH
P 0.01896626
discharge.SH
 P a g e | 102

THE TOTAL FRICTION LOSS AT SURFACE HEATER TO BOILER

WATER PIPING

P P sunction.SH
surface.heater P discharge.SH

P 0.02304827
surface.heater

FOR TOTAL FRICTION LOSS

P total.loss P deaerator P surface.heater

P total.loss 0.20172517
Q. DETERMINE THE POWER GENERATED BY THE GAS TURBINE
POWER PLANT

h3 gh 2 gactual
Wf =
LHV ( Burner eff )

651.516308.18750613

20270 ( 0.95 )

W f =0.01782923

FOR WORK OF THE COMPRESSOR

h2 gactualh1 g
WORK compressor =
Compressor mechanicaleff .

308.18750613132.66

0.99

WORK compressor =177.30051124

FOR WORK OF GAS TURBINE

Work gasturbine =Turbinemech eff ( h3 g h4 gactual ) ( 1+ W f )

0.99 ( 651.516366.58830641 ) ( 1+ 0.01782923 )

 P a g e | 103

Work gasturbi ne=287.10765654

WORK NET OF THE GAS CYCLE

Work netgas =Work gasturbine Work compressor

287.10765654177.30051124

Work netgas =198225.54874894

R. DETERMINE AMOUNT OF FUEL CONSUMPTION PER HOUR

For fuel required:

M fuel =W f ( Mtotalexhaust )

0.01782923 (1049539.71137614 )

M fuel =18712.48089537

For duel required for 4 boiler

total fuel=4M fuel

418712.48089537

total fuel=74849.92358148
 P a g e | 104

S. DRAW A TS DIAGRAM FOR THE COMBINED GAS-VAPOR

POWER PLANT
 P a g e | 105

APPENDICES

DRAWING, CHART, TABLES, CATALOGS & OTHER REFERENCES

P a g e | 106
P a g e | 107
P a g e | 108
P a g e | 109
 P a g e | 110

SELECTIO OF BOILER

FROM APPENDIX, PLATE 13 PP. 689 POWER PLANT THEOREY

AND DESIGN BY POTTER

Tubes Wide
Size of Boiler
44
Heating Surface 6506
Steam Outlet Size 6
F - 15 Feed Size 2 1/2
A Boiler Width-Outside Casing 13- 10 1/2
Furnace Width-Outside
B 15-0
Casing
C Furnace Wall Tubes 13-8 3/4
Face to Face 7 Square
D 13-2 1/2
Headers
E Width of Dampers 3-6 1/4
F Drums 15-2
G Drums 9-9
H Overall Height 21-0
j Height over Steam Outlet 19-4
K Overall Length 18-10 3/8
Drum to Outside Casing
L 6-2
Front Wall
Inside Face Font Wall to
M 9-0
Inside Face Bridgewall
N Damper Location-Horizontal 9 11/18
O Damper Location-Vertical 24 7/8
P Length of Damper 6-6
 P a g e | 111

SELECTION OF SURFACE ACE CONDENCER

FROM APPENDIX, PLATE 14 pp.690 POWER PLANT THEORY AND

DESIGN BY POTTER

DISTANCE REQUIRED
FOR WITHDRAWING MAX. NO.
FRAME NO. ACTIVE TUBE LENGHT TUBES OF TUBE

7000 18-0 20-10 2580

DIMENSIONS OF WESTING HOUSE TWO-PASS, NON-DIDVIDED WATER

BOX, RADIAL-FLOW SURFACE CONDENSERS

SELECTION OD SURFACE HEATER

From appendix, plate 7 pp.682 power plant theory design by

potter

Surface Heater Dimensions

Shell OD 18

Number of in. Tubes

2 pass heater 220
4 pass heater 180
A inches 22
B inches 36

C = Tube length plus____ ,inches 30

Clearance to remove shell cover, inches 14

Clearance to withdraw tube bundle,

12
inches = tube length plus____,
 P a g e | 112

SELECTION OF DEAERATOR

From appendix, plate 9 pp.683 power plant theory design by

potter

Deaerator Dimensions (Vacuum to 50 psi)

Capacity lb/hr at oulet 10,000 to 25,000

A 30
B 57
C 20
D as required (storage tank
E diameter should be equal to or
F larger then diameter heater top)
G 45
H 24
J 21
K 30
M 20
N 18
O 7
Q 10
R 10
S --
2A 14
2B 32
2C 9
2D 8
2E 7
2F 10
2G --
3A Drainer
3B
3C
3D
Blow off 1
Trap return 1
Relief connection 2
Regulating valve 1
Pump supply 5
Overflow 3
Evaporator 5
 P a g e | 113

SELECTION OF BOILER PUMP

From Appendix, Plate 11 pp. 687 Power Plant Theory and Design by

Potter

Boiler Feed Pumps Dimensions

PUMP SIZE NUMBER OF STAGES

MOTRO HP RATING
(16 ft. minimum NPSH) (3500 rpm)
Developed Head Gallon per Minute
Psi 100
#16
400
60

Diameter
Pump Number
Sucti Dischar A B C D E F G
Size Stages
on ge
99 10 30 33 18 29 19
1 6 2 1
3

SELECTION OF MAIN STEAM PIPES

From Appendix, Plate 1 pp. 675 Power Plant Theory and Design

Physical Properties of Pipe (From Boiler to Junction A)

Inside Internal
Nomina Outside Wall Inside Weight
Diameter, cross-
l Pipe Diamet thickne Diamet of pipe
Fifth sectional
Size, in. er, in. ss, in. er, in. per ft-lb
power area
Sq. Sq.
D t d D5
in. ft.
Schedule 40
0.20
6 6.25 0.280 6.065 8210 28.9 18.98
0
 P a g e | 114

SELECTION OF PIPE SUNCTION

From Appendix, Plate 1 Physical Properties of Pipe pp. 675 Power Plant

theory and Design by Potter

Schedule 40

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-lb
in Fifth Area
Power
D T d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
2 2.875 0.203 2.469 91.8 4.79 0.03 5.794
3

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-lb
in Fifth Area
Power
D T d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
2 2.375 0.154 2.067 37.73 3.356 0.02 3.653
3

SELECTION OF PIPE SUCTION

Form Plate 1, potter, pp.675 physical properties of pipe

Schedule 40

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-lb
in Fifth Area
Power
D t d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
5 5.563 0.258 5.047 3,275 20.01 0.13 14.62
8

SELECTION OF PIPE DISCHARGE

From Plate 1 Potter, pp.675 physical properties of pipe

Nomin Outside Wall Inside Inside Internal Weight

al Pipe Diamet Thickne Diamet Diamet Cross of pipe
Size, er, in ss, in er, in er, Sectional per ft-
in Fifth Area lb
 P a g e | 115

Power
D t d D5 Sq. in Sq.
ft
3 3.500 0.216 3.068 271.8 7.39 0.05 7.58
1
 P a g e | 116

GLOSSARY

Air ejector - a device that uses a relatively high-pressure motive

steam flow through a nozzle to create a low-pressure or suction effect

Air vent - a device that allows the release of non-condensable gases

from a steam system

Blower - is a fan used to force air under pressure, that is, the
resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily upon the discharge

Boiler - a vessel or tank in which heat produced from the combustion

of fuels such as natural gas, fuel oil, wood, or coal is used to generate
hot water or steam for applications ranging from building space
heating to electric power production or industrial process heat

Boiler horsepower - a unit of rate of water evaporation equal to the

evaporation per hour of 34.5 pounds of water at a temperature of
212F into steam at 212F. One boiler horsepower equals 33,475 Btu
per hour or 35,322 Kilojoules per hour

British thermal unit (Btu) - the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit; equal to
252 calories. It is roughly equal to the heat of one kitchen match.

Bunker C Oil - Residual fuel oil of high viscosity commonly used in

marine and stationary steam power plants. (No. 6 fuel oil)

By-pass - A passage for a fluid, permitting a portion of the fluid to flow

around its normal pass flow channel.

Compressor - is a machine used to increase the pressure of a gas by

decreasing its volume

Condensate - Condensed water resulting from the removal of latent

heat from steam.

Condensate pump - a pump that pressurizes condensate allowing it

to flow back to a collection tank or boiler plant

Condenser - A device that condenses steam. Surface condensers use

a heat exchanger to remove energy from the steam, and typically
operate under vacuum conditions.

Cooling Range is the difference in temperature between the hot

water entering and cold water leaving the tower

Deaerator - a device that uses steam to strip feed water of oxygen

and carbon dioxide. It sometimes also acts as pre-heater equipment
Drift is the water lost as mist or droplets entrained by the circulating
air and discharge to the atmosphere. It is in addition to the evaporative
loss and is minimized by good design
 P a g e | 117

Dry bulb temperature - is the temperature of air as registered by an

ordinary thermometer

Exhauster - is a fan used to withdraw air under suction, that is, the
resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily upon the inlet

Fan - a machine consisting of a rotor and housing for moving air or

gases at relatively low-pressure differentials

Fan - is a machine used to apply power to a gas to increase its energy

content thereby causing it to flow or to move

Fan Power Input is the power required to drive the fan and any
elements in the drive train which are considered as a part of the fan.
Power input can be calculated from appropriate measurements for a
dynamometer, torque meter or calibrated motor

Fan Static Pressure is the difference between the fan total pressure
and the velocity pressure. Therefore, fan static pressure is the
difference between the static pressure at the fan outlet and the total
pressure at the fan inlet.

Fan Total Efficiency is the ratio of the fan power output to the fan
power input

Feedwater - water sent into a boiler or a steam generator. Feed water

typically meets cleanliness criteria, contains treatment chemicals, and
has been stripped of oxygen.

Foundation - is the supporting part of the structure. It is a

transmission or structural connection whose design depends on the
characteristics of both the structure and the type of the soil and rock
beneath.

Fuel header system -is designed to provide fuel to multiple

generators, where there are severe regulatory restrictions to the
volume of fuel that can be stored in the generator room. The header is
an 8 to 12 diameter pipe which runs the length of the room to serve
all generators. The pipe is sized to be less than the regulatory limit for
fuel storage quantities in the room.

Induced draft tower The fan is mounted on the top (discharge) of

the cell, with consequent improved air distribution within the cell; drift
eliminators reduce make-up requirements; spray nozzles, downspouts,
splash plates and splash bars ensure ample evaporative surface for the
water, with maximum volumetric heat transfer rates.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) - The electrical energy unit of measure is equal

to one thousand watts of power supplied to, or taken from, an electric
circuit steadily for one hour.

Make-up water - water brought into a boiler system from outside to

replace condensate not returned to the boiler plant, water used in blow
 P a g e | 118

down, steam lost through leaks, or water lost through evaporation or

mist

Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) - a valve that regulates the amount

of steam allowed from a high-pressure service to a low-pressure
service

Process Steam - Steam used for industrial purposes other than for
producing power.

Pump - is a machine used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer

the liquid from one point to another point of higher energy level.

Relief Valve (Safety Relief Valve) - An automatic pressure relieving

device actuated by the pressure upstream of the valve and
characterized by opening pop action with further increase in lift with an
increase in pressure over popping pressure.

Steam - The vapor phase of water, unmixed with other gases.

Turbine - A device that converts the enthalpy of steam into

mechanical work.

Wet bulb temperature - is the temperature of air as registered by a

thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted wick and exposed to a
current of rapidly moving air.

Wet Steam - Steam containing a percentage of moisture

 P a g e | 119

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Avallone, Eugene & Baumeister, Theodore III; "Mark's Standard

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