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magazine
# 149 FEBRUARY 1973
for radio amateurs------c....:...:.;;.....;,..;==::..:..:~'-'=.=..-_

FEATURES 27 PC -IC-ID. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . ..... .... ... . .. .... .. K20AW

4 Neve. Say Die W2NSDI1 Fo r FM- RTI V- /M- e tc .
7 SSTV Scene 31 The Evolution of Spectrum Management W4 BW
10 MARS
Radio Clu b o f Am eri ca Tal k.
11 OX Foo tnotes
12 AMSAT News 36 Phased Loc k Lo o p Decoder WB6 BI H
12 Re pea te r Upda te Fo r con tin uous to ne sys tem s .
1250M Hz Ba nd 40 Toro idal Ovadret ure Antenna .. . ...... . . ....... . . . . . .. ... W4 KA E
12 Hamb urgla. Ne w wide ba nd a n ten na .
14 The Tril\le tlin g Ham 45 AC1ive Filter Applications .... ....... . ....... . _.. W1SNN
16 Social Even ts & Con tests RTTV.
11 New Products 49 Frequency Measuring SV5tem - II ... _. _ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . K5 DUS
23 Letlers Design t heory and cloc k.
24 F CC Action 60 Repeater Keying Line Control WB6BI H
139 Cm::ulUCircui ts Squelch tail a nd t ime -out.
144 TEch n ic al Aid Group
14 8 Cavea t Emptor
63 SSTV Circuits . . . ...... .. ......... _ . . . . .. . . . . . ..W9N TP
116 Pr op aga tion
A ra ft o f p opu lar ci rc uits.
80 Two Meter Converte r WB6C DU
Fo r a Be FM receiver .
83 All Pu rpose Metering Circuit WAGABI
EDITORIAL STAFF Use o ne meter fo r th e whole rig.
Way ne Green W2NS Df i 86 Are FET's Really Biased? _ K9VMH
KeIt h LamonICa W7DXX f1
Unde rstandi ng FET"s.
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89 If Your Coonter Input's Low ....... _ ...... _ .. K4 EO E
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ASSOCIATE S
91 TR-22 Modifieation _ .. . . . . . . . W8 FJA
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Bill T u rner WA 0AB I 97 Tra nsisto r RF Power Ampli fiers W9EGO
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Phi lip Pr ice By Irequencv shift_
Lynn Panciera F ra..e. 116 Kever Adap10r .. .... . .. . ... . . ... .. .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . W1JSS
R uth m ary D.vis Fo r outda ted t ransmitters.
B ill Su n dberg 118 Gonset Linear Modification .. _ ......... _ . _ . .... _ W6HGX
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Ka re n Heb ert 125 A Time for Everything .......... . . . .. . ... . . . ... .. . . . . . .. WB6K F I
Cy n t hi a Sc h losse r A d iscuss io n o f tim e .
Biff Ma ho n ey 142 Ie Protection ~ W4AT E
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BUSINESS
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CIRCULATION
Dorot hy Gibson CO V E R : Apro pos o f S t . V alentine 's Da y. we h ave Judi Light
Bar ba ra Block e n cover e d - o r p erhaps uncovered. R epeater BuUetin readers kn ow
Ac e GOodwin W 1G RO
G, n ger Petl..
h er as Judi. R epeater. The photo grapher o n th e " wo r k is fun"
pro ject wa s C harles Webb K(JBWR a n d those o f u s who appreciate
TRANSPORTATION fine c o nst r uc tio n proje c ts thank him for making the effort . Perhaps
Oel S a nfo rd so me of y o u budding photographers out there will win your way
PROPAGATION into the h eart of a nice YL and provide us with a n a ma t e u r radio or
J o h n Netson 73 slanted picture .
DRAFTING
R . K. W ild m an W6 MO G
Bill Mo r &f lo 73 Magazine i& published monthly b y 73, rn c. , Pete rborough, New
Wayne P ee le r K 4M VW Hampshire 0 3458. Subscription rate& are $ 6 for o n e year in North
T . M . G raham W8F KW America and U.S . Z ip C ode areas ove rse as. $ 7 p er y e ar elsewhere.
Two y e a rtl $ 11 and 11 2 overseas. Three ye a n. , 11 5, and $ 16
overeeos. S ec ond c lan p ostage paid at Peterborough NH 034 5 8 and
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U.S .A . Entire c o n te n ts cop y righ t 19 73 by 73 Inc . , Peterborough
NH 0 34 5 8 . Ph one : 6 0 3 - 924-38 73.

FEBRUARY 1973 1
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,

ONE MEG T HO UGH T S
The new regulati ons have had qu ite
an impact on repeater operations. The
complexity of getting repeater licenses
have noticeably slowed down the ap-
pearance of new repeaters on the two
meter band - as well as on 220 MHz .
But most repeater groups are in eqree-
ment that this is a temporary slow-
down and that the re wil l be a big need
for more channels befo re lo ng.
The opening of the 14 7 MHz seg-
ment made a bunch more channels
avai lable, but it also made a one MHz
split feasible for the first time, and the
benefits of this have caused quite a bit
of brow knitting.
If we leave the 146 part of the band
as it was we h ave fo u rtee n rep eat er
channels and six simp lex chan nels,
figuring the standa rd 600 kHz split.
There are thirteen repeater channels
and seven simplex channels in the 147
MHz segment, a total for the two
megs o f 27 repeater channels and 13
simplex .
Now, since repeate rs have been
forb id den to o pe ra te in t he 144-1 46
MHz pa rt o f the ban d , it wou ld seem
reasona ble to try to encourage sim-
plex to use these channels and thus
permit repeaters to have all of the
channels possible in the band segment
to wh ich they are restricted. Since, in
most areas of the country , simplex
operation accou nt s fo r perhaps 5% o f
the to tal FM activi ty, th e allocation o f
o ne third o f th e chan ne ls for simplex
would. seem seriously unbalanced . In
fact, simplex activi ty rarely occupies
more than one or two channels in any
area and the allowance of 13 channels
is enormously wasteful as fa r as re-
peaters are concerned.
If t he simplex channels were a ll
t urned into repeater c hannels, this
would add six more re pea te rs, a total
of 33. This should be enough fo r a ll
but the most u rban of areas such as
the eastern megalopolis.
While 33 channels may indeed be
enough even for New York City , the
consequences of th ere be ing a need
for mo re t han 33 are d ire . Before t he
14 7 meg segment opened there we re
more repeate rs than available cha n nels
and new groups began fill ing in
between the standard channels, with
mixed results. Some receivers are
4 73 MAGAZINE
EDITORIAL BY WA YN E GREEN
capable of ha ndling t he p roble m of a
repeater just 15 k Hz away, but n ot
ma ny .
The channel splits in t he early F M
days were set up as 60 kHz. This
permitted six repeaters in the meg. It
di d n't take lo ng at all for th e six
channels to fill up and the ne xt step
was t he lo gical one o f sp li tti ng int o 30
kH z c han ne ls. It was log ical , bu t it
was wasteful and se t up a problem for
those coming along a couple of years
la ter w hen the only remaining sp lit
left was to 15 kHz.
Technically, it is a lot easier to
make rece ivers which wilt work
reaso nably well with re peate r chenels
20 kHz apa rt than it is 15 k Hz. A
w hole lo t e asier.
Wit h this situa t io n in mind, many
of t he proponents of reestabl ishi ng
repeater channel standards favor n ot
only a one meg split, but also a change
to 20 kHz between channels at the
same t ime . With some repeate r groups
st ill struggling in to the 600 k Hz spli t
sta nda rd, it is diff icu lt to engross
eve ryo ne in the benefits of ma ki ng
such a major c ha nge just a year afte r
we all finally accepted 600 kHz. A
few of us point out that we tried to
sell the one meg idea a year ago when
600 kHz was coming to be accepted,
but were shouted down. No matter,
t his is 1973 and thi ngs are d ifferent
today than t hey were just a year ago.
Crysta ls are muc h c heaper - synthe-
sizers a re a realit y - and we have
learned that change is not all that b ig
a deal.
Pro pone nts of one meg splits point
out that this would solve several
se rious p ro blems. F irst of all it wou ld
great ly simpl ify the cons truc tio n of
repeaters - and would enable most
re peaters t o work a lot better tha n
they do tod ay. Few re peaters d o n ot
su ffer from desensit izatio n to some
degree. Furt her, now that mobile and
base station rigs are asked to t ransmit
over a two MHz rangt:-, t he efficiency
o f most of t hem dro ps off seriously
on eithe r one end o f the ba nd o r the
o ther.
Transceivers m ust tra nsm it fr om
146.01 to 146.40 in t he lo we r MHz
and 147.63 to 147.99 in 'the uppe r
meg. Not many can handle that . The
receiver is not strained as much,
having only to cover one meg. In areas
where the 147 meg pa rt of the band is
set up wi t h inpu t lo w and output
h igh, like the 146 b and, the rece iver
has to cover 1.5 MHz a nd so d oes the
tra nsmitte r ! Add to that almost in-
surmou n ta b le inte rmod p roblems
which resu lt from this system and you
have headaches of major proportio ns .
If we decide to put all our repeater
inputs in the 146 segment we ask ou r
tra nsmitte rs to cover o nly 1
MHz - d itto ou r receivers. It 's easier.
In termo d is greatly red uced too. It
would o n ly take a sligh t stretch to add
some simplex c ha nnels below 146 on
tra nsmi t.
If we also decide to change to 20
k Hz spacing we will have a tota l of 50
repeater chan nels avai lable. Since th is
would incl ude all o f th e o riginal 60
k Hz ch an ne ls, o n whic h most o f t he
large r repeaters are se ttled , it wou ld
no t cause se rio us p robl ems to very
many operators. Re peaters wo uld be
on every even c ha nnel start ing at
146.00-146.0 2, etc.
It may just be time for repeater
councils to start talking about this and
see w hat can be done . The o ne meg
split ta lk is gat he ring mome nt u m and
we a ll h ave to face the p rospect t hat it
might be with us a lot sooner t han
seems possib le. The fact is that several
rep eater grou ps h ave already an-
nounced their in ten tion to go one
meg - and if we are all to get in step
and arra nge for m utua ll y accepta ble
stand ards we h ave to put asid e those
w ho oppose change and see w hat can
be d o ne t o acco m mo d ate it.
If we d on't agree, we will be fac ed
with the p rospec t o f some repeate rs
going 20 k Hz chan nels, some 15 kH z,
some inpu t low, o the rs input high . We
d o need to get t ogether.
What abou t t h is bu siness of movin g
from 30 k Hz chan nels to 207 Some
rigs will swing that much on t rans-
mit - some ma y requ ire a padd ing
capac itor. Others may n ot make it and
it may be n ecessary t o send th e crystal
back fo r a slight shove. I suggest that
we try to always move d o wn as this is
where added capaci ty moves crystals.
Thu s a repeate r input on 14 6.07
wo uld move 146 .06. It apparen tly is
not a b ig or ex pens ive deal to ge t
cry sta ls mo ved a few k Hz. Du ring a
change it wo uld b e p ossible for many
re peaters to ru n two outputs for a
month or so while users go t new
receive crystals. By staggering this
operatio n the spare transmitte r could
be u sed for o ne mont h w ith o ne
rep eater a nd then moved t o another
fo r the next mon th - etc .
Need less t o say, 73 will welcome
any and a ll ideas o n repeate r sta n-
dards. We are not really interested in
emotional harangues, bu t would like
 to pass along any welt reasoned argu- (4) The manufacturer's rating of If you pu t ten watts in the bottom
ments and suggest ions. output is not sufficient here - show you will then get 5.9 watts ou t the
that you have actually measured it top of the teednne. If you are using a
REPE ATE R LI CENSES with reasonably precise eq uipment. d ipole (gain of 1) this will give you an
Firstly, to estab lish my bona (5) The tran smission line loss will effective radiated power of 5.9 watts.
f ides - t he following IS what I be the same as used for you r ca lcula- Once you have that elusive WR call
managed t o glean from an au-dav tions in (3). Give the theoret ical loss in hand (none have been approved as
confab with the FCC (amateur divi- and show that you have verified this of this writing) you can go ahead and
sion) in Washington. Hopefully I have by actual measurement. modify for your b ig an tenna. Wi th
not screwed it up too much. (6) The patterns as published by that okayed you can go to perhaps a
phone line remote con trol - then on
The fact eme rged that repeater li - t he antenna manufacturers are no t
t o a 4 50 link - and wo rk on in to
censes are going to be a lot more sufficient to get you th rough th is
difficu lt to get than mo st repeater part - unless the manufactu rer has pro posals fo r automa t ic con tro l or
c lubs realize - if they insist on going had the patterns of rad iation accepted whateve r turns you (and t he repeater)
for a license for their comp lete system by th e Ch ief (amateur d ivision) o f th e on .
right off the bat. As the complexities FCC. None have as ye t. If you do use T he Repeater Bulletin provides a
o f provid ing sati sfactory informa tion t he manufactu rer's patterns you must faster commu nica tion mediu m for re-
indicate how they were deter- peater news and th is si tuation will be
on the many aspects of th e licen se
mined - whether by mathematical covered at far greater length in th at
grew mo re apparent to me, th e direc-
derivation or range - whether they publication - sti ll available for $2 per
tion in wh ich a solutio n t o th is maze
lay became mo re o bvious. were checked on a ran ge and the year from 73. T he December issue of
charac teristics o f the ran ge used. If the Bullet in carried t he lat est availab le
Let's take the comp lexit ies from you made the patterns yourself you FCC helpf ul h ints for getting you r
the top and mak e you wat t, if this shou ld give data on th e me thods you rep eater license and furthe r edit ions
problem interests you, for the easy used. of th at poop sheet will be published in
out. (7) More of same. the Bulletin.
(8) 19) Forget these fo r now-
Take docket 18803 fir ml y in hand they' re too much to cover in less than
FCC vs CBer
and turn you r attention to part a book .
97.41 (f), t he applicat ion for a re peat- The report that the FCC monito r-
er license. You will find th is o n page The o bvio us answe r ing stations had issued more ci tations
106 of t he November 73. to hams last year than to CBers makes
Since th e problem facing most re- it rathe r obvio us that th e FCC just
(1 ) The doc ket requests that the peater groups is an imme diate one: to isn' t even trying to so lve the mess on
location of th e repeater be d rawn get licensed as quick ly as possi ble - 27 MHz .
upon a 1:250,000 scale topographical an d with the dead line approaching Some peo ple are of the opinion
map, one wit h 50 foot contou r lines. when re peaters will have to be shut that it is th e magnitu de o f th e mess
T hese maps are available from t he down unless some sort of WR- license t hat has stopped the FCC from even
U.S. Geologica l Su rvey, Wash ington, is in hand, the path of least resistance making a serious attempt at cleaning it
DC 20242 for $1.50 each and th ey are wou ld seem to be t o simplify the up, but th at does not make real sense.
ext reme ly difficult to find an ywhere application to the ba rest bones for a The fact is t ha t if the FCC had any
else. You will find an index to some starter and t hen add comp licat ions to serious desires to get t he CBers into
of t hese maps publi shed in th e March it once the license has been obtained. shape t hey could do it with litt le
1970 issue of 73 on page 94. The Th is ma kes sense, doesn' t it? effo rt and expense.
maps use t he same n umbering system Since it is possible to get shot down Ho w? The re are a hundred m ous-
as the three d imensional maps. The for the whole license on anyone of and or so ama teurs who wou ld gladly
FCC wants t hese particul ar maps used the details, the route o f extreme pitch in and help. With even t he
and no othe rs. Yes, they kno w that simp li ficat ion seems best. If you think slightest h int, ama te urs wo uld wo rk
the more avai lable 1:62,500 maps give in t hose terms the repeater licen se gets u p direction-t tndtnq teams an d hunt
mo re detail and are " better." They a whole lot easi er to wo rk on. down the illegal ope rators, p resen ting
want what th ey specified. How can you simp IHy th e ap plica- t he . FCC with th e names, addresses,
(2) They Would like you to show tion? Well, if you get you r license first illegal calls, erc., of t he pirates. Ama -
you r comp utations fo r determining for d irect loca l co nt rol, you wi ll avoid teu rs are 'Nell awa re th at th e lack of
an tenna height above average terrain. a vast nu mber of comp lications, any d istinct ion between amateur and CB
See appendix 5 on page 11 2 of the of which could bounce you r applica- has caused much t rouble for radio
Novembe r 73 . tion back . T his immed iately deletes ama teurs. Few of the newspapers
(3) You r effec t ive radi ated power (8) and (9) as prob lems. If you put seem to have any idea that a CB er is
will be the t ransmitter ou tput less th e down that you wi lt start wi t h a di po le not a ham, so whenever a CBer does
loss in you r feedli ne (see the 73 Coax you avoid fi ll those pattern s and the someth ing so raunchy that it mak es
book fo r details on coax losses by comp licat ions of t he gain of coll inea r the papers he is often as not billed as a
ty pe of cable, frequ ency and length ) a n te n nas. The pa ttern is ultra ham Hams would be only too de-
and less any rad iati on in other than simple - see page 8 of the VHF An- lighted t o help clean up this cancer.
t he main lo be. You may find tha t you tenna Handbook by 73 Magazine IS3) Why is it t ha t the FCC has made
will have to consult "Antennas" by for the vertical and horizontal pattern no noticeable effort t o clean up th is
Krauss or stick t o some thing simple in of a vertical dipole. Fo r some reason problem? Is it the powe r of th e EIA
an anten na such as a d ipole. If you are the amateur handbooks do not give Washington lo bb y th at has them
going to use an ything more corrou- th ese pa tterns. That 's a "tsk" for back ed o ff? Money talks, and it may
ceted t han a half wave d ipol e you AR R L and Sarns. be speak ing lo ud and clear in this case.
should show the ma thema tical deriva- If you use foam RG-8/U you have a How else can we try to understand the
t ion of th e power in th e horizont al loss of about 2.3 dB pe r 100 feet at present situa tion wherein th ere is an
plane main lobe and also show evi- 146 MHz. The chart on page 13 of the obscene mess on eleven mete rs - litt le
dence that you have confirmed this Coax ha ndbook shows that a 2.3 dB is done about it - and now there is
figure by actual measurement. loss is equal to a power ratio of 0 .588. very serious talk of giving this bu nch

FEBRU ARY 1973 5

I
of illegal idiots another 80 channels?
I would like to tender an abj ect
apology to an y law abiding CSer who
is actually on the a ir and using the
band as it was in te nded. Wh ile I
recognize that there is a remote possi-
bility of such a person existing - he is
remote enough so I d on 't know where
he is. He is also totally covered up 24
ho urs a day by Red Apple and hi s ilk.
TUNING CB RIGS
T he fact is that CB tra nsceivers
have a tendency to go out o f tune
qui te a lot with a resu ltan t loss o f
power on both rece ive and transmit.
Th i s is due to several
factors - changes in temperature can
have a profound effect on some of the
parts such as if transformers and c an
loosen the little screws which hold
them together. Once these come loose
their operat ion can be seriously de-
graded.
Vibration during use and in ship-
ping often loosens these sc rews, n ot
o n ly on i-f tra nsfo rme rs, b ut also in
crystal oscillato r c ircui ts.
T houg h it is no t legal for a CBer to
mess wi t h his own se t, it is not all th at
difficult for him to ge t a small screw
driver and t ighten all of the loose
screws and thus bring th e set back to
the way it was when shipped from the
factory .
Once the screws on the i-f's and
padders have been tightened. the
average CBer will be better able to
operate his rig and observe the FCC
regu latio ns.
FM '" FUN MAKER ?
If it we re n ot for the n umbe r of
F Me rs who perso nally tha n k me on
the a ir and at conven tions for urging
them into FM I might just stop poking
those of you not yet on F M in the
sore spot. But the fact is that there is
a lot of fun that is being missed by
tens of thousands of ops - inexpen-
sive fun .
T he complaint that I hear most
from low banders who have no t yet
t ried F M is that it is just anot her
citizens band . I even hear th is no w
and then fro m some one who h as
listened to it for a few mi n utes from a
store or from a friend' s house. I don't
think you ' ll find any active F Me rs
who will back up that evaluation.
Anyone who c hecked out FM in
Southern Ca lifornia up until recent ly
wou ld have reason to wonder what al l
the fuss wa s about. There wa s a lot o f
the CB-type stuff going o n , wi th
Broderick Crawford t en signals, vir-
tually no rag ch ewin g, and darned
little m eaningful communications.
There are pecu liar problems here
and t here around the country , to be
sure . But in all, if you get more than
o ne or two sets of crystals for yo ur
6 73 MAGA71NE
F M rig , you w ill find as nic e a group
of people to talk with you as you
cou ld possibly ask for.
Up here in New England I can name
maybe a half d ozen cver-mftated ego
cases that are a minus quantity on
FM - and for everyone of these
d ingalings I can name ten nice decent
interesting FMers. For every bad
mauther of FM there are a hu ndred or
more fe llo ws w ho will go way ou t of
t he ir way to be o f a ny h elp th ey can .
Whe n the president o f a repea te r
clu b tu rns ou t to be the o ne jamming
the club station, we h ave some p rob-
lems. When the edi tor of a repea te r
council newsletter goes on the air an d
exp resses disgust with FM, we have
problems. But these are the problems
of a couple individuals and they are
insignificant. The y are ego difficul-
ties - and until the FCC decides to
incl ude a psychia tric exam with the
lice ns e test, we must accept the bad
ap p les along with t he go od - and t ry
to ignore the bad .
My di scussion of the bad aspects is
a ll ou t o f p roport io n t o t heir impo r-
tance. T he average FMer ra re ly runs
into them and FM is for almost
everyone a joy. F M provides the true-
Iy In terferen ce-free contact that we
find so rarely on the low bands. It
provides you w ith a small group of
not very distant friends with whom
y o u can tal k, jo ke, visit, hel p , and be
with on th e air whenever you have a
free mome nt . You can be w ith them
wh ile you are ta kin g you r chi ld re n to
sc hool - w h il e driving to
work - whi le d riving to a custom.
er - any t ime . You can have a hand
u nit a nd be on call w he never you are
awake if that tu rns you on .
When you travel you have an im-
mediate intra to the F Me rs anv-
where - and you w ill find them most
gracious. W1QXA steered my wife and
me to one of the finest restaurants in
the country one evening when I was
driving through Bangor. Every FMer
has had experiences like this - by the
dozens.
And what a go od feel ing it gives
you w he n you are ab le to provide a
p ublic se rvice! Th e o ther nigh t I was
d rivin g fro m New Yo rk to New Hem p-
shi re a nd t he road cond itions we re
execrable. It was snowi n g and raini ng,
with th e ra in freezing the road into a
sheet of ice and the cars were b eing
frosted over. Cars were sliding off the
road everywhere. Whenever I w ould
see one that obviously couldn't get
back on the road I would pass the
word to the highway patrol via the
nearest repeater. I reported six such
accidents duri ng my t rip. None of
those peo ple wi ll know who sent help ,
b u t they wi ll app recia te it.
What d o we t alk abou t o n FM?
A nythi ng and everythi ng. Since the
contacts are C RMfree, we can get
into real co nversat io ns and are not
limited to na me and loca t ion as on the
low bands. And since we generall y get
t o know mo st o f the regular inhabi-
tants of the repeaters we u se , we have
more and more to talk about.
Well, enough of the sales ta lk on
F M. Check arou nd and you 'll find
tha t th ere are a number of active
F Mers in you r area - ta lk wi t h
them - and you' ll be getting a rig
soo n.
S EC U RITY CO LUMN ?
Unless I get an awful lo t of static. I
would like to devo te a small space in
73 every now and then to keeping
readers up to date on equipment and
literature available fo r security in-
valved amateurs. If there is anyone
among our readers who is well versed
in the field and would be in te rested in
keeping us all in formed, I'd like to
hear fro m him.
Wh ile some readers h ave a ll the
money they need and the p rice of a
Sig nal O ne is no p ro b lem - the sad
fact is tha t most o f us wou ld lik e to
have an extra couple hundred dollars a
week coming in . It is just a lot further
between times we can buy a new rig
or a hand unit that we rea lly like.
ARTI CLE IDEAS
Hundreds of rigs are stolen out o f
cars every year - and the situation is
ge tting nothing bu t wo rse. What can
be d o ne abou t th is?
We h ave already as ked for articles
on car bu rg lar alarms - and fra nkl y
we wo uld like to have a lot more se nt
in to be published - but we haven 't
seen much in the way o f new ideas.
Now that more an d mo re of us are
p ac king a hand unit when we leave
our car we might be able to put it to
good use. Suppose we set up a circuit
that not o n ly set off an alarm when
someone tampered wi th the car, but
a lso sent out a signal on two meters
tha t we could rece ive on our pocket
unit? Most of t he time you are n ot all
t hat far from the car and would be
ab le t o zip o ut an d collar the ki d w ho
is b usy ripping you off.
Th is would be valuable even at
h o me - and a lo t o f gear is swiped out
of cars parked in fro nt of the house or
even in the garage.
Let's see some articles on this.
The new VWs have a plug built 10
for hooking into a " co m p u te r" at
your local friendly T eutonic service
center. Th is plug connects to sensors
spread all through the car, keeping
touch with each pulse. Some of these
might be o f interest to us to moni-
tor - like for instance t he batte ry
wa ter le vel. Be assured th at the edi to-
rial staff of 73 wi ll n ot lo o k too
Continued on page 22
 be t . 5W 1AT and an HSO. Bot h however, if you c an 't walt . se nd
o perated on 2 1340 k Hz abou t 2000 WOLMD a n SAS E and 10 ce nts (to
GM T. Hmmm, new tre nd here ... o r cover Xerox c ost) for a c o p y.
is 20 me ters jus t ge tt ing too ro ugh ?
Dave Ingram K4TWJ T h e WA 9 U HV /W9NT P GSO 's
Hte. II, BOI( 4 9 9 . East wo od ViI. 50N through Oscar VI cont inue to gro w in
Birm ingham A L 35210 success. T his month 's pictu res from
WA9 UHV should ill us t rate this. If yo u l u ", ~"". _ ~ ---- -.

.
", , ~

ho ld the photo o u t at arms lengt h the

As you know, Slow Sca n activity is
GSB won 't be to o no t iceable. AI
gro wing . tre mendou sly, and 1973
though a complete descript ion o f
p ro mises to be the biggest year yet.
these guys' work and rigs would take a
(Wa it ' t il you see a ll the new gear and
full c o lum n, I think it wou ld be
SSTV info coming out this veart ! Th is Fig. 1. A ulo moltic verticoll rese t mcainceuon.
su ffici e n t fo r now to say WA9 UHV
is rea ll y great; however, we " mo de rn
uses a traneve rter. some beams. all Th ose o f yo u wit h W6MXV mo nt-
day pioneers" are now rea lizing
home-brew Slow Scan gear, a nd a t o rs might be in te rested in Fig. 1, a
" gro wing pai ns " simi lar to th e SS B
Signa l One transce iver. W9N TP 's rig is modi fication for au tomatic ve rt ical
activity in the ea rly 50 's. T he increas-
so large - I' ll just have a p ic tu re o r reset (constant running sweep). T he
ing n u mber o f ac t ive Slow Sca n st a-
two in next month' s col umn! swi tc h selects ma nual vertical tr igger,
tions no w ca ll fo r a rev iew of such
matters as identifica tion methods and o r a utomatic reset.
wo rldwide ca ll ing frequen cies, for You might use Pin 12 (that p re-
example. Maybe we sh ould consid e r viously unused p in) o n the mo nitor
video and audio ID every three c ircu it board to b ring ou t the le ad
minutes ma ndatory . Pos sibly we from f C 10 7. A sim p le modif ication
should mo ve our favorite " hango u t " t o make a great monitor even better!
frequency of 14230 kHz to 14250 Don't forget the Slow Sca n con test
kHz, and st art stack ing back to ward t he 10th a nd 18th of th is month.
14230 kHz as Slow Scan activ ity Hope to be " seeing" you t hen . ..
increases. This wo uld serve the d o ub le 73 . . . Dave, K4TWJ
purpose o f easing some p ressures be-
tween SSB OXers and S lo w Scanne rs,
p lus giving us room for future expan-
sion. Cop Macdonald and I feel
through a unified effort these issues
can easily a nd quickly be reso lved.
What's you r opi nion ? If you have any
SUMMER E
Orbit 4 J8 ( 11118172 GMT)
ideas, or suggestions, we would be
qu ite in terested in hearing from
you - a nd soon !
Som e t ime ba ck , Mike Tallent
W6MXV and Don Miller W9N TP,
SEASON REPORT
came up with the id ea of transmitti ng
t wo regu lar, 12 0 line , Slow Scan T he last half o f June along wi t h
pictu res of an object , a nd sh ift ing the J uly and August seem to have bee n
second pictu re eve r so slightly, so its very ac t ive with not only au rora and
120 lines would fill " in between" t he E's, bu t with co n t in ued F2 contacts as
previous pictures 120 lines. If the two well . T here seems t o have been a lo t
pic tu res (or Frames, as th ey should o f ac tivity in the Caribbean area. A
more properly be termed ) were then nu mber of sta t ions, fro m all sec tions
v iewed si mu ltaneously, t he result o f the Un ited Stat es, wo rked VP5 RS,
would be a high resolu tio n, 2 40 line 8P6E N, an d a host of KP4 's. Augu st
Slow Scan pictu re . To accomplish seems like an in te resti ng mo n th for
thi s, you simply ta ke a p hotograph off Jack K2KDG. He to ld o f hearing a
t he scree n, a nd leave the sh u tte r o pen pai r of KH6's in OSO. When J ac k
for bo th fra me s, o r 16 seconds. The t ried to br eak in, o ne o f the sta t ions
o nly req uirement o f you r monitor for c ame back to him and sai d " K2 ... "
th is "in te rlaced" syste m is that focus Unfo rtu na tely, the band gave o u t and
r-an be adjusted sh arp enough each th ey we re never heard from again.
tlne . and space between each line is Meteor scat te r DX'ers ta ke note :
Orbi t 4 18 ( 11/18/72 GMT) clearl y visi b le. (You ca n 't fil l in a W2AZL, Holmdel. N.J. and W0 LER,
space that's not th ere.l Your Slow Minneapo lis, Min n., made the fi rst
Ge ne WBY EK is u p to 64 countries Scan genera to r ca n probably be modi- meteor sca tter two-wayan 432 on
o n SSTV now, and W4MS is righ t fied, inexpensively, to o btain th e August 12th . It took them over fiv e
beh ind . Two ET3's just go t on SSTV, simp le sync generator shif t. Robe rt hours to comp let e the two-wav . provo
di tto a DU 1. Reme mber Bi ll XW8AX ? Sud ing Wfl LMD, took the sequenti al ing once again that pat ience pays off!
He's now back o n Slow Sc an as interl aced frames a step further in h is I thought I might me ntion this fantas-
TJ 1AX. Look fo r him a ro u nd 2 1340 sync generator modi fication and has tic ac hieve me n t even though it is not
k Hz, about 1900 to 2000 GMT. selectable 120, 240 o r 4 80 line picture reall y re lated to t he E seaso n. On e of
VU25KV has been running some good capabilit ies. I found h is circ uit qu ite the greatest auroras o f all time
pict u res out o f India late ly ... the in te resti ng sin ce the co st is ve ry low: occu rred betwee n Au gust 3 - 5th,
usu al frequencies, 15 and 20 me ters. W6M XV, W9 NT P, and W0 LM D will when 50 th rough 4 3 2 we re wi d e open.
Two OX " go od ies" appeared o n Slo w probably hve copies o f these circuits I had an eyebal l with one o f the
Scan for a bou t a week during Novem at the Day ton Hamfest in April - ' members o f the WA 1MUG group at

FEBRUA RY 1973 7
the Hud son Division Convention back
in October . He told me that if I
thought the J une contest was bad , I
should have operated the September
contest. It was completely lacking in
E's.
Mel Wilson, W2BOC, a VHF propa-
gation enthusiast for almost 40 years,
sent the following comments:
"The only comme nts I could make
at th is time is that the summe r was a
'good' one in the sense that the MUF
was up to at least 180 MHz and the
two mete r ban d was open a number of
t imes. From 6 May to 13 August,
t here we re 7 days in which I have no
reports of VH F propagation, not
counting 3 days of aurora which of
course blanks out intense E's. This
number of days is about average for
each year . However, this year the
length o f openings was somewhat
greate r, th e geograp hic area seems to
have bee n greater, and th e open ings at
mo re northe rn lati tudes were be tte r.
The year started earlier, with very
unusual intense openings during the
first week of March, with the MUF at
least to 100 MHz. Beyond that I d on't
know of anything else very unusual. I
have no re ports of KH6 being heard
eas t of the Mississippi , which is sur-
prising with so much in tense E's.
There have been some rather wild
reports, but they haven't checked
out."
Bob Scupp WA2CXS
Reprinted from the Knight Knews.
Harry Simpson A4SCF
c/o 73 Magazine
Peterborough NH 03458
Orchids to A FC6YPX, the North
America n Roc kwel l Rad io Cl ub ste -
t ion located in Anaheim, California ,
on their fine bulletin written es-
pecially for the benefit of their fellow
AF MARS operators in Southeast
Asia. To quote : "We are located at
North American Roc kwe ll's Electro-
nics Group where approxima tely
12,000 are emp loyed . Our station is at
the Employees Recreat ion Par k just
outside the main plant premises. The
park cormrises 20 acres and has a
picnic area, a nine hole golf co urse,
8 73 MAGAZ INE
exercise room and venous clu b
rooms ... ante nnas ove rlook right
field on one of th e ball dia monds and
our log pe ri odic is adjacent to the
tennis courts and swimming pool -
still it seems that we spend a ll our
time in the Radio Club operating
MARsr "
Th is ve ry fin e st ation, wh ich my
informa nt says hand les more South-
easte rn Asian phone patches than any
other known station, is well eq uipp ed
w ith the most modem gear -
includi ng a wino-sensioq circuit which
au toma tically lowe rs their towers
from 75 to 25 feet whe never high
winds come up!
A welcome letter from Hugh
Dowel l N0ASG3/N0KXW, Assistant
to the Director for Operations, Ninth
NAVMARCORMARS .. District, out-
lining Navy MARS procedure which,
if adop ted by the o ther services,
would be a boon to th e ove rall pro-
gram. He says, " ... a numbe r of
hams join MARS with the idea of
getting free equipment. You p ro bab ly
know as well as I do what happens to
these would-be members! Navy MARS
has c hanged their policy toward new
members recen t ly. We are looking for
membe rs who will be active and are
t ry ing to weed out the others. When a
person joins Navy MARS he is given a
fou r-letter su ffix call sign (examp le -
N0BATl and is considered a tem-
porary member for 90 days. At the
end of that period, if he has met the
minimum participation require me nt
of 18 hours per quarter he is recom-
me nded by his area coordi na to r to the
Distr ict Di recto r to be accepted as a
fu ll member. If he has not met the
requirements he is terminated. This
method allows us to ass ign new mem-
ber calls much faster than before, c ut
down unnecessary paperwork, etc. If
the new member is recommended , the
"T " in h is ca ll sign is d ropped and he
has a stand ard call sign." Thanks,
Hugh, fo r you r wonderfu l letter and
the information .
Thanks al so to Sam Dunn
W84ICF /N0JXG for filling us in on
Marine Corps MARS activity in the
Okinawa area - there are 5 sta t ions
on the island , plus one in Japan. Each
sta tion is ma nned only by qualified
MA RS operat ors w ith a MOS of 898 1,
and also must be a licensed amateur!
A very nice letter from Shorty Sutter
AFA9Y BM, offering the information
that in Air Force MARS a W prefix is
changed to AF ; K is AFA, WA is AFB
and WB is AFC. I would like to
ack nowledge many , many other nice
letters - unfortun ately my space is
severel y limited (we' re proud of even
the limited space, wavne t) . Suff ice it
to say that thanks to you r response, I
can now forward inq uiries for a peru-
cuter MARS service directly t o the
proper person . To the few who wrote
nast y letters about my not mentioni ng
their service - ye t who didn' t offe r
one iot a of info rma tion on same - I
can only qu ote an old friend , " You
ain't a solution - you 're part of the
problem!" J ust keep those ca rds a nd
letters comi ng in - we'll mak e a
worthwh ile col um n yet !
. ..A4SCF
HAMS LOCATE MEDICATION
On Augu st 15, 1972 10 GMT
Hild egard 18PLH from Rewio
Calabria made a call o n BOm for
medication (Gam ma Globulinel. A
c hil d in the Cli nica ped iatrics in Roma
was sick and needed it desperately. All
comme rcial ways were exhausted or
did not work , since there was a big
c hurch holiday in Ita ly.
Hannes OK 1KO from Lindaul
Bodensee picked up the call and sa id
he would be back at 10;30 GMT. Now
Traudl DK1A X from Miesbach near
Munic h called 18PLH asking if she
could help and also asking about t he
Maiory YL RC Italiano Meeti ng,
where she will represent t he DL Y L's.
Since DK1 KO cou ld not come bac k at
the stated time , Traud l called DC2CG,
Dr. Friedrich, in Munich. He had the
proper medicine. It is very ex pensive
and not common in that a rea; he had
wa nted to derate it to a missionary
for some time . T ra ud l made th e ar-
rang ements with Lufthansa , the
German airl ine, to fly the medication
at 13:40 GMT to Roma, while
Hildegard contacted the police to have
it picked up at the airport by a patrol
car. It was all se ttled at 11 :54 GMT .
At this point Hannes OK1KO came
back . He must have had a tough t ime
in between , but he found some of the
medicine , too. Since there is no com-
me rcia l airport in Li ndau, the Germa n
Air Force fl ew the medicine to Borne.
where another patrol ca r was wait ing
for it.
Now the medicat ion for the chi ld
was secured for two days. After that,
slow (o n holidays slowe r) working
comme rcial channels could take ove r.
Traudl DKIA X was instrumental in helping
ro locate the medication.
 ~~~~~~~~~9~~~~~~~~
ORDER DRUSH DRUSH DRUSH
(check one)
TRANSMIT PAIR RECEIVE
Name _ o 146.01-61 0
o 146.04-64 0
Call _ o 146.07-67 0
o 146.10-70 0
Address _ o 146.13-73 0
o 146.16-76 0
City _ o 146.19-79 0
o 146.22-82 0
State Zip _ o 146.25-85 0
o 146.28-88 0
(1 146.31-91 0
$ enclosed o 146.34-94 0
o 146.37-97 0
o 146.40-147.00 0
o 146.52-52 0
TRANSCEIVER

o 146.94-94 0
o 147.00-00 0
o Drake TR-22 o 147.99-39 0
o Drake ML-2 o 147.96-36 0
o Regencv HR o 147.93-33 0
D Ross & White o 147.90-30 0
o 147.87-27 0
o Simpson o 147.84-24 0
o S8-144 o 147.81-21 0
o Sonar 3601 o 147.78-18 0
o Standard 146(A) o 147.75-15 0
o Standard 826 o 147.72-12 0
o 147.69-09 0
o Swan FM2X o
o Tempo FMP o
o
147.66-06
147.63-03
147.60-00
0
0
0

~
o Tempo FMV
o Tempo FMA
_ _ _ _ TOTAL
o Tempo
VALPEY FISHER CORP.
FMC
1015FIRST. HOLLISTON. MASS 01746


~~~~~~~~~X
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1015 FIRST. HOLLISTON MASS 01746

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R. L. DRAKE COMPANY
540 Richard St., Miamisburg, Ohio 45342
Phone: (513) 866-2421 Telex: 288-017
 No need to look for h im on CW least your log) and t ell us you are
beca use when I was there he was O K. the n send the who le mess to us
no t co py mq CW and knowing what a (the whole mess being the verified
bu sy ma n he is I seriously doubt Ii he list - YOU KEEP YOUR CAR DS (if
has had the ti me to learn the code you have them !) . We'll do t he rest .
since then. At present Bhu tan (ex. In case you don't know it 1973 is
AC5-land) has tw o stations that can 73 Magazine Year. This is a htstcr-
Gus Browninq W4BPD be worked if you are " persist en t", ical fact and cannot be denied by any-
Drawer DX and really " go after them" and have one. If you don't be lieve me just
Cordova SC 29039 a cert ain amount of good luck o r ask Wayne Gree n and I am sure he
have someone to "fix you up" with a will verify th is fact.
Here goes my seco nd month as OX few firm schedu les. At least it seems Ever want to hear about wha t 's new
Ed itor fo r 73 Magazine. I hope by as if I did leave a small "seed" about in OX ? Try listening on 14,218
now that all you OX'ers ou t t here ham radio in that area . I did sell kHz alm ost any evening between 2300
will have the " message" and start th e Collins " 5" line and a 30Ll and t o 2400 GMT . Th is is where the
sending me (direct if possible) all even a Telrex and Ham-M rot ar t o INOXA fellows hang out, you might
the OX news you come across. Keep AC3PT. I understand the Hall icraft- try calling in and if you are lucky
in mind t hat I ha ve a lead date of 2 ers SR 150 that I left in Bhutan is the (and " skip" is with you) get K3RLY
mo nths. Of co urse I ca n and WILL Transceiver they are using now. If it to answer your call . He is a very
use the info t hat would be too late is let me tell you that the "RI T" busy fellow, but will an swer you OK
fo r this magazine in my weekly OX'- tuning has been changed so that it if he hears your call. He can usually
ers Magazine. In advance I would will only tune "up", not down from be counted o n to hand out some
like to thank you for your efforts. the transm itting frequ ency, in fact as good OX info , he might even be
As you know those sun spots are much as maybe 15 kc as near as I can able to put you o n the " list" if one
getting less and less, so you may as remember . You might keep th is in is being made up fo r some OX stat ion .
well kiss 10 goodbye, and not expect mind if you hear h im working stations Yo u know some DX stations are very
th ose "almost " around t he clock 15 off h is frequ ency . much afraid of a "pile-up" , or maybe
meter ope nings. You had better be they just don't k now how t o hand le a
getting ready for the low bands and HEY THERE YOU OX CLUBS Il! "wolf-pack" of callers and they have
a new form of excitement that goes We want you !!! We would like t o asked someone like K3RLY to be an
with working OX down there. No "appo int" o ne OX (or at least OX MC for them. May be they are st uck
big, fancy, high power is needed (or minded) Club in each of the USA with just a transceiver and every
allowed) on 160 meters you know. call areas, and o ne OX Club in each t ime t hey show up o n the band they
Noth ing fan cy in the form of antennas co un try in the wo rld to act as ver ific- get " clobbered " with callers. (yes I
is needed eith er. I had a p icture of a ation po ints for our WTW Awa rds. believe t hat some fellows, just call and
chap in Western Austra lia wh o had We do not want any OXer to have t o call - never bother ing to list en and
his "long wire" (1), strung along h is send us his cards to be checked . hear what the OX st ati on has t o say !).
wooden fence around his home! I You run the chance of them getting Of course there are Qu ite a few ot her
understand t hat he has been doing lost and its that much more "work" OX Nets in o perat ion, and each of
fo r us here ! (we are basica lly lazy ).
extremely well wit h it too. r guess them usually can be count ed on t o
you could call it his invisable antenna Fo r t he t ime being we are using t he give out some good OX i~fo , or may be
t he ARR L Country list, BUT we do
becau se when you look at the thi ng the DX will be in the net ! The SEA
it certa inly don 't look like any antenna have some ideas of some (but o nly a (South East Asia) Net usually will
few) changes in their " off icial" list.
I have even seen - So rt of like an extra have a "good ie" or two calling in.
clothes line - yes, but not an ant enna ! We WANT MORE COUNTRIES, not They g~nera; ly meet above 14300,
Right about now is a good time to be LESS and we have our ears and eyes somewhere around 1230z. Then there
getti ng on 160 with QRN way-down, open to any and all suggestions from is a big OX net with KH6GLU Mc' ing
and act ivity up. Remember t his band OXers here in t he USA or anywhere it is called the Pacific (OX 11) Net.
is at its best when its sunset o r else in th e world. We want OXers Th en there is the Arabian Net, in case
sunrise on one end, but you gotta to have somet hing to do since this
you want to maybe work The King
will keep t hem busy and out of
get in there fast, because its short of Jordan (JY l) o r maybe the Queen
"trouble" and keep the bands bu sy
and sweet. The band has some other (JY2) . Quite a few " rare ones" call
so that some ot her "service" wont
odd featu res which you will find out into this net. A few more good nets
steal any more of our "liv ing space" !
when you get going there. I o nce have sprung to life down in Africa and
mad e WAS on 160 meters on two If you have no t as yet received you r then t here will be fo und a num ber of
week ends. Of course that was whe n OJ" QSL you might try again now OX Nets being " run" fro m the USA.
we had t he whole band fro m 1750 t o because th ey are being mailed out ANYONE should be able to work at
2000 kc . Maybe if enough fellows and you should have rece ived yours least 200 countries by check ing in just
get on this band and do a little by this time. The same goes fo r t hese nets, of course wa it until a
real complaining to FCC they will cards for those wh o worked TI 9C. good chance to "break-in" on them.
get that darn Loran off for sure and (send your cards via T12GI for TI9C). Back when WIFH, PY2C K, WGAM,
start using some of t hese new OF's I If you worked HH9DL some months W8HGW, W8PQQ, VQ4ERR, VQ4AQ ,
have been readi ng and hea ring abou t ago you migh t try W3H IZ (I printed W4CEN, W4TO , W4TM, W3CRA, my-
in rece nt years A ND then give us t he cards fo r W3H IZ in early Dec. self and many ot her Ole Timers was
back " our band " . Let's us all hope. In case some of you don 't know about battleing it out there 'o';'as no nets or
It seems t hat we have at last got our 73 73 - 73 OX Award, here is even OX Magazines (like my OXERS
some little activity going in the AC the info again: Work 73 different Magazine-a weekly one) to help out
Spots (as I used to call them) , The count ries in the first 73 days of OX' ers. You had t o just do a lot of
Mah araja of Sikkim gets on once in a 1973, make a list of the st at io ns, "d igging, schemeing, writ ing letters.
whi le signing AC3PT (The PT is a giv ing the da tes, t imes and Ireqs of and most of all " list ening';
.pert o f his in it ials), usually on 20 each QSU, get a few ha ms to verify
sse and just occasionaly on 15 SSB. (let 'em look over your cards, or at 73~

FEBRUA RY 1973 11

,

REPEATER UPDATE1
LISTENING
94 76 88 73 70 64 82.""""""
. . / the area."
." .
CO WI!Gl Castle RodI 443.50- 448.50
MA W1BHD Skunk Hollow 31- 91
NY Delete Belfry Mt. 444.10-446.111
NY WA2MBT Delete
NY WA2UYJ Del ete
NJ W2BHK Delete
NJ W2FlV Delete
NJ Delete Ch erry Hill
NJ Delete Cam den
NJ W82Z0G South Jersey 22-82
PA WA 3KXI Lancaster 01 - 61
50 MHz BAND
Bill Turner WAI/JABI
Five Chestnut Court
St. Peters MQ 63376
Early December brought several
openings. WA 1EXN worked WA5SJM
on the 2nd and heard a similar open-
ing to Georgia, Kentucky and Tennes-
see on the 3rd, this one of 45 minute
duration. Also on the 3rd Art worked
Dan, WA9UBI , with 5-9 reports both
ways. Dan was the only midwestem
station heard. WA9YJE was worked
under similar circumstances th e even-
ing of the 5th; YJE cou ld not hear
W1GAO or K 1HFK who were in QSO
with Art at the time . Art is looking
for scatter schedules (random or mete-
or) in the 20-25 wpm range. Bob,
WA0TXV, reports having worked l's
and 2 's during the opening of the 2nd.
T he writer caught openings the 4th
and 5t h, t he fir st to Florid a (W4GDS
an d WB40SN) and could hear J im,
W0 P FP, slightly o n backscatter when
he jo ined in. Bob is already planning
another DXpedition for June contest
time . The opening of the 5th was
mostly 3 's 'NOrking as far West as
Oklahoma IWA5RBI) also heard were
W5QDB and WB4BBO.
Jo hn, WB4R UA, of Calhou n,
Georgia wri tes " re the '50 MHz' col-
umn in t he December 13, in answer to
Lcwett's (WB4WNVI question, yes
there is a 6 meter net in North
Georgia . The Dixie 6 meter SSB net
meets on 50.110 MHz Sunday at 9
AM EST a nd Wednesday at 9 PM ES T.
This net is to b ri ng together interested
VHF amateu rs in the a rea and p rovide
a cleari ngho use for any news and
d eve lo p ments concern ing VH F. T h is is
a rejuvenation of the same net that
sort o f died out several months back
12
wh en the regu lar NCS had a ch ange in W1N VR 's au tomo b ile. The sacrilege
work sc hedu le and cou ld no lo nger occurred while said au to mo bi le was
function as NCS. WB4WMT and I are parked in the parking lot of the Grace
trying to get th ings back on a regular Baptist Church on Nov . 20, 1972. If
schedule . We welcome any checkins anyone has information co ncern ing
1 an d cou ld use more VHF activity in t he t heft, p lease contact Mi ke Sau l
W1D HP, Commu nicat ions Director,
Wallingford CD, 31 Hanover St.,
The 19 t h ed ition of the Editors and
Yalesville CT 06492.
Engineers Radio Handbook is out and
whi le it co uld u se further updating in l ISt from Pat 1_ :
some areas it does contain mu ch of Mf, . ModItI.Ser.No. 0....- 1__
interest. Much o f the construction y_ sr.mt No . 101036 WA2YSW 4112
material is new, several items are must
Stand.d 2m fM No. 102103 W6NPV
Dr,k e Ml2 No . 20189)3 WB2llR
4112
4112
reading for the 6 meter oriented bui ld- Standard SRC806M
e r. T he re is a new 2 KW PEP linear No. 009210 K1Tl P 5/12
Aerotone 6M 355lT,
featu ring the 8877, a so lid state ex- No . 685064 RR Police 5112
ci ter by K9H TK/5 covering 6 meters G. d .C" I_T. ml.
"'C
in addition to the HF bands a nd Standard SRC-806M.
a no ther in the series o f sol id state No. 102103 C. Matto_
3234 Coronado A...
5/12
receivers by VE3GFN . (Looks li ke the l_ial B-" CA
perfect if fo r a 6 meter corwerter.l lefaym _ HA .(1 0
No . 00921 0 WA2KDG 5/12
A new 6 meter transverter, the Colt . 62S1 No _10128 MSU ARC 6112
CX-6X, has been an nou nced by Signal E.lansing MI
O ne. De liveries are sched u led t o begin WRl Duoand. 60 10AT302 WA6fCY 6/12
HR-2A. 11 ch.... 04.-01152 WA 1NVC 9112
at about th e time this column appears. Sw., CY'1"8l210,No . 3 13022 K4ACJ 9112
Preliminary data indicates all mode Conins "lie:. Mod . MM,. K4ACJ 9n2
"".4294
cap abi lity, direct digital frequency
I-INtto HW-1 00,. AC PS WAUGP 10112
readout of both receive and transmit
frequen cies and co mpat ab ilit y with all
s-. 2108. No. M-39S430 WBHST 11 m
Signal One transce ivers a nd trans- AF68 No . 10888 K5lKl 1113
PMR8 No_10918
mi tter/recelver combinations. M1010 pwr supply
Henry Radio has added a new 2 KW Trio TR2200 No. 24 1969 WA2ZBV 1113
PEP li near fo r 6 and 2 mete rs t o their
T emp o line. It is my u nd erstan d ing
that this unit is manufactured by E.F.
Johnson of 6N2 Thunderbolt fame .
The Annual Conference o f the Cen-
tral States VHF Society for 1973 will
AMSAT
be held at the Marriott Inn, Minn e-
a pol i s the weekend of August
17-1 8 -1 9 . J o h n Fo x , W0L E A is presi-
den t of the gro up , W0MJS is program
NEWS
chairman. Hope to see some of you
there .
WA0ABI Mike Frye W88LBP
640 Dauville Dr.
Dayton OH 45429
Latest news on OSCAR 6; Due to a
defective solar panel and because of
unexpected use of the on-board trans-
lator, OSCAR 6 will be turned off
du ri ng mid-week . The following
sc hed u le wi ll hold to allow time for
the batteries to recharge . ON TI MES
wi ll be T hu rsday thro ugh Sunday
evenin g passes, and Saturday a nd
Su nday mo rning passes, u n less the
batteries are low due to extended use .
The HamburCJlar
ARAL' s WA1PID has an nounced
STRIKES AGAIN! that OSCAR 6 co ntac ts will count in
the January VHF contest. ARRL also
announces a " Satellite OX Achieve-
SN EA K T H I E F ST EA LS FROM ment Award ," one requi rin g a
CHURCH - Leaves T o wn Defen se- 1000-point-orbener total. aso's
less! t h rou gh the sa tellite will cou nt for 10
A Clegg 22'er, ser. no. 19 0Q. 5 78, points, each new coun try will cou nt
belongi ng to the Wallingford, Conn. for 50 p oints, an d each new con tinent
Civil Defense Group was b lasphe- 250 points. Contacts must take p lace
mousl y r ipped fr om the dashboard of on or after December 15, 1972, wi th
73 MAGAZIN E
 REPEATER OWNERS
Don't Take Chances. SENTRY offers custom made crystals made exactly
to your specifications. When it comes to crystals for your repeater, BUY THE
BEST - SENTRY. .

RE PEATER USERS
If you want reliable access to t he repeaters in your area, you wan t and
need SENT RY CRYSTALS. SENT RY CRYSTALS are cust om made for your
rig. We don't st oc k a large quantity of crystals for a certain frequency and
hope you can tweak th em to frequency in you r rig. We d o offer FAST service
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on-frequency operation, INSIST ON SENTRY.

SENTRY MANUFACTURING COMPANY

Crystal Park, Chi ckash a , Oklahoma 7 3 0 18
PHONE: (405) 224 - 6180
TWX -9 10-830-6425

FEBRUAR Y 1973 13

,
 RTTY PICTURE OF THE MONTH!
Want to see your artwork here?
iTNA VElING
CI( )
0
~.... -
)'0 r::J
uO ..-_. _.-.- -_. _.-
---
... ...._.
.. ....-,.,.",. .- ........".-
,
. ~ . _ - _.,
,--,_._
-- _-
Joe Kasser G3ZCZ/W3
170 1 East Wesl High way, Apt. 205
.~
..
~-_
.
-",,,-

. ..._-.._. . ._-,
.....
_'., .'- - ' ,- .._, -
_-- .'. _ '-- - "
- - ,
-_-.
Silver Spring ND 20910.
_ -_,

.. . . .-
_. .
','

.. .-- ,_......... _" ,.

_.,
..... ..
_._.... - . ~
~,
' '''
...
only one contact per station regard less
of mode . This awa rd on ly applies to
the OSCA R 6 satellite.
Well. the scene in England is really
hummi ng . I received a letter from
G3ZGO fu lt of good ies wh ich are now
-
.......
......... - . . ,, _
........
.........

.........
........
............
- _.-
_

---
-- ~ . '
_ _.k.""
"

~
_

... -
_
..... . .- - _.~
._.

.
_ ...
L

..-... ..........
............"....'.... ._ ..
~.

SSTV: The accompanying pictures to be passed on to you. ~

.,
.""..~ ..

........
"
. .
..
...
................... -._...
~ .. ... . . . -~ . .

were taken from OSCAR 6. All An FM group has been fo rmed in ~ .. .. .

,.,.... ,... ,.
_...... ".. .
~ .. .. . .. ..

ph otos were t ransm itted and re- ..........

..... '" ,..,.. '".,.
""" .. ,.. ... .
London. Th ere are over 74 member s,
.. .".,,.,.,..,., ." .
'~
,
_......................
_.,
ceived by WA9UH V, except the frame
sent by W9NT P.
a nd in charge is G5AGX. none o ther
tha n W8T IF. Th ere a re ove r 120
......."",.,..
."""....
. " " ,."
..............
~
.."..... " .,.. _.
...... -.. _ _
_
_ .~
, """" ,....
- ,
- ,
.... ..-. ."...,
,,' .
. ...
.
.. .
..
.
. .

I noticed the clarity and quality of people in 144.48 MHz FM simplex at

_ ..........
........... , -
_ . . .. ," ..
"'...
these photographs. This certain ly at- the present ti me . .._.
.._. _ . . .. . . .
.. .
_,
, . ,
tests to the performa nce and stabiliza- The only repeater in England is a .......,.._. _._.......... .... . . ... _._. .,.,..,
......................_
... _....... " ..... . ..,.. ..,_....,
_
tion of the satellite. Phil Howlett specially licensed experimental unit in ....................
_

"...... .. .. ,. ,'

_-
, ~ _..... .

................. _. . ~

WA9UHV relates that best pictures

are rece ived when overhead passes are
Cambridge. It has a licen se for one
ye ar and t hen the whole question of ..........................
. . .. k

"
, ,._ ,
_

_ . . . . " ..
..
- .

used. However. acceptable pictu res

can also be obtai ned when maximum
repeate rs will be considered by the
licensing authorities. It is o pe rating on
..
.....
'
...,..................... . .._."
..................................
..,,.,........................
' k ~ .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
' ~ '. k .......'.,.,........
......................... ,.. ,...........
,.,........
,
..

. . ....
- ..
. -- -
"" ..,..
,.
, ,

- . ., .
. -
, ~' .
""".,.,.,......
,.,.,............................... . . ",...
. . .. .- '''"
'
" """"................ _ .. _ . ,,,, ~.

elevation is 4 00 . This would appear to 145.15-145.75 MHz wit h tone bu rst

...
....
'
-
,...................................... " . _ ..
"".,.""""".................... ,,,
be th e minimum orb it requ ired for a access as reported in previous issues of ...
.....
. " , ,.,.,
.. "
" ...,
'

fu ll 8 seco nd fram e. Of co urse using 2 73.

,,""" ~.,

'"
'
~ ,
""
" .. ,
""""""""""".........
"
,
""................ . .
. . ..
sec ond fra mes, a considerably lower Slow sca n T V is goi ng st rong. even
" .~
....
...........,........ - L ..L .." "
. ,
._
,
. _
..
".... . ............. .. ..

" """ .. " "" ...

,
.. ,

_
" ""."
.
-_._.._.... , ..... _", " ""..........
........_
'
-
elevat ion is acceptable. Due to t he the police force are getting in on t he ,'
_
camera used, he was unable to fu n. The Sussex Cou nty police use "
adequately illustrate the gray scale slow scan fo r base t o mo bile commu- ....,,' ,,'
.........
'
. ,

. .. .. .
.
prese nt in the photographs. nication for passi ng pictures of sus-
.... . ". ._.. _.. .. _
.
. ..
More slow scan tests are scheduled pects quickly . so as to facil itate and .,... .
.......... _.....
'
.- ,'~

"., . ...
_
_ .. ~

to be held in the near futu re, operat-

ing frequ encies have been between
speed up t he ident ificat ion p rocess.
It see ms that in view of t he replan-
-'
0::::' :::::1
...- . "",
.....
.......... . ", :':':;:;:::::::::::::::::1
_.. ,-'.'."" ...
_ .. , " , .
..
"'" - " " .. "" ,..
, ",
. .. .._ .. ",' ._ 'M, " .. ,
....,- M , " " ,
ning of the two meter band there may
29475-29485 kHz.
......,,,,,
..- ,,',,' ._.. .,-" "."
... """,,
,."""
,.,,.,."," "'".,,,.,,,
..
be changes in the simp le x frequencies
in the early months of 1973. ....
"..
"",

.....,' . ," "

"'"
"....
, .~..

_ .. ,
,.,., ",'.'""",
" "_ .. ,.",,,.....
._ """ ,.""",., -'
,
""".,.
....
",," .. '
.
"""., ,.",,.
'",,,".,
...
..
~

- ."
," ~
" "
In Europe. the VHF bands are ...." ..".,.,'," " __ , _,...,.".. ".....
... ,
" .. ..N

. . " " ",.'... M '"

- _ ,, .. .. .,
"' ~

,-
,
voluntary pla nned so that st ations in a ....... .
. " . ,
- ....
_ ,.
,
.. .
region occupy a section of the band.
~

....
.....
....
.....
,
.
_
- --
, _ M.'."
.
_-. .
,
' ,.. ~

. ..
.
.
..
.... - __
Stations in a neighboring region oc-
cupy a diffe rent part of the band . In
.........
........,.,.,. . -"
_-. ...
-.
_
.
. ... .. H"..
. -' ......-,
.......,
' ... ~

this way when an openi ng occu rs. ............

....
.......
-
."
. .. ,..
-,. ....
. ...
, . .
.. ...
.....
'
th ey know where to tune for the OX.
This col umn has been appearing on
a nd off for a few months now. and I
-
. ~ .

'.. -. ..
-
~ .' ." "

....
." ,.
... .
'""
-
have not had any lette rs offering
ideas. Does t hat mean that everyone is
spendi ng the ir ti me at home? If so.
then thi s colu mn will have to cease THIRD PARTY REGS
appeari ng. so 73 can use the space fo r EASED
something that will be of more in- DURING HOLIDAYS
Now that OSCAR 6 is a definite
terest to the reeders. How about a
success. we are faced wi th a growi ng Exchanges of th ird party traff ic
co lum n called " The Homebody
problem - what next? AMSAT has were tempora rily permitted between
Ham?"
t he next satellite in line. but what will The Republic o f Korea and the United
Wha t do you do if you need mo re
we do with it? After a while GSO's States during the Christmas-New Yea r
FM freq uencies than y ou r 6 channel
lose some of their exc iteme nt. A few Holidays. Phone patches were allowed
rig will allow? Do you put in the most
people have written in a nd suggested between HL9 stat ions in Korea and
used or wait at each st reet corner and
ideas. a nd AMSAT is looking them amateurs in the contin ental U.S. and
cha nge conti nuously? Here in the
over. A portion o f next month's its possessions during the period of
Washington area we need more than
column will be devoted t o what is in Dec. 21. 1972 th rough J an . 4, 1973.
the 6 posi tions t han the usua l rig
the future for amateur satellites. If Wi th good resu lt s during this period
contains. yet a synthesizer is too
you have any ideas or suggestions of joined with the possib ility of easing
bulky to carry arou nd . One enter-
possible experiments. please drop me pol itical tensions. can we e xpect a
prising fellow carries two rigs.
a line . T hank you. more liberal commun icat ions agree-
. . .WBB LBP G3ZCZIW3 me nt with Korea?

14 73 MAGAZINE

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all solid-state transceiver is an oppor- Speech clipping .
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start with the leader. The FM-21 uses for 12 db Sinad.
only 1 crystal in any channel ... one
Selectivity-Ad jacent channel (40
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and receive frequency as well as auto-
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~
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ INTERNATIONAl ...&..'l.. alVISION

~ t".. o.. "O"
3050 Hempland Road , Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17601
Tel: (717) 299-3671 Telex: 84-8438

,
 INT ERNAT IONAL 19731ARC PROPAGATION
RECIPROCAL OPE RATORS R ESEARC H CONTEST
CLUB The object of th is c o ntest is to
A club which supports the es tab- work as many CPR ZONES as cos
lishment of worldwide reciprocal ama- Sible. CW/R TTY dates 000 1 GMT
teu r radio privileges has opened its Feb. 17 to 2400 GMT Feb. 25;
membership to all reciprocal ama- PHONE dates 0001 GMT Mar. 24 to
teurs. Membership is free. Send a copy 2400 GMT Apr. 1. Exchange signal
of your home and foreign reciprocal report plus zone no. Final score
license with a OSL and two lAC's to equals no. of zones worked X no. of
IAOC. Box 33, Medway, MA USA. contacts. Contacts in own zone do not
count as contact points. Mail all logs
MUSK EGON HAMFEST LA POATE SWAP FEST to L.M . Rund lett, 2001 Eye sr.. NW.,
The 1973 ARRL Great Lakes Dfvl -
The La Porte, Indiana, Amateur Wash., DC 20006.
sion Conventton -Hemtesr will be held
in Muskegon, Michigan on March Rad io Club will hol d its An nual
23 -24. Ham-Hospitality will be ot- Swap-fest a nd Auc tion o n Sunday,
G RANT CO UNTY FESTIVITIES
fered at the Ramada Inn on Friday Fe bruary 4 th, 1973, beginning at
evening the 23rd. Saturday, start ing at Noon, at the Civic Auditorium. There February 18: Grant County Ama-
8 :00 AM, technical sessions. swap & will be talk-in on 94 and on the La teur Radio Club Swap and Shop at
shop. commercial exhibitions and net Porte Repeater, 22-82 .3910 will also Jonesboro Park Shelter House,
meetings will be held at Muskegon be monitored. Jonesboro, Indiana - 10 AM to 4 PM.
Community College. More fun at the VHF CONT EST
Ramada Inn that night ! Tickets are
$2.25. Reservations and info may be Wo r lw i de V HF Activ i ty
LAKE CO UNTY HAM BANQUET
had by contacting Muskegon Area 19 73 - 3PM local March 10 to 1QPM
The Lake County (Indiana) Arre -
ARC. PO Box 69 1, Muskegon MI local March 11. Purpose: To keep
49443 (see their ad on page 119). If VH F bands active, allow rig testing, teur Radio Club, Inc ., proudly an-
you attend you wil l also be ab le to allow hams to get acquainted with nounces its 20th annual Radio Club
meet the gang from 73 ... we 'lI be fellow VHFers. Exchange call letters. Banquet to be held at the Scherwood
there! county and state. Count contacts with Club, 600 East Joliet St.. Schererville,
mobiles in each coun ty worked. Ind. The date is Saturday, February
3 RD WORLDWIDE SSTV Mobiles ca n wo rk a statio n o nce from 10, 19 73, and t he affa ir starts
CONTEST eac h cou nty of mobile or portable promptly at 6:30 PM, CST. Awards,
The thi rd worldwide contest for operation . Let 's see some mobiles. music, speeches, food - a ll you can
SSTVers is being sponsored by cq Scoring: Multip ly number of contacts eat - entertainment, good fellowship.
electronoca Magazine. The operating times number of counties worked Bring your wife, family , or girl friend.
times are 1500-2200 GMT Feb. 10, times number of states worked. Tickets are $5 each, and are available
and 0700-1400 GMT Feb. 18. Plan Awards : Certificate to each station from Herbert S. Brier, W9EGQ, 385
to use all authorized frequencies on scoring 100 points on six or 50 points Johnson St., Gary , Ind iana 46402, or
80 through 10 meters. Each two-wav o n two meters. Certificate to the top from other club members. Positively
excha nge counts o ne poi nt with a station in each state regard less of no t ic ke ts sold at door.
mul t ipl ier of 10 fo r each continent score. This applies to eac h band of
and an addi tional multip lier of 5 for operation. Eac h band is a separate
each official ARRL country. The only entry and a station can enter one or
exception is that each VE and W call both bands. Logs should show time
area will count as a separate country. band mode and exchange info. Mail
Logs must contain ' Time (GMT). logs by April 15 to WA3N UL, Box
Frequencies, Data. Call sign, No. sent 1062, Hagerstown MD 21740.
and rece ived, Country multip liers,
Points and final score . They must be WHEATON HAMFEST
rece ived by Pro f, Fran co Fant i, via A.
Dellolio 19 , 40 139 Bol ogna Italy be- The Wheaton Community Radio
fore March 20, 1973. Amateurs will hold their 11 th annual
NOTE : All contacts must be made Mid-Winter Swap and Shop on Sun-
via SSTV only. Use of any other mode day. February 11, 1973 at the DuPage
of transmission before, during or after Cou n tv Fai rgrou nds, Wheaton,
the Slow Scan exchange is not permit- Illi no is. Hours: 8 :00 AM to 5:00 PM.
ted, and will cause you r log to become $ 1.50 Advance/$2.00 at the door. We
inva lidated. a re ex pand ing to two bu ildings this
year. Re freshme nts and unlimited
FOOTHILL HAMFEST parki ng. Brin g your own ta ble s. Free
The Foothill High Amateur Radio coffee and donuts 9 :00 - 9 :30AM
Club is having its first annual Swap- Hams , CB'ers, electronic hobbyists,
meet and Hamfest Saturday , Feb. 3. friends and commercial exhibitors are
Technicians p~pan Western Uroon mlt'f
1973, at Foothill High School, 19251 cordially invited . Write W.C.R .A., Bill national's transportable satt!llire ground ste-
Dodge Ave., on the corner of Dodge Rambox, WB9AVD, P.O. Box QSL, tion, WUJI . aboard the USS Ticonderoga to
and Newport Ave . It begins at 9 AM Wheaton, Ill ino is 60 187 for informa- transmit Jive television coverage of the
t o 5 PM. Tickets are 35~ for adu lts t ion. Please include SASE with tic ket events surrounding Apollo 17 via communi
a nd 254 for children under 12. Booths reques ts. NO T E: T icke t p rices cations sarellite. The 15(oot diameter ex
pandable parabolic antenna is mo um ed on d
are $5 each. For more information, an nou nced last mo nth in this column gyro-stabilized plat form to ena ble an ec.
call 714/8387385 between 7 AM and were incorrect. The amounts shown c urate view of the satellite reqardJess of the
2 :30 PM Monday through Friday. above express the actual ticket prices. vessel's sea-qom g ma neuvers

16 73 MAGAZINE

NEW~ I'ROIJUCTS
HAND TRANSCEI VER
If you were look ing for a small
z-rreter hand-held transce iver t o hang
onto your belt not t oo long ago, Your
searc h was p ro bably li mited ... to
wha t you cou ld find. Now, with
several t ypes available you can afford
to shop around a b it before mak ing
you r decision.
One to co nsider is th e new KP202,
a six channel, 2 Watt unit that is bei ng
offered by Grove Elect ron ics. Admit -
tedly, 2W is a bit of a strain on a
battery pack composed o f 10-250
mAH m-eads. bu t Grove wo rks around
the problem by using Fast-Charge cells
t hat retu rn to full charge in just 3
hours when connected to their acces-
sory Super Charger. For such a sma ll
unit there is a lways a trade-off be-
tween battery life and power. The
rece iver has better th an 0 .35 p.V sen si-
t ivity and draws about 15 mA on
standby. One n ice featu re o f the rig is
tha t it has trimmer capacitors on not
only the t ransmit but the receive
crystals as wel l. These are an extra
that is not found on some rigs that
have space to spare .
Inside, the first th ing you not ice is
th e large amo unt of shield ing that is
used. Each section is surrounded by
its own little wall o f copper. The
second thing you notice is. co mp ared
to othe r components, how much
space is taken by th e tran sistors. They
seem huge next to th e o th_er sub-
miniatu re parts. T his is pr obably due
to the super.tiqht packaging required
to get all tha t circuit ry int o a hand
sized case. The construc tion in general
shou ld stand plen ty of hard use.
The co ntro ls i ncl ude on/off
volume, squelch and the channel
switch. An outp ut /voltage/S- meter is
buil t-i n and a tel escoping whip is in-
cluded. along wit h cr ysta ls for 34-94
and 94 simplex . The accessories in-
clude t he n icad batte ry pac k, their
FEBRUARY 1973
Super Char ger, a leather case and a
rubber-duckie wh ip.
The price of the Kp202 less acces-
sories is S21 9 . Con tact Grove Elec-
tronics, Box 565. Roxbury Crossing
MA 02 120.
SCANNER FOR HR2
/ fests for beat up gear that no one else
Topeka FM has just an nou nced a
two channel scanne r for th e Regency
HR2 and HR 2A transceiver. T he un it
plugs into HR2 with only 3 soldering
connect ions and one component
ch ange to the ri g. Unit mo unts inter-
nall y above A, B, and C crystal soc k-
ets. Scanning is accomp lished by in-
sert ing desired cry sta ls into positions
A and B on th e board . A and B will be
scanned when switc h is in position C,
th us no cha nge to the radio is needed.
Unique search-back fea ture allows
unit to scan channe l not in use every 5
seconds. Thi s may be d isab led or
switc hed in and out. Sca n rate is 20
times a second when no channel is in
use. SCAN 2 is avai lable fo r 5 19.95,
includ ing shipping, fro m Topeka FM
Co m m u n ications and Electronics.
1313 E. 18 th Terrace. Topeka KS
66607.
ALL BAND LI NEA R
(HON EST!)
....... ,
.
0 - i : --
" a five band or a six band rig? It mak es
l - -.Jr
A new linear ampl ifier has been put
on th e amateur market by Top Band
Sys tems that runs 2000 watts PEP on
al l six bands, 160 th rough 10 meters.
For quite a whi le manufactu rers of
amate ur eq u ipment to ok great pr ide
in advetisinq thei r all-band sideband
rigs and linears. Th is was n ice for
t hem from an advert ising pro in t of
view. It gave the imp ression that th e
piece 01 gear they offered was all that
was needed for fu ll enjoyme nt of the
HF fr equ en c ie s. Th e prob lem
was ... they weren 't ex actly telling
t he tru th ... Lurk ing near the t op end
of the BC band , sandwiched in be-
tween sku ll rattling LORA N signa ls,
was band number si x. lOr band num-
ber ONE. depending on you r particu -
lar feelings regardi ng the situati on. I
If one wished to operate o n 160,
what equipment did he have to choose
from ? His eu.tena SO- 10M rig did
little to hel p the situat ion. Most arna-
teurs had t o scrounge around at ham-
wanted. A well equ ipped 160 station
usually ran a Ranger I or a DX-100.
Th is writer used a Letti ne 240 for a
lon g while before he ad vanced to a 20
year old converted Comma nd Set.
{Incidentally, a free 73 book is avail-
able to th e first person who can send
th e Technical Editor a description of
that old Lettine.l
Sideband was naturally a latecomer
to the band . Not that SSB was un-
welcome. there just wasn' t any gear
arou nd. The only hope was to run
into a stray 20A at (again) a hamfest,
or home brew something. Heath of-
fered a mod ified mar ine radio for a
while, but it was restrictively crystal
controlled . The situ at ion was such
that active 160 men were restricted
from operating SSB becau se of the
lack of equip ment; and SSB men were
restricted from operating 160 by their
equipme nt's lack of fl ex ibility. Lots
of people were secretly angry at man-
ufactu rers.
Latel y th e picture has been chanq-
ing ... slowly . Since LORA N is on its
way out as a navigat ion system, (it has
been obsolete for a long time I peop le
have sta r ted to take 160 seriously for
what it always was, a damned good
place in the spectru m to operate on.
At least o ne manufact urer has taken
th e step to add that extra position on
th e bandswitch of his rig . . . and
everyone is giving serious conside ra-
t io n towards doing th e same.
Suppose you are in the market for
some new gear ? Would you rather buy
litt le sense to spend that wad of cash
and get cheated out of a band. And
how ab out a linea r? If you are th ink-
ing of gett ing one now, what are you
going to do with it once you update
your station with a six band exciter?
Once LORA N goes, so does the power
restr ict ions . Wit ho ut th at extra switch
posi t ion you' lI be destined to operate
barefoot until you trade that amplifier
in for some th ing wit h mo re capabili -
t ies.
The TB L 20 00 offe rs you a choice
now. For an attract ive price of 5259
you can purchase a linear that wi ll
operate on all six bands wh ether you
17

 J
a transceiver by Tempo
MORE THAN A YEAR AGO THE TEMPO
'ONE' WAS INTRODUCED TO THE AMA
TEUR WORLD AS THE N EW ON E'. NOW
WITH THO USANDS IN USE IT'S T H E
PROVEN ONE'. LOOK AT ITS PRICE AND
THEN LOOK AT ITS SPECIFICATIONS.
ADD TO THIS ITS RECORD OF RELIABIL
ITY AND THE RESULT CAN BE SUMMED
UP IN ON E WORD ... VALUE.
SPECIFICATIONS
FREQUENCY RANGE : All ama teur ba nds 80 through
10 meters in five 50 0 kh z. ranges : 3.5-4 mhz., 7-7.5
mh z. 14:14.5 mhz. 21 -21 .5 mhz.. 28 .5-29 mh z.
(Crystals optiona lly available for ran ges 28-28 .5 ,
29-29.5,29.5-30 mhz.l . . . AUDIO OUTPUT IMPEDANCE: Bohrns and 600 oh ms
SOLIC STATE VFO : Very stab le Colpitts crrcu u With
transistor buffer prov ides linea r tuning over the range
5-5.5 mhz. A p assband fi lter at output is tuned to pass
the 5-5.5 mh z. ra nge .
RECEIVER OFFSET TUNING (CLARIFIER) : Pro -
vides +5 khz . variation of receiver tun ing when swi tched
ON . .
DIAL CALIBRATION: Vern ier scale ma rked wit h one
kilohertz d ivisions. Mai n t un ing dial calib rated 0 -500
with 50 khz. po ints.
FREQUENCY STABILITY: Less than 100 cycles afte r
warm-u p , a nd less than 100 cycles for plus o r m inu s 10%
line vol tage c ha nge.
MODES OF OPERATION: SS B up per and lower
sideba nd, CW and AM. _
INPUT POWER: 300 watts PEP, 24 0 wa tts CW
ANTENNA IMPEDANCE : 50-75 oh ms
CARRI E R SUPPRESSION: -40 dB o r bette r
SIDEBANDSUPPRESSION : -SO dB at 1000 CPS
THIRD ORDER INTERMODULATIONPRODUCTS:
30 d B IPEP)
AF BANDWIDTH : 3QO.2700 cps
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY: 1/ 21J.v input SI N 10 dB
AGC : Fast a ttack slow deca y for SS B and CWo
SELECTIVITY: 2.3 khz . (6 dB l. 4 khz. (-60 dB)
IMAGE REJECTION: Mo re than 50 d B.
AUDIO OUTPUT : 1 watt at 10 % dis tortion .
POWER SUPPLY: Separate AC o r DC requ ired . See AC
" ON E" and DC " ON E" below.
TUBES AND SEMICONDUCTORS : 16 tubes, 15
d iodes, 7 t ra nsistors
TEMPO "ONE " TRA NSCEIVER $319.00
AC/ ON E POWER SUPPLY
117/230 vo lt 50 /GO cycle . . . $ 9 9.00
DC/1 -A POWER S UPP LY 12 volts DC . $ 110.00
Prices subject to change without notice.
 73's WORLDWIDE
SALES
REPRESENTATIVES
U.s. AREA REPRESENTATIVES Martinus N ijh off
New Mex ico/West Te xas P.O. Box 269 '
Ambrose G. Barry , W4 GH V! 5 911 La nge Voorhout
1010 Ju niper A venue T he Hague , Holl and
A lam ogord o , N ew Mexic o Bryan R . Vcqe r rv
Irish Ra dio Tr an smitt ers Society
OX REPRESENTATIVES 9 Wellington
Dun Laolne, Ireland
BeN Agencies Prv . L t d .
178 Collins Street Orio n Bo o ks
Mel bou rne 30 00. V ictoria 13-1 9 Akasaka 2-e home
Australi a Mi nato -ku
Toky o 107 . J apa n
The Wirel ess Insti t ute of Au stralia
478 Vi cto ri a Parade Gordon an d Go t ch Ltd .
P.O . Bo x 3 6 P.O. Box 584
East Me lbourne, Victoria Auckla nd, New Zealand
Australia
G. H . Gil lman
Smarts Road
Carl os Rohden Wai k u k u AMD
Calx a Postal 5004 Rangiora , North Cante rbury
Sao Paulo , S.P. New Zealand
Brasil

J ul. Gjellerup New Zea land Assn. of Ra dio Tran sm itte rs

8789 Solvgade P.O. Box 1459
DK1307 Copenhagen K. 104 He re fo rd Street
Denma rk Ch ristc hu rch, New Ze aland

Jim Coote Harold C. Leon

56, Dinsdale Avenue P.O. Box 61141
Kings Estate Marshalltown , Transveel
Wallsend South Africa
Northumberland , Eng land
South African Radio Publications
Rad io Society of Great Britain P.O. Box 2232
35 Doughty Street J ohannesburg, Sou th Africa
London WC1 N 2AE, England
South Af ri can Rad io League
Short Wave Magazine P.O. Box 3911
55 Victoria St reet Cape T own , South Afri c a
London , SW1 , Eng land
AB Nordiska Bokhande ln
Post Ad ress Fac k
Rautatie kirja kauppa Oy 101 10 St oc kholm 1
Kampin katu 2 Swed en
Helsinki 10. Finland
Almq vist & Wiksell
Hans Hartinger Nachf. Gami a Brogatan 26
Xantener Str. 14 Stoc kholm. Sweden
1 Berl in We st 15
Germany Eskil Pe rsson, SM 5CJ P
F ro tuna qrr -t -t t
R ichard Be ec k 194 0 0 U~ . _ .mds Vasby
Bode kerstr.85 Swede n
3 Hannover, West Germany
Buchandlung zum Elsasser
W. E. Saarbach 5MBH Arno ld & Stam m AG
P.O. Box 1510 Limmatqu a i 18
5 Koeln 1, West Germany Zurich 1, Switzerland

FEBRUARY 1973 19

,
are read y to or not. As opposed 10 IS 1.25) rs usee. S,mllar models for average 100 wa tt dummy loa d. The
being obsore te In the future . It is 406 to 4 70 MHz are available. 529. 95 tr emendous reduction m size is ac .
already one step ahead of the rest of from Topeka FM Communications comotished by requ iring the Min iload
your sta ti o n ' It uses five 6 LF6 power and Electronics, 1313 E. 18th 10 be mounted to a su itable heatsink
pe ntodes in the fina l compartment Te rrace, Topeka KS 66607. whi le m use. It IS designed to allo w
wh ic h ma kes It easy whe n the time maximum heat transfer from t he rests-
c o mes for replace ment. A new set of AUTO CHAR GER FO R tive element to the case so a lmost any
finals can be o rdered for 5 20. Each CORDLESS SO LDERING IRO N eq uip ment panel o r chassis will serve
tu be has its o wn bias con trol to mak e as the mou nting point an d heat sink .
t he jo b simp le . The dri ving power J ust tuck it away in some unused
requi red is between 70 and 150W and corner and forget it. No need to h unt
an ALC c ircu it p rotec ts the linear a round for those (usua lly lost ) inter-
fro m doing what it is not sup posed t o. co nnect ing cables next time you wa nt
The mete ring syste m is p rac tica lly t o do some work on your tran smitter
absolute. There are switch positions to because th e load will be bui lt in.
monitor th e ca thode c urrent of eac h Th e Model 8 07 1 features a VSWR
fina l tube separa tel y, plus tota l p late, bel ow 1.1 from dc to 1000 MHz and a
screen a nd grid cu rrents and high figur e bel o w 1.2 u p to 2000 MHz with
vo ltage. As a bonus, a forward and its fema le SM A connect o r. The price
reverse readi ng Wattmeter will mea- is S1 25 ; from Bird Electronic Corp.,
sure ou tputs to 1(X)() Watts. The A new accessory is ava ilable for the 30303 A u rora Road. Cleveland
power su pply is built -in and operates Wahl " leo-T ip" cord less so ldering (Solon) OH 44'39.
you r 220V line. It is desktop and irons t hat lets you recharge t he ir
fairly lightweight - lOKg (22 lbs): A batteries via an automo bile c iga re tte MICROWAVE DIODES
modified ve rsion. the TBL 2000 X, is lighter. With th is gadg et. the se rio us
ava ilable for th e 110/220 V o pe rat ion. mo bile enthusi ast no longer has an y
(15 Amps at th e lower vo ltace.} It has reason to leave his car. The last wire
a ll t he sa me features but we ights connection to the home a TH has
slightly mo re because of the extra been cu t!
tra nsformer mass.1805 kHz , watch out ! The increased portab ility is wei .
Fo r furth er info rmation contact : Top comedo Cordless so ld ering irons in
Band S ystems, 1839 Redondo A ve. , t hemselves are great. What else are
Long Beach CA 90804. yo u going t o use when soldering a
co nnect ion a t th e to p of a towe r?
4 50 MHz PRE AMP Every th ing has been t ried , from a
torc h to a match . but ex pected ly a
solde ring iron works best. The on ly
trouble is when y ou get t o that
remote repeate r site and you suddenly Ampere x Electron ic Corporat ion
re me mber that the iro n is st ill in the has announced four new lines of
~ :.- "~";.,/ shac k where you p lugged it in the
-: f;- ~ mic rowave diodes for co m mun icat ions
....
.
do ' _,<l
,?(l ' - night bef o re so it wo uld get a good and other c ommercial applicat io ns.
c ha rge. Fo r $4.9 5 you ca n ge t thi s The four lines include 11 Schottky
adaptor that wiII let you keep th at barrier devices, fou r tuning varactor
iron ready in the car (whe re it be- d iodes. 23 Gunn effect devices . and
longs, o f cou rse) . An overnight charge five IMPATT devices.
will restor e dead batteries to a full
The 11 Schottky barrier d iod es are
One of the first th ings you start c harge with negligib le d rain on the intended for lo w-noise mixer and de-
loo king fo r once you have gotten ove r auto mo bile system. The :tt 7585 Auto tector a pplicat ions up to 18 GHz.
the excitement of co mp le ting your Charger Plug Assembly is availab le All 1 1 types in t his group a re
first 450 MHz a 50 is someth ing to from Whal Clipper Corp. , 2902 Locust ava ilable in matched pairs.
pep up yo ur receiver. To pek a FM has sc. S terling IL 6 1081.
just ad ded a dual-gate MOS FET pre- The four tuning va rec tor diodes are
am p to their tine that could possibly RF MINI LOAD higha , GaAs, Scho ttky barrier de-
he lp quench that desire. vices. Each of t hese t y pes o ffe rs a
Constru cted o n a G 1 1 low loss tuning ra nge of 3 : 1 wit h volt age var ia-
epo xy c ircuit board, the 4 50M has a t io n from 0 to 12 V and has low se ries
vo lt age ga in of 15 d B wit h a noi se resistance (max. 3.0n) for low c ircuit
figure of typically 4 .5 dB . Th e board loss.
is silver plated for maximum efficien- The 23 Gunn effect diodes offer a
cy and has a shie ld o n both sides for wide range of powe r out pu ts and
maximu m isolation of the in pu t and frequencies fo r use in local oscillators
o utput circui ts . The MOS FET design in radar and co mmu nicat io n systems.
insu res superior cross-modulat ion per-
The f ive silico n IMPATI device s are
formance and reduced spuri ous re o
used as oscillators in t elecommunice-
spo nses. The input an d ou tput con-
tions and radar syst ems at C. X and
nectars are mated RCA and the un it
Ku ba nd freq uencies.
come s complete with instructions and A new 50 n rf load resistor has been
a ll moun ting hard ware . It is designed annou nced by Bird Electronic Cor- More information mav be o btai ned
to o perate fr o m 1Q--- 15V but ma y be porat io n. As you can see fro m the by writing: Product Manager, Amper-
fed with higher pla te voltages when photograp h, it does not have t he ex Electronic Corporation, Hicksville
th e acce sso ry HF450P K ada ptor appearance you wo uld expect of the Division, Hicksville. New York 11802.

20 73 MAGAZINE
 HATRY ELECTRONICS
500 Ledyard St., Hart fo rd, Ct. 061 14 203-527-1881
See Ward, W1WRQ Take Airport Hd, Exit, Hte, 6, off 1-9 1 or Hte . 15

~o --~~ .. . .
--- 000

All accesso ries for above lines of H F gear.

ANTENNA WI R E COAX CONNECTORS
Saxton #18 Copperweld 100 ft . Amphenol & Gold Line - UHF "N" BNC
Interconnected and many in te r-se ries adaptors
Saxton #14 Copperweld 100 It.
Interconnected INSU LATORS
Saxton #12 Copperweld 100 ft. E.F. Johnson - Ceramic Stand o ft s and Anten-
In tercon nected na En d and Center Insu lators
Saxton #1 4 Copper Enameled 100 ft . BALUNS
Intercon nected Hy-Gain - 50 oh m 1: 1
Saxton #12 Copper Enameled 100 ft . W2AU50ohm 1:1 and4 :1
Intercon nected
Saxton #14-7122 Stranded Copper 100 It. COA X SWI T CH ES
Interconnected Barker & Williamson and Gold Line

COAXIAL CABLE KEYS & PADDLES

Times FM-8, 50 ohm RG /U type Low-Lo ss Vibrop lex an d Bro w n Brot hers
Times T5-50, 50 ohm RG58!U type Low- Loss 2 METER FM
Belde n- All Popul ar T ypes of Cable Drake - Regency - Se E - Clegg . Crystals fo r
Belden R G8/U Put-ups - 25-50-75100 Ft. all
with P L259 each end (Low-Loss Foam)
A NTENNAS
OPEN WI RE FEED LINE Mosley - New Tronics - Hy-Gain - Cushcraft
Saxto n 4 50 o hm #t8-1" spaced , 100 ft . spools - Ante nna Specialists
Saxton 300 ohm #1 8-%" spaced, 100 ft. spools
TOWERS
TWIN LEAD Rohn #25 Sectio ns & Accessories
Belden 8210-75 o hm H.D. 1 KW Co mell -Dubitier Ro to rs
Beld en 8235-300 ohm H. D. 1 KW M IC ROPH ON ES
NON-METALLIC GUY LINE Astatic - Turner - Electro-Voice
Saxton 118" Fibreglass-Plastic Covered 500 lb . SUPER E X HEADPHONES
Test-1{Xl ft . I.C. TYMETER C LOCKS 124 h<-l
Sax ton %" F ibregl ass-P tastic Covered 1000 lb. WABER OUTLET STRIPS
Test50 ft . I.C. TERADOINVERTERS

CONNECTICUT'S OLDEST HAM STORE

Please incl ude Postage Canadian Amateurs Send U.S. Funds Only F.O.B. Hartford

 DIGITAL PANEL METE RS o-ov.oec). go ld plated, eccura tetv call
hrated ar tenuat or SWItc hes. and 75H Co.
type F connector for signa l input.
Meter is ca librate d to read ave rage
signal s trenqtn and the ent ire un it
opera tes on fou r standard 9V batteries
with extreme ly low cu rrent consump
non fo r e xtended life. Its range is
from 54 to 890 MHz.
For further info rma t ion contact
Btonder-Tongue Laborator ies, tnc.,
One Jack Bro wn Road. Old Bridge,
N.J.
A new line of digital panel me ters
are available from Weston Instru-
ments. The series 1220 d raws only FET PROBE FOR
3/4W of power from a 6 V source.
OSCILLOSCOPE
They come in five voltage ranges from
0-- 100 mV to 0 - 1000V and five
current ranges from 0-10J.l A to
0- 100 mAo Accurac y is claimed to be
t o .1% of the d isplayed amount.
Readout is accomp li shed by the use of
pluq.in LEO d isplay units and provi.
sia n is made to incorpora te a push-to-
read circuit for battery conservation.
Alt hough these meters are relatively
e xpensive for ord inary ham use, just
think of the fun you cou ld have being
the first one on the block to own a
d igital Wattme te r! The accuracy
would be ama zing. One of t hese
me ters could give you an unmatched
record of your rig's perf ormance by
noting the slightest drop in powe r t hat
would normally go unnoti ced wh ile
watching a meter need le.
Prices for the Model 1220 d igita l
me ters run a bit under $100. For
more informa tion cont act D.F.
D iCer to, Weston Instruments, 6 14
Frelinghuysen A ve. Newark NJ.
A new active F 1:1' .u c be for wide-
band osctu oscocc, nas been an-
PO RTABLE FIELD
nounced by Test & Measuring Instru-
STRENGTH METER
me nts , Inc.
The PM9353 measures low am pfi-
t ude, high frequency signals without
ap pr e c iable circuit load ing. The
probe 's bandwidth is 220 MHz, mak-
ing it suit able for osc illoscopes wit h
intrinsic bandwidths t r- ~f) MHz wit h
no adverse effect on .. ~ scilloscope
rise t ime .
Input imp eda nce of the PM9353 is
3.5 pF in parallel with 1 Mn ; its
unity-gain FET amplif ier el iminates
the 10: 1 attenu at ion on conventional
probes wit hout int roducing high inpu t
capacitance .
For detailed information write :
Test & Measuring Instruments tn c.,
224 Duffy A venue, H icksville NY
11802.
UH F "MOBI L E COMMAN D"
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories has A two-way mobile rad io that is
just announced the availability of a slim, safe t y styled , has 5 watts of
new, a ll sol id s tate po rt able fie ld power output with a ll solid sta te
st rength me te r. circuitry and 3-ehannel capability on
Feat ures normally associated only transm it and receive wi th recessed
with laboratory or bench models in- cont rols, plus opt ional tone sq uelch
clu de au dio output jack (earphone and se lective ca ll , the Model MC405,
22
is be ing ma rketed by The Hani cra tt ers
The Model MC40 5 opera tes in the
450-470 MHz freq uency range , de-
livering 5 watts output. Th e radio's
universal mounting tray permits it to
be mounted horizontally or ve rt icall y,
either on top o f a flat su rface or
ove rhe ad. always leaving the controls
readily accessible at a t ouch of the
f inger.
Tone sq uelch and selective call op-
tions furthe r provide the user with
tru ly personalized commu nicat ions.
The new " Mobile Co mmand" UHF
Model MC405 is in the $600.00 price
range . For further data, contact The
Hallicrafters Co., Dept. PR., 600
Hicks Road, Rolling Meadows IL
60008.
W2NSD /l COJIlJIlued
askance at articles showing how to
build moni tors to p lug into tha t ser-
vice fun ction . Let's get those IC chips
flying.
FAX
Hamfax looks like an other fun way
to go and 73 most eagerly solicits
articles on every aspect of it. Let's see
how to get machines on the air-
where we can tune for fax signals -
converter construction projects - the
works.
MOVIE MONEY NEEDED
One of the more importa nt events
in recent history for amateur rad io -
and for emerging nations - has been
the setting up of amateur rad io sta-
tions in the schools in Jordan. Several
of these have been se t up and are
being enthusiasticall y opera ted by a
gr owi n g n u mbe r of interest ed
students.
As I have wr itten before, the de-
velopme nt of count ries hinges today
on their ability to commun icat e. Elec-
tron ics and com municat ions is t he
major key to their a bility to develo p.
And without people who know and
are interested in electr onics a country
is ser iously hobbled . They need
people to bui ld equ ipme nt - to install
it - to ope ra te it - to service it.
Unfortuna tely , in virtually every
smaller country , the emp hasis IS on
Con tinued on p . 156.
73 MAGAZ IN E

don' t ever
ins is t t ha t y o u p r int e v
Reference certain le tte rs appeari ng
in 73. I suspect that you have now
achieved the first genuine break-
through in ham radio since SSB
arrived. I refer to comments on the
October and November cov ers. How
much mo re reward ing than a picture
of an Ie, or so me lad t esting h is
antenna! I hope that most hams (and
their XYL's) can take a mature view
of the forest . as wel l as of the trees.
Don't retreat.
AI Smith WIGAA/K:iZ'IS
Temple ;\ 11
1 have been getting issues of 73,
ca, and CST for o ne year now. I have
dum ped my su bscription to CST and
will no longer purchase CO a t the
newstand . They just can't cut it like
73 can . Keep up the good work.
Wayne.
The November issu e wa s fantast ic. I
got more out of it than all my CST's
and CO's put together. If the Novem-
ber issue is anyth ing like what coming
issues of 73 are going to be like, I will
rema in a faithful subscriber.
Dave WB5FWE
Fort Smith AR
After reading the lette r on Page 62,
Dec. 72 issue, trorrr
, Mrs. Philip Shera,
,
I cou ld on ly wonder that If Mr. Shere
was so puritanic , why d id he not write
that letter himself? Ho Ho Ho !
Fran kly I love those adulterous
thoughts I get after vie Voli ng your Oct.
and especia lly Nov. 73 cover! I guess
I'm just a nother di rty ole man ham!
You cou ld se nd your 73's in a plain
bro wn e nvelope if you have a second
objection to the covers. You probably
had o nly this one.
Clarence jones
Saint George Sc
My wife just saw the fro nt cover of
the Nove mber issue of 73. She says
she don't ca re - but I can't subscribe
to your magazine NO MOR E!
Phil W9 jH S
I am in total eqreement with y our
November edi torial re the new repeat-
er rules. By imposing such unneces-
sary restrictive regul at io ns on arna-
teurs wh ile a t t he same time perm it-
ting the bed lam that exists on 11
meters, the commission is fostering
the same contempt for its authority
that made CB what it is today.
I urge all read ers to flood Washing-
t on wit h support fo r your petitions.
john Cable WA 4AI Z
Rale igh NC
FE B RUA RY 19 73
Par. 7
b tiona l data:' so that "Newto n was
n universa l gravity d id in fac t ex plain
Wow! I wish to compleme nt you
t ellers a nd gals for t he best copy of a
ham magazine I've ever read. If you
kee p this up, you are definitely No.1 .
The a rticles on gravity and Tesla were
classic. My XY L loved reading them
also.
In the way of suggestion, I wish to
rec o mmend to you two new depart-
ments for classic papers: Entitle t hem
the " Past Classic" [Teslal and the
" Fut ure Classic" (Grav ity). Then soli-
ci t articles fo r e ach department.
Best o f luck and boy am I glad I
have a life subscrip tio n.
Olio G ru l)!' W9LII
The co ver of your Nov. issue is
stu nning; the issue itse lf is outstend-
ing . Keep up the cover and size of
content . It's 'NOrth it at a buck and a
half. Just grea t , just great!!!
Mill'S Ea nnon K40l ,A
Atlwus GA
The November issue is terrific! Am
ma king note in next "O ld Timers
Bulletin" about the Testa article -
telling readers t o write to 73 if they
wish to purchase a copy.
Bruce
The Ant ique Wirl'll'lI.'l Association, Inc.
Holcomb N Y
Wayne, you didn't have to send me
the renewal slip, I wouldn't miss an
issue for a million bucks. I've trie d a ll
t he major ma gs, and I find yours
better t han ca ll ing CO or OST in Ham
Radio (hi, hi) .
I'm trying to get my ham friends to
subscribe, and I've about got them.
t oo !
Dan- W N 5GII ~
C'mon, Way ne! How about a cen-
terfold spread? You kno w - a strip-
ped amplifier . . . a barefoot transmit-
t er . . a stacked antenna .. .
'\Iiehael R. Hanna K8UUO
Par lll Hts 0 11
Please c orrect the spell ing of my
last name . I've been called a lot of
diffe ren t name s, but you r inte rpreta-
t ion takes the c ake. The address label
from 73 reads :
W F SWI LL J R
3824 WI CKER ST
HIGHLAND IN 46322
W.r. S wiss, J r. W9H VY
P.S. Keep up the good design o n the
magaz ine covers, especia lly like the
October issue.
Re: Grav ity Abecedarium, Nov. 72,
It seems to me that Kepler d id a lot
more than "obta in excellent observa-
ab le to show that h is princip le of
beautifully the complex mo t ions of
the planet ... ,.
According to the Encyc lo pedia
Britan nica, (ASTRONOMY). '54,
Kep ler's 3 rd law, " ... being a neces-
sary consequence of th e law of qravl-
tat ion, must prevail in every sy ste m
unde r its s w a y. " Also, " The
Rudolphine Tables computer by him
( Kepler) from elliptic e lements, re-
tained a ut ho rit y for a century, and
have in principle never been super-
seded ." Furthermore, " . . the im-
portance of Ke pler's generalizations
was not fu ll y apprec iate d un ti l Sir
Isaac Newton made them t he corner-
stone of his cosmic edifice." And
finall y, " T he true foundations of a
mechan ica l theory of the heavens
were la id by Kepler's discoveries, and
by Galilee's dynamical demonstra-
t!Ions ... ..
Newton's concept of gravity and his
co ncept o f point sources fo r gravita-
tional forces both seem to have been
implied in Kepler's laws. And Kepler
was the first to ,.. . explain beauti -
fully t he complex motions of the
Planets ... " 50 years ahead of
Newton. K is fo r Keple r!
Gl'orge W. Fyler W9jT
Lo mbard I L.
Here is some update information
for your Repeat er Atlas:
Please delete the following -
Cherry Hill NJ Repeater (22/821
Camden Repeate r (22/ 82)
W2B HK Repeater (22/8 2)
W2F LY Repeater (2 2/ 82)
Plus whatever reference to a 22/82
repeater in South Jersey.
Now, where ell this info came from
is confusi ng - they are all one and the
same mach ine.
Any how, a lic ense has been re-
ceived a nd we 'd like t o have it listed
as follows :
WB2ZQa - South J ersey - 22/ 82 -
o pen repeater.
Fo r the record, it is a split-s ite
repeater with an input at WB2 EVU 's
QTH in Eria l. N.J . (ground eleva tion
200 ttl . Eq uip ment is a 4bay J pole
o n a 6 0 ft fowe r, G E Progress Line
rece iver a nd a Motorol a T44 link
t ransmitter.
The t ransmitte r is located 3 miles
away in Blenheim, N.J. at an aban-
doned comme rcial site (wi th pe rm is-
sion of the owners, of cou rse!)
Eq uipment is a T44 Rx and an
RCA ea rphone. Tran smi tter at 40
watts to an Andrews 3dB antenna at
130 feet, fed with RG 18. (Ground
etevetion e 85 ft) .
Control is accomplished with a
second T44 receiver on 450 MHz
using secode.
Coverage is approxima tely 30 m iles
fro m Exit 3 of N.J . Turnpike.
Continued on page J 56 .
23
FCC Report No. 8244, December 21, 1972
ACTION IN DOCKET CASE
RULES FOR REPEATER STATIONS
IN AM ATEUR RADIO SERVICE
AFFIRMED BY FCC
The a me ndme nts of Par t 97 of the
Amat eur radio service rules ado p ted in the
Co m mission's Report and Order in Docket
18803 ( FCC 72-757, released Septem ber 8,
19 72 ), have been affi rmed by the FCC and
numerous petit ions fo r reconsideration , stay
o r changes have bee n denied. The Re port
and Order esta blishe d rules fo r licensing and
ope rati on o f repeater stations in the Ama-
teur Radi o Service.
( Repea te r stations receive and au tomat i-
cally ret ran smit the radio signals of other
ama teur rad io statio ns and are u sed p ri-
marily to exte nd th e rad ioco m mu nic at ion
range of vehicular and hand-held mobile
stations.)
The majority of pe titioners o bjected to
the rules req uiring a control operator to be
in atte ndance at a contro l point while a
rep eat er stat ion was in opera tio n and to the
placement of re sp onsibility for proper o pera-
tion of the statio n o n the con tro l o pe rato r.
Seven petitioners requested that the burden
for proper use of repeater sta tions be o nly
on the user statio n o pera to r t ransmitt ing on
the input frequency of the repeater st ation
and that the rules "limit the responsibility of
a repeater station control operator to pro-
perly maintaining the te chnical operation of
the sta tio n ."
Several petitioners proposed a tone-access
system in which the users would activate the
rep eater st at io n by transmitting a certain
combination of tones o n the repeater station
input co m municatio n frequency channel.
HARD-TO-FIN D PIICISION TOOLS
lists more than 1 700 ittlTls- plitfs,
tweeztfs, wire strip pefs, vacuum systems,
~ I ay tools, optical equlprn eflt, tool ki ts
and cases . Also includ es four pages of
usefu l "Tool Tips" to aid In tool selec tion .
24
--;:.
--
::",.
::",.
>- -"I
."..
-,;:.
/.,
~ TIT/ OS S
Stating th at petit ions added no thing to
the information consi dered in ado pting the
Report a nd Order, the Co mmissio n ex-
plained that o pera tio n of a repeater stat ion
in the Amateur Rad io Service could prese nt
unique problems no t comparab le to other
rad io service such as Land Mobile o r Citize ns
Class A where co ntrol opera tors were n ot
required at rep eater st atio ns.
In response to the to ne-access syst em
proposals, the Commissio n pointed ou t th at
a basic prin cip al of rad io co ntrol was t hat
there be a reaso nable probability th e re mote
statio n would not be activa te d by unauth or-
ized persons, and the control o pera tor could
indeed effect su perviso ry co n trol of the
sta tio n from the re mo te co ntro l p oint jus t as
well as if the control poin t was lo cated at
the statio n.
Stati ng that t he ingenuity of ama te urs
could eventually " develo p th e techniq ues,
te chnical and operational, " that would per-
mit the adoptio n of rules fo r automatically
con tro lled re oeate r statio ns and tha t it was
conceivable th at auto ma tic and reliable
means co uld be develo ped to perform "all of
the supervisory func tions o f repeater station
control operator under certain specific con-
ditions," the Commission said provisions for
automati c contro l v-ere not warranted at this
time.
Action by the Com mission December 20,
1972, by Memorandum O pin ion and Ord er.
Com missioners Burch (Chairman ), Robert E.
Lee, H. Rex Lee , Reid , Wiley and Hooks
with Co mmissio ner Johnson co ncurring in
the result.
TOOLS
- VIBROPLEX
~
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73 MAGAZINE
 3850 SOUTH FREEWAY, FT. WORTH TX 76110 - 8179265221
Now Open in Dallas : 2860 Walnut Hill l ane - 214-358-4641

OSMr'AItI,
FIRST WITH

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Cross-m odu lat i on - 25 KC Calibrator
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Mobile is " First Class! " Operates directly fro m 12 volt DC requiring less t han
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Compat ible AC power supp lies and a host o f other accessories available to
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TEST EOUIPMENT SALES t
P.O. Box 9913, Chevy Chase, Md . 20015
Telephone 301-652-0996

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,,
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A bench po wer suppl y for mobile equ ipment. This bru te of a suppl y wi ll run a
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50 amps and is usable to a full 60 with a s ligh tly lo wer output volt age. The heart o f
th is supp ly is a co nst an t vo ltage t ra nsformer rated at a constant output o f 60 am ps.
The supp ly featu res bu il t in vo ltage and current meteri ng. T he Wa ller 12 volt 60
amp supply is only , S100 in kit form o r S125 w ired.

Po rta ble Tune Up Meter with cab les to plug in to Moto rola. Lin k, GE , Standard, etc.
T his unit gives you the meter fu nctio ns of th e radio being t ested. It a lso ope ra tes as
a po rtable de volt meter with the fo llowing fu ll scale ranges: 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150 ,
500, 1 KV wit h a specia l 3 vo lt ran ge fo r G E Pro gress Li ne eq uipment. Th e UTl
can be set zero cen ter fo r d iscr imi na to r rea di ngs. Also featured in th e UT 1 is a field
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of your choice (specify rigl S4.00 ea.

CALL OR WRITE WALLER NOW

 Peter A. Stark K20A W
196 Forest Drive
Mt. Kisco NY 10549

A TTL LOGIC CW
10 GENERATOR
A n ID generator is an important part of
any 2-meter re pea ter, and sever al de-
signs have appe ared in various ama teur maga-
zines. There are various ways of d oing the
job. from code wheels and con t inuous tape
loops to digital integrated circuits. We de-
cided recen tly to design our own version ,
based o n a digital I e iden tifier written up by
W7PUG in 73 in September 19 70.
This design imp roves o n the o rigin al
W7PUG de sign in several ways. It uses
readily available TTL integrated circuits,
instead of the older RTL circuitry. It is built The ID gene ra tor des cribed in this
on a single-sided prin ted circ uit board rather article is part o] a solid state repealer
than the d ouble-sided o ne required for the control system, th e second half oj
old er design. But mo st imp ortant, it uses a which will be presented next month.
simple 32-position diode m atrix for storing
the call. and d o es not require the knowledge
of Kamaugh maps o r any o ther fancy
techniques to decide where to put the
diodes. And it is c o mpletely co mpatible with

sea
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SN 74 154 DECOOER " ,.. "
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TYPICAL
DIODE
HOOKUP
I l .'<K
ocr 1 2 3 4561191OUI213 141!)16 11 18 19 202 22232 , ,
25262 28 2 930 31 3 2
TYPIC A L
CAL L:
DE K20A W
Fig. 1. CW i den tifier .

FEBRUARY 1973 27

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73 MAGAZINE
28
 o ur a ll-so lid-sta te re pea ter control, which
will appear in an up co ming article .
Figu re I shows the complete logic dia-
gra m of ou r unit. Two gates in Ie I, in the
upper left comer, oscillate and provide th e
clock fo r the sys tem . IC2 is the character
generato r which control s the length of dots
and dash es. A dot is exactly o ne clock
in te rva l, while a dash (or a blank) is exactly
three clo ck intervals. After each dot , dash ,
o r blank, a pulse is sen t to IC3 whi ch, alo ng
with a flip-flop in IC4, fo r ms a divide-by-3 2
counter. The second flip-flop in IC4 is the
sta r t-stop flip-flop.
The o utput of the divide-by-32 co un te r is
sen t to two special purpose MSI jC's. IC5
and IC6 . These are called four-line-to-six-
teen-line decoders. Each of these two f C's
gets the four outputs from Ie 3. an d o ne
output from IC4 . The two f C's together
provide a total of 32 ou tput line s whi ch are
used to scan the diode ma trix. In normal
operation, 3 I of th ese lines are high ( near +5
volts) and o nly o ne is near gro und. When the
ID starts to genera te th e ide ntificat io n, the
gro und moves fro m pin to pin , sta rt ing with
pin I o f IC5 and moving down the line ,
finally wind ing up at pin 17 of IC6 .

Th e upper third
of the circuit
b o ard at th e
ri gh t co n tains
th e I .D. genera-
tor tha t is de-
scri be d in this ar-
ticle. The lower
portion is the
power supply
an d the repeater
control circui try
that will be de-
scri be d ne xt
month.

F EBRUA RY 1973 29

,
 0000
o c
Fig. 3. I dentif i er board layout (80% ac tual size).
T o pro gram th e d iode matrix for a call,
we separa te the ca ll in to 32 do ts, dashes, and
lett er-spaces (called blanks). With simple
calls having K or W prefixes we generally
have enough room to include a DE in fro nt
of the call; with a WA or WB call you will
have to skip the DE. T hen we nu mbe r the
dots, d ash es, and blanks wit h numbers from
I to 32, whic h assigns them to a specific
positio n on th e matrix. For every dot we
place a diode from t he co rrespo nding lC
outpu t to the do t line; for every blan k we
co nnect the diode to the blank line ; and for
a dash we put in no diode. As show n in Fig.
I , the ca thode side of the diode goes towa rd
the decoder f C. You should use only germa-
nium diodes here because we need a low
voltage d ro p when th e diode is on. Figure I
shows the ty pical diode placeme nt for gene r-
ating DE K20A W. Incidentally, if th e call
req uires fewer th an 32 positions, you will
have to add blanks to stre tch it ou t to 32
counts. It's better to add th em at the
beginning than th e e nd, si nce. th is gives the
tra nsmitter time to come up before the code
starts.
To use the ID you will need to make five
external connections. The ID needs +5 volts
regulated wit hi n 5%, at several hun dred
milliamperes an d a good grou nd to the rest
of yo ur repeater co ntro l. To start th e ID
co n nec t +5 volts (a digit al I signal) to th e
sta rt lin e (labe led S o n the boa rd). O utp ut
30
c
ft
keying appears o n the K line" and is inver-
ted - tha t is, this line is normally at +5 volts
or so an d switc hes down to ground when
generating a d o t or d ash. T he H ou tput
( hold) is norma lly grounded, and switches to
+S volts du ring the generat io n of the ID.
Excep t for the K outp ut. the ot her control
sign als o pera te th e same as th ose in the
W7PUG ID mentioned earlier. If yo u need
co mplete co mpati bility , it is easy to add a
transistor in verter to the K line to invert it
back.
The en tire ID generator fits on a single-
side d PC board about 3 x 7 in. The boa rd
layou t is shown in Fig. 3, and the parts
placeme n t is shown in Fig. 2. Speed of the
ID is controlled by the 100 IlF capacitor; the
value sho wn generates code at ab out 5 wpm.
To speed u p the ID make the capacitor
smaller. The five 0 .01 p F capacitors are disk
ceramics which byp ass the +5V line to
ground . Etc hed boards and parts kits are
availab le fro m Circuit S pecialists, P.O. Box
304 7, Sco ttsdale, A rizona 85257.
In an upcomi ng art icle (soon!) we will
prese nt a co mp lete solid-state repeat er con-
trol , with ID time r, t ime-out time r. tone
burst or PL latch, CO R, and all the other
necessities to make a co mp le te package . T he
contro l fits o n a 7 x 7 in. PC board.
Altern ati vely , the control and ID ca n be
buil t t ogeth er as a comp let e package o n one
7 x 10 in. board. . .. K20AW
73 MAGAZ IN E
 A. Prose Walker , Chief
Am.lleur and Citizens Division
Federal Communications Commission

THE EVOLUTION Of SPECTRUM

Mr. Walker made the fo llowing
address at the 63rd Anniversary Ban-
quet of The Radio Club of A merica,
t rc.. held i n New York City on
November 17,1972:
MANAGEMENT
Cho osing a subject for t on ight was Almost everyth ing that mak es up sentatives of 29 cou ntries. The pr inci-
not easy, I knew th at the tota l ex- our world was invented du ring the pal issues were, unde rstanda bly,
pertise of al t of you represent s a grea t life span o f the SOOth perso n; obliga to ry communications regard-
amo unt of knowledge and experience, And mo re technological progress less of the ma nufactu rer of the
accumulated over a long t ime . When will be made during th e life of the equipment;
one is called upon to speak be fore h is 80 1st perso n, th an du ring the en- allocation of frequenc ies fo r public
pee rs, he is usually expected either t o t ire life times of t he previou s 800. corresponde nce and maritime ser-
entertain or educate them. Those of Spect rum Management has existed VICes,
you who know me, know th at I' m not ever since we learned t o t ransmit and agreement on the use o f " S 0
a comedian ... at least intentionall y. info rmation by means of electromag- S" as th e distress signal.
Although I have bee n involved in t he neti c waves. In unde rstandable t erms, Their d iscussions must have been
allocation of th e rad io spectrum for it means reconci ling in th e best pes- tota lly forei gn to th e modern concept
more than 25 years, th e aggregate of si ble way the desi red uses of th e radio of spectrum ma nagement wh ich is
your experience so far outweighs mi ne spectrum. Initially it was rather judg:!d by the criteria of bandwidth
th at I seriously doubt I sha ll educate simple, as viewed from ou r vantage and signal-to-noise ratio required to
you. If I'm fortunate, many of you poi nt of h indsight. But most th ings transmit informa tion at a given capa-
will have forgotten some of the detai ls are that way. The usable radio spec- city in bits/se,,"o"n~dO.'- _
I shall recall t o your mind. trum has changed over the years from
the first tran smi ssion across the " Wllt'n nations next
1lIt'1 in Wallhi n:::loll in
Atla nt ic in 190 1 on 328 kHz (915
meters), to t he pre sent complex of l 927 . .. the frequency
' 1')1(" technique u ti -
spectrum had bl"t"1I exten-
IUM to ~("I a c h-ar t-ha n- usable rad io freq uencies now ex te nd- dffi into the ,",turt waves
11("1 {wht-n diI'IOInac~' ing up t o 275,000 MHz, not including
a bove 3000 kHz pri-
Failed] was flIf'ft'IJ 10 ra~' laser optical systems in use, and some
lIlaril~- Ihrou~:h t he ef-
a book O il the 1t"11"::::raph other "electric" waves about wh ich Ierts of radio ama teurs
k e)' so that n o om' else we know comparat ively litt le. Conse-
who had been den i ed III("
could hear 311)' o ther si:::;- qu ently, t he diffi culty of the task of
.. administering the spect rum has in- II." '" of o ther In-quencies."
11 3 I S.
creased immensely since men began
useing wireless waves. By 1912 progress in wireless com-
Evolut ion, by definition, involves Probably the very first attempt at munication had progressed to 479
change regard less of what is being spectrum management occu rred be- coast stations and 2 752 ship stations
considered. Chang:! takes p lace at cause th e ex treme ly wide bandwidth of which 1964 were open to p ublic
some rate, or velocity . Considering t he of early spark transmitters wo uld correspondence . These developments
t ime span fro m th e birth of Christ, bla nk et every th ing on any frequ ency
lead to th e next rad io conference in
knowledge in the worl d did not within a hundred miles or more o f the London in 191 2, whe re three new
dou ble unti l 1750; th e next doubling t ran smitter. The t echni qu e utilized to services came into being; radio
by 1900; the third by 1950 and t he get a clear channel (when d ip lomacy beacons, weather reports, and time
fou rth b y 1960. I' m not su re wh ether failed ) was merely to lay a boo k on signals, with frequ en cy ba nds allo-
the fift h has yet occ urred but pro- t he telegraph key so that no one else cated to eac h. Such was the state of
ba bly so. If one consider man's exis- could hear any other signals. But a affairs in wireless at th e beginning o f
tence to be 50,(X)() years, th at wou ld succession of disas ters at sea, culmi- WW-I in 1914. When nat ions next met
represent about 800 average life-spans. nating with t he loss of th e Titanic in in Washington in 1927 , three impor-
That many people cou ld theoretically Apr il 19 12, brought forcefully t o tant scient ific advan ces had been
cover th at period ; about as many as mind t hat such a technique was not made in the fi eld o f radio ;
cou ld have attended th is ban qu et to- really useful as a spectrum rnan aqe- broadcasting of radio programs had
n ight. ment t ool. commence d ;
Of t hose 800 people 650 would It was 1903 whe n Prince Heinr ich o f radio sets had been installed in
have spent their lives in caves, or Prussia, enroute home from a visit to aircraft; and
something worse; Ame rica, tried to send a courtesy th e frequen cy spectru m had been
Of t hose 800 people only th e last messa ge to President Theodore ex tended into the .sho rt waves
70 had any effect ive means of Roosevelt. He was refused service be- above 3 000 kHz p rimarily through
co mmu nicat ing wit h each ot he r; cause th e apparatus on board ship was th e effo rts o f radio amate urs who
Of those 800 people, only th e last of a different make than that of t he had been den ied the use o f other
six ever saw a printed word or shore station. That incide nt led t o t he freq uenci es.
could measure heat and cold; first real attempt to manage th e spec- Many of you in this room remem-
Only th e last 'fo ur were ab le to t ru m at the Berl in Conference of ber the thrills of those days when .you
.measure time with any precision. 1906, which was attended by repre. finally go t a UV200 or 20 1, a 2 10 o r a

FEBRUA RY 1973 31

,
203, to oscillate o n ro ughly 200 or 8 0
me ters, or if you were lucky, on 40
meters; building your own chemical
rec tifier and filter , and gazi ng in awe
at the Roller Smith ho t wire ammeter
(Model No, HWA-t041 l, which was
absolutely necessary to measure your
" rad iat io n."
Ih 19J2, " hm ad
('a~l i n~ had ("\.llandl'(l in-
lu lIu' ~lI ot l ", a\t~ , a .~ had
al...... j'o nlll)l' rl'ial i n h' tl' ~b
and tOl("tn u)I'nt ~ Ia l i o ll"
which h ad ' _"I""U l ilt' li:::hf
lInt'ol t>tf,d In radi o atua -
teu rs III their ("'''Iwn
f' nt'f'~. "
Herbert Hoover was chairman of
that 1927 conference, and a most
revo lu t io nary procedure was adopted
to use the English language as 'Nell as
Fre nch, the traditional language of
diplomacy. However. all delegates
we re cautioned to " use the p rivilege
with d iscre tion !" This was the begin-
ning of the establishment o f the of-
ficia l languages o f the ITU which now
are English, French, and Spanish, with
Russian and Chinese a lso incl uded as
worki ng languages. In cases o f d isp ute,
the French te xt is still considered the
off icial version. The work o f the 19 27
confe rence was so ex ha usting (it had
nearl y 2000 proposals before it ] that
it took what has pro ven to be a most
important step in esta blishing a Con-
sultative Com mittee which has with-
stood th e test of time and is no w
known as the C.G.I.R . (fro m the
French ve rsio n o f the title I.
The usabl e frequen cy spectru m as
then u nderstood ex te nd ed from 10
kH z t o 6 0, 000 k Hz and t he re al
di fficul t ies o f spectrum manageme nt
had begu n. After a table of frequ en cy
a llocatio n was drawn u p,
ho w should the righ ts of con-
flicting parties be settled? . . .
... if a station changed frequency
o r a new sta tion started up which
caused interference, which station
had p riority?
After lengthy discussions it was con-
cluded that there was no possible way
in p rac tice to make adherence to the
tab le of allocations obligatory . That
principle is still true today as evi-
denced by the numerous reservations
ta ken by ma ny countries in the pre--
sent In tern a t ional Radio Regulations,
and the many t ransmissions which do
not coincide with the Table of Alloca-
tions.
The period from 1932 up to the
beginning of WIN-II , encompassed two
international conferences at Madrid
and Cairo where additional scientific
develo pme n ts we re taken into ac-
count.
32
1) broadcasting had expanded into
t he short 'Naves, as had also c o m-
mercial in te rests and government
statio ns which had "seen the light"
uncovered b y rad io amateu rs In
th eir experiences;
21 b y 19 34 there was a kind of
rad ar in existence , and
31 in 1936 the BBC in London was
broadcasting a "high definition"
television service using 180 lines,
which had been received on th is
side of the Atlantic.
Duri ng these early days after broad-
casting became established, the por-
tion of the spectrum which gave most
difficulty to allocation people was
from 150--1500 k Hz. Little did they
know what was to be the future of
medium frequencies, later known as
the standard broadcast band. As sta-
t io ns became more numerous, ways
were sought to enable them to operate
without causing undue mutual inter-
ference. One of the applicable tech-
niques developed was the d irectional
ante n na, using ve rtical radiating
eleme nts with spacing, phrasing and
cu rre n t ra t ios adjusted to produce the
desire d radiation fields in the wa nted
d irections. T he beginning o f an e ra o f
consul t ing en gineering was in t roduced
by the installation in 1940 o f such a n
a nten na at WF LA in Tampa , Flo ri da
by t he late FCC Commissioner T. A.
M, Craven and Raymo nd Wi lmotte.
Since that ti me , t he allocation, o r
assign ment, o f stations in the standard
b roadcast band has been on an en-
gineering basis, wit h comp licated
directional a rrays now in use b y
ro ughl y 2500 AM br o ad casting sta-
tions in th is cou n try .
Almo st as soon as we realized that
freq uency congestion wou ld beco me a
fut u re problem, we fou nd t he world
e ngaged in another World War. In a ll
coun t ries involved in the scene of the
strugg le, terrible d estruc t ion of te le-
commu nicat ion fac ili t ies to ok place,
Suffice to say that in France alone :
54,000 miles of overhead wires
were down;
60 re la y stations we re destroyed;
30 cities had their underground
cables cut;
11 0 telegraph off ices lay in rums:
50 subma rine cables had been
severed ;
and of the original 42 French
national broadcasting transmitters,
only fou r were usable at the end of
the war.
Wars are waste, however much they
accelerate technological proqress.
During WIN-II more technical develop-
ments were made than in the entire
pre vious histor y of tele-
commu nication ... which laid the
base for everything tha t has occurred
in spectrum management since that
time .
Foll o win g the wa r, the Big Five
powers me t in Moscow t o discuss
preparation fo r t he next intern ational
telecommunication confe rence which
had been recogn ized as absolutely
essential to avoid utter ch aos in peace'
fu l applications of wa r-time develop-
ments. Only t he United States was
relatively unscathed by the war; and
charac te ristically, 'Ne desired to use
this advantage for t he benefi t of
others. This led to the World Adminis-
trative Radio Conference, the Pleni-
potentiary Conference , and the first
of a series of High Freq uency Broad-
cast Conferences in 1947 at Atlantic
City. Six hundred delegates from 76
c ou n tries attended to the post-war
p ro blems of the spectrum, not en-
tirely aware of the t remendous added
burdens to come into the scene with
post-wa r developments and applica-
tions in the reg ions of VH F, UH F and
SHF. Te levis ion was still an experi-
me nt on VHF , but wartime rada r
techniques b roug-u it in to clear focus
shortly after the end of hostilities.
Fortu nately for the Uni ted Sta tes , our
gove rnmen t had recognized t he im-
pending spectru m utilization. and as
early as 19 44-45 befo re the wa r had
ended, called General Allo cation.hear-
ings o n uses of t he spectru m. This set
the stage fo r the United States posl-
tion at the Atlant ic City WA RC.
"Uurin!!: \\'W-II more
I ('t' h nical developments
Wl'ft' made than in lilt'
cutin- previous history of
II' I e -ommun ica t io II ...
The signifi cant problem o f the
post-wa r years, which sti ll has not
been solved, rela tes to international
sta nd ards for televis io n. At At lant ic
City in 1947, d e legates we re u n-
worried about th e alloca tion o f the
spectru m from about 30 MHz to 10.5
GHz. They concluded that it could be
allocated to radar, t elevision, FM
broadcasti ng and a few other " rela-
tively minor services. " What ca n ha p-
pe n even wi th considerable inter-
national lia iso n in ou r present world
of telecommunication is typified by
present television standards in use
throug--.out the world. In the United
Kingdom they use 405 lines on VH F
but on UHF they use the CCIR
standard of 625 lines. In the Uni ted
States 'Ne established our system using
525 lines, and the F rench use 819
lines. This perhaps wasn 't so bad
although an noyi ng, until along came
c o lo r television. No other subject ever
elicited such acrimonious debate
among I.T ,U. delegates as the subject
of color television standards at meet-
ings in Vienna in 1965 an d Oslo in
73 MAGAZ IN E
 1966. We had the NTSC simultaneous
color system; the F re nc h had their
SECAM systems; Germany introduced
the PAL system and Austria came up
with what was called QUAM .
Some witty delegate coined some
humorous descriptions fo r these svs-
terns which you might enjoy :
NTSC - Never Twice t he Same
Co lor
SEC AM - System Elegante Centre
L'Al le magne
PAL - Pay for Add itional Luxu ry
Q UAM - Quick Austrian Modi fica-
t ion
So we not only have fou r d ifferent
line standa rds but also differen t sys-
tems fo r encoding and t ransmitting
color pictures. Fortunately the four
mentioned (actually there were more)
have been pared down to three. Eve ry
t ime you see a satellite p icture coming
from the Euro pean area, remember it
had to start out with a d ifferent line
scan ning stan dard as well as a differ-
en t color encod ing system, and go
through a st anda rds converte r in ord er
fo r it to be seen o n y ou r colo r
te levision se t. I o fte n marvel at the
preservation of qu ality considering
everything that has to b e done. We
have learned that spectrum manage-
me nt becomes dependent on tech nic al
standa rds . As you look at the various
T V systems in use throughout the
world we fin d great variations in such
important parameters as channel
width. spaci ng b etwee n sound and
video carriers. width and attenuation
o f the vesti gial sideband. ty pe and
po larity o f mo dula tion. ad infinitum.
I menti o n t hese asp ects o n ly as ex -
a mp les o f fac to rs ta ken in to acc o unt
in conside ri ng h o w to u se the spec-
tru rn O ther examp les cou ld p racti-
cally fill a book, and still re late to
only technical aspects.
"H\' 1980 it has bee-n
preda-ted that the Ama -
teur population of tilt'
world will 1M" between six
and ei~hl hundn-d thous-
and ,"
Probably 1 shou ld have sta ted ini-
tially t hat any a ttempt to compte-
hensive ly cover t his su bject wou ld
req uire much longer than you wou ld
like to listen. At this point we have
progressed beyond WWII and the
technological revo lu t io n has just be-
gun. You realize, I know. that any
agency of the government which uses
frequencies (a nd most of them do) has
a group of spectrum ma nager5 over-
seeing t he ir requirements. No agency
ca n act alone in th is fie ld because of
the in teraction among the va rious u ses
o f t he spec tru m. So t here is a gro u p of
qovem rrent spectrum ma n agers ca lled
FEBRUARY 1973
,
the Interd ep art ment Radio Advisory voice ci rcu its wi th a ma xi mum degree
Commi ttee ( I RAC) . which has existed o f redu nda ncy to ach ieve t he highest
since 192 2 by vario us names. The standards of reliabili ty and useful life-
broad main c ha rte r of this group is to time . Although evolu tion of c able
take care of the frequency reoutre- caocttv is not so d ramatic as that of
ments of each agency of the govern- sa tellites, it has increased from 36
ment. T he FCC is a liaison member, vo ice c ha n ne ls in the first cab le
because its resp o nsibility is to the au t horized, t o c u rre n t and planned
civilian uses o f rad io . an d there fore cepcities of th ree thousand such c han-
close coo rd ination is requ ired . nel s o r even high er. per ca b le. We now
The I RAC has a mem bersh ip o f 16 have c ab le con nect io ns from the
departme nts o r agenc ies, and three Uni ted St ates to Europe via TAT1
p ermanent su bcomm ittees; Frequ en cy through 5, to Bermuda, Puerto Rico,
Ass ign me n t, Spect ru m Pla nn ing and V irgin Islands, Jamaica, Panama,
Tech nical. T he I RAC an d it s subcom- Cuba, Hawa ii, Jap an, Hong Kong,
mittees are c haired b y o ffic ials o f the Phillipp ines and sou theast Asia o n to
Office of Te leco m mun ications Po licy, Australia .
whose Director is Dr. Clay T.
Whitehead. T he magnitude of t he
government's use of t h e spectrum "Frequencies ailoeated
10 Amaleurto have bt'n1
almost staggers one's imagination. T he
waduall~- whittled a"a~
dollar investmen t is over S50 billion;
over the ~ears. rather
millions of t ransnl t ters a re operating
than inrrea.-;t'd ., . the)--
d aily; governmen t freq uency assiqn-
",ill des perately ueed ad.
me n ts a mo unt to a bo u t 120,000 and
the n umber o f governmenta l m issions
ditional ~pet.'1rt1ll1 ... patt'
ill l ilt' 3-30 1\1 11;,. area."
de p end ing on radio is incalculable . No
wond er such a group is required to
exerc ise t he President's responsibi lity Every se rvice c o ncern ed with long
in this a rea o f spectru m management. d istance a nd international co m mu n i-
Although there are thousand s of c ation h as felt the impact of these
worthy post-wa r deve lo p ments, I ac hievements. Work in the CCI R, re-
would choose t he sa tellite as the o ne cen t ITU con fe re nces, and pro-
which will remain t he oustandi ng ceed ings before t he FCC emph asize
example o f technology covering a that commu nications hand led b y the
wide variety of fiel ds. Satellite com- F ixed, Aeron au tical and Maritime Ser-
mu nicat ion became a reality on July vices are e ither in process of transition
10 , 1962, a short ten years ago. no w o r are being planned for sa te llites
TELSTA R I was d esign ed an d bu ilt b y in th e near future . What happens to
Bell Lab o ratories a nd lau nch ed by the HF sp ectru m which is currently .
NASA in ju st 18 months. Its im p act is allocated to these serv ices? Well, ob-
still being felt throughout the world . v io usly it will not mean a c o mp le te
Co n gress c reated the Commun ications reduction of their HF spectrum alloca-
Satellite Corpo rat io n t h ree mo n ths tion. because there wi ll be a number
after TELSTAR , a nd the in te rna t ional of countries thro ughout the wo rld
co nsortiu m known as INTEL$ AT n o w wi t ho ut cable terminals and sa tellite
n u m bers 82 n at ions as members. eart h stati ons. Such a major evolu-
The evolution of intern ational com- t ionary d eve lo p ment in com mu n i-
mu nications has p roceeded ra p id ly c ations makes it o bviou s that we mu st
through increased utilization of both reexamine the u tiliz ation o f the high
cables and satellites. The INT E LSAT freq ue ncy spect rum. The last over-a ll
system, now in fou rth generation a lloca t ion fr om 3 -30 MHz wa s in
satellites, has increased its tech" 1959 before we had a satellite sy stem
n olo gical c apaci ty from 24 0 voice and p rio r t o cu rre nt cable expansion.
ci rcu its for INTELSAT I t o 9000 su ch Undoubtedly, new services and several
circuits in INTEL$AT IV in th e spot" old ones wi ll c lamo r for more spec-
beam mode , or 12 TV channel s, or trum space .
vari o us co mb inat ions depending o n The High Fr equency Broadcast Ser-
mo des, emi ssions an d radiation con- vice now ass igns stat io ns eve ry 5 kHz,
figurations . In 1965 we had o nly two u tiliz ing geograph ic sha rin g, time shar-
poi nt coverage over the Atlantic b asin ing, h igh ly d irectional antennas, and
in the n o rth ern h emisphere , whereas restriction o f ma ximum mod ulatin g
today several sa tellites p rovide p racti- freq uencies t o 6 4 00 Hz . They will
cally to ta l coverage in the Atlan tic, wan t more bands; something like ten,
Pacif ic and Indian Ocean basins with probab ly 500 k Hz wi de. By 1980 it
more than 80 antennas at 6 4 earth . has been p redicted that the Ama te u r
stations in 4 9 countries. Techn o lo gic al pop ulat ion of th e world will be be-
investigat io ns now unde r way ind icate twee n six a nd e ight hundred
t hat whe never tra ffic vol u me ju stifi es t ho usand. Freq uenc ies all o cated to
it, a new gene ration of satellites can Amateur s ha v e been grad ually
be provided d uring the late 1970's whittled away over the years, rather
capab le of p rov id ing 20, 0 0 0 to 30,0 0 0 than in cre ased , as with most other
33
services; and if the p red ic tio n of their When all is said and done, and we
nu mbers should c ome even close to have every transmitter on the right
being true, they will desperate ly need frequency operating in the best inter-
additional spectrum space in the 3 -30 " I't>rh<l p" r-ertuin 0 1" ests of its users, we have a lot of
MHz a re a. Large areas o f the spec tru m tht>:<t> 1111....... 11 r;lIlialiulI" ele ctr omagnetic energy waft ing
must not be pre-empted by stat io ns '-ill be di"l.o w rt>d Iu lit-' a ro u nd throughout the area here on
moving into unoccupied regions of the th e ra talv "I , hidl will eart h where people live. Yo u can' t see
spectrum in a haphazard ma n ner. t>uahl t> Iwupl,' 10 ,011.. it, but do you wonder if there a re any
(Some o f this is c u rre n tly taking m u nic a te rt>liah h In effects on humans from all this etec-
place ). That will only ma ke the future thought tra'I."llli s."ioll : tromagnetic energy to which we are
ad ministration of the sp ect rum more all subjected? Is there any relationship
difficult. In my opin ion , a study of tempt to bring modem technology between the known forms of rad iation
the re-allocation of the HF spectrum i nto the Land-Mobile frequency and those "waves" about which we
will be inevit able. Services which have ma nagement process. know so little? T here are some
major blocks of HF spec tru m auoce- No doubt many o f you know about measurable side -effec ts of electro-
ted to them and which are going to the spectrum managemen t p roject magnetic radiations:
cables a nd sate llites wit h their traffic, which th e Commission is now imp le- At 70 0 Hz we can produce etectrt -
will rece ive close scrutin y by the me nting in Chicago. Th is pro brarn wi ll ca l anest hesia;
world's spectrum managers. requ ire building and mainrenace of a Certain componen ts of living cells
What d oes this mean to spec trum co mp lete admlnistratlqe and technical in peop le are reson ant in t he au ral
management? Well, in 19 7 1 it me ant a data bas e conta ini ng th e rec ords o f a ll a nd television bro ad casti ng bands;
World Ad ministrative Radio Con- . t he licenses within a particu lar area. We know that an ts will align their
terence speci fca lly dealing with Space ' T ha t da ta will be used as the FCC' s an te nnae pa ra llel to an electromaq-
Telecommu nication. Allocators now automated record o f the licenses, and netic fie ld at 9 MHz;
must thin k in new te rms which ten will provide the engineering environ- Rad iation at 21 MHz increases the
years ago would have been fo reign to me nt to enable making more optimum germination of glad iol us b ulbs by
their vocabulary except in specialized frequency assignments. T he data 200%;
areas of communication. They now bank will co ntain not only dat a from Em issions at 27 MHz affect gro w-
must deal with the Application Form 4 25 , bu t also ing cells of garlic plants;
progagation effects on earth-space inputs from monitoring observations. You ca n kill bugs in bread with
transmissions instead of just the There are differences of opinion as to emissio ns at 29 MHz;
usual phenomena of F21ayer trans- whether sufficient benefits can be Short exposure to energy in the
mission, ducnng. sporadic E, etc.: derived from such an endeavor to 300-3000 MHz region expedites
the atmosphere "window" through make the result positive in terms of regro wth of severed nerve cells, and
which signals pass without undue cost-effectiveness. It requires consider- Radiations at 388 MHz are lethal
absorption ; able money to conduct such an opera- to monkeys.
Signal levels in terms of dBW/m 2 tion. No one can predict yet wit h If one had the ac umen to evaluate
of power flux density instead of much reliabi lity just how much mo re t he presen t with t he hi ndsight of the
signal strength in IJ,v /m ; spectru m utilization ca n be o btained 802nd or 80 3rd person, I'm ce rtain
angle of elevat ion; b y these meth ods, no r at what cost we wo uld conclude t hat t he science of
refraction phenomena; per ap~ l ica ti?n o r chan nel as.si~ n me ~t. commu nicat ion is st ill in its infancy,
scin t ill at io n and scatter; Onl y time Will tell. For ad mlnlst rat.lvel desp ite t he wond ro us thin gs th at have
Dapper and Farad ay effects; p urposes, plans and b~dgets are b~ln g come about. Pe rh aps certain o f t hese
sta t ion keeping o f t he satellite; prepared fo r extend ing the pro ject u nsee n rad iations will be discovered to
interferen ce from the su n, and int o th e o ther a~eas ? f the coun try . be the catalyst which will e na ble
echoes, noise temperature of the Regard less of .wh l.c h Side of t~ e fen~e people to commu nicate relia bly by
receiving system, and a host of o ne may - be Inchn.ed respec ting this thought transmission. We k now that
o thers too n u mero us to list. project, it is a n attempt to u t ilize some people have such limited PO'M!rs
All p roblems o f spectrum utifiz a- modern techn iques invo lving magneti- now, although we don't understand
t ion are certainly not solved because cally stored data and a computer to yet the details of how it is done.
we have a satellite sy stem, The tre- improve the use which can be ob- There is much research in progress on
mendous requirements for mobile tained from o ne area of the rad io the subject throughout the world.
communications by the countless spectrum. It is a step in the right After thousands o f years of de-
users in the various Land Mobile Ser- direction toward making a more ettec- velopment in mechanical technology,
vices have led to extreme pressures on tive value jud gmen t of spectrum we are now engaged in ex te nd ing our
desirable regions of the VH F and UHF m~na.gement. Its evaluation is awaited thought transference by etectrorreq-
spectrum Although frequency sharing With Interest. netic means throu~out our qlobe. We
has existed fo r years, our pa rochial T here are always competing claims are even probing outer space, fo r some
system of frequency allocation has on the spectrum. T here a re five sign of life and intell igence there with
been by t~e block method. Within usually applied criteria in determi ning which to communicate. If we do this,
each allocated block, station assign- priority of use : the final phase of t he extension of
me nts in particular servi ces are made. 1. Inabi lity to use wire lines o r ma nk ind may well be. as Marshall
But La nd -Mo bile needs more spec- o t he r substitutes fo r radio ; McLuhan p u ts it,
t ru m which has bee n the subject of 2. Contrib ution to ma inta ining " . . . simu lat ion of co nsc iousness,
nu mero us papers, hear ings, discus- safe ty o f life and p ro perty; when the crea t ive p rocess of know
sions, argu me nts a nd controversies 3. The nu m ber o f people who ing will be collect ively and cor-
over the past several years . Lan d- woul d benefi t ; porately extended to the whole o f
Mob ile sta tions are now sharing cer- 4. T he demands of th e public for human society, much as we have
tain of the UH F television channels the output of t he service. and already extended our senses and
u nder specified conditions. Still the 5. The technical suitability of the nerves by the various media .....
growth co n t inues and the squeeze on spect ru m requ rested for the re- When that time arr ives, God help
the spectrum has resulted in an a t quirements of the service. the spectrum managers!

34 73 MAGAZI NE
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A con tinuo us tone o/)(!m ted relaJ fo r th e repeater or remote
co n tin uo us tone sq ue lch or relay is
A used in a rep eater or remote base
system where it is d esirab le to restrict usc o f
the ma chine to only certain individuals, o r
to select one repeater if there is more than
o ne sy ste m sharing the sam e cha n nel s. Co m-
me rcial na mes for this syste m include Private
Line, Qu iet Chan ne l, and Chan nel Gua rd .
This is accomp lished by tra nsmitting a low
freq uen cy, low devia tion, con t inuo us tone
along with the carrie r and o t her modulati on
o f the accessing tran smi tt er. Only tran smit-
ters with the proper tone will act ivate the
tone operated relay in the repeater.
Single tone or " bee p tone " is also used
for this purpose, and this de coder can also
be used as a single tone d ecoder. Ho wever,
single tone is an inferior system since it
crea tes a n an noying audib le tone . Also it
36
Clifford Klinert WB6BIH
520 Division Street
Nat i onal City CA 92050
II (
,
I \\.
r , r '\
'-
defeats th e purpose o f tone access whe n an
und esirable carrier can hold the repeater on,
and anyone can access it by simply whist-
ling.
The co n tinuo us tone system is usually
inaudib le , and can not be activated by a
whist le .
Th e Syste m
This art icle de scribes a con t inuo us tone
squelc h decoder -encoder system that is
completely so lid state with no expensive,
unreliable mechanical reeds. The de coder is
relatively easy to build , featu ring a Signetics
phase lo cked loop decoder integrated circuit.
The de coder can operate consistently wit h a
tone that is as much as 6 dB below the
wid eba nd noise level. The detec tion fre-
quency and ban d width are adjustab le by
ex te rna l compo ne n t selection. In this case
73 MAGAZINE
 'OV

LOW F>ASS F ILTER EM ITTER

" .' FOL L OWER AMPL IF IER 'OV + 12'>'

4 70K 4 1'()1(
"'" UK "rev
i tO .....
OCOOR
. f--'
NE567 V

"K 'K f t - --j , ,

cr
'-'~ 0,41' .,F

,
;];:'5~F
r '0"",c, /
"""""0"
f" SENI Tl VITY

'" '""'% ANTI - CHATTER

..,=~'
NCI61' V

"'"
VI EW

Fig. 1. Decoder sch ematic.

th e bandwidth was set relatively wide to
allow for frequen cy instabilit y o n th e en-
coder. Th is a llo ws th e simp lest po ssible
encoder circ uit to be used. This is a good
considera tio n in a large gro up of repeater
users where some members may not ha ve the
desire to buy or build an expe nsive , com pli-
ca te d encoder. The encode r uses a simp le
phase shift oscillator circuit.
The Circuit
Figure I shows th e sche ma tic of the
decoder. The signal mu st be taken directly
fro m the discriminator of th e receiver. The
lo w pass fil ter re moves most of th e h igh er
frequenc y signa l com ponents th at may be at
a higher level than th e tone signa l. The filt er
prevents strong o ut of band signals from
desensitizing the decoder. The emitter fol-
lower pro vides a high imped an ce inp ut to
minimize lo ading effec ts o n th e discrimina-
tor. An amp li f ier is necessary to bring the
signal up to the proper level for the de coder.
Although the decoder ha s more than fifty
transist ors in its integrated circ uit. o nly a
few ex ternal compo nen ts are nece ssary to
for best stabilit y. The 15,uF capacito r affe cts
the bandwidth, which was set at abo ut 10%.
Test s aga in sho w a frequency response fro m
105 - I 15 Hz. A smaller value capacitor
would narrow the bandwidth . The 35 ,u F
capaci to r and th e 100 K resist or circ uit
affec t band wid t h, sensitivit y , and help pre-
vent cha tte r. In forma tion o n this wa s ob-
ta ined fro m Signetics application notes, and
fin al values were o bta ined ex peri me n tally.
The o utp ut of the decoder can sink up to
100 rnA , so it is used to driv e a relay
directl y. Nin e volt s is used to power th e
decoder and preceeding tran sist ors, but 12
volts is used as a voltage so urce for the relay .
The out p ut of the decoder o n pin 8 of the
integrated circ uit can operat e to as h igh a
voltage as 15 volts with out damage, but the
rest of th e IC mus t be held to less th an 10
volts.
The circ uit of th e e ncode r is sho wn in
Fig. 2. The circ uit sh o ws a phase shift
~.~I<

set the desired o perat ing co nd itio ns. The

detection frequ en cy is: fo v I /RICI. From "oK

Hf
.1 ~F 2N~4 1!>

th e values sho wn in Fig. I : fo = 1/(20 X

10 3 )(.4 7 X 10'6) = 107 Hz. In actual on the 2N29!; .....
,/
air tes ts with an audio oscilla to r and fre- ~ 20K "" .1 ~F
,. ocr
quency counte r, a ce nte r freque ncy of 110 "
Hz wa s measured . R I and C I ca n be varied ONo
to se lec t th e de sired frequency, but Rl
sho uld be kept between 2000 and 20,000 n Fig. 2. Enc oder schema t ic.

FEBRUAR Y 1973 37
oscilla to r followed by an emitter follo wer.
The 20 K variable resisto r sets the desired
freq uency of oscillation.
Construction
Since suc h lo w frequen cies were involved,
parts layout wa s not crit ical. T he decoder
wa s built o n a piece of Vectorbourd and
mo unt ed inside a small LMB chassis box.
The in tegra ted circ ui t and app licatio n notes
were ob tained from Solid Sta te Systems,
Inc . Capacitors sma ller th an 0 .1 pF can be
disc ce ramic, but capacito rs in freq uency
det ermin ing circuits sho uld be of as high a
quality as possib le . Mylar capac it ors were
used in this case. The ca pacitors marked
with polarity were elect roly tic.
If the e nco de r oscillator is pu t near a
stro ng rf field it may no t oscillate. Th is can
be cured by bypassing the power leads with
a .0 I p F ca pacito r, or shielding the enti re
circ uit if necessary.
2N 34 1S's were used for the two tran sis-
tors in the decoder a nd fo r the emitte r
follo wer in th e encode r. A 2N29 24 was used
in th e oscilla tor circuit.
Operation
T he in put of the filte r circui t in the
decoder unit is co nnected t o the dis-
criminato r of the receiver. This circ uit has
been used with RCA CMU 15 and Mot orola
T44 re ceivers, and should work as well with
o ther simila r receivers th at have e no ugh
discrimina tor signal .
The encode r in th e trans mitte r should be
connec te d as directly as possible to the
phase modulato r. It is usually connec te d to
the devia tion control.
T o adj ust th e levels, the tone deviation of
the tran smitter sho uld be set to sao Hz, and
the combined tone and voice deviat ion
sho uld be set to a ma ximu m of S kHz. Triple
these nu mbers fo r a 4 S0 wideband system ,
rem em bering to keep th e co mbined deviation
be low ma ximu m limits, since the tone and
voice signals ad d o n peak s.
With th e tran smitter deviation set prop-
erly , and a com b ined voice and tone signal
co ming from the receiver, increase th e level
contro l unti l the relay holds in without
d ro pping ou t o n voice peaks. If the level is
advanced to o far, the decoder may give false
outpu ts from the filte red noise sent to it.
Setting levels may take conside rab le trial and
38
error if prope r test equip me nt is no t avail-
able . In any case . the object ive is to set the
transmi tter to ne deviatio n as low as possi ble
wit hout havi ng voice peaks false the decoder
off, and to have the decoder as se nsit ive as
possible with out giving false o ut pu ts on
noise.
Aft er th e syste m is operati ng, it shou ld be
imp ossible to hear the tone in a receiver
listen ing to the repea ter. If a buzzi ng sound
is detected o n a signal, it is usually the result
of dis tortion in th e t ransmitter aud io, caus-
ing audible harmonics. If the ton e is ap plied
to the microph one ja ck of th e transmitter.
the tone will probably be audib le sinc e the
tone level mu st be increased in proportion to
the voice signa ls. This is becau se the fre -
q uen cy response of most tran smitters is
lim ited belo w 300 Hz. Also, if the to ne
signal received at th e decoder is very d is-
torted . the level may have to be increa sed to
hold in th e relay .
At different time s th e relay may pull in
almost instantl y o r may take as lo ng as a few
tenths of a seco nd to activate. This de pends
upo n the phase relationsh ip betwee n the
signal from the encoder and th e signal of t he
inte rna l oscillator in the decoder integrated
circuit. T his effec t is un predictable .
The decoder should make a goo d single
ton e decoder also. This might be done by
eliminating th e low pass filt er fro m the
in pu t, and cha nging R I and C ! to differen t
values fo r the desired frequency. The tw o
electro lyt ic capacitors should be changed
fro m I S and 3S p F to 2 and S pF respective-
Iy. It would be necessary to pro vide o utput
latching for the circuit. and unl atching by
the CO R.
Conclusion
T his project o nly too k a fe w da ys to
make o peratio nal, and has been operati ng
reliably fo r abou t fou r mont hs no w. The
integra ted circuit was th e most expe nsive
item , and it o nly cost a few dollars. Inte-
gra ted circ u it prices have been getti ng lower
every month . Co ns truc tio n of the enco de r is
a simp le ta sk , and wou ld ma ke an ideal club
projec t. When co mpare d to the price of a
tone reed that may have to be replaced in a
few years. th e solid state system is a real
bargain to protec t th e inpu t of your system.
. ..WB 6BIH
73 MA GAZINE
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,

r r 1\
" "
, ~ \, ~ \
y work on the "Long Circular Quad ,"
M was a needed departure into end fire
anten na design which proved ring sh ap ed
elements to be superior to dis cre te directors
in - the possib ly obsolete - Vagi configura-
tion . Exte nsive tests on a professio nal an-
tenna range p ro ved that.
An other, alt ho ugh un pro ved dep arture
fro m the norm, was Geo rge A. H. Bonadio 's
Square / Diagonal Antenna, commo nly
thought to be a diversity anten na, when in
reality it is quite similar to an '8J K multi-
driven element collin ear/ broadside array.
While these two antenna s have nothing in
similarity ex cept their novelty, however, it
might interest the reader to know that
W4KAE spe nt m any h ou rs co n temp lating
just the same arrange me nt tha t Mr. Bonadio
th ought up, exce pt h e co uld n ' t stand the
idea of using tuned lin es - so the project
was abandone d . I guess what I h ad in mind
was a poi nt-source wit h gain. Anyway , after
reading W2WL R's article, I knew the pri n-
cip le o f operation : Simply use 90 degree
physical and ele ctrical phasing on each pair
o f 4 o r 8 wires; place them in the co rrect
plane for th e desired radiatio n; and even
semivertical " diversity o peratio n ," can be
obtained . True diversit y wou ld requ ire mo re
th an one set o f anten nas - not simp ly re-
lays!
40
Ralph W. Campbell W4KAE
405 Granite Circle
Lexington KY 40503
These random thoughts and co nclu sio ns
led W4KAE to test the " Q uadratu re Ap-
proach" in practical form, without tuned
lines or relays. Being familiar with the
quad ratu re phasing (90) co nce p t fo r
wind ing low-power octave ban dw idt h receiv-
ing networks, I imme diately began to wind
the co ils for th e "Toroidal Qu adrature An-
te n na."
TQA T heo ry
Reiterating the phasing concept above :
The Square /Diagonal Antenna is basically no
more than a set of four wire s, arranged in
phase quad ratu re . This means the re is ninety
electrical degrees between ea ch leg, and
preferably 90 physi cal /angu lar " spacing"
between each wire. T he length of the
ele men ts ca n be made fro m either o ne or
two elec trical wavel engths, the ch o ice de-
pe nd ing mostly upon sp ace and gain de sired.
Optimum design stan dpoin t would utilize a
minimum phys ical wavelength of a bou t 3/ 8
wavelengths-per-leg. This is doubled to be
3{4 wavelength be cause o f criss-c rossed
q uadrature con nec tio ns to the tran sforming
coils - and the whole elem ent fun ctio n s as a
full electrical wavelength - with the addi-
tio n al "length " co nta ined in the co ils. Oh
vio usly whe neve r a pa rticula r de sign is o p-
73 MAGAZ INE

5 0 OH M COA X
3 /8 ~' 332 /FRE O (IIIHr )
Fig. 1. TQA con nec tio ns. The constant - 332 -
inclu des shortening fac tors an d quad -coil loa din g.
ti mized by cu t-and-t ry coil wind and substi-
tutio n, lo west swr readi ngs are the crite rio n
of p roper o pe ra tio n, alo ng with p roper
con tin uity tests.
Derivat ion o f eleme nt formu las is qui te
simp le - if yo u don 't ove rloo k the ninety
d egrees in the network ! Keep in mind also
tha t since eac h co mp leme n tary two-wire
element fun ctio ns as o ne full wavelengt h,
you mu st double the usu al sho rte ning fa cto r.
There is also 2 o r 3 per ce n t co mpensat io n
presen t usin g 10% instead of 5%. We wo n't
go in to that , ho we ver.
Figure I sho ws the quadrature net wo rks
in use by W4 KAE. Briefly. to calcula te an
element length (eq ua l to two "legs") we take
984 minus 246. which leaves a new co nstan t
of 738 . From this figu re. ten per ce nt is to
be taken off, o r abo u t 74 from 738 , which
leaves 664. 664 {F MHz . is fo r 3{4 physical
wavelengt h. Half of th is is 332FM Hz . for
eac h 3/8 wave length leg. This arith me tic is
for th e o pt imu m o r sma ll-space model. If
you wa n t two to fo ur de cibels (esti ma te d )
additio na l gain. use th e foll owing method :
T ak e twice 98 4. o r 1968. Ta ke twi ce 74
o r 148 off, for double the 10% sho rtening
factor . Nex t , take o ff twice 246 from the
n u mber 196 8, whi ch leaves 1476 . Fro m
1476 su btract the sho rte ning fa ctor (14 8 )
found above. This le aves th e fig u re 13 28 or
1328{F MHz wh ich is fo r two legs. Half o f
this beco mes 66 4 / F MHz which is exactly
double th e 3/8 wavelength prev iously . It is
also a go od check. I have no info rma tio n
abo ut swr in th is d esign.
The TQA co n nec tio ns are mad e in Fig.
I. Obse rve that th ere is d e co n tin ui t y be-
FEBRUARY 1973
Fig. 3. Th is shows the quadrature coils before
encapsulation. Two No . 5 7-1736 Perme cor cores
are wound with No . 16 Beldso l wire , in a bifilar
fashion. This pa ir is for 6 m eter sample, sen t to
Wayn e Green for test ing on that band.
sid e a rra ys. These conclusio ns are based
upon the reference cited above.
Figure 2(normally I'd have inclu de d this
p hoto in t h e co nstruc tio n sec tio n, but it
exe mplifie s proper winding data , here)
shows my firs t toro dial co ils. This was for
gen eral coverage u se, with receptio n comi ng
in on virtually a ll high frequency bands. a nd
particu larly, WW V. My design used No . 24
wire, wound full y in bifilar manner o n the
toroid cores. This is a I : 1 d esign ratio .
It was a rainy day when this shot was
tak en, so it is hard to see the inp ut port
cab le co n nec tio n in t he mi d d le-lef t wit h a
cu t piece of RG-58 / U so ldered o n . The wire
connectio ns ha ve been bared to show cores
and the aluminu m grou nd wire co nnec t io ns.
The aluminum wa s swa ge d and wrapped to
the smaller wire e nds and held together with
a pla stic rod , th rough th e co res, and the
who le works dou sed in clear epoxy resin .
Th is re ceivin g de sign resu lt ed in an te n na
reso nance at I I MH z; howeve r there was
ex cellent pic kup a n o ctave higher at 22 MHz
and beyo nd. Lower-octave re ce p t io n down
to 5.5 MH z wa s quite good ! To th e nearest
amateur band : 15 met ers is recommended,
while reception o f WWV at 10 M Hz sho u ld
be "op timu rn."
42
twe en ele me nts No . 1.3 and No . 2.4 . Simi-
larity to the W ~WLR design can be seen
where the classical 9 0 d egree ph asing, from
eleme n t to eleme n t. is o bvio us. Dashed-line
ell ipses are represen tat ive o f the po wde red
iro n Carb o nyl S F co res,
Gai n o bta ined fro m th e TQA shou ld be
abo ut th e sa me as from W8JK 's two-sect io n
fla t-top, wh ich appears on page 15 I o f The
ARRL Antenna Buok , ninth edit io n, 196 0 .
The spacing between each bay o f endfire
eleme n ts is conve nien t ly eliminated in o ur
version o f th e To ro id al Quadrature Ant enna,
No ti ng the con tin uity be t wee n co mp le-
mentary legs, it is o nly a sho rt ste p to place
eac h wire at physical right angles with the
o ther, for o verall corr ect phaso r relatio n-
ships, Str ing th e wh o le array int o the same
ver tica l o r horizontal plan e and you've got
an improve d q uad ra tu re design. With two
arrays. in o p posing planes, t he n you have
true diversity. not just semi-vertical polariza-
tion! Here, a relay and switc hing networks
would be feasible .
Alth ough I d o not have fa cilities to
accu ra tely chec k act ua l gain read ings again st
a di pole, it sho uld be adeq ua te to figu re, by
rule of thu mb. that 6 dBD is ava ilable for
the " o ptimum " d esign ; o r 8 dBD for the
lon ger mod el. May be you could ex pect 10
dBD by com bini ng bo th co llinear and broa d-
Fig, 2. TQA rec eivin g coil s. With wire o f proper
size and leg length of about 15 ft , recep tion f or
S WL an d WWV m onitoring is sa tisfac to ry , F r e-
q uency cover age from an oc tave below the n onnal-
ized f requency to an oc tave a bove, is fe asibl e.
41
Practical Antenna Const ruction
Figure 3 sho ws a n im prove d 50 ~1ff z se t
of q u ad ra tu rc co ils . Not e that t hey ane
sim ila r to a five port circ ula to r. having four
ou t p u t por ts in co m mo n wit h ea rth grou nd.
ba ck to t he antenna struc t ure. wh en co nnec-
ted . The input po rt do esn 't share the sa me
pha se o f an y of th e ou tpu t por ts wit h
gro und , so there is reasona bly good bala nce
with out an ex te rnal ba lu n. It ca n be sho wn
that th e balancin g act ion fro m th e worst two
o n any pair o f wires is +90 /Ground Isolated /
-90 basis. Yo u ca n se e the t otal phase
difference is sti ll 180 degre es . but the
coa xia l cable " grou nd" is not the sa me as
earth ground .
Figure 4 shows an imp roved 50 MH z
arra y , as st ru ng up in W4KAE' s att ic . The
cle me n ts are mounted in a ver tic al p lane but
the reception or transmission is horizon tal,
as would be e xpec ted. T his anten na was
loade d by m y TX-62 on 6 mete rs giv ing an
swr o f 1.5 to I , in t h e b asement la b o ra to ry .
By maki ng it " d roo p" like th e dro oping
grou nd p lan e (not illus tra ted ) the swr went
down to 1.3 to 1.0. A droop ing TQA
hanging from a set of square su pports shou ld
.-.. . . _ _1
Fig. 4. The comp leted 6 meter Toroidal Quadra-
lure An renee . Individua l leg lengths r e abou t 6
2 /3 It. Swr abcu l 2 to 1 with legs not equally
angular sp aced. ( Wh en first rested in my basement
Jab : sw r wa s o n ly l.S to 1. Dro oping will im p rove
r ead in gs.)
73 MAGAZ INE
 o u t-pe rfo rm a "H alo , Squ alo. or eve n l::$ i ~
Wheel s,"' o n VHF .
Figu re 5 sh o ws th e TQA In pac kaged
fo rm read y 10 be se n t to th e ed ito rial
researc h d e pa rtm ent of 73 Magazin e! T he
to ro idal coi ls a rc heavily po tt ed in silico n
rubber , with a n overcoa ti ng laye r of Valsp ar
No . 8880 glass plast ic resin . (T his cl ear resin
is n o good wh e n in in tim a te co nt ac t with
co ils, toroid cores or any diel ectric u su.I In
the Valsp a r resin flat 1/ 8 in . cop pe r st ra p is
sec u re d, a fte r be ing sold ere d. Then t he
mold ed n et wo rk was taped to he lp sec u re
mech a nical stre n gth. Prio r to taping , t he
cop pe r stra p wa s silve r-solde re d to silver-
pla te No. 10 gro un d w ire .

Toroidal Core Materials

The to roidal p ha sing coils are made wit h
Pe rmaco r Mat erial No . 12, Ca rbo ny l SF
powd ered iro n mou ld ings. T he stoc k numb er
is 57- 1736. Th ey are available fro m Permo-
Fig. S. Th e T QA is ready to be shipped. The entire
cor Division of R adio Cores. 9540 S. Tulley an tenn a and insulators are easily con ta ined in an
A ve., Oa k Lawn, Illinois, o n a $ 10 .0 0 old shoe box. With alumin um ground wire
minim um o rde r basis. It m ay be po ssible to elements, th e weigh t was very Uttle .
get several samp les free , by writi ng on your
compa ny letterhead.
Wi th t he No. 57 1736, six meter net- co n te m po ra ry an te nn a design. The LCQ : A
Yagi replacement at least for UHF; and the
works can b e mad e by wind ing bifil a r two
le n gth s of No . 16 e na mel wire (Formv ar
TQA is a 40 o r 80 meter qu ad o r rotary
bea m repla cemen t. It can also be used on
preferred ), covering all the co re sp ace po s-
sible. For IOta 20 MH z, a fu ll bifilar 160 - if y ou have the room.
It is my opinio n that the cubi cal qu ad
winding o f No . 24 ena melled wire is permis-
a nte n n a, as already p erfected , is ide al fo r use
sible, but th e coils will o nly tak e 100W PEP
on 10, 15 and 20 met ers - also fo r 6 or 2
o r so . F or 160 me ters a n d /or 80 me te rs,
u nless y o u wa nt broa d a ngula r coverage.
Perma cor No. 57- 15 16 is a go o d c ho ice since
Th en the TBA is still practical wh en wound
it is co nsid erab ly larger.
with go od fe rrit e cores. DX ing o n 6 me ters is
If good VHF / UH F net works are desired I
st ill b est acco mp lished u sing 1 1 ele m e n t
mu st reco m me nd fe rrite - no t p owd e red
Vagi d esigns , I h ear ; h owever I'll be glad to
iro n - co res. In diana General make s a very
recom me n d my LCQ to h om e-bre we rs.
h igh q uality co re , size CF - I 1 I-Q3 which if
Alth ough the 6 met e r design is fea tured
almos t iden tica l in siz e to the Pe rm acor
in this ar ti cle , it is prim aril y an HF an ten na
57-1 7 36. I d o n ot kn ow w he re these can be
rep lace me n t for ro ta ries wh en used N /S or
o bta ined . In th e m eantim e X-7 541 cores a re
E/W in a rray. Wit h two mediu m heig ht
in u se at W4K A E (Pe rma cor Iro n-9 ) - bu t I
alu mi n u m masts we ca n st ring up a wire
am anxio us to try th e Q3 mat erial. F or two
element repla cement for th e Inve rted Vee -
met ers , wit h the CF- I I I size fe rrt tes. wire
o r - it ca n be used as a 4 wire Vee that is
size sh ould b e No. 14 .
co mp le te ly o mn idirec tiona l, wi th o n ly a
Conclusio n single se t o f co ils ! It will also work o n a t
A t th e o u tse t I me n tio ned the LeQ In least o ne oc ta ve o f frequ en cies , o n a recip ro-
ope ni ng re mark s ab out the TQ A. Th is is cal basis , o r two o cta ves in th e receiv ing
becau se th e y a re both new dep a rtures in mod e. . .. W4 KAE

FEBR U AR Y 19 73 43

,

/
"
j '-
/ 'I
" )
o st experimenters are familiar with
M the effects of cascaded ph ase shifters
applied t o th e feed back lo o p of an amplifier.
A useful feature which en ds u p as a very
sha rp fil ter can be th e re sul t.
In most applications it has been used in
audio wo rk as an accessory to a receiver for
CW work . I have bee n able to st udy fu rth er
the usefulness of this d evice at audio and
radio freq ue ncies an d wou ld like to present
t he results for what th ey may be worth to
other amateurs.
When th e in teres t in T elet y pe wa s at its
peak at WI SNN. co nst ruc tio n of a converter
led to ma ny tries u ntil a satisfactory unit
evo lved .
The u ni t wa s sim ilar to the many pub-
lish ed designs with the excep t io n of the
fil t er. T wo active filters were constructed
wh ich were incorporated in the converter
and the improved selectivity made co py
conside ra bly m ore legib le. A plot of these
filt ers is sho wn in Fig. 3a. Th e circuit of t he
filter is shown in F ig. I.
FEBRU AR Y 19 73
Stirling M. O/berg W1SNN
19 Loretta Road
Walt ham M A 021S4
~
The active filt er is not restricted to audio
frequ encies. During the development of the
filt ers. th e cen ter frequencies were exte nd ed
over a range of 2 k llz to I MHz.
A Table , Fig. 2, indica tes co mpone nt
values for th e in divid ual filter electronics;
Figs. 3 b an d c are presented to show the
response of plots for sin gle filte rs and a
cascaded pair stager tu ne d to produ ce a
sy m me trical pass ba nd wit h a very re-
spectable sha pe factor al 80 k Hz.
An ove ra ll ga in o f 40 dB can be ac h ieved
by se tt ing potentiometer Ra to a point we ll
below a level which will m ak e the filter
rege nerative.
Tw o potentiometers ganged a nd co n-
nected as part of th e netwo rk marke d R b
and Rc can serve to adjust the cen ter
freq ue ncy of t he fil te r if an adjust able filte r
is requ ired . To accom plish good tra cking of
these two potentiome ters , it wa s necessary
fo r their valu es to be a very small percen tage
o f the total resistance for Rb and Rc.
T herefore it goes withou t much fu rt her
d iscussio n that wide freq ue ncy ex cu rsio ns
are not perm issib le for a fix ed filt er.
45
 - 9V '9V OUTPUT

1
91.
'~ , 100
2N3415
V
2 .71<
"
I 00
6
5.111: ~A 141
I"'-
.,J,7 ZV 1
. 1)IF

I MEG 100 i~JlF

10 Jlf

INPUT TRIMPOT
25.
5 .1 K
1\

rl-. /,
82<>

1",7 : r= .I Jl F 210.
I
2 N3 4 15
":-, ;.. 2N~5
"c-,
:-
2 N3 4 15

f...
C,
'-K C,
rfe'
4 .7 1<
-
.1i F
",
500 -,
4 .7 t(
IK 2 .1 I( 2 .7 K

r: 7

Fig. 1. Phase shift network active filter.

The method just described is used in a rowan a small piece of vec tor board and
receiver where the filters are used in a build all componen ts around the poten-
second conversion (i-f) amp lifier. T he filt er tiometers th an to run wires to them.
is adjusted so that it passes either a lower or T he compo nen ts used are inexpensive
an upper side ban d by simply a turn of the plastic tran sist ors. All resistors and by passes
ganged pots. Selectivity can be sharpened by are non-critical. If a frequency above 85 k Hz
adjusting Ra for narrow or wide band is required a 702 operational amplifier
widths. In my application, a range of 200 Hz should be used in place of the 741.
to 4 kHz was required . T he overall gain of each filter is very high
Some care must be used in construction (40 d B}, therefore, very little signal is
of these filte rs at frequencies above 30 kHz. required and is controlled by the 25K trim
Regenera tion will occur if th e lead lengths pot at th e input o f the fil ter. The ou tput of
are too lon g for any of the three pote ntio- the filter is decoupled th rou gh an emitter
meters. It is better to group the pots in a follower. In our case a lOOn o utput impe-

f, kHz Rb Rc ex Gain 3 dB Bandwidth

2.125 200K 200K 370 of 45d B 350 Hz
2.975 140 K 140K 370 of 44dB 380 Hz
10. 50K 50K 330 of 44 d B 1.4 kHz
50. 10 K 10 K 300 of 44 d B 2 .4 kHz
60. 11 K 11K 300 of 48 dB 2.0 kHz
85. 15 K 15K 100 of 44 dB 2.0 k Hz
100 15K 15 K 90 o f 44dB 2.5 kHz
1 MHz 5K 5K 30 of 36dB 4 .5 kHz
5MHz lK lK 300F 27 d8 8 .9 kHz UNSTABLE

Fig. 2 . Table of values for a phase shift filter.

46 73 MAGAZINE
 d an ce was req u ired , b u t higher val ues ca n be
o had by sim ply c han ging th e value of the
e mitte r resist or.
Do not try to d rive a hig h leve l signal in to
3 this filter , 3 m V in p rodu ces O.3V o u t,
w h ic h is su ff ic ie n t t o drive a n y d e te ct o r.
d. 6
A maximum o f 12 volts shou ld never be
10 excee ded fo r the supply voltage ; 9 vo lts is
best fro m a batt ery since cu rrent drawn is
20
very lo w.
30
40 T o adj us t th e filter, first connec t a VTVM
5O L-=---::'::"-....,,:------;:;:~:_:___::,;:__:': rf prob e to the o u tp u t ; adjust the
20 2.2 2' 2.6 2 .e 3.0 3.2
po tentio meters R and Rc to the m idd le o f
FREQ. IN kHz
th ei r ran ges; se t Ra t o abou t o ne-th ird open.
Fig. 3a. Plot of discrimina tor filt er for Wl SN N
RA TT con ver ter.
If t he un it h as o u tp u t wit h no sign al
in . .. readjust Ra u ntil it just sto ps oscil-
lat ing. Now a pp ly a weak signa l fr om a sign al
sou rce t u ne d to th e desired cen te r fre-
quen cy . If n o in d ica tio n of a sign al is sho wn
o o n the meter, swee p the generato r slo wly
th rou gh the ran ge of freq uencies arou n d the
, desired freq uency. Do n ot incre ase the gen-
erato r level. A signal will b e ind icated by a
very p ro nou nced up swing and over a very
d. 6
n arrow range. By adjusti ng R b an d Rc
10
ganged pots yo u will b e ab le to ce nte r the
filt er o n you r d esired frequency.
20
If you find Ra will cause oscillat io n to
30
. 40 occ u r when it approaches its fu ll-o n value,
50
L,
.,: ---:r:----::.,---~--o::_-_c::
.. ..
FREQ. IN kHz
.. et. .. cha nge th e valu e of the ser ies resistor Rx to
a high er valu e , pro ba bly , n ot more than
4 70[2 more. T h is adj ust me nt allo ws co nt ro l
o n selec tivity o r th e filt er ban dwidt h b efore
F ig. 3b. Single phase shift filter.
osc illatio n occurs.
So far we h ave described o nly o ne filter.
If a wid er ba ndwi d th b ut a sharper roll o ff is
d esired , cascadi ng two of th ese fil ters in a
stagge r tuned con figu ra tio n will pro duce the
o effect.
Gre ate r redu ction in sign al level will be
required . Th e trim p ot at the in p u ts shou ld
a be barely o pen to reduce th e input sign al for
each filter. The use of pote ntiometers to
6 adj ust each fil ter get s very touchy a nd fixe d
d.
10 valu es are recommend ed .
Tun e up pro cedure will b e the same as for
20 o ne filte r but n ow ea ch Rb an d R c valu e will
30 req u ire t rim mi ng each re sistor by pa ralleling
40
wit h o ther fix ed value s.
50 ". ,:-_ _.".,-_
. _ ee
:::-_---:.:::-_
. ---:::--
In this ap p lica tion R a can be a trim pot
FREQ . I N kHz
se t to pro d uce th e select ivity resp onse re-
quired .
Fig. 3c. Cascaded pair p hase shift filter . . .. WI SNN

FEBRU AR Y 1973 47
2 METER

FM AMPLIFIER WITH BUILT-IN A.C .
POWER SUPPLY

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USE AT HOME 110 VAC

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PO BOX 235 TITUSVILLE ,NEW JERSEY 08560

TIME -FREQUENCY MEASUR NG
SYSTEM PART II
DESIGN THEORY AND CLOCK
hiS is the secon d of a three-p art seri es
T describing th e d esign theory of a timet
freque ncy measuring system for a well
equipped amateur radio station and work-
shop . The heart of the t ime base is t he
master oscillato r. For the ex pec te d accuracy
and stab ility. a crystal oscilla tor, with the
crystal in a temperature-co ntrolled oven , is
ne cessary and sufficie nt. A crystal oscillator
not using an oven might be m ade to h o ld to
wit hin o ne part in 10 6 with carefu l tempera-
ture compe nsatio n and a bit of experi-
me ntatio n , bu t remember that that is the
very worst stability we can use . A simple
crystal oven . and reasonable care in co n-
structio n of the oscillator, ca n achieve sta-
bilities better tha n o ne in 10 7 which is
co nsisten t wit h our goals. More exo tic tech-
niques, with double ovens (o ne around t he
whole oscillator), can yield crystal oscillato rs
9 I a nd 10 MHz design ed for a stability of o ne
with stabilities measured in parts in 10 , but
these are b ey ond the needs of most ama-
teurs.
Any oscillator co nsists of an ampl ifying
eleme nt and a feedba ck eleme nt , as shown in
Fig. 2 . T he amplifying e lement mu st have a
stab le gain great enough to provide a usab le
o utp u t power wi th out loading t he fee dback
element, and the feedba ck eleme nt mu st p u t
AMPLIFIER OUT PUT
GAIN. K / 180
F EED8ACK
~ /l 80
Fig. 2. Oscillator block diagram.
F EBRUARY 1973
,
MonrCte McDonald K5bus
41 30 Sh orecrest Drive
Dallas TX 75209
j ust enough of the amp lifier 's ou tput back to
the inp u t to sustain that ou tput , but o n ly at
t he de sired o perati ng frequency . T he
multipl e-amplifi er i n te g r a ted circ u it
packages provide the most co nven ien t way
to get the stab le forward gain n eed ed , The
RT L and DT L circ uits arc in ten ded for
digital applicatio ns, but when bia sed in to
their linear o peratin g regi ons make go od
high-gain lin ear amplifi ers. The more popular
TTL circuits tend to be unstable as ampli-
fie rs but work o k as osci llators. I used
a q uad NOR gate in t his applicatio n b ecause
I happen ed to have one, but other gates
might work .
The feedback ele me n t is, of co u rse, the
cry stal, opera ti ng as a parallel reso na nt filt er.
J chose an opera ting freq uency of I MHz,
because I hap pen ed to h ave a crysta l for
that, but a crystal o n any frequency betwee n
part in 10 6 per week over the tempe rature
ra nge provi de d in the ch o sen ove n will be
adequate . It is d ifficu lt t o get crysta ls o f th e
ne cessary stab ility lower in freque n cy t han I
MHz, and the cost is mu ch high er below
about 5 MHz. Th e chosen freque n cy shou ld
be a multiple of o nly t he numb ers 2, 5 , 6,
and 10 (like 4 MH z = 2 x 2 x 10 , o r 5 MH z
= 5 x 106 ) , ot he rwise the divi de rs wil l h ave
to be specially designed .
A fine trimmer adjustment must be pro-
vide d o n th e oscilla tor with a n o-b acklash
calibra te d ve rnier co n trol. Becau se adj ust-
men ts will be m ad e to th e o scilla to r t ha t will
no t show up until a week later , the o perato r
must be able to tell exactly how far and in
what direction h e is adjusti ng . The calib ra-
tions don't h ave t o be in Hz, bu t do h ave to
be in lin ear repeatable un its so tha t if, for
49
 SUPERQ U,\I)
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.... A O ..... AE . ""A E . .. U . u.....
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KIRK ELECTRONICS DIVISION
ELECTROTEC C O R P .
400 Town St. East Haddam, CT 06423 Telephone : 1203l 873"8643
 exa mp le. a co rrec tio n o f o ne unit redu ces
th e d rift from 0 .5 to 0.4 secon ds pe r week.
then four unit s o f co rr ectio n in the same
d irection sh o uld put th e oscillator rig h t o n . I
used a vernier co n tro l giving 100 division s
for 1/ 2 tu rn o f t he trim mer cap aci to r, an d
abo u t a five- to-o ne spee d redu ctio n from t he
k no b.
Divider Chai n
The oscillator is tied to the clo ck through
a divid er chain , as shown in the ti me
base /clo ck diagram , Fig. 3 . T he p u rp o se of
th is cha in , of co u rse, is to div id e the
oscill ato r frequen cy u ntil it h as a freq uen cy
useful for the devi ces to be co n nected to it.
Integrated ci rcu its are ava ilable fo r dividi ng
by 2 , and mult ipl es o f 2, 5 , 6 , o r ID. Other
division ratio s may b e implemented , but not
as con ve n ien tly. The 74 90 decad e divid er IC
ch ose n for my proj ect has two indep end ent
dividers, a b y-2 an d a by-5. These are
norma lly cascad ed , o r th e sign al run th rough
both, to get divide-by-I O. If it is being used
as a counter, the signal must go thru the
by-2 first and then the by-S to make the
numbers run in the right order, but if it is
o nly being used as a divider, t he signal may
go thru the by-2 last. T his h as the adva ntage
that t he output signal is a ' sy m me trical
sq u are wave , which is a little nicer for use as
a clock signal.
Line Drivers
The o u tpu t signals from all of the above
mentioned divider f C 's are zero and four volt
logic levels, which may be driven directly
into any o f the other IC 's. If t hese sign als are
to be transmitted via coax ial cab le o utsi de
the u nit , h o wever , some b u ffe ring mu st be
do ne. The reaso n for th is is that the lo w
imped an ce o f stan da rd coaxia l cab les pla ces
to o hea vy a lo ad o n the IC ci rc u it. Even if
they co u ld drive the load , a four-volt swing
o n a 50n cab le is an unecessarily large
amou nt o f power to use just to tran smit a
cloc k signal. T o m itigat e these co nd iti o ns, I
u se 90n RG -62 cab le for all in te rco n nects,
an d ex t ra gat es for signal iso lation .
Clock Speed Co n trol
In o rde r to se t th e clo ck to th e correc t
tim e a nd sy nch ro n ize th e cha nge of seco n ds
with sta nd ard tim e , so me sort of clock
co n tro l mu st be provided . The mo st co n-
F EBRUARY 1973
,
venie nt syste m to use requ ires a fu ll set of
d igit swi tc hes and pa ra lle l-loa d b u tto n , p lus
an interru p t co n trol to sto p th e c loc k. In
use, the o pe ra to r se ts in to the d igit -swit ch es
a t ime tha t is co rning up, sto ps t h e clo ck ,
an d lo ads th e set time into th e cloc k. At t he
inst ant the selec te d time occ urs . he restart s
the clock . and it is sy nc h ro n ize d. Un fo r-
t u na tely, th e digit -switches are bul ky and
ex pe nsive, so I did not use this meth od .
The syste m I used is less co nve n ie n t to
use, but then the clock does n o t n eed to be
set very o fte n . I p ro vid ed a rot ary selec tor
swi tch wh ic h select s clock spee d s of Off,
No rma l, an d up to 10 ,0 0 0 t imes normal
speed . T his fast est speed will run th e clock
through its full 24-hour ran ge in 8.6 secon ds.
In use, I se t the clo ck b y ru n n in g it a t high
spee d u nt il it gets to the time I want , switch
to OFF to wait until that time co mes up,
the n switch to NORMAL spe ed . T h e switc h
is co nt ro lling the 10 Hz poi nt in th e d ivider
chain, so the clock can be sy nch ro n ized to
within 100 milliseconds.
Clo ck Cou n ters
As may be see n in th e clock diagram, Fig.
3, a se p arate coun te r Ie p ackage is used for
each d igit of the clock, ex cept the te ns of
h ou rs . A 7490 decad e coun ter is used fo r the
units of seco nd s, u nits o f mi nu tes, and u nits
of ho urs digits , all o f which cou nt
m oduio-IO (D to 9, then back to D) . The
le ft over d ivid e-by-2 parts o f the 8 288's are
com b ine d to make a 2-bit divide-by-4 for the
tens o f ho u rs d ecade . Th is makes a b asic
4D-hour clo ck .
To mak e th e clock re cy cle at 24 hours ,
t hat time is re cognized by a dete ctor gate,
which the n resets (cl ears) the clo ck to ze ro .
Actuall y , mo st o f the clo ck is already zero,
so o nly the te ns-of-hou rs 2, an d th e
unit s-o f-hours 4 need to be rese t. A nand
gat e toggle bu ffer (sim p le flip-fl op ) is used
to store the reset signa l until it is itself
clea red fo ur sec o n ds lat er. T his sto rage is
necessary becau se the reset signal is rem ov ing
t he sign als whi ch cause it by resetting t he
clo ck , a nd a race around the loo p would
occ ur with out the sto rage . Th e four seco nds
is pure ly a rb it ra ry. I use d the u nits of
seco nds 4 lin e beca u se it was h and y ; any
signal that swi tc hed o n b et ween mid nigh t
51
 -
ct'
su~ttl
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! 5.2 db gai n over 1/4 wave ground this large aperature,
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I Height, including mou nt . .. 78"
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 ,. --- - - - -- - - - ---- --,I
LI I\IE DIt IVEIlS AS DESIRED
,
,, DC BIAS
I I,lHZ
I " .'
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COUl\lTE R
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7446 14 46 1446 7 4 46 7 4 48 7 44 8

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TE NS- HilS UNI TS - HIlS T ENS- I,lINS UNI T S_ MIN S TEN S SECS UNITS_ SE CS

REAOOUTS

Fig. 3. Clock/time base block diagram.

and ten seconds later would have wo rked. in the line to each lamp. This ca n be any
The reset signal must be cleared within ten cheap NPN such as a 2N5129 . The con-
seconds because the reset for the te ns of nection for this is shown as an alternate on
hours 2b it is also holding do wn the tens of t he schem atic .
seco nds digit , which shares the same 8288 If the builder uses ten-line rear-projection
rc, readou ts, whic h are sometimes available as
Decoders and Read ou ts surplus, he will need 7442 decoders, If he
uses Nixie tubes, he will need 7441 de-
The decoders must be chosen to drive
coders.
whatever readout the builder chooses.
Seven-segme nt rea douts such as I chose are Power Supply
the mo st eco nomical incandescen t read outs, T he circuitry used draws a substa n tial
but the builder may have ot her kinds fro m amo unt of curre nt at 5 volts de, plus an even
surplus sources . Nixie tubes are also econom- larger amou nt for the readout lamps, which
ical, but require a high voltage power su pply. may also be 5 volts, plus power for the o ven
The 7446 decoders I chose matc h the heater. All of these loads are varying ; each
seve n-segmen t readouts with 24 vo lt incan- number sho wing o n t he display uses a
descent bulbs tha t I used . T hese decoders different num ber of lamp s, and th e vario us
will st and 30 vo lts and switch 40 rnA. I run cou nts that appea r fro m time to t ime in t he
the lamps with 12 volts; they are bright cou nte rs d ra w diffe rent currents. A good
enough to read easily and the life of the voltage regulator can eliminate any problems
bulbs is extended greatly . If the builde r used arising from this, and I wou ld not suggest
lower voltage bulbs, he may use the 7447 t hat anyone consider getting by wit hout
decoder, whic h has a 15 volt rat ing. Ho w- o ne . IC regulato rs are available fo r a few
eve r, if the lamp curre nt will excee d 40 rn A bucks with all the feat u res o ne wo uld want
per lamp , it wil l be necessary to use the (voltage regulat ion , current limitin g, short
7448 de coder (whic h pulls up instead of circuit protectio n, etc.) from several man-
down at the o utpu t) , and a buffer tra nsistor ufacturers. including Nati onal and Fairchild .

54 73 MAGAZ INE
 The National LM J09K I used , for example .
is in the sta ndard diamond power transistor
case , takes in 6 .5 to 35 volts or wave forms
with ripp le bet ween th ose limits. puts out 5
volts at up to 2 amp ., is sho rt-ci rc uit -proof,
and just bolts directly t o any grou nded heat
sink. All that costs aro und $4, and no o ne
ca n affort to design and build a regulato r
with that kind of thing available .
The rest of the power supply is a
tra nsformer-rectifier to supply 12 volts de
for the regu lator, a lam p supp ly, and a shu nt
regulato r fo r th e sta ndby ba tt eries. My lamp
supply is very simp le, being jus t an oth er set of
rect ifiers fro m the same po wer t ransfo rmer,
because I use d 12 V lamps. If other voltage
lamps are used, a separate transformer will
probably be necessary, but separate rectifiers
shou ld be used in any case, to prevent t he
heavy lamp cu rre n t fro m loading the fi lte r
capacitor. T he lamp power does not need to
be fil tered.
The sta ndby batteries are co nnec ted In
parallel to float across the unregu lated 12
volt line . This simple connection wou ld be
adequate to keep the batteries charged and
provide standby power for the 5 volt regula-
tor, excep t that the voltage ca n rise high
eno ugh to ove rc harge t he batteries. T he
simple shunt regulator I used lim its th e pea k
unregulat ed voltage t o abou t 14 volts, whic h
a 12 volt storage battery can stand almost
indefinite ly .
Batteries
The floati ng-battery scheme use d here is
app ropriate for lead-acid type batteries. I use
a motorcycle batt ery , whic h has the capacity
t o run th e clock fo r several h o urs. It h as t he
drawback o f having the aci d fu me a nd
spillage worry of that type of ba ttery . A
be tter choice would be a sea led battery of
the type made by Centralab under the name
GeiCel. The Nica d batteries look very attrac-
tive , although high-priced , but t hey req uire a
different charging scheme th an I h ave pro-
vide d here, that is, co nsta n t cu rren t instead
of cons ta nt voltage .
RFI Considerations
Digit al circuitry of t he type used in this
u nit generates large amou nts of wideband,
high-frequ ency
, no ise . T he reaso n for t his is
the very t hing that makes TIL logic so
FEBRU AR Y 1973
good : it work s very fast. whenever a gate
switches. the resulting square voltage wave-
form ha s harmonics sp read out well into the
VHF region. For this reason , all digita l
devices to be used near radio eq uip men t
shou ld be built in sh ielded enclosures, at th e
very least an all-me ta l cabi net , and all wires
leading in or out shou ld be shielded or
filtered . Normal tech niques for TV I-proofi ng
a tra nsmitter will serve here .
T hree of the NO R gates in the LU380A
package are co nnected in cascade to for m
the ampli fier po rtio n of the osc illa to r, as
may be seen in th e Ti me Base Sch em at ic ,
Fig. 4 . T he inp ut to this amp lifier is pi n 10,
and the ou tput is pin 2 . T he last gate is used
as an output buffer, from pin 4 to 3 . There
are two feedback paths, o ne for dc sta bil iza-
tion, and one for the rf signal. R4 and R3
provide e nough negative feedback bias to
stabilize the amp lifier in it s lin ear region. R3
is to be a djus ted to get a sy mme tric al sq uare
wave from pin 3 . C8 bypasses th e rf to
ground so that o nly dc is fed through this
path .
The crystal YI and capacitors C3. C4 and
C7 are co nnected to form a 180 phase sh ift
a nd vo ltage step-down net wo rk , as used in a
Colpitts oscillator. C4 is a fine trimm er
across th e high-im pedan ce side of th e net-
work to adjus t th e fre quency, an d is the
Freq uen cy Adjust Control mentio ne d in Part
I of this series The amplifie r o utpu t is
atte nuated by R2 and C6 , then lightly
coupled to the high -impedance side of the
crystal network through C5 to kee p the
crysta l vol tage as low as possib le. The ou tp ut
fro m th e low imp ed an ce side of th e crystal
net wo rk is co nnec te d back to th e am pli f ier
in pu t to comp lete th e lo o p. T he am plifie r
outpu t is to be coupled as ligh tly as possible
(smallest value of C5) and still mainta in
oscillations.
You migh t get by without shielding the
oscilla tor, bu t I co nsider it a worth wh ile
precau tion to iso late th e oscilla to r from
o u tside infl ue nces. I enclose d th e who le
oscilla tor in a brass st rip fence, as ca n be
see n in the photo. All the capacitors asso-
ciated wit h the crystal network (C3. 5, 6 &
7) must be high quality stable types such as
silver mica. C4 must be .a good grade VHF
type t rim mer.
55
 10 001 I'll 10",

cr 1'13 C2

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100 11HZ 10 Illtt 1KHZ
I Itt TO CLOC K

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CLOCK SPEED

Fig. 4 . Time base schematic diagram.

Divider Chain used ; these device s draw a large amount of

The divid er chain consist s of a string of current for a very sho rt period of time while
decade dividers, ea ch reducing the operating they a re changing state , appearing as a
frequency by a fa ctor of ten . Each is current spike on the Vee line. Due to the
co nnec ted with the divide-by-five ahead of inductance in even a short pie ce of wire
the by-two portion to give a square wave feeding the supply voltage to the IC, this
output. The input signal enters at the current spike can produce bad voltage
divide-by-fi ve trigger port (labeled INBD). surges . The cure is simply a small capacitor
The output of this sec tio n (labelted D) is directly across the supply terminals o f ea ch
co nnected to the trigger o f the divide-by-two device. This is a small pri ce to pay for the
section (labelled INA). The o ut put labelled high performance of the TTL logic family.
A is then th e sq uare wave.
The B and C outputs are not used and are Line Drivers
left o pen . The reset-to-O and reset -to-e in- U2 is a hex inverter used as an iso latio n
puts are not used in the divider chain and are amplifier for driving coaxial lines. Two
grounded . Inputs left open will assume a amplifier sections are used in parallel to
logic I (high) state, which .in this case would drive a 90n coaxial line (RG-62 cable)
hold the cou nters in reset (0) state . through isolation resistors. These I80n resis-
The A output of ea ch divider goes to the tors in parallel give an effective 90n output
INBD input of the next divider in each case , impedance and keep the load on ea ch
ex cept the 10 Hz line between U7 and U8. amplifier within its lOrnA rating. One IC
This line goes through the Clock Speed provides three output lines. 10H z is needed
Switch Sl in the NORMAL position . In for frequency cou nte r, I MHz is a useful
o ther positions, the input to U8 is tapped o ut pu t for initial osc il lator checks , and the
fro m th e o ut pu t of dividers running at other line may b~ co nnec ted to wh atever
higher frequencies to speed up the clock , as frequency is desired between 100 Hz and
explained previously . 100 kHz. To bring out all the possible
Bypass capacit o rs C9-15 are required frequencies would require additional hex
because o f a characteristic of the TTL lC's inverter packages.

56 73 MAGAZINE
 Clock Counters the co rrespo ndi ng decoders. V19 a nd V I?
T he clock counte rs consis t o f a di vider IC The reset-to-zero input of V13 is co nnec ted
for eac h digit of the cloc k except th e t en s of to the rese t line , all o thers being ground ed .
hou rs, with a 24hou r reset circ uit to switch The left over divid e-by-Z A sec tio ns o f
the clock back to zero every midn ight , as V I3 and V I I are used t o make the tw o-bit
may be see n in the Clock Schematic Dia- tens of ho urs digit. The U I I A sectio n is the
gram, Fig. 5. T H I bit and the V 13 A sec tio n is th e TH 2
The unit s of seconds (V I4), min u tes bit. Therefore, th e D o ut put fro m V10
( V I 2), and hou rs ( VI 0 ) co unte rs are decade drives the A in pu t of Ull , and the A o utp ut
dividers connec te d in th e sta ndard mann er of VII drives th e A input o f V13. These two
fo r th is device. That is, th e in put signal A sect io ns are co nnec te d to the A & B
triggers the divide-by-Z A sec tio n first, a nd inputs of the te ns of hou rs de coder U I5,
then the by-5 BCD section to prod uce the represen ting a tw o-bit nu m ber to th at de-
sta nda rd binary -coded-decimal ( BCD) count- coder. The ot her decoder in pu ts a re
ing seq ue nce fo r wh ich the decoders a re ground ed.
design ed . Therefore , th e ABC & D o u tp uts The q uad nand IC U9 is connec te d t o im-
are co nnecte d to the ABC & D inpu ts o f the plement th e 24-hour reset logic, which ma y
decoders respectively , The D, or last , o utp ut best be seen on Fig. 3. T he numbe r 24: 00 :00
drives the inpu t of t he fo llowing stage. is recognized by the gate at pins 8, 9 & J a by
All the reset inputs o n th e un its digi ts are the prese nce of th e T H2 and UH4 bit s in the
unu sed an d gr o und ed , exce pt th e high sta te, which then sets the nand toggle
reset-to-zero for the unit s of hours. This is mad e up of the gates at pins I through 6.
connected to the reset line , as sh own in Fig. The to ggle puts a high state o n the reset line
3 , to clear the fo ur in the twenty-fo ur h ou rs. fro m pin 3, which resets to zero U I a arid
The tens o f seconds an d te ns of minu tes V13. The next VS4 bit is inver te d by the
digit s use the d ivid e-by-six BCD sectio ns of gate at pins 11 -14 of V9 and then used to
V I3 and V II Ie's respectively . Because clea r the nand toggle .
these re prese n t th e ABC bits of a modulo-six Decoders and Readouts
digit , the BCD ou tpu ts o f th ese coun te rs are The com mo n terminal o f the readouts is
connec te d t o the AB C in puts res pec tively of connec te d to the lamp voltage from the

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2 ~5 e Cj 8 Cj 8
TENS ...OURS UNITS HOURS TE NS M IN UTE S UNITS - M IN UT ES TE NS SECO NDS UNI TS - S ECOND S

Fig. 5. Clock schematic diagram.

FEBRUAR Y 197 3 57

 I N4 81 9
TO
TR IAD F40 X -----. LAMP P OWER

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BATTERY

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DISP LA Y r:
Fig. 6. Power supp ly schema tic dIagram.
.

po wer su pp ly. and the lamp of each segme n t
in the display lights as its li ne is grou nded by
the decod er. The d ecod er ligh ts th e com bl na-
tion of lamps ma kin g th e numeral co rres-
ponding t o the binary code fed to it from
the counter.
The pin 4 & 5 connec tio ns to the decoder
are fo r blan king of unused numbers and have
no func tion in a clock. Becau se th ey are
act ive in t he lo w sta te, they may be left
o pe n to be in ac tive (h igh).
The input at pin 3 of th e decoders is for
lamp testing. I didn 't use this, but o ne co uld
tie aU these pin 3's together to a bus line and
gro und it with a pus h-bu tton to make all 8 's
ap pear in the display , thus testi ng all display
segme nts. T his would not be a very useful
frill , but it wouldn 't cost mu ch either.
An alt ern ate co nnec tio n for lamps draw-
ing more than 40 rnA is shown in th e co rner
of Fig. 6. This uses a 7448 decoder and
seven NPN switc h transistors. The 7448 h as
o utput pull-up resisto rs fo r direct connec-
tion to th e transistor base .
Power Supply
The power supp ly fo r t he IC' s uses a
t ransformer with ce nter-tapped secondary ,
full-wave recti fie rs, and capacito r filter of
the sim plest typ e , as can be see n in Fig. 6.
The filt er capacity sho wn allow s several volts
of ripple and is thus very easy o n the
rectifiers, but the regulator IC U2 1 cha nges
th is to as pure de at 5 volts as o ne could
desire . Abo ut o ne J1F of filte r ca pacity
should be o n the outp ut of th e regu lato r,
but this ca n be at the load , o r almost
any where o n the 5 volt bus, as it is to bypass
low-frequency tran sients.
The lamp power is derived with a separate
set of rectifiers to prevent loading the filte r
capaci tor wit h the relat ively heavy lam p
curre nt.
The shunt regulator I used is fairly crude
and non-adjust able , but is doing its job q uite
adeq uately . The two 6.8 volt zener diodes
provide a 13.6 volt refe rence voltage fo r the
base of shun t regulato r Q I . When ever the
emitte r of th is PNP tra nsisto r exceeds 0.3
volts high er th an this, o r about 13.9 volts ,
the reg ulator begins t o shunt cu rren t to
ground to hold the voltage at th at level. The
2.2Q resistor R 12 is chosen to limit ch arging
current to the batt ery to about 1/2 ampe re
when the battery is lo w, i.e ., ab out II vo lts
terminal voltage. R I I is not at all cri tical,
and o nly provides so me kee p-alive cu rre nt
fo r the zener diodes when Q I is no t con-
ducting.
. . .K5DUS
YOUR CALL
Please check your address label and ma~e sure
that it is correct. In cases where no call letters
has been furnished we have had to m a~e one up.
If you find that yo ur lab el has an EE3*&* on it
that means we don't know your call and would
a p p reciate he vinq it.

58 73 M AGAZINE
 With Signal/One's CX7-A
you settled for the best.

- - '
Now meet the rest of the best.
A few short years ago, Signal /One introduced the solid-state CX7-A. It
wa s quic kly recogni zed as the world's most advanced radio transcei ver. It sti ll is.
Now, Signal /One is more than j ust the CX7-A. A lot mo re.

For openers, we've added two new receivers. One: the CR-1500, a dual-ch annel
system is so advanced - in selectivity, sensitivity and versatility - you won 't
find anything like it
th is side of a research 0 1 10 _ ~ >D

0 ~e
laboratory. The
CR-1200 receiver, our , 0-:'-;
other new one, fea-
tures a sing le VFO . If it weren 't for its bigger brother, it would be the fin est
recei ver you could buy,

There's a new CT1S00 transmitter, the matching transmitter for use with the
CR-1 200 and CR-1500 receivers. It incorporates
all modes of operat ion and includes the famous
Si gn al/One RF en ve lope cl ipping , broadband
tun in g, full-automatic CW keyin g, and many
other features.

We're also introducing a new transceiver, th e CX-l0, which contains several

CX7-A features. In addition , it can be used with either our new AC or DC power
supplies, an exte rna l VFO , and oth er ac cesso ries.

Our new accessories inc lude a deluxe station

conso le, speakers, 2-mete r and 6-m et er
transverters with direct di gital readout and FM
capability, and custom microphones.
In the past years , th ere were one or two names in amateur radio gear that
meant the finest. In the ir time they were.
Ti mes have ch anged . Now, if you want the fi nest, choosing is easy.
It's all at Signal/One.

13130 Yukon , Hawthorne, Ca. 90250 (213) 679-9022 slgnsl/one

 Clifford KUnert WB6BIH
520 Division Street
Na tion al City CA 92050

REPEATER KEY NG
LNE CONTROL
A circuit for controlling timed [unctions in II repeater. Th e li se of the new
Signeties N E.S/)5 IC' tinters eliminates elecl ron ic and mechunicol complications.
very repeater has a need fo r two basic
E timing functions. The first is the de-
layed dro p o ut. A short time delay bet ween
the release of the COR and the transmitter
drop o ut is necessary to prevent th e trans-
mitter keying relays fro m chattering on a
signal that is flu ttering in and out of ihe
repeater receiver. This short delay , usually
approximately two seco nds, will prevent the
ann oying chatte ring noise and prolong the
life of th e equipme nt.
T he seco nd fun ction is usually calle d the
time-aut-timer o r transmit-interval-tim er.
Occasionally so meo ne will accide nta lly or
deliberately leave his transmitte r keyed up
o n th e inpu t channel of th e rep eater. If the
tran smitt er in th e repeate r is not rated for
con tin uous service , it may overheat o r be
damaged . If for some reason, the repea ter
cannot be controlled under these conditio ns.
this ca n cause severe anxiety for the person
who must either wait for it to go away , or
drive a hundred miles in th e mountains at
night t o solve th e pro blem.
Man y repeater syste ms use surp lus time
delay relays, coffee pot trimmers, or other
mechan ical con trivances. These devices may
be either unreliable o r expensive.

.'"
"": r- KI

COR
I, , 1400
I
2N2222
~" s
'lJk , e

lm ;;; /' , -: " "'" ...,

I 2 :5 4

DELAY
9 " U

'"
.. e
I .,.
6 7 8

;J; '00
J'
esc

~
I 2 3 4

'"
6 7 S
TI ME
OOT TIM E '" 1. 1 ItC

..'"
14 13 12 11 to 9 8
I
22DK
If ...l! . 5 6 7 8

4 1"'- I

-If ~ 1~~ 4
123 4567GNO
7 400
TOP V IE W
rh '"
TOP V IEW

Fig. 1. Schema tic diagram of th e repeater con trol circuit using NES55 IC's.

60 73 MAG AZINE
 Integrated Circuits
The device to be described in this article
uses three integrated circuits that are reliab le
and inexpensive. A few resistors and capaci-
tors set th e time in tervals for the two
Signetics 555 timers. A 7400 qu ad du al
input nand gate performs the req uired logic
functions. A transistor is used to drive a
relay in the output circuit. The completed
unit is connected between the repea ter
receiver COR contacts and the repeater
tra nsmitter keying line.
Constr uc tio n Notes
Any available method of construction can
be used since the layo ut is no t critical. A
piece of perforated circuit board makes a
good chassis for hand wiring. With the pi ns
on the ICs inserted in matching holes in the
boards, wires can be stuffed into the same
holes alongside the IC pins for solde ring.
Teflo n insula ted wire is a m ust where repeat-
ed soldering and unsoldering may be neces-
sary to correct solder bridges between pins.
Making a printed circuit board is no t recom-
mended since such a one-of-a-kind project
usually does not justify the trouble and
expense.
The in tegrated circui ts and data shee ts for
this project were obtained from So lid State
Systems, Inc . Capacitors wit h polari ty mark-
ings were electrolytic. The . 1 and .0 ] IJ F
capacitors can by mylar or disc ceramic.
These two capacitors were necessary to
preven t radiated noise from triggering the
timer. Other precautions may become neces-
sary under different conditions.
Note that the top view of th e pin
co nnec tio ns fo r the 555 in the sche ma tic are
nu mbered differently fro m the usual co nve n-
tion . This numbering was given with the
application information, but the normal
convention was given on the data sheet. The
numbering shown in the schematic was used,
an d the circuit operated this way.
T he output circuit shows a tra nsis tor
driving a relay. A 2N2 222 sw itc hing tran sist or
can be used to drive a 28 volt crystal can
relay coil. The contacts of these relays will
typically handle up to two amperes. A
silicon power diode must be placed across
the relay to protect the transistor. A 28 volt
lamp can also be used for this purpose while
FE BRU A R Y 19 73
,
providing an indicator light, if the tra nsistor
can hand le the extra current. Other com-
binatio ns of transisto r and relay may be used
if the transisto r has enough de gain to be
full y turn ed o n by the IC o utpu t. The IC
sho uld be able to provide more than l OrnA,
and as much as 50 rnA short circuit current.
A resisto r is placed in the base of the
tran sisto r to lim it base curre nt to no more
than what is necessary to saturate the
tran sis to r.
A plug-in relay can be used to provide fo r
easy repair of th e o nly probably cause of
failure in the circ uit.
Setting Up
Once the circuit is completed, the drop
out delay time can be adjusted with the
250 K variable resistor. The time-out timer is
no t made adjustable, but the 220 K resistor
o r th e 1000 J,l F capacitor can be cha nged to
selec t different time cons ta nts. Longer time
consta nts m ay be difficult to achieve be-
cause of the leakage resista nce foun d in most
large elect rolytic capacitors. The com-
ponents used resulted in a time-out delay of
almost te n mi nutes although the theoretical
time constant wo uld be o nly about fo ur
min utes. T his is because the leakage resis-
tance in the ca pacito r co unteracts the
tim ing resis to r. If the leakage is bad enough,
the timer will never t ime o ut.
No power supply is shown in the schema-
tic, but voltages can be obtained from a
dropping resisto r and zener diode from the
repeater's 28 volt power supply. If a special
sepa ra te po wer supply must be buil t, th ere
are ma ny integrated circuit voltage regula-
to rs th at can make the project very sim ple.
Final Commen ts
The integrated circuits cost just over
three dollars at the time of this writing, and
prices have been decreasing steadily. T he
circuit gives so lid state reliabili ty wit h the
exceptio n o f th e out put relay whic h can be
mad e easily replaceable. Anyo ne who is
putt ing u p a new repeate r shou ld conside r
making this sim ple circuit a part of the
control system right from the start , but if
the machine is already up, its never too late
for improveme nts.
. . .WB6BII '
61

POPULARSLO
TELEVISION CIRCUITS
PART
his article presents a descri ption and
T ana lysis of so me of the ci rcu it eleme nts
co mmo nly u sed in slow sca n gear. The dat a
presented will be very useful to those wish-
ing to experime nt with d ifferent circuits bu t
a light reading will provide you with so me of
the basic circuit fu nct io ns. A tho ro ugh
un derstanding of the materia l presen te d here
is no t esse ntia l to build and ope rate the
circuits to be prese nted later, but it is
prese nted fo r easy reference if you desire to
go a little deeper in to the various circuit
functio ns.
Operational Ampli fiers
If o ne could pick a single electronic
co mpo nent that was the most valuable to a
slow sca nner, it would be an o pe rat ional
amp lifie r. The o p-a mp is an integra te d cir-
cuit consist ing of man y transis to rs. It has
high gain in excess of 100 .000 . It can be
connec te d to exte rna l circuits to perfo rm a
wide variety o f elec tro nic fu nctio ns. Th is
discussio n will avoi d so me of the short-
comings of t hese amplifiers and conce ntra te
on the usefulness of the economical and
read ily obtainab le devices.
F EBRUARY 1973
,
Don Miller W9NTP
Box 95
Waldron IN 46182
Ralph Taggart WB8DQT
4515 Oakwood
Okemos M I 48864
-SCAN
In o rder to simplify th e discussio n as
much as possible, just two types of ampli-
fiers will be discu ssed. T hese two ty pes were
first introduced by th e Fairchil d Co mpany,
but they are also no w being mad e by a great
number of ma nufact urers. T hese t wo o p-
amps are the 709 and 74 1. T he 709 is t he
original uncomp ensated op-a rnp and, since it
has been availab le the longest , it is t he
lowest price d. Compensatio n refers to exter-
nal capacitors and resisto rs a~ ded externa Uy
to contro l the roll-off of the freque ncy
response. The ma ny uses of the op-amp call
for differentco mpen sat io n , so care must be
taken to use the correct capacitors and
resistors.
T he 74 1 is a universally -com pen sated
amp lifier th at req uir es no external resisto rs
o r capacito rs. It also has so me superior
breakd own and o pe ra tional characteristics
th at make it a bit more reliabl e than th e
709 . T he designs desc ribed in this h and book
will use eit her 709's o r 74 ] 's.
Op-amps can be purchased in three or
four package styles. These are the TO-99,
63

- b>>--
Fig. 2-1 . Symbol f or op-amp .
flatpack, dual in-line pa ckage or DIP, and a
shorter DIP called the mini-dip The TO-99
package looks like an o rd inary transistor
with many lead s. The fiat pack is very hard
to use since its leads are difficult to fast en
down unless the designer h ad developed a
spec ial soc ke t PC board mounting. The DIP
is o u r favorite. It lends itself to sock ets o r to
0.1 mill vector board . They co me in a 14-pin
or 8-pin package . Th e 8 pin package is call ed
the mini-dip . The 741 can be purchased
from Texas Instruments, T .I. , in the mini-dip
package . Usually the 14-pin DIP 70 9 o r 741
works o u t very well eit he r in a breadboard
circuit o r o n a finished PC board layou t and
is re commended.
Let us now look at the gen eral u ses of th e
o p-amp. Th e o p-amp requires an equal po si-
tive and negative voltage su p ply in mo st
applications. The am pli fier has tw o inputs
labeled - or + which are calle d inve rting and
non-inverting respectively . Either o r both
can be used for sign al inputs. The output
terminal o f all econom ically priced op-amps
is single end ed. The o p-amp ca n be a d e
amplifier and can provide o u tp uts referenced
t o any d e level within the dyn am ic range o f
the amplifier. The gain is con tro lled very
accurately to a known q uan tity by me re ly
choosing th e ratio o f tw o resist ors. The
frequen cy re sponse is limited to about 1
MHz and below. The usual sy m bo l and the
terminal markings for an o p-amp are sh o wn
in Fig. 2-1.
Again , if it is de sired to invert a sign al,
connect the signal so urce to the minus (or
inverting) terminal. This is sho wn in Fig . 2~2.
"F
' ...
",
' 0
Fig. 2-2. The inverting amp lifier.
64
By algebraic manipulation , it is po ssible
to p rove th at the gain of th is amp li f ie r is the
rat io of th e values re sist or Rf to resistor R 1.
The gain is independent o f any amplifier
characteristics as long as the o pen circ u it
amplifier gain is high . The gain equation is
therefore :
Co= -Rf/Rl Cin
"F
",
'0
",
Fig. 2-3. Use of an op-amp in summing.
As was mentioned before , it is n ecessary
to add the compensation resistor cap acit o r
combination if a 709 is used ; but if a 741 is
used, no compensation is ne cessary .
The inverting input has other extremely
interesting feature s. This input terminal a p-
pears to be near ground p otential in its
amplifying charac teris tics. In fact , it is called
the virtu al ground in p ut. Becau se o f this
feature , this input ca n be used as a su m ming
junction . Let us say that you want to ad d
tw o signa ls an d have each sign al amplified by
a different amo un t. The circu it is shown in
Fig . 2-3 .
+
OFFSET
-
CONTF<OL "F
",
" '0
,
r. l, rh
Fig. 2-4. Op-amp with offset control.
The o u tp u t voltage is given by eq uat io n
Co = - C I Rl /Rl - C2 Rf/R2
So fa r, very little has been said abo ut de
o ffse t. This effect is just th e d e o u tp u t
voltage that exists when th e inputs are
returned to ground. This d efe ct is caused by
the IC imp erfections and can be easily
co n tro ll ed by adding a dc sign al to the input
73 MAGAZINE
 'F
"
"
'0
n
Fig. 25. Offse t c ompensa ted op-amp.
to re tu rn the out pu t to zero volts. As an
example, see the offset contro l show n in Fig .
2-4 . T he pote ntiometer is adjusted so that
the output is de zero with El grounded . In
order to balance the op-amp as much as
possible. ma ny times the n eed for t he offset
adj ust me n t is elimi na ted by putting a resis-
'F
" chew" with old friends either AM or FM any-
'0
" 0
Fig. 26. Non-inverting op-amp.
t or from the plus (+) or non-in verting inp ut
t o ground equal to the parallel com bina tion
of resist or co nnec ted to the minus ( - ) or
inverti ng inpu t te rmina l. This is shown in
Fig. 2-5 .
It is obvious that if it is desired to have
the ac signal appearing at the output refer-
enced to A plus or mi nus de signal that the
potentiometer sh o wn in Fig. 2-6 can be
easily adjusted to do this. The usefulness of
this adj us t me nt sho ws u p in slow scan when
acc ura te adj us t me nt of the blac k level is
necessary .
Let us lo ok at the plus o r non-inverting
in put. This inp ut ....an be used sim ulta neo usly
o r alo ne for o p-arn p applications. It pro vides
an out put t hat is in phase wit h the input and
'. . 17 ~OO~XC2~6A~OLETA.
- -J7- - -
Fig. 2 7. Volta ge fo llo wer cp-emp.
FEBRU A R Y 197 3
2 i~ it Ollt) !
THE COM CRAFT CTR144
,~
M ADE IN U .S.A.
The First AM-FM
Solid-State Transceiver
For Two Meters
No longer is it necessary to choose between
AM and FM on two meters. Now you can have
both in one compact unit. Join the gang on
the new FM repeaters yet st ill be able to " rag
where in the two meter band.
COMPARE THESE FEATURES
TRANSMITTER:
Built in VfO (f requency converted for stability)
AM and FM both trystal and VFO
Four transmit crystal positions (8 MHz)
12 watt inpu t AM and FM
High level transmitte r modulation on AM
Bllndpass coupled t ransmitte r requi ring only fi nal tune
a nd load
Three internal tra nsm it cryst al sockets with t rimmers
for netti ng
One tran smi tter crysta l soc ket on the front pane l
Deviat ion limiting
146 .94 MHz crystal included
RECEIVER:
Doub le conversion
Crysta l controlled l int eenverslon
MOS FET receiver trent-end
Inl eerated circu it limiter and discr iminator for FM
Envelope detector and series eale noise clipper for AM
Built-In squelch for both AM and FM
GENERAL:
Separale transmitter and rece iver tun ing
Built-In 115VAC power Stlppl)'
Direct 12VDC operation fo r mobile or portable operation
t)ptionar porta ble recha rgea ble snap-on battery pi ck
avai lable
"S" Meter also used for t ra nsmitter tune up
Military sty le glass epox)' circuit boards
Anod ized lette ring and front panel
Baked epox)' fi nish on t he ca bine t
47 t ransistors , 22 diodes. 1 lntegrated c ircuit
Dimens ions: 10 1,4" W x 6 1,4 "H x 7% "0
Warranty-gO Days Parts and Labor
The CTRl44 is available at your
DEALER
$489.95
CALIF. 930 17
Write for more information or
- use READER SERVICE
6S
 +v

.0 1

-v

Larsen Mobile Fiq, 2-8. Power lead reversal pro tec tio n.

GainAntenna is referenced t o dc similar to inp uts ap plied

144-148MHz
The result of over 25 years of two-way
radio experience. Gives you . . .
.3 db + gain o ver 1/4 wave whip
.6 db + gain f or co m p lete system
communications
V.S.W.R. less th an 1.3 to 1
Low, low silhouette for better
appearance
The fastest growing antenna in the com-
mercial 2-way fi eld is now available to Ama-
teurs. It's the antenna that lets you HEAR
THE DIFFERENCE. Easily and quickly ad-
justed to any frequency. Hi-impact epoxy
base construction for rugged long life. S ilver
pl ated wh ip ra di ates better. Handles full 100
watts cont inuous. Model s to fit a ny standard
mount. Available as antenna only or com-
plete with all hardware and coax .
Get t he full fac ts on th is ama zing an tenna
t hat bring s signals up o ut of t he noise . . .
provides bette r fringe area tal k po wer. Write
toda y for fact sheet and prices.
to the in ver ting in pu t. T he circuit is shown
in Fig. 2-6.
It can be shown by analysis th at the gain o f
this configuration is given by
Co = + Cin ( R fj RI) + I
In o ther words, besides th e o utput being
in phase with th e input , the gain is I plus the
gain fo r signals applied to the minus or
inverting input. It is also possible to apply de
signals at this inp ut to offse t the output to
the desired referen ce level.
, ,
R
6
5
1
8
I C,
C1 "I .. Use R 2 '" 5 0 o h m s w h en
the am plifier is o p erated
w it h capac it ive loading.

80
Sold wi th a full money back guarantee.
You hear better or it costs nothing! III
I}ij-L j_ t ttl- vs - 115V
TA-25' C
~ 60 1
r ~Cr'~'~"~'T'~';:,;:,. 0
-. C~'~.~3~,~'rl:....j-lll::-j-H1rt-1
also available ... ~ ' I IIII-++Jtl--N-fjj-j
5 db Gain Antenna for ~~.tO Htt
C l - l oo PF. R ' - " S k~nC 2 - J pF
420-440 MHz and 440-460 MHz
Phased Coll inear with same rugged construc- ;g l-1-I-i1f-PoH
tion as Larse n 2 meter antennas a nd 5 db
gain ove r reference 1/4 wave wh ip . Mod els ~ 20 c, "", " ." '''[j[~'~20::;'':.l-Io-:~+I
N-!'It-
to fit a ll mount s. Co mes wit h inst ru ction s.
Write today for full fact sheet and pri ce .

~
--.... ....,,
---
'",...,--
~ 0 Cl.5OOll
PF
.Rl.l .Skn,C2-200 ' ,7
Jil....
n
~ ,;

n, Jr ,\', \
I,'
\\\ I /,,',1 -20100
",A1 llll
.\:;;JUJ.o...,J,-LllL,,f;:l..l.
I

\~~.. ", 1k 10 k
fRE ~UE NCY
tooe
- Hl
1M 10 M

'~LarsenAntennas
11611 N.E. 50 t h Ave. - Va ncouver, WA. 98665
Pho ne 206/695-538 3
Fig. 2-9. Compensa tion information for th e 709.

66 73 MA GAZINE
 A wo rd should be stated about t he
realtive size o f resistors applied to th e
WATERBAGS* 00
TOROIDS'TELETYPE FAX
o p-a m p . If all resist ors are kept below I MD:
no problems will develop . Usu ally the ga ins 'Ibtoids
BB mil lihenry. Neve r po t ted .
desired can be achieved with th is range of Cente r ta pped . 5/ $2. 50 ppd.
30/ $1 0 ppd US .
resistors witho ut develo ping any prob lems .
Tor all .cdel I f-1 5-2e-J2-J3-Lorenr -
One fina l circ uit should be show n t hat is ~bbons Mite . FRESH Bl a ck nyl on, 12 per box .
1 box/13 . 50 poe t pa i d US .
need ed by the slo w scan act ive fil te r d esign-
er. This is the voltage follower circ uit. It CVeskJax Tran.ceiver
Mod e l 6S0 0A
Checked and ready t o o pe ra te
provid es very high input impedan ce and low o n the landline-o r o n th e a i r .
o utput im peda nce. Jt has a gain of + I . It is Con t a i n. r e ceivi ng a nd t ran . -
mitt i ng AFS~ un i t
sho wn in Fig. 27 . SPECI AL SI S eac h, 2/ $2 5, 7/ $SO

T he response of an op -amp t o large =-rax Paper 12" xl ' " . toeete . For
RD- U or TXCI FAX. o~
cut ' _ lip for u... on
cha nges of input signal is not as fast as migh t the o.ek fa:x 650010 . HO eheat. per packa "e .
1 pkq / $3 . S pk,,/ 112 .

Sinqle copy ro ll t ele type

" (TOP V IEWl Teletype Paper paper. Standard 9-1/2 " wid t h.
5" diamat er f i t e all ma eh i ne a.
12 ro Ue /$U.
, " 11/16" wi de . FRESH .
Perforator crape
e:p:r~i>l : TO99 ' 40 r o ll s o nl y SB.

I I 10
Februarg "Val/.s iOZ X r - k _
Sdrtl... . ~ 01"lI>0
Speclaf! W2DLT

,
DIP 741
,

..~ . " ,~ , .. "~ ' <O '
Co. " .r ' ..', " 'M' C."
NEW JOPI
SCOPE TlJB ES
CElectronics
. . ._ _ e .. ........
~
- .-
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_

LI MITED QUANTITY - New l-"al lon

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e ........
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6 OUTPUT

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T O-99 and DIP 74 1 pin co nnec tion s. Depend on . . .
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teur 2 Mete r r .M. Tran s-
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(To p Viewl
pri ces . Orde r di rect. Send 10e f or new
., , "
., Send check o r mo ney cat alog with
o rde r. oscill at or circuits
, U ., and lists of
For firsl class ma il add 15C per thousands of
,NPUT FR EO
,~ .
U ' I'lPUT FREO
COMP crVlta l...for airma il add 20C ea . frequ encies in

~'"
II'lV I~ T v stock .
OUT"" SPECIALS I CRYSTALS FOR :
Fr eq ue ncy Standards
DIP 709 OUT" "
,~.
fRE O 100 KH z IHC13/ UJ $4 .50

.,
1000 KHl tHC6/ UJ 4.50
,
., -"-----_ ...,,~ Almost All CB Sets , Tran s. or Rec. 2.50
ICB svmnesuer Crysta l on request)
TO- 99 and DIP 709 p, n con nec ti ons. AnV Amateu r Band in FT 243 1.50
(h cept 80 meters) 4 for 5.00
Fig. 2-10. N ote that the 741 can be used as 80 Meter Ra nge in FT243 2.50
plug-in replacement for th e 709 bu t n ot vice Color TV 351 9545 KH z (wire lea dll 1.60
4 fo r 5.00
versa.

FEBRUAR Y 1973 67

+
R, R, RL
" C T= .69R2 C
~
."
0, R. 0,
SL >& ~ used as plug-in replacem ent for the 70 9 but
sYNC
;; c, R, n
Fig. 2-11. Ccliector-cou pfed monostabJe mutn-
vi br ator.
be ex pected fro m circui t consideratio ns . A
large change of input ca uses the feedback to
overd rive th e inpu t sta ge as it attempts to
correct th e slo w rise tim e of th e fr equ en cy
comp ensa ted stages. The clipped signal is
integrated by the co mpe nsatio n capacitors,
result ing in an o u tpu t voltage th at rise s a t a
fixed rat e. This rat e limit , o r sle w rate ,
det erm in es the speed. with wh ich the amp li-
fier can res po nd to large signals. Th is slew
rate b ecome s important in the slow scan
swee p d river circu its shown lat er.
In o rder t o p rot ect an op -a mp o n th e
breadboard from accident al reversa l o f th e
power su pply leads, a diod e can be insert ed
into the n egative pow er lead . Th is will assure
that the reversal will n ot damage the internal
circuitry o f th e op-am p . This is shown in
Fig. 2-8 .
For conve n ience to the slo w scan ne r
some of th e specifications of the 709 and
74 1 are shown in tab le form be low. In
addit ion, a graph of resisto r an d capaci to r
com binatio ns is given for th e different gains
for th e co mpe nsa ted 709 . The pin co nnec-
t ions of each amp lifier in its vari ous
pac ka ges are also show n in Figs. 2-9 and
2-10.
No te in Fig. 2-10 that th e 74 1 can be
not vice versa.
The Monostable Multivibrator
Th e mon ost able multivibrator (o r " one
sho t" as it is some times called ) is used
exte nsive ly in both slow scan moni tors and
ca me ras. T he mono stable oscillato r is ab le to
p roduce a pulse of the d esired width from a
no isy pulse reco vered from th e sy nc re-
covery ci rcui ts of th e monitor o r from the
timing ci rcuits of a came ra.
The circuit of a mo nost ab le multivibra tor
is similar to that o f o ther multivibrators, but
differs in that it has o nly on e sta b le state.
The general circu it co nfigu ration of a co llec-
tor-co u pled mo nosta ble multivibrator is
shown be lo w in Fig. 2-1 1.
Since the emi tte r base junc tio n of tran sis-
tor Q 2 is fo rward biased by R 2 , Q2 is
n ormall y in full cond uction. The o u tp ut
voltage at th e co llector of Q2 is the
satu ratio n voltage o f th e tran sistor Up on
the appli cation o f a po sit ive sy nc pulse at
th e base of Q 1. the co lle ctor voltage of Q 1
drops an d, since the voltage across a
capaci tor canno t change instantaneously . it
ca uses t he base of Q2 to cu t o ff the
co nduc tion of Q 2 . The fee d bac k fro m the
collec tor of Q 2 to the base o f Q 1 via R4
causes th e act ion to be regen era tive and a
positive p ulse occurs at the co llec to r of Q2 .

70 9 Specifica tions 741 Specifi cat io ns

Maximum po wer su pply 22 V +22 V

voltage
Mini mu m power supply + 9V + 3V
voltage
Reco m me nded power supply + 12 V +I2 V
voltage
Maximum differen tia l 15V + 13V
voltage swing (RI> 2 ,OOOn
de current requirement s 3 mA 3 rnA
Ou tput c u rren t 5 rnA 5 mA
Slew ra te 3V//.lSCc O.5V l/.lsci:.
The 741 is short-circ uit p rotected .

68 73 MAGAZINE
 6800

,;
I I
+vee 8
T .69 (6800)C
640 640 .rt,
7 6
0'
~ ;,;,. 04
OUT

4' 0
iJ>& >.t::
4'0
450 450
.rt. I e
SYNC.
4 3
IN
( I,

( I', I

7
~
8
70P 3
2

~DENT
COOING

Fig. 2-12. H ookup of a UL 914 as a monosta bJe

multivibrator.

The time consta nt of R2 C determin es th e voltage o n Q 2. The voltage across Re rises in

approxima te wid th o f the o u tput pulse a nd
is given by : T; O.6 9R 2 C.
It is co mmo n practice now to ut ilize
i ntegr at ed c ir cuit s f or m ono stable
mult ivibrators. A popular circu it using the
UL914 o r MC-824F integrat ed circuit is
shown in Fig. 2- 12 No te th at th e 824 is a
q uad-transistor gat e and therefo re ca n be
utilized fo r two rn onostab le mu ltivib rators.
The Schmi tt T rigger Circ uit
The Schmitt trigger circ uit IS sho wn in
Fig . 2 - 13 . I t re s embles a bistable
multivi brator, but it lacks th e co upling from
th e o utp ut collec tor to t he in pu t to ma ke it
have two stable states with out al i. applied
input voltage .
respo nse t o th e inpu t voltage and together
wit h the lower base voltage o n Q2 causes Q2
to cease co nd uc tion. Under t his co nditio n,
the o u tput volt age is nea r the B+ vo ltage.
T he gain of the a mplifier Q 1 is mad e grea te r
than unity so that the acti o n happen s very
ab ru p tly .
When the input voltage is lowered , it is
noted tha t the return to the o riginal st ate
does no t ha ppen at the sa me input voltage as
that required for t he o riginal tran sitio n
because Q I is cu t off by the increased
emitt er re sisto r voltage across Re . Th is result
occu rs because of the no n-u nity gai n o f t he
am plifiers. Designers use vari ous schemes to
8+

In o rder t o und erst and the o perati o n,

assu me tha t Q2 is co nd ucting by virtu e of it s
R,
base-coupling re sistor R2. T he in pu t voltage
Ein is assumed to be at zero volts. As a re su lt
of the conduction .of Q2 , the emitt er o f Q I
will be raised in potential by the curre nt
flo wing in Re . When t he input voltage o n t he
Base of Q I is increased , Ql eventually b egins
to co nd uct. Transistor Q I will a m plify th is
input signal which will lower the base Fig. 2-1 3. Sch mitt trigger circuit .

FEBRUARY 1973 69

V, --t-7f'=""~----rC-
V, -+-+--~;-- -7''---1-
o typ es ( RT L, DTL, TTL) is also th e mo st
Fig. 21 4 . Sch mi tt trigger ac tion on an applied
sine wave.
eliminate t h is hy st eresis , but the same effect
ca n be used to good adva n tage b y th e slow
scan ner.
Logic circ u its used in cou n ting usually
req uire abrupt changes of input voltage to
make th e circu its trigger. If it is d esired to
generat e a 15 Hz tim ing signa l fro m a 6 0 li z
sine wave , it w ill be first necessary to d isto rt
the sine wave in to a sharp-edged sq uare
wave. The desired result is shown in Fig.
2-14 .
Whe n the E in pu t sine wave reacheds V I
the Schmitt trigger cha nges its sta te . At V2
the state changes back to the fo rmer
con dition . The outp ut shows very fas t
transitio ns necessary for d riving RTL logic
circu its. Figu re 2-15 shows a Sch mitt t rigger
design ed with an UL9 14 RTL ga te . Th e
u nused tra nsitors have their bases grou nded
to elim ina te noise pickup . So me times a
ca pacitor is used across the collector to base
resistor to commutate or speed up the
t ransitions. It s value is s mall.
+ 4.51/
Vee 8
640
7
02
0.-
~ ~
4'"
NPUT 4'"
I S
a 4
56
/
Fig. 2- 15. Timing an d gating circ ui ts.
70
Timing and Gatin g Circuits
The slow scanner can make use o f digital
tec h no logy in h is design of timing circu its
for came ras and mo n itors. T his discussion
will conce n trate o n RT L logic wh ic h stan ds
fo r resist o r-transist o r-l o gi c . This ty pe of
logic wh ich is the slowest of the th ree main
rea sonably p riced. As ti me passes, it is very
po ssible t hat TTL {tra nsistor-t ra nsistor-logic}
will become price competi tive . T his type is
the fastest of t he eco nomically priced logic
compo nents.
The basic eleme nt of any logic system is
the gate . In RTL logic . t his is the nor gate . It
is sold b y Fairchild as the UL9 14 o r in a
dual package b y Mot o rol a as th e MC82 4.
The ci rcui t diagram o f th e 9 14 is sho wn in
Fig. 2-16 .
If th e base of eit her transistor is raised in
potential , the ou tput drops t o a n ear zero
voltage . This positive voltage ap p lied to t he
base is called a ' h igh " and the resu lti ng
outpu t at near zero volts is called a "low."
Note that t he app lication of a h igh at either
base causes the o u tpu t to go t o a lo w. T his is
called a nor gate because the outpu t is
op posite any in put and th e same " lo w"
output is o b tai ned regardl ess of wh ich inp ut
is gate d int o a h igh " con d ition. No te th at
b oth inp uts ca n be in a 'h igh" co nd it io n and
prod uce t he same " lo w" outp ut. T he symbo l
for this o pera tion is also show n in Fig. 2-16.
We are no w ready to adva nce to an
applicatio n of the fl or gate . Often a
mult ivibrato r or swit ch is needed that has
t wo stab le sta tes. A t rigger pulse ca n be used
to se t the multivibrato r in o ne co nditi o n an d
640
OUT
03 04
V'
~ ~
4'"
4'"
3
C(S~f'LU "
lr n
"
Fig . 2 16. The nor gat e.
73 MAGAZ IN E

Fig, 2-17. R S flip-flop mad~ from two n or gates.
a second trigger ca n be used to restore the
mu ltivibrator to th e origi nal cond itio n . This
principle is use d in the slow sca n sampli ng
came ra la ter described .
Connect two nor gates in a cross
connec tio n as shown in Fig . 2- 17.
If a momentary high is pu t o n R, Q goes
low. It is assu med that S is low and o u tp ut Q
is high , therefore makin g the top ga te
contin ue to sta y low even after the R high is
removed . At so me later time a momentary
high is connec te d t o S. T his im med iate ly
ca uses Q to go low, fo rci ng Q high and
therefo re locking t he botto m gate in the new
condition . In pu ts R and S and the o utp uts Q
and Q are un ive rsall y designated ter minals of
an RS flip-flo p.
Let us now exten d the RS flip-flop o ne
fllore ste p to design a new kind o f d evice
called a JK flip-flop by com bining several
nor gates. T he sim plified circ uit diagram in
block form is shown in Fig. 2- 18 .
To start the opera tio n assu me that terrm-
nal T is gro unded to a lo w state . A h igh is
te mporarily applied to K which causes gate I
ou t put to go low. This signal is passed
through an inverter to make th is signal a
high. Q go es lo w a nd does not affe ct
fli p-flop 2 so Q remains low.
Now let 's assume input J is momentarily
to trigger a monostable multivibrat or to se t
raised to a high. ' This input ca uses gate 2
o ut pu t t o go Jaw. The inverter changes the
signal to a high and causes the RF flip -flop
to change sta te with Q lo w and Q high . The
fee d back from Q to K input is low, so it
does no t affect the operation .
J J
60 HZ
T T
K K
Fig. 2- 19. 15 H z timing circuit.
FEBRUAR Y 197 3
t-,
K
0 ~ I Q
T - ~
Q
r-,
J
~
Fig. 2-18. The JK ttip-ttop.
The JK flip-flo p has o ne pro perty that
ma kes it of part icular interest t o the slo w
scanner. This is the T (o r toggle) inpu t. If
bot h inputs J and K are tied to ground (or
" lo w") and a seq ue nce of high pulses are
applied to t he T input, the RS flip-flop
receives alternative high 's o n the Rand S
input to ca use th e flip -flop o utput to oscil-
late ba ck and f orth. The sim ple block
diagram of a' JK flip-flop shown in Fig . 2- 18
is sensitive t o pulsewidth s. T he mo re co mp li-
cate d correc t diagram will show all addi-
tional KS flip-flop fo r holding purpose s. T he
result is that fo r every t wo pulses into th e T
input, the Q o r Q o ut put goes thro ugh o ne
change of state . This is a freque ncy d ivider
of 2 which forms perfect sq uare waves at the
o utp ut. It will be sho wn later that this signal
is quit e useful to the slo w scanner.
,>
Th e J K flip -flop is co mmercially
packaged and is sold by Fairchild as the
UL923 and by Moto rola in a dual package as
the MC890 .
Wh at does a slo w scan ner do with JK
flip -flops'? T he most obvious use is t he
generat ion of the 15 Hz lin e rate use d in the
SS ca mera . A ty pical circ uit is show n in Fig.
2-19 whe re two " di vide-by-t wo" JK flip-
flo ps a re hoo ked in cascade.
The 15 Hz sq uare wave must now be used
the exact pulse length desired . The d esign of
a monost able oscilla tor is covered else where
in this book.
What about the ot her frequency divisions
o ther tha n t wo? Digit al designers are very
71
 Central New York Specialty Headquarters

FM by STANDARD COMMUNICATIONS
and CLEGG
ANTENNAS by HY-GAIN
Duality-Selected Used Ham Gear 4J J -Q'f---
Q FI2 OUT
F INPUT T
K
Write for li st ing, upda ted twice m onth ly
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DIvIDE BY FOUR
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NEW R390 AIURR . .$1395
The finest military d i gi ta l receiver available. . 5 , r J
T
Q J
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Q J
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manual, accessories. and spare parts.
INPU
K Q K Q I K
- ,I>
OUT
Guaranteed. F .D.R. N .J.

MILITARY ELECTRONICS C ORP. DIVIDE BY FIVE

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manual. Shp. wt. 26 Ibs. Unusea .. . .... . . . . $7.9!J
P. WOOD P.O. BOX 112, GOLETA.CA 93017
, J
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Q J
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DIVIDE BY SEVEN

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1 INPUT
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AGel.." I
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/ ~~ ~~ _ _ ~~ _ _ ~

Mail Coupon for Your FREE Copy, Dept. 73

FAIR RADIO SALES
1016 E. EUREKA Box 1105 LIMA, OHIO 45802

73 MAGAZIN E
72
 ..,... 2 4 3
30HZ , A
,
F' .!. S EC
~I
60 HZ DlV IOE DIV IDE DIVIDE DIVIDE DIVIDE OUT
FROM BY, BY> BY 9 BY 9 Bn
SCH MIT T
TRIGGER
15 HZ OU T

Fig. 2-21. Complete tim ing generator for slo w

scan television .
cleve r an d have d esign ed every mod ul us
need ed u p to 10 . The circu it h oo kups shown
in Fig. 2-2 0 are given with out d erivation o r
proo f. Tho se o f you who are interested ca n
tra ce the high 's aro u nd to see the timing sets
and resets to provid e the indi cated frequen-
cy division .
It is o bvio us to a d igit al d esigner th at
so me of the divisions can be d on e with fewer
JK flip- n aps, b ut cascad ing is sim ple r to th e
novice .
Finally a blo ck diagra m is sh own in Fig.
2-2 1 that produ ces all the basic timing
needed in a slow scan camera . The o u tp u ts
o f 15 Hz and eigh t secon ds are derived for
the 60 Hz mains. Later o n a more so phist i-
ca ted timing generat or is shown th at p ro-
vides fo r differen t scan rat es a nd com p le te
lo cking of the sa mp ling ca me ra raster to th e
60 Hz main s.
The h ookup di agram o f th e UL923 JK
flip-fl op and th e dual MC890P is shown
below in Fig. 2-22. We wish to thank
W9ZR X for h elp with logic id eas shown
here.
Phase Lock Loops
An ex treme ly versatile ph ase lo ck lo op
int egrat ed circu it h as recently be en
devel oped by the Signetics Corp . Other
com pa n ies are n ow produ cin g this type o f
Some of the slo w sca n applicatio ns of the
phase lock lo o p are as fo llows :
I . Horizontal sy nc d etector in the slow
sca n m onitor.
2 . V ol tage-controlled osc illa to r FM
gen erator in th e 5S camera.
3 . Lin e lo ck ed freq ue ncy divid er in th e
55 ca me ra.
T here are cou n tless o ther ap p licatio ns of
the PLL in o t her phases of ama teu r radio . A
few of the o bvious ap p lica tions are the
RTTY con verter, sy nchronous AM d etect or,
an d F M detector. These applicati ons have
b een well covered in many of th e popular
am at eur radio maga zines. Th e Signetics
ap p lication n o tes also ca rry many interesting
app licatio ns.
The phase lock loop ac ts like a very
n arrow filt er. A p hase com pariso n is made
b etween th e in com ing signal frequency and
the frequency of a voltage-controlled
osc illa tor which ha s been adjusted to o perate
very close t o th e frequen cy b eing d et ected .
A phase erro r results in a p o sitive o r negative
voltage which is fil tere d by an RC ti me
B+

~~"O
circu it , but the o riginal p ack age known as
the SE56 5 an d NE56 5 are the mo st p opular 6
and eco no mica lly p riced . s
Th e b lock diagram of th e phase lock lo o p 4-
is illustrat ed in Fig. 2-23. TO -99 PACKAGE UL9Z3

The b asi c part s of th e package includ e a

phase detector, amplifi er, lo op filter, and a
3 - r:-lo 13
e 0
9
a
voltage-controlled o scillator (VCO). The

versatility o f this pa ckage co mes fro m the '~
ii 14
T-y
6 -+

10
_
0
B

11 8+
fact th at each part of the lo op can b e " OIF> PACKAGE MC 890P
4 - GNO

ext ern ally con nec ted to o the r ci rc uits a nd

their o u t p u ts reintrodu ced b ack in to th e Fig. 2-22. Connections to popular R TL JK
loop . fl ip-flops.

FEBRUARY 1973 73
-
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k== 1C==k"==~k==~IC::::l=1
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P.O. Box 2084 Dept. M
Bradenton, Florida 33506
Phone: 813-746-4175
74
"
10
,, tt "
... =-~ 7 " Dual WTP\JT
It[F OJTM
JU , co
,
t, ,
"'M
" -,
Fig. 2-23. The phase lock loop.
co nsta n t and is used to d rive the veo close r
to the inco mi ng freque ncy un til bot h are
Jocked togeth er. T he secret of the PLL
comes from its ability to average several
cycles of the incoming frequency to produ ce
a v eo freq uen cy th at d oes no t show the
sho rt tim e noise variations of the inco ming
frequency . This averagin g res ults from
having a long loo p tim e co nsta nt.
The net result is that the phase lo ck lo op
is free runnin g and lo cks on to a very noisy
inpu t signal and has a high ly filte red out p ut
ave raged signal. As an exam ple, if the slo w
sca n ner is in tereste d in detec ting a 15 Hz
horizontal slo w sca n sy nc signal, the veo
capacitor is calc ulate d by fo rmula to give a
Y CO frequency of 15 li z. Th e loop
capaci to r is d esign ed t o have a tim e co nst ant
Ihal is 15 to 20 ti mes t he period of th e 15
Hz in pu t horizon tal pulse . T he output veo
15 Hz signal will no t be lo cked to th e
ave rage period o f the 15 o r 20 in co ming 15
Hz pulses. T his circu it is ex tre mely
so phis ticate d inside th e integrated circ u it
package, but it is sim ple to design and
rep rese n ts an excellent wa y to reco ver sy nc
fo r t he slow sca n ner mo nito r.
The d esign fo rmulas fo r the loo p are as
fo llows:
I
fo = 4RI C1 , let Rr = 4000
I I
'70"'0"'07)('-'1-0
. Ci = 4Rl fo = 4.-(4 5'--
) - 41l F
I
T = 3.6 X IO' C2 = 15 (\5I1z)
C2 = 277 IlF
73 MAGAZINE

PHA SE LOW PASS
COMPARATOR FILTER AMPL IFIER
',. - r- o, r- C>
+ N veo
f- HZ
I,OUT
Fig. 2-24. High frequency phase Jocking.
Another ap plica t ion of th e PLL is in the
generation of the FM vid eo in the 55
cam era. Here the PLL~VeO is ch anged in its
frequ ency o u tp u t by the incoming base band
video. Onl y the veo part of th e PLL
package is used h ere. The form u la fo r
calc ula tio n of C l is th e same as be fore . The
design shou ld result in a frequen cy n ear the
1200 t o 2 300 Hz FM band o f interest. The
actual design of this veo circ u it is given in a
lat er discussion o f the integrated circuit 55
s a m p li n g c am e ra . Re cently Signet ics
an n ou nced a n integrat ed ci rc u it v eo that is
essen tia lly the veo used in the NE-56 5
PLL. This new f C veo IS called an
SE/N E-566 .
Last but not least is another extremely
interesting application of the PLL. If it is
desired to sy nch ro nize a high fr equen cy , i.e .,
4800 Hz, with a local standard 60 Hz, the
PLL can utilize co un tdown circu its and
generate a h o st of lo ck ed sy nc sign als. As an
ex ample, co nsider Fig. 2-24.
The digit al divider circu its shown in the
previous discussion o f RTL frequency d i-
VIsion can be used here to give the desired
division. This is an excelle n t way to lo ck the
sam p lin g camera horizontal swee p fr equen cy
to the 60 Hz main s. This co mp lete circ u it is
shown later in the integrated circ u it 55
,x.
sam p ling camera design .
This discussion is far to o brief to do
justi ce t o th e PLL circ u it. Many more
applica tio ns o f this integrat ed ci rcu it will be
disc overed by the slo w sca n ne r. It is ex-
tremely easy to use in all syn chron ous
generation and detection ap plicatio ns.
The connections and terminals of the
SE/NE565 are shown in Fig. 2-25 .
Sweep Generation
Mo st monitors and came ras used fo r slo w
sca n t elevision use a driven swee p c irc u it to
generat e the sa wtoot h voltage o r c u rre nt to
produce the rast er.
Driven sweep circu its require syn c pulse
repetiti on to cy cle the sawtooth in co n trast
to free running sweep generators which
require sy nc hro n ization from a pulse ch ain.
The result o n the e RO face is a com p letely
black tu be face for driven sweeps with out
sy nc pulses and a co nsta n tl y recurring raster
for sy nch ro nized sweeps even in the a bsen ce
of sy nc pulses . T oday it is a matt er of
opinion which is best, but in the early days
of slow scan TV (late 1950's) the drift and
sy nc h ron izin g diffi culty of fr ee running
swee p circu its resulted in the use o f driven
sweeps. T oday, the free running un ijunction
oscillators and phase lo ck lo op circ u its c an
produce some very go od results with
synchroniza tion.

A PACKAGE

( TO P VI E W)

K PAC KAGE I ,. I. V
( TOP VI EW) 2. INPUT
a
I. V 3
"ta 3 . INPUT
4. veo OUT PUT
5 . PHASE COMPARATOR vee INPUT
2 . INPUT 6 . REFEREN CE OU T PUT
0,
0, J . INPUT
4 . VCO OU T PUT
4
"'0 7 . DEMODUL AT ED
6 . EXTERNAL R FOR veo
e. PHASE COMPA RATOR VCO INPUT 5 9 . EXTERNAL C FOR VCO
0' 6. REFERENCE OUT PUT 10. V
o' e
o 7 . DEMODUL AT ED OUT PU T
8 . EXTERNAL R FOR veo
6 II.
12.
NC
NC
9 . EXTERNAL C FOR VCO
10. v+
7
13. NC
14 . NC

Fig. 2-25. Connections to the SEINE 565 PLL.

FEBRUARY 1973 75
 '+
R
EC
__ --...-t?~'-T CIRCUIT
TO HIGH IMPEDANCE
I 'C
Fig. 2-26. Capacitor discharge circuit.
Sweep circu its all h ave so me kind of a
capacitor circuit that is charged at a more o r
less constant current. The simple circ uit in
Fig . 22 6 sh o ws the prin ciple.
Without the presence of the sy nc pulse ,
the transist or is in a non-condu ct ive sta te .
Capacitor "'C" is cha rged from the positive
sup ply voltage through resistor R. The
charge of voltage across a capacit o r is given
by !'.E/!'.T = id e.
We know th at a sawtooth vo ltage mean s
equal cha nges o f voltage with equal cha nges
of time . Therefore, ie/e mu st rem ain co n-
stant throughout the sawtoo th. It is o bvio us
that Ie will not rema in co nsta n t in th e above
circu it b ecause as the capacito r builds up in
voltage , it o pposes the Flow of cu rr en t fro m
B+ through R to the capacito r. This decrease
of cu rrent has a name "ex po nen tial" in
contrast to the "linear" change desired .
There are several ways devi sed by circuit
de signers to minimize this deviat ion from a
linear ramp o r sawtoot h voltage . The easiest
way is to utilize only a small fract ion of the
total Ec variation . This is shown in Fig . 2-27 .
If the ramp is restri cted from building u p
to B+. the o u t pu t voltage will be a p p ro xi-
mately linear. The circu it values mu st be
adjusted to give the desired o u t pu t voltage
and linearity desired' for the rep etition rat e
of the pulses that are applied to the base of
the transistor. At every pulse time , the
tran sist or is turned o n and the ca pac ito r is
discharged to n ear zero voltage and the cycle
EC
Fig. 2-27. Simple RC r am p generation .
76
..
,':c..:'::__ti7< ~--.-- TO HIGH IMPED-
ANCE CIRaJl T
Fig. 228. Current source sw eep.
then repeat s itself. This p ulse width mu st be
su fficien tly wid e t o disch arge the ca paci to r
through t he resistance of the tran sistor.
Som e care must be ta ken to make su re th at
the transist or does not b urn o u t from t he
high discharge curren ts o f the ca pac itor.
A better solu t io n to lin earity is to u se a
cu rr ent sou rce instead of a resist or to su pp ly
the cu rre nt to the capacito r. A cu rren t
sou rce ca n be a curre n t fro m a so urce o f
high voltage and high value resistor. The
curre n t b eing sup plied sho u ld n ot be affec-
ted by the building up o f the ca pacito r
voltage. Rather th an use a high vo ltage a nd
resist or co mbina tio n. ac tive compo nen ts
suc h as pentodes or transist o rs can be u sed
for the cu rre nt so urce . These devices are
distinguished b y having "Oat " cu rre n t versus
voltage characteristics. The o u tput voltage o f
the ca paci tor will be a lin ear ram p as long as
th e cu rrent sou rce remains co nst ant. Such a
circuit is shown in Fig . 2 -28.
In the circu its previously review ed , th ere
still remains a problem o f in te rfacing th e
high impe da nce ca pacito r circui t with the
o u ts ide world. Cir cuit d esigners many tim es
use what is calle d a " Darlingto n" pair to
interfa ce with th e swee p driver stage. A
Darlington pair is sho wn in Fig. 2-29.
+
..L_LDWER
HIGH_-tP'
IMP. IMP.
Fig. 229. Darlington pair.
73 M A GA Z IN E
 c an electronic swi tc h . A bipol ar transistor
+ -
R m uch more ef fec tive switch is th e field
E
Fig. 23 0. Operational s mplitier w ith R C in regrat-
or.
Very goo d sweep genera t o rs ca n b e d e-
signe d to day fro m o pe ratio na l am plifiers.
These sma ll am plifie rs have very h igh gain.
low drift , and are very lo w priced. The
fa mous 709 and co mpe nsa te d 74 1 a re a mpli -
fiers ma de b y many in tegr ated circuit co m-
panies today . These op-amps co me in three
basic package s - fla t pack, DIP. a nd T O-9 9 .
The DI P o r d u al in-line pa ckage an d TO-99
are the mo st att rac t ive from a h am view-
po int. The flat pack is c heaper hut diffic u lt
to mount in brea dbo ard circu its .
The o p-a mp is sh o wn in Fig. 23 0 wit h a
capa ci tor an d r esistor .
Rem ember that t he am plifie r h as very
high gai n. i.e .. 100.000 . T his means at t he
minu s o r inverting in p u t of th e o p-amp th at
the inpu t vo ltage is very lo w fo r fu ll o u tp u t.
Since the chargin g circ u its can be ca lc u la ted
as 1= ( E+ - Ein I/R an d Ein is very lo w over
the full cy cle . the chargin g cu rre n t is co n-
sta nt and very nearly equal to I = E+/ R. The
current flowing int o t he amp lifie r is very lo w
due to Ein bei ng low a nd also to th e high
in put impeda nce of t he a mp lifier . Th is
means that t he capac ito r recei ves n earl y all
of the cu rrent through resist o r R and t he
ou tp u t voltage of the am p lifier lin early
de creases to ' he limit of sa t ura tio n. It is easy
to visu ali ze this o pe ratio n if it is .rerne m-
bered t ha t the plus en d of the ca pacito r is a t
near grou nd voltage, t herefore the cap ac ito r
can be redrawn as go ing directl y across the
output t o gr ound . This ef fect has a n ame
an d is called " vir tu al gr ou n d " input. If y o u
dou bt t his seq u ence o f eve n ts . c heck th em
with a good grade o scilloscope.
This circ u it still m ust b e ma d e t o recy cle
it self so so me way mu st be p ro vid ed to
discharge th e capacit o r o nce it ha s ch arged
up.
T wo way s are used to cy cle t he capacito r.
Either way sho rts t he ca pacito r by me an s of
FEBRUARY 1973
(ord ina ry tran sist or) can he used . b u t a
effect tran sisto r (FET ). Th e circ u it is sh o wn
. F Ig.
In 0 _-.'l' I .
Upo n t he ap p lication of the pulse a t t he
sy nc repetitio n rate . the FET shorts t h e
ca p acitor a nd causes t he cy cle to rep ea t.
Another way to ge ne ra te a sweep is t o use
a sy nc h ro n ized free runn ing osc illa to r. There
are many ways to design a free ru n n ing
swee p ci rcu it that ca n be sy nchro n ized b y
the det ect ed t ra nsmi tte d sy nc pulses. T he
sta bilit y o f any swee p gen erator is basically
relat ed to t h e sharp ness a nd qu alit y o f the
sy nchr o nizin g pulse . The o rd in ary h ome TV
se t is an exa mp le of a sy nc h ro n ized free
run ning swee p o r raster. In the early days of
commercial TV. sets di fferent in t he qu ality
of sy nc recovery and th eir o pera tio n be-
ca me a measure o f e xcellence when
considerin g th e p urchase o f a receiver. All
free runn ing swee p circ ui t s mu st h ave an
oscilla to r t hat rep eats o r cy cles near the
d esired fre q ue n cy o f the swee p . In add it ion
th ere mu st be ano ther ci rcu it t h at se ts the
exact retrace t ime and fo rms the d esired
blank ing an d sy nc p ul ses if desire d. The
pro per wid t h pulse can now b e used to
discha rge a capa citor in any of th e ways
d iscussed in the sec tion o n driven swee ps.
Examp les o f free ru nn ing swee p genera to r
ca n be a blo cking oscilla tor. mu ltivibrator,
unij unction oscilla tor. o r a veo in co m mer-
cia lly availa b le phase lo ck loop l'C packages.
The pulse width sha pe r can be a monstable
mult ivibra to r or a silico n con t ro lled rectifier
d ischarge circu it.
AU of the abo ve ci rcuits ca n be made to
work very well an d the choice o f o ne o r t he
- ::+";FET
c
Fig. 2 -31 . Op-amp sweep circuit with FET s wi tch.
77
 "NC
'N
R2

R,
Q,
.2 ~ "
e, ~
R'A
"
+
l'
Jt' Fig. 2-32. Unij unction sweep generator.

other may dep end upon th e ease of synchro-
nizing the free running oscillato r, t empera-
ture co nside ra tio n, o r o ne of eco nomics and
availability.
As an exa mp le co nsider a simple uniju nc-
tion relaxation oscilla tor. The basic circuit is
sho wn in Fig. 2-32.
Capacito r C l cha rges t hro ugh R I and
R I A until the breakdown of th e emitt er of
QJ occu rs causing the discharge o f C l
thro ugh the emitte r-base 1 junction o f Q I .
Once this occurs, the potent ial o f C I d rops
and eventually th e cond uct io n sto ps and the
cycle repeat s. Sync pulses are ad ded in at
base 2 in order to cause the d ischarge to
occur a fract ion of tim e before the normal
discharge cy cling.
The o ut put of the unijunction t ran sist or
is co nnec te d to the base of a silico n co n-
tro lled rectifier (SC R) . Th is pulse causes t he
SCR to discharge fo r a perio d of time
determined by the charge sto red in C2 and
the discharge time co nst ant. This is adjusted
to give the required pulse width .
This pulse is used to discharge a capacitor
C3 as discu ssed earlie r to create a sawtoo th
or ram p volta ge.
STABIU ZEO SYNC.
FREQ. TO SAW-
SY NC. TOOTH GEN.
'NPUT
veo PH.
on
R active fit te rs for slow sca n use will also be
.l
Fig. 23 3 . Phase l ock loop.
A very interesting method of creating a
free running ras te r is th e use of a phase lock
loop. The basic circuit is shown in Fig. 233.
The VCO is a sta ble oscilla to r who se
frequency ca n be co ntrolled by means o f a
de input vo ltage . The phase detector is able
to co mpare in phase two signals that are the
same frequency but differ in phase. The
output of the phase dete ctor is a noisy de
signal that is filtered by an RC time co nst ant
in the loop . This time co nstan t is mad e long
enough so the loop exceeds th e repetition
rat e o f th e sy nc pulses by 10-25 tim es. The
result is that th e loop ac ts like a very narro w
filt er and de velops a sta ble signa l base d on
the average o f many receiver sync pulses.
Wh en no signals are being received, the raster
continues to sweep at a frequency very near
the sy nc repetition rate.
Driven swee p oscilla to rs can effec tively
utili ze so me kind of lo ck o ut monostable
oscillat o r to prevent th e main monostable
fro m triggering falsely o n noise spikes after
the main monostable has recovered . The
sy nchro nized free running o scillat ors have
so me basic immunity to noise since th ey can
o nly be sy nchro nized near the normal rep eti-
tion rat e.
This discussion o f popular slo w scan
television circ uits will be co ntinued next
month. Among the topics to b e described
are sweep drivers, su bcarrier generators,
limiters and discriminators. The design of
covered and a com plete regulated power
supply th at is suitable fo r solid state slo w
scan circ uitry will be presented .
. . .W9NTP & WB 8DQT

78 73 MAGAZINE
 GO FIRST CLASS WITH
WILSON ELECTRONICS
WILSON ELECTRONICS
present

The Famous DX Contest

WINNING COMBINATION

-- - \- - -

/
. -

WA8Z0F
WI LSON M340 & M810 plus SIGNAL ONE'S CX7A

Wilson Electronics has gotten together with Signal One to make it easy to
own the best OX combination available. If you purchase a Signal One CX7A
from Wilson Electronics for $2395.00 we will give you a 6-element 20 meter
beam for $1.00. Now the 6-element 20 sells for $300. If you don't want a
6-element 20 meter beam, we will apply the same value- to any other
combination of antennas you want. Trade-ins also accepted. For a winning
deal call Jim Wilson at the number below.

WILSON ELECTRONICS
PO Box 116 Pittman Nev. 89044 (702) 457-3596
 Dennis L . Benischek WB6CDU
8302 Rathburn Ave.
N orthridge CA 91324

a ny articles in the past have been

M writte n o n con verters. Bu t this o ne is
di fferent in tha t it is d esigned to use an FM
broadcast receiver as th e tuneable i-f and

A 2-METER preassembled modules as much as possible.

Most t wo me ter conve rters have had th eir
out p ut on either 10 o r 20 meters. For the
begi n ner, this alone cou ld be a drawback in
CONVERTER tha t he may no t have a general coverage
receiver. This proj ect uses an o rd inary P M
broad cast band tuner o r receiver. Using the

FOR AN AM-FM tuner has several marked advan tages over the
co nven tio nal A M/ SSB receiver. First, since
it's FM to begin wit h , you' ll get the added
quieting and no ise su ppression that's lost in

BROADCAST an AM/ SSB receiver. Second, depending o n

the co mp lexity of the tu ne r, it may have
muting anJ afc provisio ns. The mu ting can
be used as a sq uelch and the afc kee ps th ose
off-freq ue ncy stations on you r dial without
RECEIVER re tuning. Third , maybe you're a newcomer
10 the two meter ba nd and don' t k now Ihe
mo re po pular freque ncies Iha t are in use in
y our area. With this conver ter you can cover
Ihe entire two meter band, MARS freq ue n-
cies a nd so me of the co mme rcial ba nd fro m
144 to 164 MHz.

80 73 MAGAZ INE
 I
I oc.
I
'"' " ". M : RF I,. 0"' ........... t UNE
IJ: ~
I Y Y
I
G
'D
102 PRE . "'P
I
I ~I'
~
"' ll:<.- I " "
I I /
I
I O ,,4.sSIS S til[ l O
Ii G~O ,.
J
0.
,._Z
CR YSTAL
'"0
I), 4 70 .....
1/2 w

<.
-L

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the converter sh owing th e method of c onnectin g the modules.

As was men tioned , mo d ules are used to
th eir fullest exte n t to sim p lify cons tru ction
and to eliminate th ose hard-t o-find parts.
The unit is designed into three subassem blies
which are placed o n a sma ll chassis. An rf
am p , mixer and oscilla to r make .u p the three
modules. T he rf amp lifier used is ma nufac-
tured by Vanguard Labs ( 196-23 Jama ica
Ave., Hollis NY 11423). Their 102 preamp
has less than a 2 dB no ise figure with a
power gain of 24 dB at 150 Mllz. The
preamp co mes from the fac tory tuned to t he
freq uency o f y OU T choice wit h a bandwidth
o f 2-4 MHz. Th is particular model uses a
neutralized J-FET. From the pream p , the
signal is passed to a mixer stage where a 56
MHz signal is injecte d fro m the local oscil-
lator. Aft er converting the sign al do wn to
the 88 - 108 MH z band , th e signa l appears at
the tuner o utp ut jack. For example , if the
input signal is at 144 MH z, th en the co n-
verter's o utput will be 88 MH z. The lower
part o f the FM dial was chosen because of
th e general lack o f s ta tions there. The
stations that are present are mo stly lower
power and ed ucat io nal.
The mixer and oscillat o r kit s are fro m
International Cryst al (10 Nor th Lee,
Oklahoma City OK 73102). The MXX-I a nd
OX are the mixer and oscillator kit s resp ec-
tively. Both are the HI kits with a 56.0 Mllz
EX crystal used in the oscillato r.
Co nstruct io n is sim ple. straigh t fo rward
and noncrit ical. The case used is a small cowl
minibo x which measured 5 x lOx 7 .5 em. A
shield is mounted across the preamp chassis
to suppress any unwanted FM broadcast
signa ls. T he modules lay out is not particu-
larly critical, although the relative positions
sho uld be fo llo we d for be st results. A
S0-239 is used for the antenna input, and a
phone connector is used for the converter's
o utpu t. See the photograph for details.
The kits are easy to assem ble and go
together without any problems. Entire con-
struc tio n tim e for th e OX and MXX-I take
about thirty-five minutes. On the OX board
use the coil with the red dot. The MXX-I
coil and capacit o r are the coil with the green
dot an d the 4.7 pF capacito r. After co m-
pleting the b oard s, double check your wir-
ing, cspecial1y transistor pla cement. Make
300-,,-
o GND
SHIELD
TO CONVERTER
Fig. 2. To use coax with a 3 00Q jn pu t, connec t the
shield to cbsssls ground and th e center c on duc tor
t o one of the 300 [2 inpu ts.

FEBRUARY 1973 81

!
 sure you have soldere d the termin als tha t are
LAMPKIN'S factory staked into the boards. Th e osc ula-
NEW FM AND AM tor an d mixer operate o n 6 V d e. A q uick
MODULATION MONITOR S check of oscilla to r o u tp u t ca n be pe rfo rme d
by using a field stre ng th meter o r by
measuring current flow in the collecto r.
Next mount th e b o ards and pream p using
the scre ws an d stand-o ffs sup plied . Co nnect
th e an ten na to the p ream p in pu t. If the
distance is over2 em use shielded cable. Now
con nec t th e oscilla tor rf ou tput to the
mi x er' s OSC inp u t with a sho rt piece of
wire . The mixer output uses RG 58 whi ch
goes to th e TU NER ja ck . Preamp "OUT" to
"rf" mix er input uses miniature coax cab le.
The o nly th ing left is for power, which is
prima rily 12V de for th e preamp and 6 V for
210M - $485.00 the mixer a nd osci ll ator. T he preamp is
con nec ted d irectl y to the 12V so u rce while
the mixer a nd osc illator receive their p ower
through a 470n re sist or.
Forty years of LAMPKIN know
Aft er all co n nect ions are made conn ect
how are designed into these new
an a nten na. Use coa x fo r the co nverter's
precise wide range, versatile FM
o u t pu t to th e tu ne r.
AND AM MODULA nON MONI-
With a signa l presen t o n the tuner. adjust
TORS.
the mixe r coil for max imum signa l. If the
tuner is no t equip pe d wit h a mete r, adjust
for maxim um quieting. Since th e out p ut is
untuned , some T V stations may be heard
alo ng with th e normal two met er activity.
This can be eliminated by using an 88 - 108
MH z bandp ass filter. Th ese are avail ab le
through mo st parts jo bbers . Here in th e Los
Angeles area, cha nnel 11 is weakly heard
aro und 92 MHz on th e FM dial.
Oscillat or stability is q uite go od. A ~A
whip brin gs in mo st of the statio ns th at my
co mme rcial unit receives. Coverage o f MARS
210S - $790.00 a nd the co m mercial band are an added
b enefit. Mobile t eleph one, fire and police
d ep art ments , and the government weath er
broa dcasts, a re all received with fu ll q u ieting
signal levels.
NOTE : A FEW OF THE FAMOUS The o nly p rob lem you may enco un ter is
LAMPKIN 205B DEVIA- low se nsitivi ty. This h appens o n so me o f the
TION METERS ARE o ld er tuners. If your tuner ha s an input
AVAILABLE AT $348 .00. sensitivity o f aro un d 2 p.V, no ad ded am plifi-
ca t io n shoul d be necessary . If not, add ing
WRITE OR CALL a no the r Int ern ational crystal module , the
LA MPK I N LABORATDRI ES INC. S AX- l rf amp li fier, between the conver ter
P.O. Box 2084 Dept. M a nd tuner, shou ld bring th e se nsit ivity u p to
Bradent on, Florida 33506 a resp ecta ble level.
Phone: 813-746-4175 . . .WB 6 CDU

82 73 MAGA Z INE
 Will iam P. Turn er WAaABI
5 Ches tnu t Co ur t
Sa int Peters. M O 633 76

ALL PURPOSE
METERING
T he builde r o f more co m plex equ ip-
ment is o ften fa ced wit h a choice o f
th ree evils, whet her to met er all circuits
which should be metered with individu al
meters, with a single switched meter o r
fo rget th e who le thing and tru st the eq ui p-
ment to perfo rm in a sat isfac to ry manner
after initial adj ustm en t. Individ ual met er-
ing is rath er ex pe nsive and sp ace-co nsu m-
ing and mu st in most instances be co nfin ed
to " price is no object " projects. Obviously ,
lack of metering is an invitation to t rou ble ,
expense, and wo rk, repairing and replacing
ruined co m po nen ts . Swit ched metering too
has its shor tcomings, bu t when used in
this I mean th e meter/brid ge asse mbly is
~---'I I[
OUTP\J T
SWITCH POS ITION
t. - eeccv
2. e eo mA
3. + !KlO V
4 , - IOOV
~, REL . PW~
DIODE &RIOGE MAY BE A
PACKAGEO UNI T (MOTOROI..A
MDA SE ~I ES I OR INOIVIDUAL
SIL ICON DtO OE S - ~ PIV OR
GM"'TE~
Fig. 1. Diode bridge may be a packaged unit
(Mo torola MDS series ) or individual silicon di-
>
odes o f 50 PIV.
CIRCUIT
co njunction with full-tim e meteri ng of the
most impo rta n t circuits it serves well.
As a t ypical exam ple . a linear am plifier
migh t well have a plate cu rren t mete r plus
a second switc hab le meter which cou ld be
used to monitor fila me nt , screen , plate ,
and bias volt age, screen cu rren t, relative
po wer o r any d esired co mb inatio n . It will
be no ted th at these voltages and cu rren ts
are o f vario us po larit ies and magnitud es
and may (as in te trode screen cu rren t ) be
both positive and negat ive dependi ng u po n
ope rating co nditio ns. It would not be easy
to design a co nve n tio nal switching circ u it
capable of measuring all these pa rameters.
Th e easiest method of attacking this
pro blem is to install the m eter in a diode
brid ge in such a way as to cause an up scale
deflect ion no matt er which polarity is
app lied . By pro pe r selection of co mpo nen t
values it is possible to use the basic mete r
scale ti mes a fac tor for each fu nction. By
mad e to read a se t value (o ne volt is handy)
and all in puts to the switch are arra nge d to
pro d uce th is voltage u nd er fu ll scal e co nd i-
tions o f th e range d esired . In the exam ple,
this syste m is used in co nj u nction with a
0 -1 rnA me te r move men t to read 50 rnA
screen cu rren t. + 500V scree n vo lta ge, +
250 0 high voltage, and - IOOV bias, not to
men tio n rel ativ e power. The switc h is a
sim ple single pole , fiv e-positio n typ e . In
yo u r design let Ohms Law be yo u r guide
and be su re to use a volt age divid er where
required to kee p su rges o u t of th e me ter.
Remem ber to o to use a non-shorting
switc h t o prevent co n necting adjace n t cir-
cu it ry together while sw itching.
. ..WAMBI

FEBRU AR Y 197 3 83
The Hams al
Healh/Schlumberuer*
have a
counler
oner:
If you want test gear
for the shack with
famous Heath quality and
performance at low mail order
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counter to 600 MHz.
We've got other goodies for yo ur shack
too : VOMs, DVMs, sco pes, gene rators,
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Use the coupon below to send for our free
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Mike, WB8CDU: Dave, WB8DZR: Owen,
K3SJL /8: Lee, WA8PHL; Ed, W8ZVO.

FRE E
r;;;;;;;j~,:';;;,;,-;.:";;;;;;;;;;;;;'';;;-
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- ~-1
1973 I Benton Harbor, Michigan 49022 I
0 Please send 1973 Electronic Instruments catalog. II
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I Name I
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Electronic I Add"" I
Instruments catalog _ i Cit, State Zip
Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.
I
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,
 James Smith K9VMH
400 North Hemlock Avenue
Wood Dale IL 60191

ARE t-E
I "\

B I I' ?

T he field effect transis tor , or FET as it is

called , has proven to be a very u niq ue
d evice and is now being used qu ite wid ely in
the elec tronic industry as well as in ama teur
rad io projects.
T he low cost FET is popular with hams
because so many things can be done with
th is electro nic ma rvel. T he junction type of
FET is ex tre me ly rugged , bu t a few basic
facts on these devices shoul d be taken in to
co nside ra tio n before your next project with
the FET is starte d . The fo llowing points are
generall y ignored. and as a resu lt many
projects d o not work out-right, if at all, even
though you have followed the schematic and
used the same parts. In some cases, the FET
has bee n sh un ned because it was thought not
to be as stable as the tra nsistor. Let s take a
loo k at th e imp ortant points and how t o use
th em so we ca n make th e FET circ uit j ust as
always fo und o n the FET spec sheet and is a
range of cu rre n t fro m I rnA to as mu ch as
50 rnA . Different FET's will have different
ran ges of curren 1. If o ne pe rson uses a FET
wit h an IDSS of 2 rnA and you use a FET o f
the same number with an IDSS of 10 rnA,
you may not be able to get your project to
work right , and you will find t hat the
sligh te st te mpera tu re variation will cha nge
th e circ uit cond itions. To find ou t why, le t 's
loo k at the curve of the drain curre nt o f a
FET und er d ifferent tempe ra ture cond itio ns
to see ho w they vary. Figure I sho ws th is
curve wit h the dra in current plotted aga inst
'0
,.,
""
! .
<: , I~""" 'I
'~
111FT CROSS
R POINT

stab le, if not more so , as the transistor or the

tu be.
O ne of the most important and over-
lo o ked parameters of the FET is the IDSS or
Fig. 1. ld versus Vgs for 0 temperature shift bias
zero bias d rain curre n t of the device. T his is point.

86 73 MAG AZINE
the gate voltage. As you can see , when the
temperature is the colde st , the drain curre nt
is the highest at zero bia s, and when t he
te mpe rature go es up, the maximum d rain
cu rrent de creases.
If th e FET were biased at zero bias, the
ma ximum amount o f gain can be obtai ned
from the circuit , but wit h the maximum
sensit ivity to te mperature change. T he three
curv es cross at a point with the gate bias
nega tive, causing a low flow of drain current.
Bey ond tha t poin t, th e ac tion cha nges. When
designing a circui t for maxim um stability,
such as a n amp lifier fo r mo bile o pe ra tion o r
an oscillator for a vfo, we wo uld like to bias
the FET at the cross-over point or the zero
temperature point. This would result in the
sma llest change in drain curren t for the
maximum temperature variation . To achieve
this , you could ru n a set of curves o n the
FET's that you are using to find this point ,
but th ere is a much simpler me thod .
Mo st FET manufact urers have fo und th at
the zero te mperatu re poin t is aro und .9 to
.11 of the ross of the FET. We can use t his
handy information to design o ur circuits for
ma xim u m stability and minimum drift. All
we must do is measu re the zero bias drain of
the FET that we are going to use , and use
th e average of .1 0 times the zero bias drain
curre n t to find the opera ting point of the
transistor : The Inss of the FET can be
fou nd in two ways : wit h a co mmercial FET
tester su ch as the Sencore TFI5 1 that will
measure this drain curre nt as well as the Gm
or wit h th e circuit of Fig. 2.
T he ci rcuit is set up to measu re the zero
bia s drain curren t fo r an "N" cha nnel FET .
To me asure the zero bias drain current of a
" P" channe l, reverse the me te r and battery
connections show n. The battery voltage is
no t critical and any value between six and
nine volts ca n be used wit h the same figures
resu lting,
r, TER
r.,' -
uere
"'., -
" N Ct<A1'.f'lEL - 0-
FET \.t1IOCR TEST
""""
Fig. 2. Setup for m easuring IDSS of a FET reverse
me ter a nd battery for "P:" channel FET.
FEBRUAR Y 1973
.,.
lOSS ' 6' lllA
10' 6 I X I
10 ' 61 MA
4 1 0~
F\. 4 .111
to e . 6 1 IIAA
4O.AJST Rso.R:t FOR
2: 81 VOLT'S ACROSS RL
" RL ' 2 -81 V
Fig. 3. Se ttin g up bias pain t on a FET for 0
tem p erature sh if t.
Here are a fe w examples o f different
Inss currents I measured on several
Mot orola MPF I04 junction Ffi'T's. If a pair
of FET's were needed, such as in a bridge
circuit, numbers 2 and 3 wou ld be the best
suited as they are t he closest in zero bias
dra in c urre n t measurements.
FET Inss
I 4.3 rnA
2 6 . 1 rnA
3 6 .9 rnA
4 7.5 rnA
Numbers 3 and 4 co u ld also be used as a
ma tched pair, bu t numb er I could not be
used with th e o ther three as a matched pair
such as in a bridge circ uit fo r a volt me ter. If
nu mber I was matc he d wit h any of the
other FEr's, the circuit woul d be unsta ble
and subje ct to temperature drift. Any of the
FET's above could be used as an amp lifier
for a zero bias stable conditio n. Let's use the
FET with th e ze ro bias drain current of 6 .1
rnA as an exa mp le o f how we fin d the
pro per o pera ting po int of th e FET th at we
are go ing to use .
The example uses a load resist or of 4 .7K
and is being used as a low level audio
amplifier for a mike stage. If the zero bias
drain current is 6 . 1 rn A, the n we can use the
average of the .0 8 to .1 I figure wh ich is
normally .10 as a sta rting point. Multiply the
figu re of 6. 1 rn A tim es .10 which gives us a
figure of .6 1 rn A of drain cu rre nt fo r the
FET. Using Ohm's Law , this wo uld give u s a
voltage drop of .6 1 rn A times 4.7 K or 2.87 V
across the load resistor. To achieve this
voltage d ro p. .we mu st now adjust the source
87
resisto r in t he circ ui t until th e volta ge drop
across th e lo ad re sist or is 2.87 V. If yo u have
t he curves for the F ET t h is ca n be dam:
simp ly hy findi ng out ho w m uc h bias is
need ed to limit the d rai n curren t t o arou nd
this figure and. aga in u sing Ohm's La w,
f igure out a sou rce resisto r wit h th e drain
CUTTen t of .6 1 rnA a nd th e bias voltage . In
m o st cases it is m uch easie r t o u se a re sist or
su bst it u tion bo x o r a pot in the so u rce and
adjust th e va lue u n til yo u fi n d th e voltage at
th e drain lo ad re sistor t o be that whic h yo u
have c alc ula ted.
If a lo w level signa l is to be amplif ied , a
F ET with a lo w lOSS ca n be used , but if a
high level o f signa l is t o be amplified , it is
mu ch better to use a F ET with a high lOSS
so that th e re sulting drain c u rre n t will allow
a greater swing and st ill remain in the linear
portion of the c u rve, as yo u would for a
tu be c irc ui t. A bo ve all, d o not a llow the
F ET t o ru n a t a dra in cu rre n t a bove its
norm al lOSS o r permanent damage to the
tran sist or will re su lt. If yo u are repla cin g a
FET in an e xis tin g ci rc u it, be su re to chec k
t o see how mu ch drain cu rre n t was bein g
drawn b y th e pr evious FET. If th e c irc u it
draws more dra in c u rre n t than th e m aximum
lOSS of t he rep laceme n t FET . yo u will have
tro u b le.
The zero bias d ra in cur re n t o r I DSS ca n
be help ful in ma ny. ways: fo r e xa mple . to
f in d the best o perat ing poi n t fo r a vf'o .
m at ching a p air of F ET' s for a b rid ge c irc u it.
o r finding the be st o pe ra t ing point fo r an
ampli fier for best sta bili ty. In rf appli cations
th e FET is ideal and in m o st cases is b ia sed
at zero bias to get th e maximum gain from
the circuit with an age volt age to co n t ro l the
sign al level fro m t he st age. In a casca d e
amp lifier th e upper FET m ust have an I DSS
o f two to four time s t hat of lower FET.
The FET is the id ea l device to be used in
rf amplifiers, vfo's, i-f circuit s, aud io stages ,
and many o t he rs. Th e high input im pe uance
that c an be ac hieve d with the F ET a lso
mak es it the id eal d evi ce to be used in t est
equ ip me n t a ro u nd th e shac k. By using
Ohm 's Law and t he zero bia s drain curre n t
o r I DSS of th e F ET , these circ ui ts can be
mad e to perform with great sa tis fiac tio n a nd
very little trouble.
. .. K9VMH

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'" Phon., 15131 866-2421 T.I" , 288-017

88 73 MAGAZINE

FREQUENCY COUNTER
INPUT CIRCUIT
H aving read with in te res t all the articles
in 73 and elsewhere o n digital fre-
quency cou nte rs, th e b ug fin ally got me
about three years ago. and I s ta rte d to build
my o wn . It was a while before the fin ished
product finally emerged but I was happy
with the result , learned a treme ndous
amo un t in the process, and couldn't live
without a " co unte r' any lo nge r.
The purpose o f this article is to give the
solu tio n to a p roblem I have a lways had wit h
th e co unter a s o rigina lly buil t. Input im-
pedance was o nly I Ok wh ich made it a bit
low and cause d an upset to signal gene rator
ou tput and other circuits when the cou nter
was connected to them . Related to input
was also the amount of signal required to
drive the counter a nd in a secondary way the
problem of always having to set the inpu t
level.
I have tried several solutio ns to the
problem but d id no t really get on the right
track until I read th e " Digital Instrument s"
article by Donald L. Steinbach in Electronics
World Janu ary 19 71. Mr. Steinbach used a
diffe rentia l vol tage compara to r as a Schmi tt
trigger d riven by a FET.
el
100
R2
10 M
R3
01,02 - 1N914
R4
180
Fig. 1. Diagram of counter input circuit T he value of the resistor in parallel with C, at the input, is
l OOK, Th e value of R3 equals 1.8K.
FEBRUAR Y 19 73
Gerald A. Po well K4EO E
R t. 11
Beatlyville KY 4 13 11
T he resu lt of my experiments wit h this
circ ui t are shown in Fig. 1. The re is no input
level cont ro l in th is circ uit. The sensitiv ity is
10 dB bette r th an th e o riginal circuit using a
pair of inverters as a shap ing circ uit . The
input is protecte d from high level inp ut
signals and the input impedance is much
high er th an the original
T he abse nce of an in pu t level control is
att ribu te d to th e com po nents associat ed
with the gate c irc uit of Q I . Resist or R 1 and
capacitor C I coup le the in put signa l to the
gate of Q I. An in put sig nal of approxima te ly
32 m V is all that is required to drive the
trigger circuit in a stable condition all the
way up to 10 MHz. If the input sig nal
becomes greater th an 2 volts p-p th e d iodes,
D I and D2, will conduct and clip the in put
at this level. T his protects th e gate o f the
FET , Q I , and also eliminates th e need for an
in pu t level control.
The Ie is a Differential Voltage Compa ra-
tor. I used o ne o f the '3 for a dollar' Poly
Pak 71 O's. T his unit is a 10 lead flat pack so
no t as easy to work with as the TO-99, but
in the end ma kes a very neat circuit. F ig ure
2 gives the o utline details of th e 7 10 fIat pa ck
+- 12V
C4
I
R6
410
R5
18K
89
and also of th e Me 170CG which is in a
TO-99 package Either will wo rk we ll in this
circuit and specifications are given for both
un its fo r reference purposes.
IC-I is hooked u p as a Schmitt tri gger.
When th e vo ltage o n th e sou rce of th e FET ,
QI , reach es th e upper trip point of abou t 7
mV th e Sch mitt trigger will lat ch o n. The
output will be driv en negative very quickly
by th e feedback ac tio n to th e non-inverting
inpu t (marked +).
The way th is work s is as follows , for
those of us wh o are new at these things. The
positive going input signa l is ap plied to the
" Inver ting" (-) in pu t. Th at is to say , the
posit ive going signal will be am pli fied and
inverte d, th us be co ming a negative going
sign al at the output. This ' No n-inve r ting'
(+) input will amp lify whatever signal is
applied to it and be in th e same phase at the
output. Since this is th e feed back point in
o ur circ uit th e o rigina l inpu t signal, inverte d,
is fed to th is n on-in verting in put, amp lified
and comes from th e o utput even more
negative. The resu lt is a very fast switchi ng
action and a beautiful squa re wave, as the IC
is driven into sa tu ratio n in each direction , to
apply to ou r co unte r circ uits.
The reverse ac tio n is tru e also . As th e
input swings in the negative direction th e
output will switc h int o th e positive direc-
tion. The voltage required to overcome the
actio n in o ne direction and reverse it in to
the opposite direc tion is the hysteresis
voltage and de termin es th e minimum signal
at the source of the FET which will trigger
the IC. The hysteresis voltage in th is circ uit
is ab out 20 t o 30 mV.There are two cautio ns
to tak e into consideratio n when buil ding the
circuit. One is that th e bypass capac itors C2
and C3 should be mounted as close t o the IC
.~4
7 rl"--aJTPUT
NC
+IZV
+ 12 V
2 NC
I
NC
I BOT TOM VIEW l
SL7168
(POLY PAK 71 0 )
Fig 2. Base d iagrams.
90
370
~
~
86
Fig. 3. Power supply circuit.
as possible. The o ther is th at th e value of R3
should be chosen to give a zero voltage at
the so urce of Q I with no sig nal input. This
value can be found by ex periment or a Ik
resist or used with a I o r 2 k trim co ntrol in
series to set th e co rrect value. The value will
be be twee n I and 2k and is almost exac tly
1.8 k o n my u nit
There is a d rawback to build ing such a
circ uit un less you alrea dy hap pen to have
the voltages requ ired . You need + 12V and
- 6 V. In my fre quency cou nte r I o nly had a
6V tran sforme r with a bridge rectifi er to
supply th e +6 V and th e regula ted +3 .5V .
The best solu tion is given -in Fig. 3. The
tran sform er is 12.6V cen te r tapped. The
bridge rectifier is actually two full wave
rectifiers no w. One half supplies the +6V as
previo usly req uired and the other half sup-
plies the - 6 V whic h is filte red and zener
regulated for th e Ie. A voltage doub ler is
used to ge t + 12V fro m o ne h alf of the
tran sform er secon dary, and since the oscil-
lator in th e counte r uses +9V, this is also
zener regulate d from this doubler o utp ut. It
is a good thing to use I J1F ta ntalu m
capacitors o n all su pp ly outp uts to prevent
noise feedback from o ne supply voltage to
the next.
]f you don't have a freque ncy cou nter
yet, you should be working on it. Read all
the articles and ads , wo rk up th e old gray
matter, spend a hund red buc ks and have the
tim e of your life with o ut even going FM!
(And you will find man y uses for it there , as
well .}
. . .K4EOE
73 MAGAZI N E

TR-22 MODIF CATION
(HIGHER POWER OUTPUT)
ne of th e most popular 2 me te r F M
Q transceivers in use today is th e T R-22
from t he R.L. Drake Co mpany. Muc h of its
po pu la ri ty is du e to th e estab lish ed reput a-
tion for qualit y o f Dra ke p roducts, bu t also
th e versatil ity of the unit itself. It ca n he
used e ffect ively as a mo bile , a portable , and
eve n a base sta ti o n.
I have used m y simp lex as far as ten
miles, but find tha t its very best d epend ahili-
Th e tran sist or with the ring aroun d it is th e driv er (Q28 ) th at we are going to change. To gain access
the foil side o f the transmi tter board, we turn the rig over an d rem ove th e receiver board.
FEBRUAR Y 19 73
,
Jerry Copeland W8FJA
3 254 0 Stricker Drive
Warren M I 48 0 93
ty comes working into the repeat ers in the
Det roit area where I live . As a mobile, I ca n
o pe rate it o n th e car ba tt ery, and with a 5/ 8
wh ip , I have no troub le reaching the DA RT
repeater o n 04 - 64 o r the G LRA o n 16 - 76
from a ny where in the city or n ea rby
su b u rbs. Bu t I have also foun d that with a
very sim ple modifi cat io n. I co uld in crease its
po wer enough so that it wo u ld also hit the
same t wo repeaters when I' m as far as 25 o r
30 mil es o ut.
[0
91
 goo d luck with it ever since. l it: co nvi nced
me, so like Roger. I cha nged my ow n sho rtly
after I got h o me .
The d rive r tra nsistor 0 28 is re placed wi th
a HEP-7 5 th at is availa hle everywhe re. and
th en th e coils o n ea ch side of it arlo.' peak ed
with th e h elp o f a Bini Wattm et e r. Wi th j ust
three so lde r co nnec tio ns and a littl e twe ak-
ing, y ou hav e inc rease d th e powe r out fro m
1.7 to 2. 7W.
I h ave tak en a series of pic tures to show
h ow littl e o f the rig mu st be dismantled to
gain cccess to the board fo r the ac tual
so ldering. In compact rigs lik e th e T R-22.
this is an impo rta n t co nside ra tion, as you
1 don 't want to put trouble into th e rig by

. ,. I me ssin g so me th ing up in th e p ro cess. There

Th e side of th e unit with the speaker has the
r eceiver board. Th e self-con tained antenna h as
been r em o ved h er e along wi th its insulating sleeve,
to disclose two mo un ting screws underneath it.
These two screws are removed, along with two
more on th e l eft side wh ich are under th e wires.
are also photos to sho w the actual differ-
ences in o ut pu t before and after the modifi-
cation, as well as illustrating how y ou can
gain almost ano ther ten wat t s wh en working
into a n a mplifie r like th e TPL 502 B.
In the ph o to s, my T R-22 will lo o k just a
little differe nt than the co nven tio nal o ne
which co mes from Drake. I have ad de d a

Simple - now, th ere's a word that I've ... .

heard misuse d quite a bi t. I've read so me
articles whe re th e au thor used that term
with the co n no tatio n th at meant it was
simple if you we re an elec tron ic engineer
with at least twe n ty-five years of expe rie nce
a nd had $12.000 wort h of test equip ment at
your finge r tips to use . But when I defin e
simp le, it mean s th at I ca n do it, and b elieve
me, you ca n't get any sim p ler than th at. In
this case, you replace one tran sist or and
peak two co ils.
I first heard of the modifi cation from
another Detroit area ha m, W8FJR (no rela-
tio n), Roger Moss. He had returned fr om a
vacation trip o n th e West Coast, and whil e in
the Monterey . Califo rnia area, he tal ked with
WB 6Cf A, Jack Lemon. who was using a
TR- 22 t ha t he had mod ifie d t o a lmost
d o u ble the po wer ou tput. About two wee ks After r emoving th e four screws, take of f two mo re
later, I h ad to make a busin ess trip o ut th ere that h old the small right an gle brackets to the right
side of th e chassis fram e. Caref uJly lift th e receiver
a nd I tal ked wit h Jack a co up le o f tim e s board to th e right an d ou t. You will n ow see the
my sel f. li e re ported th a t he had changed h is white fiberglass insulating board and th e speaker
unit ov er a year b efo re and had nothing hut wires.

92 73 MA GAZ IN E


0., _0.. 25C313, 0,. nc$3l5(BI

_0..
0 .. 2SC3MA 0 .. 2SC52I4J
Ou 29C730. 0'11, g., 28C133lY )
01, ISIe&ll, Du ,OIl . It;eO , Dfa, On ... 1101
OK IJ080 , 01. ROMIIIl' 0.. D611

The transm itter board is illustrated in the owner 's manual with the foil side showing how ac tu al
oonneations are made. Here a circle has been drawn aro und Q 2 8 to show the three connections wn ere
the present transistor is removed and the new one su bsti tu ted.

The finger poin ts to the sam e place on the ac tual board in the TR22.

FEBRUARY 1973 93

 co mp rc tc the whole job sho uld n't be o ve r 20

to 30 minut es. and the rig doc s not have to

- be moved around much in th e process.

Ho weve r, if you lose th e scre w conne ction
fo r the built-in ante nna, you will have a ha rd
tim e recovering it from unde r th e speaker. It
goes th ro ugh a te rm in al and th en th e p las tic
block whic h is fast ened to the sid e o f the
ch assis frame with a screw. Yo u can e it he r
te mpo rarily re mo u nt the ante n na afte r the
fiberglass board is removed, or just be
careful to n ot move the rig around so that
that darned screw does not slide back, I had
n o problem with this in making the modifi-
cation to my unit , but in ta king it apart
again to take the pict ures fo r th is article, it
d id get away from me . In recoveri ng it , th e
terminal bro ke o ff and I h ad to replace th e
min ia tu re coax an d terminal. It was an ex tra
~
task which co uld have bee n avo ide d by
L merely keep ing the sc rew tha t h o lds the
a nte n na fro m sliding back.

Here an unmodified TR22 is opera ted in to a

dummy load with a Bird Wattmeter showing actual
o utput of 1. 7W.

sub-audible tone encoder circuit to it be-

cause the two repeaters in the Detroit area
require a 100 cycle tone for ac cess. I n the
plastic bag at the upper right is the miniature
circuit board and there are four wires leading
from it to the left and down near the -
speaker to co nnect to the reed. Part of it can
be seen above the ae connector a t t he
bott o m of the picture . Those wires also
a ppear in the pho to showi ng th e fib erglass
insulatin g board under the receive r boa rd .
The o nly wires seen in a regular set at th at
point will be the two lead ing to the speaker. l
'"' . J
Even though this is a sim p le modification
to accomplish. some precautions need to be
taken to keep from turning it into a very
complex project. Extreme ca re mu st be
taken in t he h and lin g and move ment of th e
boards to in su re against breaking off any
wire co n nec tio ns, and there is one o ther With all other con ditions the same, th e m odified
pitfa ll to be su re to avoid . Normal ti me to transceiver ou tp ut increases to 2,7W.

94 73 MAGAZINE
 f
j
This photo an d the next one show that a higher
input to an am plifier like th e TPL S02R will y ield a
higher o u tp ut. Here th e TR 22, as it comes from
Drake, will h ave an o u tpu t of 4 2W, with the aid of
the TPL.
Remo ving the old tra nsistor and solderi ng
in the new o ne are done in the same man ner
as routine soldering jobs. Since the transis-
to rs fi t flus h to the circuit boards, the re is
n o roo m fo r using cla mps to h eat si nk the
con nect io ns while solde ring . Yo u should
have no trouble here provid ing th e iro n is
ap plied to each terminal o nly long enough to
make the co nnect io n.
T he two coils to be peaked are TC-27 and
TC-28 and are plainly mar ked o n the boa rd .
Alte rna ti ng back a nd fo rt h between the two
as t he Bird mete r is wa tch ed for its high est
o utput reading will complete the job.
For our tests a nd pho tos, I used a regu lar
12V au to motive battery for the p ow er
so urce, and had the ca r e ngine running at
fast idl e to in sure max imu m voltage and
current available. While it is best to show
examp le s like this in terms of ma ximu ms , it
sho uld be re mem bered tha t t he real benefits
to raising po we r o utp ut in sma ll amo unts is
in t he lo west ra nges, or when ope rati ng
portable on t he self-co ntained nicad s.
T he re are several Class C amplifiers avail-
able to use with the sma ller rigs like the
T R-22. Dra ke offers th eir ow n AA-2 2 for
25 W o u t, and the AA-1O for l OW. If you
make this modification , yo u will nul be able
to use the new am p as it has a fix ed input to
mat ch th e TR-22s as th ey come from th e
FEBRUAR Y 19 73
With th e n ew driver transistor installed, the power
from th e amp lifier increases to abou t 49W.
fac tory . It shou ld also be borne in mind th at
if you r rig is less t han 90 days old and
t herefore st ill under warra nty, it wou ld not
be wise to make this or any other mod ifica-
t ion. No ma tter what you buy today , the
warrant y will be vo id when any unau thori-
zed repairs o r modifications are mad e to th e
product.
Batt ery life of th e nicad s is shorte ned by
the in creased ou t pu t as it natu rally takes
more power. While this is difficult to
measure , it has bee n estimated by my
use - and some others that I know who have
done t heirs - to be approximate ly 25% less.
For anyo ne who would find th is to be
confining to their o pe ratio n, the o riginal
nicads could be re placed with so me 500 mil
nicads and this wo uld increa se the battery
life by about 10%.
If you o wn a T R-22 , th e decision to make
the modificat ion sho uld be ma de based o n
yo ur o wn particu lar ty pe of ope ratio n. For
portable an d mobile use barefo oted , it al-
most do ubles your effective ran ge . If you
wo rk into a variable input am p lifier, yo ur
increase will be in the vici nity of 16 to 20%.
My o wn expe rie nce has pro ven it to be
worthwhile , a nd in the six mon th s since I
hav e done it , I have fo und no reason to wish
t hat I had not made th e modification.
. ... W8fJA
95
INOUE COMES TO ADIRONDACK RADIO SUPPLY, INC.
T. Inoue. President of INOU E Commu nication Equ ipment Corp .. of Osaka. Japan, and Don Spech t, export
manager of t he same f irm, are showing Howard Hinkle, President of A di rondack Radio Supply, some o f the
many fea t ures o f the inco mparab le INOUE IC2 1 2 me te r FM transceive r.
Today why not check personally t he many exci ting feat ures th e IC-21 offers, such as:
.24 channel capabilit y . Front panel - P.A. tune co ntro l . Sepa rate S and disc riminator
mete rs. R. I. T. cont rol on rece ive (either o ne watt or t en watt output) . Rem ote VFO
plug . 12 Vol t DC o r 1 10 Vo lt AC ope rat io n . Crystal s supplied in 4 channe ls . AC/OC
cable suppl y
These and many other features are part o f the INOU E IC-2 1 imported by us di rectly.
Shown bel ow is t he latest addition to the INOU E line . the IC21 receivi ng VFO . It p lugs d irect ly into the
IC2 1. T h is com bina tion we are offering at a SPECIAL INT RO DUCTO RY PR ICE. Th ese two uni ts can be
pu rchased at only S450. 00. Thi s is a saving o f SS9.DO over the single lot price of 5399.50 fo r t he IC2 1 and
$109 .50 fo r the tC-21 VFO .

Send your order to day to

the address below or see
the INOUE line at your
fa vorite dealer.

ADIRONDACK RADIO SUPPLY, INC.

185 West Main St. Amsterdam, New York 12010

PART I
rJ'te fo llowi ng dis cussion o f tran sistor rf
~ power amplifiers assumes the reader
kno ws his alphas and betas of transist or
theory . He may also have had some experi-
ence with transistors in aud io and sma ll
signal appJi cations. The experience will have
conditioned him to th e imp ortance o f pro-
tec ting transistors from excessive voltage and
hea t. Bu t transistors perform so mu ch differ-
ently as rf power amp lifiers than they do in
other applications that the previous exper-
ience is no t essential to und ersta nd the
discussio n.
Figure I is the diagram o f a typical
transistor rf power amp lifier. Transist o rs
2N~~90
LI
CI RFC
RFC
.I
13.6V
Fig. 1. Typica l transistor rf power am plifi er.
FEBRUAR Y 1973
I
H er bel'[ S. Brier W9EGQ
38 5 Johnson Street
Gary IN 4640 2
/' 1
'" \
have largely repla ced vacuum tubes in co m-
mercial and amat eur VHF mobile transmit-
ters at power levels up to 100 watts or so.
Their co mp actness and high overall efficie n-
cy more than co mpensates for their high
first cost. But, excep t in specialized applica-
tion s, rf tran sistors q uic kly price them selves
o ut of the market a t power levels above a
few watt s in eq uipment o pera ted from the
co mmercial power lines.
As sta nda rd automobile and aircraft bat-
teries deliver nomin al voltages of 14 and 28
volts, it is hardly co incidental that most rf
power transistors are designed to o perate at
these voltages. Incidentally , th e 28 volt
.01 L2 L3
C2 C3
97
 0660
Jn6usfro
H.1. is having an 8t SALE - to help you shop by mail, this and every
month. 8t (for a stamp) will buy any help that I can prov ide to make your
hobby more enjoyable. How can I help YOU ?
The H.I. -SAVINGS PLAN can save you big money too. Ask about it!
73,

Bank-Americard
AI McMillan. W0JJK Master-Charge

Phone (7 12)323-0 142 (Noon!5PM, Tues. Sat.)

Box 864 Council Bluffs, Iowa 51501

transi st ors are appreciably more efficen t and
co st less, watt per watt , than the 14 volt
units.
Virtually all mod ern rf power transistors
are silicon NPN's and are usually o perated in
the co mmo n emitter co nfigu ra tio n. Early rf
po wer tran sist ors were easily destroyed by
mo mentary overloa ds, t ran sients, and st res-
ses developed in tun eup o pe ra tio ns. Newe r
unit s will not take unlim it ed abu se, but they
are more rugged than th e old er ones ; so me
of them will even su rvive being o perated as
rated voltages and rf drive int o an open lo ad
circuit for at lea st a sh o rt time .
O pe ra ting Pa rame ters
In qu ic k review, th e more important
tran sist or o pera tin g pa rame te rs are voltage,
po we r ou tp u t , heat d issip at ion, fre que ncy ,
and p ower gain. Of these , excessive voltage is
mo st d an gerous to tran sist o r life . A momen-
tary voltage ove rlo ad o f 25 % ma y d estroy a
tran sist or.
BV ceo - breakdown vo ltage , co ll ec to r to
emitter, ba se ope n - defines an absol ute
emitter p eak voltage rating esta blishe d by
98
the tra n sistor manufa cturer using pulse te ch-
niques . For the user, however, V'C'Cmax is
usually a mo re useful figu re . VCC max is the
max im u m safe de voltage t hat ca n be app lied
between the co llecto r and the emitter o f a
tran sistor under any con ditio n of operation .
Typical rated d c VCC max values are 80%
o f BVceo fo r co nt inuo us wave (CW) and
frequ ency modulated ( F M) services and half
that valu e for high -level amplitud e-modu-
lated ( AM) service .
Also critical is the transistor base-to-
emitter voltage. It has a b reak dow n rat ing of
three to five volt s for virt ually all rf power
tra n sistors. Fortu nately , base voltages are
normally quite low in properly o perated
amplifiers. In class-C amplifiers, for examp le,
the base is o ft en grounded for d c through a
low-re sist ance rf cho ke, o r the base may be
sligh tly reverse biased fo r highe st amp lifier
ou t pu t. Con versely, transistor rf linear am-
plifiers {class-B service) are often sli gh tly
forwa rd biased for lo west distortio n.
As forward bias increases steady collec to r
dire ct cu rren t rap id ly, it may be necessary to
redu ce the co ll ec to r d e volt age som ew hat to
prevent exce ssive tran sist or heating , curren t
73 MAGAZINE
 " ru n-a way," and "second breakdow n" whe n
the tra nsistor base is forward biased .
Po wer input and heat : Each transistor has
a maximum dissipation rating ; but, in most
u nits, the maximum rating applies only if
heat sinks or other precautions keep the
transistor case temperature to a maximum of
25 deg rees, cen tigrade . Higher case tempera-
tures require reducing the power input.
imp roved case cooling, o r grea ter tran sist or
ou tput efficie ncy.
In itself, th e maximu m dire ct curre nt
ratin g of a tran sist or is seldo m too im-
portant , as o ther maximums are usually
reached befo re ma ximum current flows. As a
matter of interest, ho we ver, peak rf collec tor
cu rrents in power amp lifiers are normally
three to four times th e indicated de value.
Current ru naway : All transistors tend to
draw increased current as they become
ho tt er. And as the cu rrent increases, the
tra nsistor gets ho tter , and so o n . Normally,
current and temperature values rapidly stabi-
lize. But if the transistor o verheats, current
increases so rapid ly that the tra nsistor may
be destroyed.
So met hing like cu rren t ru naway but more
rapid is "second brea kd o wn. " It results from
th e emitter current being conce ntra te d in a
sma ll area of the emitter to prod uce a
pin-h ole sh ort in th e e mitte r junction.
Second breakd o wn pro blems increase with
frequency and seem particula rly trouble-
some in single sideband amplifiers.
One way to co ntrol seco nd breakdown in
rf power tra nsistors is " balanced-emitt er"
construction . It co nsists o f dividing the
transistor emitter in to up to I00 or more
segments an d connecti ng the segmen ts to-
get her via internal, low-o hmage resistors. As
the current in one segme nt begins to increase
beyond the cu rre nt in the other segmen ts ,
the corresponding increase in voltage dro p
across its associa ted res ista nce limit s the
current th rough tha t segme nt.
Besid es helping to co nt ro l secon d break-
down, balan ced emitte r co nstru ctio n intro-
du ces a sma ll amoun t of negative fee d back
int o the tra nsistor amp lifier. T his feedba ck
improves linearity and stability . Po wer gain
is also de creased slight ly , but this is of no
practical im po rtance in most rf power ampli-
fiers .
F EBRUARY 1973
Gain , freque ncy , and stability : The cur-
rent gain o f a transis tor is usually measured
at a frequency of I kHz. As illust rated in
Fig. 2, however, the gain varies wit h frequen-
cy. The shape o f the gain-freque ncy curve is
similar for all transi stors, although the fre-
quencies involved may be differe nt.
Following the curve , the I kHz current
gain remains essentially co nstant as t he
freque ncy is increase d unti l a knee in the
curve is reached. T he poin t in the knee
where the transistor cu rre nt gain has
d ropp ed to 70.6% of its 1 kHz value is called
the transist o r "cu t-off freq uency ." In te r ms
of po wer, th e point rep rese nts a 3 dB loss in
gain . Beyond the k nee of the cu rve , the
transistor current gain decreases at the rate
of 50% per octave.
In applications (such as high-fidelity
amplifiers) where uniform amplificatio n of
frequen cies over many oc taves is required, a
cut-off frequency at lea st as high as the top
frequency to be amplifi ed is required. While
many power tra nsistors have low cut-off
frequen cies, it is no t diffi cult to find audio
power transistors wit h cu t-off freque ncies of
arou nd 20 k Hz.
It is difficult , however, to co nstruct
tra nsistors tha t h ave bo th high- po wer capa-
bilities and high cut-off fr equ encie s. Conse-
que n tly, po wer tran sistors with cu t-off fre-
q ue ncies are very rare; nevertheless, tra nsis-
tor rf po wer amplifiers for freq uencies up to
an d above 500 MHz are common. Obviously ,
j t---~--'
l: _.""1/,","
L ......
.. <>l _'0 ,. ......."".
,
c
~
!.HI", """"d t ,",,,O
0'
0 1 !"O"'~o " ..., ,, ,,,,,, ~,
ro. "".''''' " """','n! 'Id .~ O"S)
Fig. 2. Ty pic al gain f r eq uen cy curve of all transis-
tors. Their po wer gain is essentially constan t from
dc to the transistor cut-off frequency (fc) , wh ere it
has dropped 3 dB. From fc to frequency ft , the
power gain d ecr eases at the rate of 6 dB per
o ctave - equivalent to a 3 dB per octave decrease
of current gain .
99

tran sist o rs are useful far ab ove their cut-off
frequen cies. The story is th is :
Abo ve its cu t-off fre que ncy, the curre nt
gain of a tran sistor co ntinues to de crease at
the rat e o f 3 dB pe r octave (eq uivalent to a 6
dB decrease in po wer gain) until the curre nt
gain has decreased to unity o r 0 dB . The
freq ue ncy at which th e cu rre nt gain d ro ps to
o dB is called t he " current-gain. bandwidth
product ," fo r the reasons illust rate d, and is
identified by th e symbol Ft. I
Althou gh the tra nsisto r gain varies in-
versely with freque ncy above its cut-off
freque ncy, a co nvent ional signal is so nar-
row , compared to an octave. on frequencies
above a MH z or so that all compo nen ts of
th e signa l are amplifie d eq ually . On the
o ther han d, the fa ct that tran sistor gain does
decrease above its cu t-off frequency is o ne
rea son tha t rf power amplifiers are prac tical.
You see, th e dynamic characte rist ics of
large-signal transistors cha nge so rad ically
during each opera ting cycle that neutrali-
zation to co ntrol self-oscillations in tr ansis-
tor rf po wer amplifiers is ineffective . But
experience h as shown th at , if power gain is
held to a maximum of app ro ximately 15 dB
per sta ge, a well-d esigned tran sistor rf power
amplifier is stable without neutralization.
Power gain is co ntrolled by selecting a
transistor that is o pera ting approximat ely
two oc taves below its Ft frequency . Co m-
mercial practic e is to aim for a gain of
aro und 10 dB per stage for a typical transis-
tor; so that inser ting a particul arl y " ho t"
tran sist or in the amplifie r will no t push the
stage into instability.
As mo st co mmercia l and military mobile
services o perate o n freq uencies above 100
MH z, mo st rf power transistors are designed
to o pera te at these freque ncies. As a result .
their power gain s are embarrassingly high at
frequencies below 30 MHz. Nevertheless. a
number of audio and switc hing tran sisto rs
with Ft.'s bet wee n 10 and 100 MH z wo rk
satisfa ctorily as rf power am plifie rs in the
lo wer-frequ en cy ama teur ba nds.
1. T h e tra nsis tor.rill h as power ga in at freque ncy
ft . even thouR h its current gain is unity there. T his
follows because the transistor output resis tance is
,reater th an its input resis ta nce. T his fact is of
min or importance. except w he n a n e ffor t is m a ck
to m ak e a tran sisto r operate a t the highe st possible
freq u e n cy.
100
Wh y the freq uency Ft is called the
" current gain bandwid th prod uct :" Assume
that a transisto r has a current gain o f 1 dB at
400 MH z. One times 400 MH z eq uals a
produ ct of 400 MH z. At 200 MHz (o ne
oc tave lo wer 10 freq uency) the tran sist or
curren t gain is 2. Two times 200 MH z eq uals
400 MH z. at 100 MHz. the product is 4 X
J 00 MH z = 4 00 Ml-l z, etc. As power varies as
to th e squa re of the current, the power gain
of th is hypo th etical tra nsistor is 4 (6 dB ) at
200 MH z and 16 (12 dB ) at 100 MHz.
Coupli ng circuits: A tra nsistor o r tube is
useless as an rf amplifier withou t means of
co upling power into and ou t of it. To do the
job efficien tly. the coupling devices must
match the impedan ces of the transist or or
the tube to its source and load impeda nces.
In the process, the co upling circuits provide
selec tivity to preve nt disto rtio n prod uc ts
gen erated in th e amplifier fro m reaching its
load - especially important when the load is
an a ntenna.
An o u tput circ uit Q of 10 to 12 is usua lly
su fficien t in vacuum tub e rf amp lifiers. But
rf power transistors normally gen erate more
dist ortion produ cts th an tu bes do ; the refo re
high er Q , resulting in greater selec tivity , is
desirable in tran sistor co upling circ uits.
S imp Ie parallel-reson..nt or pi net
co u pling cir cuits normally work well with
the high imped ances of vacuum tub es. But
tran sistor impedances are so low th at other
types of co upling circui ts are desired in rf
power amp lifiers. A sim ple L netwo rk , for
exa mple, can be designed to match virtually
any resist an ce o r im pedance to virtually any
o ther im ped an ce or resistance . Unfortu-
nately , whe n the ratio bet wee n the tw o
im peda nces or resistances is lo w. the resul-
tan t Q of the L network is lo w.
Fo r tunately , two or mo re net wo rks may
be co mbined to obtain the desired Q and
imped an ce ma tch . In Fig. 1, fo r example,
the input circuit is a sim ple L netwo rk. and
the outp ut circuit is a co mbine d L-pi net-
work.
T he seco nd part of this articles continues
the discussion , of the design of transisto r rf
power am plifiers. It also contai ns all co m-
ponent values fo r practical transisto r ampli-
fiers fo r the amateur freq uencies between
3.5 and 148 MH z.
. . .W9EGQ
73 MAGAZ IN E

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WITHSTANO A HI G H SWR.
T YP ICALLY D RAWS 3 AMPS FRO M
A 12 to 14 VOLT NEGAT IV E
GROUNO SUPPLY.
COMPL ET E WI T H CIRCU IT BOA RO
ANO ALUM IN UM H EAT SINK .
A D D YOU R OWN M I N I BOX A N D
RELA Y A N D SAV E.
PA-144/220
Note; We have been swamped with orders. Shipping has fallen back to three to four
weeks. We are expa nding our facil ities and by the time th is add appears we ho pe to cut
deli very time to a week to ten days. Please bear wi th us.
O rder TXl44 or TX220, $39.95 PA 144 or PA 220, $29.95. Add 1.00 postage and handling for
each kit ordered . New York State residents add sales tax .

VHF ENGINEERING
1017 CHENANGO ST. BINGHAMTON NY 13901
 John A. Houser WB2GQY

LIGHT BULBS AS RF 23 Washington St.

Rensselaer NY 12144

POWER INDICATORS
h e major appeal to the amateur - as Table I lists mo st of th e co mmo n ty pes
T well as some comme rcia l applica-
lions - of light bulbs as rf power indicators
of electric ligh t bulbs readi ly available. O ne
look at this table immediately reveals why
is low cost. To this must be added the such light bulbs might not be such good rf
universal availability of bulbs and screwbase power indicators as some fo lks may have
sockets for pennies. thought they were in the past. It also reveals
As low cost is of primary interest to well that some very special precautions have to
over 50% of those interested in any project, be taken in using them, or the user may find
and as I have always had an insatiable desire he has overloaded his transmitter and bu rned
to find out the why's and wherefore's of up a few compone nts which might be
standard light bulbs as rf power in d icato rs , I expe nsive to replace.
decid ed it migh t be the op portune ti me to
do a resarch project and dete rmine once a nd The extre mely high ratio of cold to hot
for all just whic h bulbs might be suitable and fila me n t resistance in all types of these bul bs
which might no t be, and also to determine immediately struck me as being the mo st
whether light bulbs would make good rf undesirable factor in using them.
power indicators, or poor, and to find out
what precautions might have to be taken if It is very easy to see, for instance, that if
one decided he was going to take this one wished to use a 250W bulb for indi-
lo w-co st path of determining his transmitter cation on a 250W transmitter, and he com-
out put power rather than go for a more pu ted the resista nce at 250W to be 53U,
expensive power output meter. (whic h it is, bu t only whe n hot), he wou ld
Also, powe r outp ut mete rs in th e h igh er ass u me he had just abou t a perfec tly
wattage ranges beco me q uit e expensive com- ma tched ind ica tor to plug in in place o f h is
pare d to the $2 to $5 which might be 52.5U reed line .
expe nded in a light bulb indicator. In However, from this table, it is apparent
general, porcelain screw bases are available that this 53n resistance is attained only at
for from 12 to 25 each, and bulbs from full brilliance and wattage, and the actual
15 to 65 each, and not more than four of cold resistance is only 3.5Q. In other words,
each are necessary for up to 3 KW power if the bulb were connected to the antenna
indication. terminals of the tra nsmitter, and the trans-
Table 1
Variation in Resistance , Cold to Hot State,
Common Variety of Electric Light Bulbs.
Bulb Rating Cold Hot Ratio
Watts Filament Filamen t Cold to Hot
At 115V Resistance Resistance Filament Res.
IAppro x. 1
7.5 166 1750 1 to 10
25 40 529 1 to 13
40 27 331 1 to 12
60 20 219 1 to 11
100 9 132 1 to 15
150 6 83 1 to 14
200 4.5 65 1 to 14
250 3.5 53 1 to 15
500 2 26 1 to 13
7 50 1+ 17.7 1 to 15

102 73 MAGAZ INE

 mitte r keyed full power, the tra nsmitter
would be loo king into not 53n , but 3.Sn .
wh ich is a lo t o f d iffe re nce , and an ext reme-
ly lo w value for an y pi netwo rk to mat ch.
F or a few sec o nds , unt il th e fila me nt
a tta ine d full brilliance , th e tra nsmitt er
wo uld be su bjected to a terrific o verloa d,
d ue to th is impeda nce mismat ch .
There fore t he first p recautio n whi ch
migh t be emp hasize d in using light bulbs
would be not to key the trans mitter at full
power wi th a co ld bulb , but to gradua lly
bring the power from some lo wer value to
full power as the bu lb att ains fu ll brightness
(an d hot, mat ching resistance).
Not until I go t in to this proje ct did I
realize the very high ratio of resistance of
these fila me nts fro m t he cold to hot sta te ; I
don't suppose very many people do . It also
brings to mind ho w the ho use electric me ter
mu st jump every ti me a bulb Is snapped on
in the house . T his is not an ad for those li ght
dimmers being sold at all the electrical
stores, but it sure brings to mind that power
bills co uld be cut ap precia bly through their
use , i.e ., bringi ng th e bulb gradu ally t o full
brillian ce ins te ad of just snap ping o n a
switch .
Getting back to the bulbs, Table 2 gives
in various co nfiguration s series , and /or
parallel co mbin ations which would be mo st
likely to give the ama teu r a load for a
parti cular tran smitter power o ut pu t , in
nominal im pedances near 52 a nd 72 n. If the
co n figu rat io n mentions 200 W, this doe s not
mean that it would be suitable for indicating
the output of a I OOW output trans mitter,
be ca use a t hal f brigh tness. the resist an ce
offered by the bu lb is not iden tical t o that at
full brightness.
Wh ile a differance of an o h m o r two
wo uld no t be serio us, nor wo uld a d iffe ren ce
of as mu ch as five , o r even ten watt s, at h igh
power level s, a t low power levels less than
IOOW, fo r instance, suc h differences wou ld
be see n to become increasingly serious fro m
the mat ched impedance stand po int. The
configuratio ns given mat ch quite a variety of
sta ndard line impeda nces and a wide range
of power outputs. Matches can be o btain ed
for RG-8 , II , 17, 13, 58 and 5 9 typ e cable. '
One may not realize witho ut measure-
ment that the lead length of the filament
support wires alo ne inside the 2 5-l 50W
bulbs is very close to 18 cm. Even though
they are coiled o n a 2 to I ratio , the
filame nt is inductive in every sense of the
wo rd. At high er fre qu en cies, the fila me nt
sup por t wires would appear induc t ive, and
to these factors mu st be added the parallel
ca pacity of th e screwbase shell and the
central base co ntact wafer. Even th ough
su ch ca paci t y is small , it would become
signi ficant at most amateur frequencies
above the 30 MHz range. Though the 22 em
total wire path wo uld pe rhaps in dicate a
bulb cou ld be used u p t o 300 MHz, such is
no t at all the case .
It is easy to see t hat the so me times
suggeste d tri ck of using a capacit o r in series
with a light bulb as a load should be
app roached with caut io n, for it would be
very easy indeed to run into a series res ona nt
circuit which might result in damage t o the

Table 2
Possible Configu rations for Various POYWr Outputs
at Various Impedance T erm inations
A . - Nominal 70 to 73n Imped an ce Loads:
175W Load : 3-60W bu lbs in para llel t 73nl
OR
7- 25W b ulbs in p aralle l nOn)
3,OOOW Load:
4 - 750W bulbs in ser ies l 71n)

"B. ) Nom in al 50 to 55n Im peda nce Loads :

250W Load : 4-60W bulbs in p e ra uet
500W Load : 2-150W bulbs in series.
b oth p aralleled bv
1-150W bulb 155QJ
l,OOOW Load : 2-500W bulbs in se rie s 153.6nl
2,25OW load : 3 - 750W bulbs in ser ies 153. 1n)

F EBR UARY 1973 103

,
tra nsmitt er to which such circuit we re con-
nected .
In the co urse of my prepa ration of this
article , I discu ssed the ra mifications wit h a
num ber of interested hams. Some of them
suggested I exte nd the research to inclu de
the use of the smaller types of indicat o r
(pil ot) bulbs as load s for testing out trans-
mitters wit h powe r ou tputs in the I W to
20 W ran ge, not o nly just fo r amateur ap-
plications. bu t also with a view to using
them as loads in testing F M tran smitters.
When one considers that there are well
over 100 type s of these small bulbs, rated
from .0 0 I W to 2W, and if all of these were
to be considere d individ ually , it could ta ke a
vast amoun t of time - and eventu ally o ne
would end u p with perhap s only five or so of
these bulbs that would be at all suitable, so
such research was no t inc luded in this
article . However it did ope n u p a fie ld in
which there may be a dema nd fo r informa-
tio n and may be the subjec t of a subsequent
article .
Frequency Ran ges
The use of standard screw-base ceramic or
steatite porcelain ligh t bu lb sockets is en-
tirely feasib le for all of the configura tio ns
sho wn and will handl e all ama te ur bands,
160 through 10. Naturall y the lead s from
soc ket to socke t shou ld be as sho rt as
possib le in either th e series and /or parallel
configuratio ns. I fou nd th ese lead s can be
kept to approximate ly 2 cm for such inter-
co nnectio ns. Likewise , the coax termination
lead should be kept to 2 em or less .
If ext ra precautio ns as to lead lengths are
o bserved , and the bases of the bulbs re-
mo ved to enab le co nnectio ns directly to the
stem wires, it would appear reasona ble to
suspect that th ese bulbs might be used for 6,
5, and perhaps 2 meter ba nds, but it is also
q uite eviden t t he 2 me te r band would be the
practical Iimi t.
One should be able to conjecture that
light bu lbs as power rf indica tors are not
quite the equal of we ll-designed power out-
put meters which maintain their rated im-
pedances over a very wide power o utp ut
range - bulbs do no t - bu t then, th ey are
cheap in compa rison.
Visual co mpar iso n of brightness is com-
pletely satisfac tory fo r compariso n purposes.
104
For instance . a SOOW bulb co nnected to the
II SV mains should show the same brilliance
as o ne of the SOOW bulbs as used in the I
KW load .
Actua lly a transmitte r supposedly pu tting
o ut 2,OOOW PEP is putting out some thing
less th an I,OOOW wit h average voice mod u-
lation : it would be more of the o rde r of
SOO-750 W average power. Reme mber that
the light bu lb is o nly go ing to show average
po wer outp ut , no t peak, and as ha m tra ns-
mitters are limited to I ,OOOW de inpu t to
the final am plifier, o ne canno t expect much
more than 500 - 750W out put (average) u n-
less the efficiency of the final amplifier stage
approac hes 85 % whic h is very un usual,
alth ough I am heari ng late ly that cert ain
high -power t ran sistors are in develo pment
which will deliver such high e fficiency
figures; a bit above th at which hereto fore
has been obtainab le wit h tubes. You should
be hearing a lo t mo re about these super-
efficiency tra nsistors in the near fut ure ; and
I expect them to be appearing in certain ham
transmitters within a year or so.
Naturally a CW transmi tte r with the final
o perated Class C may deliver as much as
850 W with I ,O OO W de inp ut , while a DSB
tran smitte r o n phone co uld not be expec ted
to deliver more than 65 0 W with Class A o r B
modulation.
The research and co nclusio ns I reached
o n t his project brought to mind the old
subject of using light bulbs in series with
primaries of tra nsformers to reduce t he
seco ndary output voltages, which is a trick
which has been used for years by hams and
others. The in formatio n co ntained herein
indicates they are no t o nly qui te su itable fo r
suc h usage , but in fact ma ke q uite ideal
voltage regulato rs of a so rt.
In fac t, t he q ues tio n imme dia tely arises as
to why bulbs wo uld not make rat her ideal
voltage regu lato rs for high voltage su pplies if
used as a variable-resistance de regulator in
the de leg. This again ope ns up a field which
mig ht bear intense investigatio n.
. . .WB 2GQY
1So lid Dielectric R F Transmission Lines, W81.UQ,
Radio Ne ws Oct. 194 6.
Line Ma tching: Ta ble of Po we r and Voltage Loss in
DB,Rad io News Feb. 194 7.
73 MAGAZ IN E
 Robert D. Streeter W0IQI
2917 Westbro ok, Apt. 412
Fort Wayne IN 46805

ECONOMY FI LTERS
FOR THE

COLLINS 75A4

he Collins 7 SA4 ama teu r ba nd receiver,
T although it is o ver ten years old , is o ne
of the best pieces of amateur equipment
available I . The selec ti vity is co ntrolled by
mechanical filt ers. Usually just the 3 k Hz
mechanical filte r is supplied . leaving po si-
tions available fo r two additional filters.
Collins Radio still manufactures mechani-
cal filt ers specifically for the 7SA4 with
bandwidths from several hundred Hert z (for
CW use) to tens of kilohert z (fo r AM o r
other wide band sign al use). A worthwhile
savings may be o btai ned by purchasing
filters in economy case co nfigu ra tions and
making a suitable adapter for the 7S A4 .
standard minibox . The i-f tran sformers were
used be cause the stee p skir ts of a mechanical
filt er were judged an expensive luxury for
this application . Broad band mechanical
filt ers are available in eco no my case co nfigu-
rations.
A savings of at least S IS should be
r eali zed by co nst ructi ng a case for
F4 55FA05 filter. Installing this filter and a
plug in a minibox should take a few hours at
mo st. A savings of up t o $SO sh ould be
realized by co nstr uc t ing a broad filter from
0
, ,, "

A sharp filter with 500 Hz bandwidth was 0

,I , -,
constructed using a Collins typ e FA filter 0

- , -',
mounted in a sta ndard minibox . A broad
,
filter was mad e using a series o f submin ia-
0
, ,
ture i-f transformers. again mounted in a ,
,

,
- - ,- -' ,
- - \ /

S",A RP
C.f \, /
0
I; ,

\,
r.' r-, ----- '0 0 ,

-"J,-- I /
0

I I 'iy" "<W:~1 _ EACH OlVISION -5OQH! _

FILTER REL I..QSS
F -4" FA 00
V
,c 0 00
- a 00
- 12 08
TO FIT It<l BOX

Fig. 1. Sharp filter with 500 Hz bandwidth . Fig. 2. Results with clifferent filters. A = 500 Hz
bandwidth filter; B = 3.1 Hz bandwidth ; C= the
I QST Nov. 66. page 53. broad filter described.

FEBRUARY 1973 105

 F;g. 3. Schematic o f th e bro ad f ilter .
i-f transformers. The co nst ruct io n t ime is
probably double t hat of the sharp filte r.
T he resu lts obtai ned are shown by t he
acco mpa nyi ng gra ph. Curve A is th e 5 00 li z
band width filter , Curve B is the sta ndard 3. 1
Hz ba ndwidth Colli ns filter su pplied wit h
the 75A4 , and Curve C is the broad filter.
Each curve has bee n shifted vertica lly so th at
its peak in o utpu t lies o n the a dB line. With
respect to the 3 .1 Hz filte r, t he 500 Hz filt er
output was 8 dB higher and t he broad filter
outpu t was 4 dB lower, each having the same
input level.
T he increased sto p-ba nd feed th rough
level o n t he sharp filte r may be d ue to signal
leakage arou nd the filter, or it may just be
the filter characteristics. Relatively t he same
co ns tructio n techniq ue was used in t he sharp
and broa d filters. Note t he ex tre me at tenua-
tion achieved at points by the broad filter.
These measurements were made by first
calib rati ng the s-metcr of a 75A4 against a
set o f a ccurat e atte nua to rs. A ca libration
curve was thus ob tai ne d fo r the s-me ter
readings. A fixed signal was t he n t uned in,
and t he s-meter readings were plo tt ed as a
fu nct io n of receiver t uning above and belo w
th e fixed input.
T he performan ce of t he filte rs has been
fou nd to be very good over seve ral yea rs of
use . T he red uced loss of the sharp filter,
toget he r with its narro w bandwidth, mak es
it very pleasan t t o use. The bro ad filt er has
bee n useful fo r VHF work, where netwo rk
L :- -. 2 / 0 1/ 0 1/0
t~\
/ ~
r;
\'0/~~:
;::H
/ ,
"
, "
-- ~ ifb'
.. '
'
Fig. 4. Pictorial o f th e broad tilter.
106
statio ns are not always exactly o n freque n-
cy . It also mak es AM signals more under-
standabl e t han the 3.1 k Hz fi lter.
The circ uitry is q uite sta nda rd , and is
sho wn in t he accompanying figu re. T here
should be no de current flowi ng through t he
mechanical filter input and o ut put windings.
It is my understa ndi ng tha t a mod ification
of earl y 75 A4 receivers is necessary t o
preve nt this. The input and outpu t shou ld be
we ll shielded from each other.
T he broad filt er co nsists of th ree Miller
IO-C-I 4 55 k Hz i-f t ransformers series co n-
nected . Bo th the inp ut and ou tpu t circ uits
float. There are no chassis ground co nnec-
tio ns made insi de the filter case . T he inter-
stage cou pling ca pacito rs were selected to
give th e same o utput level as t he 3 .1 kH z
mechan ical filt er. Increa sing the capacity
will increase t he o utpu t level (to a point). A
broader response may be o btained by using
fewer tra nsformers, o r by increasing the
cou pling capacity to get a dou ble-peak ed
ove rco upled response , o r both . I have no t
tried overcoupling t he transformers, so their
be havior in this respect is u nknown . The
maximu m possible band width may be ob-
tained with a sim ple R-C-R co upling net-
wo rk. 2
The cases were made fr om I 1/ 8 x 2 1/ 8
by 3 1/4 mini boxes. The co mpo nents were
mounted o n a co ppe r bracke t t he wid th o f
th e minib o x ( I 1/ 8 ) whic h was th en instail ed
in the minibo x. A keyway hole was punched
for a 9 pi n Vector plug. T he keyway mu st be
ca refu lly aligne d so t he plug will fit in t he
A4 socke t with the minibo x sit t ing sq uarely
in place. The retain er clip for the Vec tor
plug was made fro m scrap metal, although
o ne may be available.
. . .W\l IQI
2An ex tender was made from a 9 pin plu g a nd
socke t to permit the broad filter to be tuned for
peak out pu t conveniently .
73 MA GAZ IN E
STEP UP TOTELREX
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Te lrex Labs are design engineers, inno-
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TRAP

Elements sho rte ned

to show details.

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"ex LABORATORIES
I TV And Communications Antennas Since 1921
Asbury Park, New Jersey 07712 201-775-7252

CMBFS
Capacitance Measurement by Frequency Shift
Why, you might ask, should another
article be written concerning capacitance
measurement when dozens of articles have
appeared on this subject in the past? I have
reviewed some of them and find that
specialized equipment is generally required
that may not be available to the average
amateur such as a precision calibrated vari-
able capacitor, a grid dip meter, or a
capacitance bridge. All te chniques required
calibrated standards of some sort which
usually turn out to be the stumbling block
for the average amateur.
What means of calibration is then avail-
able to all? The receiver, of course! Every
ham has a receiver these days that is cali-
brated to within 5, 2 and frequently I kHz.
Even most transceivers are accurate to the
latter figure. The problem then is how to use
this accurate frequency calibration to meas-
ure capacitance. The solution is readily
t,
'.
Finished unit.
108
Herm an Lukoff, W3HTF
506 Dresherlown Road
Ft. Washington, Pennsylvania 19034
evident - tune a simple self excited transis-
tor oscillator to the high frequency edge of
one of the amateur bands; connect the
unknown capacitance across the oscillator
circuit and measure the new lower frequency
on the receiver. All that remains to be done
is to derive the expression for relating the
frequency shift to the unknown capacitance.
A basic Hartley oscillator circuit is sho wn
in Fig. 1. According to R. F. Shea, Transis-
tor Circu it Engineering, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 195 7, the oscillation frequency for a
Hartley transistor oscillator is:
(I) f =
I
which looks so mewhat unmanageable. For-
tunately, the expression can be greatly sim-
plified . Ll+L2+2M is nothing more than the
total inductance L of the circuit. Let the
second term :
( L I Lr M2 ) h22b = A
hll b
then
I
( 2) f = 2rr V LC + A
A is a constant involving the inductive terms
L I, L2, & M as well as the transistor
parameters h22b and hll b and Figs. 2 & I.
If the assumption is made that this term is
negligible, then the familiar expression for
the resonant frequen cy of a tuned circuit
result s.
I
(3) f - 2rr 'l L C
73 MAGAZINE
Suppose we assume that (3) determines the
oscillator frequency for the moment. More
will be said about the transistor lo ading HAM RADIO CENTER
factor" A" later.
Announces!
C
STOP IN
AND
GET YOUR
co RIG OF TH E
Co
M ONTH
ell ~
BLA N K
C,

-v

NOW: Ca ll y o ur ord a r in, and w e'll p ick up the

It can be sho wn (see Appendix l) th at t ab for the ph one call. (Minimu m order $ 25.00)
HOW: Place station t o station ca ll. Wh en phone
(4 ) cx = c1 -'-_
I _
- 1
b ill is received, forward copy along w ith our
invoice covering orde r phoned in, we' ll send
refund c heck. 00 N OT CALL COl l ECT .
+ f',.f'
COMPLETE STOCKS All NATIONAL BRANDS
f I' WE BUY-SELL-TRADE USED EQUIPMENT
where Cx= u nknown capacitance
fJ = basic oscilJator frequency in kHz. Write for U st
.:1f= shift in frequency in kHz due to HAM RADIO CENTER. INC.
8342 Olive BI., SL Lou is, Mo. 63132
placing unknown capacitor e x ac- Phone (3 14) 993-6060
ross tuned circuit
C I= fixed, known tank circuit capaci-
NEW450MHz
tance
~MC 'E MOS FET PRE-AMP
The Llf' /fl' term is very small co mpared
to 2Llf/fl and can be neglected for t he mo-
ment. Equation (4) reduces to:
HF 45D
WIRED
U
( 5) c, =
1
- I 29
1 RF voU<1g t gai l! U. tYIXCJ1Uq 15db ott 10 to IS voUi o.c.
_I/OU t iigu,u u t y"i c.a.U1j 4. 5db . Su~ O.t ~ou - ,"odu14
UOIl " M 30'lm<V1et I1IId g.tI'A-tM d""ami e t l1llgt t lLa>l bi -polM
ot ~ i>lMt - gdtt F [T ~ . Gu .a.t1!1 ttdacu ~"u.O "-<l -'l U PO>\.ll U
i n FM ' te~v~~ . B4c~ -to -bck diodt~ ,,'tCtteX tde k gatt .
The significant facts that emerge fro m this H~:l Wllltdu.tJut.tiad IIf poltt ga.i>l . IIF ~h-itW"9 0& 01
equation are that the unknown capacitance pu.t <Vld output cU.eua: Oil botll ~ ~u 06 PC boMd . GJ J
IJ4'O llj gla.u cU.cuit !>od,d Juu l own IIF t t dll.a9 t t lt.vl otSt-
Cx depends only on the shift in frequency bOMM . Sitvn "lAttd io' 1ai9" IIF CD>lcUtc.t4otec. 'w -
M , the basic frequency fI and the tank td RCA, type eO Ol>lceto u . U>ti.t: e_~ e~ w.Uh all
IOIOWlting ;14-'tltW.U , U j wropu <lIIJ dtt4-itt.d iouuc.WM .
capacitance C 1. Cx is thus independent of L Ou.-, llAowz.-l' )dtu. ~dc tion gu.a.-'l.<lll-tu 03 coUU t IIp'ptiu .
SCAN !
and other factors. To measu re large values of OUig Ol td to "tug Otto
Cx, C I must be large which dictates the use HII2 C'tta.ting a two eh -
I1IInd ~ C:l"OlM. I/o - j .
of t he lowest freq uency amateur band. 80 ot "",di6(.C<lUOOl . Uni-t
meters was selected since 160 isn't available Iuu uaJl.eh badl 3tlltwl t
60 t ob~ Vl "Utg ch<lll>ld
on many receivers. Fortunately, 80 meters is Ol Ot UI uee,
wi't td- $19 .95
also a wide band and contributes to the PUCfS l VCLUlJf SH lP Pl~
range of ex.
Note that the shift in frequency (Llf) is Topeka FM
Communications
much more important in determining Cx 1313 E.IB Terr. land Electronics
than the basic frequency fl . If fl is off by 1
Topeka, Kansas ' B B BD7

F EBRUA RY 1973 109

 ~f. kHz C-x. p F ~f. kHz C-x.pF ~f. kHz c.. pF ~f. kHz C-x.pF
.,.,,
1 0. 0
. 0000
2.57" 0
5 . 1571
,.,
,.,
1I. 0
. 5110 0
3. 09 00
5 . 675 6
'"'
'"
1 2. 0
1. 02elO
3 .606 3
&.1 939
,.,
e. ,
13. 0
1. 5~3 2
" . 1 23 1
6.T126
..,
t.f. kHz C-x.p F

c
1'0. 0
2. 0Se..
... 6" 02
7.2311
15. 0 7.7512 1&. 0 8 .2 710 11. 0 8 . 79 13 18.0 9 . 3 11 9 19. 0 9.8330
20.0 10 .35.... 2 1 .0 10.8762 22. 0 11.398" 23. 0 11.921 0 2".0 12 .......0
25.0 12 .967.. 2&. 0 13."'H2 27. 0 1... 0 15 " 28. 0 1... 5"00 29.0 15.01050
30. 0 15 . 590" 31. 0 16.1161 32. 0 16.6"23 33.0 17.1689 3... 0 17.60959
35.0 111.2232 3 6 .0 18.7510 37. 0 19.2791 38.0 19 .8 077 39.0 20.3367
"0. 0 2 0.8661 "1.0 21.39 511 "2 . 0 2 1 .9260 113.0 22, "566 .. ... 0 22.9875
.. 5.0 " 3 . 5 18 9 .. 6.0 2 .. . 0507 .. 7. 0 2" .5829 .. 8.0 25.1155 119.0 25.10"85
50. 0 2 6 . 111 19 5 1 .0 26.71 57 52.0 27.2.. 99 53.0 27.78"5 5... 0 28.3195
55. 0 28.85.. 9 56. 0 29.3908 57.0 29.9270 5 8 .0 30 ...637 59.0 31. 0007
6 0.0 31.5382 6 1. 0 32.0761 62.0 32 .61 .... 63.0 3301531 6 .. . 0 33.6922
65. 0 3.. . 2317 106. 0 3".7716 67 . 0 3 5.3120 68. 0 35.8527 69 . 0 36.3939
70.0 310.93115 71. 0 37,"775 72.0 38. 0199 T3.0 38.5627 711hO 39.1059
75. 0 3 9.6"96 76 .0 " 0.1937 77 . 0 "0.7382 18. 0 IH.2831 79.0 "1. 828"
80.0 "2.37101 81. 0 "2 .9203 82.0 113,"669 8 3 .0 0139 8 ... 0 "11.5613
85. 0 ...... 1091 116. 0 "5.6573 87.0 ..6.2060 88.0 .6.7551 89 . 0 "7.30116
90.0 "7. 85"6 910 " 8,"0109 92. 0 "8.9557 93 . 0 .9.5069 911 . 0 5 0. 0585
95. 0 5 0.6106 96 .0 51.1630 97 . 0 51 .7159 . 8 .0 52. 2693 99.0 52.8230
1 00.0 5 3 .377 2 101. 0 53.9318 102. 0 5 .....868 103.0 55.0.23 10". 0 55 .5982
105 . 0 56.15.5 106.0 56.7112 107.0 57.268" 108.0 57 .8260 189,0 58.38.. 0
110.0 5/1.9"25 111.0 59.501" 112.0 60.0607 113.0 toO .620.. 11" .0 61.1806
115.0 61.7"12 116.0 62.3 023 117.0 62.8638 118.0 63,"257 119.0 63.9880
120 .0 6 ... 5508 121 .0 65.11 .. 1 122.0 65.6777 123.0 66.2" 18 12... 0 66 .8063
125 .0 67.37 13 126 .0 67.936 7 127. 0 68 .5025 128.0 69 .0688 129.0 69 .6356
130.0 70.2027 131.0 7 0.1703 132 .0 71.338" 133.0 71.9068 13".0 72 ...758
135.0 73. 0.. 51 136.0 73.6 1.. 9 137.0 h.1852 138. 0 7 ... 7559 139 . 0 75.3270
1. 0.0 75.8986 1'01.0 76 706 1"2.0 77.0"31 1'3. 0 77.to160 1..... 0 78.189..
1.5.0 7 1\.7U2 1ll6.0 79.337" 1"7.0 79 .9121 1 loll. 0 80."1173 1"9.0 81 . 0629
150.0 81.6389 151.0 82.21511 152. 0 82.792" 153 .0 83.3697 15 0 83.9"76
155.0 8 ... 5259 156.0 85.10"6 157 .0 85.6838 158 .0 &6.2635 159.0 86 .8"36
160.0 117 2"1 161. 0 88. 0 052 162. 0 88.5866 163.0 89.1685 16.. . 0 89 .7509
165.0 9 0.3338 166. 0 90.9170 167.0 91 .5008 168.0 92.0850 169 .0 92.660960
170 .0 93. 25"8 171.0 93.8.. 03 172.0 9 .. . .26" 173. 0 95. 0129 1710.0 95. 5998
175 .0 96 .1872 176.0 96 .1751 177.0 97.36310 178.0 97 .9522 179 . 0 98.5"15
180.0 99.1312 181 . 0 99 .721 18 2 . 0 10 0.312 0 183 .0 100 .9031 18 0 101 ...9 .. 7
185 .0 1 02. 08 68 186. 0 102.6793 187.0 103.2723 188.0 103.8657 18'hO 10 .....596
190.0 1 0~.05.0 191.0 105.6"88 192.0 106.2.... 1 193. 0 1 06. 8 39 9 19.. . 0 107 ,"362
195.0 108.0329 196.0 108.6301 1 97.0 109 . 2 2 78 198 .0 109 .8259 199.0 11 0 , " 2 .. 5
200.0 11 1.0236 201.0 111.623 1 202.0 11 2. 22 32 203,0 112.8237 20... 0 11 3." 2 116
205 .0 11".0261 206.0 11ll. 6 2 8 0 207.0 115 .230" 208.0 115.8333 209.0 116 ... 367
210.0 117.0.. &5 211.0 117.6....8 212.0 118.2.. 960 213.0 118.85.. 9 21" .0 11 9, " 6 06
215 .0 120. 0669 216.0 120.6736 217 .0 12 1.2808 2 18 . 0 121 .888" 2 19 . 0 1 22 . " 96 6
220.0 123.1 052 221. 0 1 2 3 . 7 1.... 222 . 0 12".32"0 223. 0 12... 93.. 1 22 0 125 .5....6
225.0 126.1557 226. 0 12 6 . 76 72 227 . 0 127.3793 228.0 127.9918 229.0 128 .60"8
230.0 129.2183 231. 0 129.8323 232 .0 130 .....67 Z33.0 131 . 0617 23 0 131.6172
235.0 132.2931 236 .0 132.909 5 237. 0 133 .5265 238 .0 1311 .1"39 239 .0 13 7618
2"0. 0 135.38p2 2101.0 135.9991 2 .. 2. 0 136.6185 2.3. 0 137 .238. 2 .. ".0 137.8587
2115.0 138 796 2ll6. 0 139.1 010 2 .. 7. 0 139.7229 2"8.0 1"0 .3.. 52 2.. 9 .0 l'tO .9681
250.0 1"1.5915 25 1. 0 1"2.2153 252. 0 1.2 .8397 2!13.0 1"3 ,"6.5 25 0 1..... 0899
255. 0 1ll1l.7151 256 . 0 1"5.3"21 257. 0 1.5.9690 258 .0 1"6 .5963 259.0
260.0 1"'.22"2
1117.8526 2 6 1 .0 1"8,"815 262 . 0 1" 9 . 11 09 263 .0 1..9 .7.. 01 26 0 150.3711
2bS.0 151. 0020 266 . 0 151.633" 267. 0 152.265" 268 .0 152. 8978 269.0 1!13.5307
270.0 15".16112 271.0 15'+.1981 272.0 155.11326 2 ,3 .0 156 .0676 27.. . 0 156 .70 3 0
275.0 15 1 . 339 0 276.0 15 1. 9 75 5 271.0 158 .6126 2n .O 159.250 1 279 .0 159 . 8 88 1
280 .0 160.5261 211 1 0 16 1.1 6 5 !! 282.0 161 . 8 05 " 283.0 162 ,"'+55 28... 0 16 3. 01161
285.0 16 3.7273 286.0 16 ,+ . 3 6 8 9 287 .0 16 5 . 0 11 1 288. 0 16 5. 6 538 289.0 166.291'0
290.0 16f-.9"08 2<:1 1 . 0 161 .5850 292. (I 16 8 . 2 2 9 8 293 . 0 168.8751 29.. . (1 169.5209
295 . 0 17 0.1673 296.0 170.81 ..2 291.0 111,"615 298~0 172. 1095 29 9 . 0 172 . 7!17'i1
300.0 173."069 3 01.0 17'+.0564 3 02. 0 11... 1 06" 303.(1 115.3570 3 0llhO 116.008 1
305.0 11'6. 6597 3 06 .0 171.3118 301. 0 171.96,+5 3(18.11 178. 6 117 309 .0 119 .271'+
310. 0 I1Q.925 7 3 11 . 0 180.5805 312. 0 181.2358 313 .0 11'1 .8911 31lhO 182.51181
315.0 183.205 0 3 1b .0 183 .8625 311. 0 18'+.5205 318 . 0 185.1190 319.0 185.838 1
320. 0 1810."9'7 3 2 1 .0 181.1578 322. 0 187.lh85 323. 0 188.,+197 32... 0 189.1"15
325 .0 189.11038 3 26 .0 1<:10 ...666 327. 0 191.1300 328.0 191.79"0 329.0 192 .'+58"
330.0 193.123.. 331 0 193.1890 332. 0 19... "551 333 . 0 195 .1218 33 0 195.1890
335.0 196."567 336 .0 191.1250 337.0 191.1938 338 .0 198 ...632 339.0 199 .1331
3'+0 .0 199 .8036 3"1.0 200 7'" 3"2.0 201 .11162 3113.0 20 1.8184 3"' 0 202 . .. 911
3.. 5.0 2 03 .16'+3 3"6 .0 203 .8381 3 .. 7 . 0 20". 512" 3 .. 8 . 0 205.1813 3.. 9.0 205 .6628
350.0 206.5388 351.0 207 ..21511 352 . (I 2 01. 8 9 2 " 353 .0 208 .5101 35.. . 0 209.211810
355.0 209.92]2 356 .0 210.6065 357 .0 2 11 .286'+ 358.0 2 11.9669 359.0 2 12 .6"79
360.0 213.3295 36 1.0 2111 .0111 362.0 2 1... 6910" 363 .0 2 15 .3171 36 ,+ .0 2 16 .0615
365 . 0 216.1"'59 366 .0 211 ...309 361.0 218. 116" 368.0 2 18.8025 369 .0 219 . .. 892
310.0 220.1765 371. 0 220 .86.. 3 3 72 .0 22 1.5526 313.0 222.2"16 3111 .0 222.93 11
375.0 223.6212 376 .0 22.. . 3119 317 .0 225 .0031 376.0 225.69"9 319. 0 226 .3873
380.0 221'. 01102 381. 0 227.7131 382.0 228,"618 3e3.0 229.1625 38 ... 0 229 .85 7 8
385 .0 23 0.5536 3116.0 231.2500 387.0 231 .91170 388 . 0 232.6""6 389 .0 233 .3"27
390.0 23 0IU" 391.0 23... 7"07 392 .0 235 ..... 06 343.0 236 .1"11 39 0 236 .81021
395.0 231.51138 396.0 238 .2.60 397 . 0 238.91188 396. 0 239 .6522 399.0 2"0 .3561
1100.0 2.1.0607 " 01.0 2"1.1659 '+02.0 2 .. 2.11716 "03. 0 2 .. 3 .1179 110 0 21113.88119
1105.0 2" 5Q211 11 06.0 2 .. 5.3005 '+07 . 0 2106. 0091 "08 .0 2 ..6 .1184 '+09 .0 2101 ."283
1110.0 2"11.1317 " 1 100 2"6.811196 '+12 .0 2 .. 9.5615 .13.0 250 .2731 111 0 250 .9865
"15.0 251.70 00 1116.0 252 1.. 1 .. 11 . 0 253 .128 7 .18 .0 253 .8"39 .. 19 .0 25... 5591
'+20.0 2 55.2762 "21 .0 255.9932 .22 .0 256.1 109 "'23.0 251.10291 .. 2.. . 0 258.1"79
"25.0 2511.867.. "26 .0 259.587.. .. 27 .0 260 .30el ..28.0 261.0293 .. 29 .0 26 10 7512
"30 .0 262.'+131 1131.0 263. 1968 .. 32 .0 263 .920" "" .0 2611 .64"8 .. 311.0 265.3691
1035.0 266.0912 "'6 .0 266.8213 .. 31 .0 261 .511 80 11 38 . 0 268.275.. .. 39. 0 269.0033
"110.0 26'1.1319 .... 1.0 270.11611 4 .. 2.0 271 .190 9 4 .. 3.0 21 1.9213 272 .652"
.... 5.0 21'3 .38"0 11"6.0 27".1163 ....7.0 ""'.. . 0
e 7.. . 8ll9 2 10'+8 .0 215.5827 ....9 .(1 276 .3 168
.. 50.0 271 .0516 "51.0 271.7869 .. 52 . 0 2 78.5229 .. 53.0 279 .2595 "SII.O 279 .9968
.. 55.0 28 0.73.6 "56.0 281 . .. 732 .. 57. 0 282.2122 .. 5 8 . 0 282 .9520 11159 .0 283.692"
..60.0 28.... 35.. 46100 285.1750 1162.0 285 .9 172 .. 63 .0 286 .6601 "6'+.0 287 ," 036
"65.0 2811.1418 .66. 0 288 .8925 ..6 1 .0 289.6319 "68.0 29 0 .36"0 .. 69 . 0 291 .1306
11110. 0 291 .818 0 .71.0 292.6259 1172. 0 293.3,,"5 '+ ' 3 .0 29... 1237 117... 0 29... 8735
,+15 .0 29" .62.0 .. 76.0 296 .3152 .. 77. 0 291 .1269 .'8.0 297.6793 .. 79.0 298.632"
'+80 .0 299 .3881 81.0 30 0 .1"0. 1182.0 300.895" '+83 .0 301 .651 0 116'+ .0 3 (12 ." 073
"85.0 3 03 .16.2 "86.0 303.9218 ..81.0 3 0e , 6800 .88 .0 305."388 1189.0 306 .198"
'+90 .0 3 06 .9585 '+91.0 307 .7193 ..92 .0 3 08.11801 3 .0 )09 .2"29 ..94 . 0 3 10 .0 056
.. 95 .0 310 .7690 "96.0 311.5331 1197 .0 312.2978 .. 98.0 313.0632 1199.0 313 . 8292
Fig. 2. Frequencyshift capacitance equivalents.
110 73 MAGAZ IN E
 kHz, the effect is o nly I kH z in 4000 kH z
whereas a I kH z change in fif has a m uc h
larger effect since 6 f can vary be twee n 0 to
500 kHz. What this means is that the
linearity of your receiver dial ca librat io n is
more important than the ab solute accuracy.
Setting the basic oscillator freq uen cy to
4001 instead o f 4000 isn't mu ch cause for
concern. The shift in frequen cy is the
important parameter.
The accuracy of ex is dependent o n the
ac.curacy of Cl. If C I is accurate to 5%, ex
will be accurate to 5%. If CJ is accurate to
Y2%, ex will be likewise. You can buy as
much accuracy as you are willing to pay for.
5% is sufficient for most amateur appli-
cations but great accuracy can be achieved
inexpensively in several ways, for example,
padding up an und ersized C 1 if there is
precision capacitance measuring equipment
available. If not , precision capacitances can
be purchased from industrial electronic
supply houses. It seems hardly worth buying
a 5% unit for 60 ce nts when a I % unit can
be o btai ned fo r 5 1.37 . The Cornell Dubilier
typ e CD I9 F I02 F500 capacitor can be ob-
tain ed fro m major sup ply ho uses. Area
Electronics, Co mm unity Drive , Great Neck,
N.Y. 11 0 22 is the d istri butor fo r EI Menco
typ e DM20 ca pacito rs which can be ob-
tained at I % o r bett er tol eran ce o n specia l
order.
One nice feature of the CMBF S technique
is that the oscillator is not critical. There is
no precision or long term st ab ility required.
Temperature, voltage changes, etc. will have
no appreciable effect. The only sta bility
required is that long enough to last for 15
seconds - the length of time it takes to
make a measurement. Inaccuracies are
balanced out by adjusting the variable in-
ductance L to produce a 4000 kHz oscilla-
tion frequency immediately prior to the
capacitance measurement.
Returning t o an earlier assumption, the
next step is to verify the accuracy of
equation (4) with regard to omission of the
transistor loading factor" A". An oscillator,
to be described in the next section, was
constructed using a Cl value of 1000 pF
accurate to within ';4 of 1% as measured on a
precision laboratory bridge. A known ex of
312.3 pF + Y.% produced a frequency shift
of 497 kHz. If these values are substituted
into equation (4), Cx is calculated to be
303 .9 pF or 8.4 pF less than it should be.
FEBRUARY 1973
,
This amo unts to an erro r of 1 .7% and is
att rib uted d irec tly to tran sistor loading
shift ing the oscillato r frequency . An other
way o f looking at it is th at the tran sist or has
added 27 .7 pf of capacitance to the tuned
circuit. The term "transistor loading factor"
is used so mew hat loosely. It also includes
the circuit st ray capacit ances. T o allow for
th e loading effec t a co nsta nt K 1 is inserted
into eq uatio n (4).
where K I = 1.0 276 8
The term A co uld have been calcu lat ed
dire ctly from the inductan ce and tran sistor
parameters but it would have been fo r an
"average" tran sistor. The question is "What
is the variability in this term with different
transistors in the circuit?" To answer this
question quantities of different transistors
were plugged into the circuit and the change
in L),f was noted. Intermediate frequency
type 2N4 04's produced a variation of + 6
kHz sh ift o ut o f 500 kH z. The high fre-
quency type 2 N964 produ ced a negligible
variati on in shift o f + I y" kHz out o f 500
kH z and were therefore j udged the most
sa tisfact o ry . The Motorola HEP I at 89
cents acts the same as the 2N964 and is
recommended .
The average ham would hardly want to
solve equation ( 6) every time he wanted to
make a capacita nce measurement and there-
fore a computerized solu tio n was so ught.
With 1 KC increments in L),f being available
and covering a 500 kHz range - 500 calcu la-
tions have to be made. The computer is a
natural tool for this job. The problem was
programmed for a Univac 1107 and all 500
points were calculated in seven seconds. It
would have taken me 41 hours with a desk
calcu lato r to get the same answers with
many mistakes. The results are photo-
graphically reproduced in Fig. 2. Don't be
fooled by aU of the significant digit s in the
capacitance columns. Although the accuracy
is inherently there, your answer is limited by
the ac curacy of C I and your receiver calibra-
tion.
Circuit and Construction Details
TRI, L1 . C l of Fig. 3 form the Hartley
Oscillator circuit. TR2 is a buffer amplifier
driven from the emitter tap on LI. Its
fun ction is to isolate any loading on the
111
 -1 -I
" . .._~_--:""'""""',------,,......,
,
-- ,, "--- 't 1' ~
.. -- -- -- . ,
" '" '""" ..,. . ~ - i" . . ~ ,
k ~ '"
, "
\"', 1' :, '" ~., Il:I. I'
"

y. :e
, '-'-,
r 1IS- Lzc:a:: ,' ;<

, 'Sf: - C
II '
,:,:, ~ ..... '. r'r !"
::
~ ,

c p. ~ .., " '"

..
o I "
t-
I - . - - .
~
,
... .
I . ,
.
'"

",to, ,... 1;7

"" ~ /~; 7:~r-'-,,--,~: l~
,..."', I(J _ .~-~j l~ ~ ~
,... " .... cr

"
,:,:,.
~
'" ' i%m I;
..""
cr
Method of

~
0-<>
-w
Fig. 3. Schematic. TRI, TR2 : 2N964, HEPl; RFC:
2.5 MH National RIOOS; Ll : 3/8 " dia. slug tuned
form, J.W.Miller 4400, 12 turns closewound No.
26E, tap 3 turns from the bottom ; CRI : IN34
type germanium mode; Cl: 1000 pF precision
capacitor (see text); C5 : 1000 pF mica; other
capacitors can be ceramic or paper. A ll resistors
1/2W, 10%.
output of TR2 from affecting the oscillator
frequency . CRl is a safety diode that pre-
vents the application of reversed vo ltage
from causing any damage. T he circuit is
conventio nal in all other aspects.
The complete unit is built into a
5" x 3" x 2" mi nibox with plenty of space
to spare. All components except L1. RFC.
C2. C I and t he on-off switch are mou nted
on a 2-1/4" x 1-7/ S" piece of SSG24EP
Vectorboard (holes on . 1 inch centers stag-
gered) and held onto the chassis by spade
lugs. A layout of the board is shown in Fig. 4.
The components are mounted by inserting the
leads thro ugh the holes and crimping them
as shown in Fig. 4. Alt ho ugh the compo ne nts
can wiggle whe n first installed, the board
becomes one solid mass after wiring. Wiring
;.. tlonp. on the back side of the boa rd in
Inside view of device .
crimpi n g
compo n-
e n t lead.
Fig. 4. Component board. Component side solid,
wiring side dotted Jines.
conventional fashion . It is recomme nded
that co nst ructi on similar to that show n be
fo llowed in order to minimize the effect of
st ray capacitances on accuracy . I % of 1000
pF is 10 pF whic h means that the rf wiring
must be short , direct and kept away from
ground. For this latter reason, the h ot end of
Ll and CI must be isolated fro m ground.
This is accom plished by mounting the
bind ing posts on a 2- 1/S" x I- S/ S" pie ce of
phenolic and in ser t i ng be hi n d a
1-13/16" x 1-1 /1 6" cutout on the top fro nt
of the aluminum box as show n in the
photograph. The te rminals are mounted
13/1 6" apart to convenie ntl y accept the
leads of the ca pacitor to be measu red .
C3, t he .02 d isc ceramic bypass ca pacitor,
mounts between the bo ttom end of L I and
the spade lug ground . T R2 output feeds to a
pho no type jack. Although there is sufficient
space to include a 9v battery inside the box,
I decided to bring power in through a
term inal strip instead. T he chances are that
the CM BFS unit will receive occasional use
and that the battery will be dead when you
do want to use it. I thought it best to use an
ex te rna l power supply o r a battery borrowed
fro m a transistor radio BC set when needed.
Operat ion
Apply voltage to the CMBFS unit. Tune
your receiver to 4000 k Hz. Connect th e
output lead to the rece iver ante nna terminal.
Tu ne L 1 un til the signa l from th e oscillator
is zero beat wit h t he receiver. It should be a

112 73 MAGAZINE

 well o ver S9 stable signal. No w co nnec t the
capacit o r t o be measured to the binding
posts. You will note that the signal is no
longer at 4000 kHz . Tune you r rece iver
lower in frequency un til the new signal is
picked up and zero bea ted . If there is any
question about it being the correct signal,
bring your finger near the hot binding post
and the frequency will shift slightly. Record
the new frequency and subtrac t it from
4000 kH z to get the shift (lIf) in frequency.
Now read the ac tual value of th e capacitor
corresponding to Af directly from the cha rt
(Fig. 2). That's a bo ut all there is to it.
I t may not be necessary to actually
connect the CM BFS unit o ut put to the
receiver antenna terminal. Rad iation from a
2 o r 3 foo t piece of wire may he sufficie nt ,
depending upon the shie lding o f the receiver.
More important is the elimina tio n or reduc-
tion of 80 meter signals from other amateur
stations that tend t o co nfuse o r lose the
CMBFS signal. Disconnecting the 80M re-
ceiving antenna is desirable. I have fo und
that switching t o the 10 o r 15 meter antenna
or the dummy load is quit e effective in
reducing extraneous 80 M signals.
The battery voltage isn't critical. A I volt
shift from -9 t o -8 vo lts causes a barely
discernible several cycles shift in fre qu en cy.
Although the oscillator will oscilla te down
to 2 volts, I don't recommend o pera ting at
this point because the loading factor K I will
noticeably in crease and ca use an inaccuracy
in the measurement.
Summary
Equations - eq uations, the proof is in the
performance! A number of capacit o rs were
selected from the junk box, measured by
this technique and co mpared to the 1h%
precision laboratory bridge. T he receiver
measurements were made with myoid
Collins 75 A I and repeated with a Drake
TR3 transceiver. The results were as follows.
Fac e CMBFS Precision Bridge
Valu e Valu e
Value
10 pF 10.35 pF 10.45 pF
50 pF 50.8 pF 51.6 pF
100 pF I 15.2 pF I 15.0 pF
180 pF 175 .0 pF 174.6 pF
269.36 pF 268 .4 pF
270 pF
Not bad . co nsidering that the CMBFS
unit costs less than $ 10 while the precision
bridge costs ov er $ 1,000.
FEBRUAR Y 1973
/
Alth ough this particular unit has a capac i-
tan ce range up to 3 13 pF , there is no reason
why a high er C l/ L ratio can' t be chosen to
permit read ing higher values of capacit ance,
that is, if yo u have a co mpu te r hand y to give
you a new se t of com puta tio ns. Another
ap proach fo r ex te nd ing the ra nge is to kee p
C I a t 1000 p ft , but split it into two parts
with the unknown capacitor placed across
o ne o f the parts in a ca pacitive divid er
arra ngeme nt. This again requires recornputa-
tion. The present range sa tisfie d t he majority
o f my requirements in working with rf
circu its a nd provided the excellent definition
o f .5 p F jkHz at the low end and .75 pFjkHz
at the high end of the range. Thus this
approac h, coup led with the co mput er print-
o ut rather than the usual plotted cu rve,
permits measuring a fra ction of a pF dif-
ference bet ween 300 pF capacitors.
eMBFS isn't a technique for the produc-
tion lin e testing of capacitors but it is well
suited fo r the occasional amateur need and is
capable of providing a high degree o f ac-
curacy at low cost.
A PPEN DIX I
1 1
L '
4 rr 2f1 2 C 1
w it h Cx in parallel w it h C 1
1
1 L - ,....,;'c=::-:---::-
4,,' L(C1 + Cxl - '4 ,r f2' IC1 + Cx}
L is the same in both c ases and can be equated
2 2
f1 C1 '" 12 re t + ex)
2
f1 C1 '" C 1 + Cx
2
f2
1D:L - C1 ) c-
12'
tl' -:- , ) C 1 c,
( 12'
f2 = f 1 - .6.f where .6.f = difference in freq uency
11 ' - 1) C1 ' Cx
(
1f1 - lit) '
1" - 1 ) C1. CX
( f 1 2 - 2.6.f f 1 + .6.f 2
1 - 1) C1 Cx
( 1 - 2l1f/ l l + lIt ' /f1 '
... W3HTF
11 3

MEMORYMATIC 8000 DELUXE
Cepacity for 8000 bits in 8 Read/Write Pluggabl. M~ori...
Each memory can store either. single menage or number
of tequentiel messages. Near-full and O .... rlo.d a'arml . "M ..
sage Stop" for char, insertion. "Full Control" weight ratio,
message interrupt switCh, ver . trans. delay. 115/220V ec,
50/60 Hz , incl. SM 21B and MST -60 f.atures . Sh . wt . 8 Ibl.
{I nc I. 3 -5 0 0 and 1 -1000 bit memoriM.1 ... . _ .. $398.50
Additiona' Memories 500 bit $21.50
1000 bit $37.50

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sequential messages . "Mes- char .Iword spac ing . Instant
sage Stop" for char. inser - steer , self-completing dots,
t ion. Near -fur! and Overload dashes and char.lword spac
alarms , remote c o n t r o l for ing, Adj . weighting, side -
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SM 21 B features. Sh . wt 4 aries, l embjc , 115V ac or
Ibs.(SOo-bit memory) $198.50 12V de ISM 21B onlv.I Sh .
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The "t f e a t u r evp ac k e d : ' A completely solid -state key .
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sp ac iog, sidetone/speaker. lever key. Operates with all
Rear controls for weight, positive or negative ground
speed. volume. tone, auto- digital keyers.
sern i -eu to . , tune. 115V ae or Sh . wt. 2 lb . . . . .... $22.95
12V de. Sh. wt . 3 lb s. $49.95 (Remote SIS swes. for MM -
500B and MM B0001$27.95
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Opt ion for 1 5Q-250V de TIMER - MST-60
Precision timer for meteoric
Operat ion . , $2.95
scatter communicat ions . 60
20 dB Ga in . 2.5 N .F . 12V Hz time base provides 15,
d c , Size j " x 1 ~" x %" . 20, 30 and 60 second out-
Diode protected MOSFET. put . Synchronized to WWV .
90-day guarantee. Sh. wt , 4 Automatic and manual cut -
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STANDARD - FMS-3 crystals in 10, 6, 2 and . 1 %
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BANKAMERICARD
5-year guarantees
Send for Catalog
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 Joseph F . Dineen W1 J SS
9 Win ter Terr ace
Westwood M A 02090

ADAPTING ELECTRONIC KEYERS

TO OLDER TRANSMITTERS

I t all began when a kind good ham friend

donated an older typ e , cat hode-keyed
tra nsmitter for use a t my su mme r QTII .
It was a Harvey-Wells T-90; immediat ely
appealing for it s co mpac tness and light-
we ight as compared to my burden some
IIT -3 2 when it co mes to luggi ng it back and
forth . I eagerly checked o ut the T-90,
bringing it up to specs and fo und o u t, rather
quickly, that I wouldn't be able to use my
electro nic keyer ( Heath HD- IO ) with it. The
T-90, like any o f the older transmitters, calls
fo r grounding the cathodes o f the oscillator Rather than cha nge the o rigina l design by
and /or amplifier tubes for key ing. The key er rewirin g and building an ex te rna l supply, it
output tran sistor will not switc h ca tho de occu rred to me that a very si mple and
typ e keying and an attemp t to do so can inexpe nsive solutio n might be applied . That
ru in the keyer with too high curre nt. ;, a sort of interface un it tha t would satisfy
Operation of the keyer is designed ior Doth th e keyer and the transmitt er with the
lo w negative current as with grid-bl ock entire unit built in to a " cigare tt e pac kage
keying ; this, then, is safely switched through size" inclu din g its power su pp ly.
the keyer's o utput transistor. The elec tro nic keyer requi res that no
Researching th e transmitter project indi- spike voltages exceed 10 5 volts and that the
cate d an extensive rewiring would be re- circ uit curre nt be wi thin 35 rnA , otherw ise
quired and a so urce of large negative voltage th e key er o utput transistor will be damaged .
necessary to bias the keyed tubes to cut off. T he MAT CH-K EY unit co nst ruc te d h ere
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - , is well within the req uireme nts, ru nning at 9
iI SW ITCH"'-- J2 I
1 volts at 5 rnA. T o o perate the unit, me rely
plug the keyer into J J and a patch cord
~ ~ -., I

i1 .i~
OJ I

I I jill La
CURRENT
J7 :
I
be tween 1"2 and the tra nsmitter key jack.
The switch is op o ona! and the ba ttery
I 9V RELAY I
L 1 . 3M~I..!O~
sho uld last indefi nitely at a .: : fll A d rain . The
FROM TO XM TR
com bina t ion of th e MATClI- (E Y and key er
KE YER KEY JACK have been used very successfu lly at slow or
high speeds.
Fig. 1. Sch em a tic diagram for m arch-key . . ..W IJ SS

116 73 MAGAZ IN E
 W. R. Lingenbrink W6H GX
1809 H ill Ave .

GONSET H ayward CA 94541

LINEAR MOD F CAT ON

o r those of you who wa nt a good input, we will supply it with the trans-
F linear at reaso nable cost - read o n.
You will d o well to invest igate the o lder
fo rme r we are going to ins tall und er the

o utput tank co il part of th e cha ssis, as this
model s o f the Go nse t 20 1 linear amplifier. is the area with the greatest am ount of
Not that the new models arc not good ; but unused space. T he mo unt ing of the tra ns-
the o lde r mod els can be h ad at qu ite a former can be left to your discretion.
red uced price. Suffice it to say , remember the cover has
The ma in objectio n to the older models to go o n again !
is th e ac tio n require d for the keying of the The seco nda ry of the transfo rmer - the
change-over relay . They were made to be 125V side - is to be wired to TS-I o n the
compa tib le with th e Gonset exc ite r an d are linear (in o ther word s, to the und erside of
not compa ti ble wit h so me o f the o ther the fitting where the cheater-co rd fo rmerly
types o f excite rs. plugged in). This socket will now beco me a
In the case of th e Gonset excite r they termin al strip for co nnect ing purpo se only .
fu rn ished k eyed 115V ac for the cha nge- The primary o r 115V side can now be
over relay , while in ot he r exci ters this connec ted to the switched 'side o f the ac
opera tio n is accomplished by fu rn ish ing line in coming to the unit. The mo st likely
key ed ground. Alt hough that is reason place would be wh ere th e fan motor
enough fo r so me not to buy the unit , I connec ts to the line . Thus we hav e the
ho ld that it docs not co nst it ute sufficient supply co nnec te d, and th e relay will op-
rea son to reject a fine piece of equipment. era te o
The modifi cation is sim ple and easy to TO PL5
perform an d will not detract from the .. 7------ - -- - - - - -- ..., ,,
appearance or the resale of the unit. .:'_ , /
,,
The o nly addit io nal equi p ment req uired Rl9,lIfi 03 - .- R2C(,IK ,
will be a sma ll plate filame nt transformer - + "i ovl',
,, .,
with 125V secondary. Such a transformer
2W
,,
C2. .21 ,
is the Stancor PS-841 5. The main require- C22 C2'
20UF 4.7K :,
150V 'W ,
~~~'7
ment is that it be small enough to fit under
the chassis of the linear . Also needed is the
connection jack o r terminal to which the LlO LII
t'"
contro l lead is to be con nec te d. The unit
used in my modification was the Moto rola
type o r Switc hcra ft type 35 0 I FP, requ iring ~,~:Ii. 75-'
only a quart er-inch hole to be drilled
STANCOR
alongsid e PL-5 o utlet on the rear apron . PS - 8415
The best way fo r the modification to 6 .3V FIL.NOT US ED

proceed is to understand what is desired

and what is acco m plished by the modi fi ca- , ,
n
-/
tion : We ha ve a relay in the uni t that is / ' , SHOWS PARTS REM OVED
looking fo r de for operat io n. We alrea dy
PART NUM8ERS SHOWN
have th is su pp lied thro ugh the rectifier ARE FROM SCH EMATIC
filt e r netwo rk o riginally installed in the 5 10-090 658-201

unit. Wh ere th is network is looking for ac Fig. 1.

11 8 73 MAGAZ INE
 But let 's pause a moment and refl ect .
We now have I OOV dc to o pe ra te the relay.
The manual sta tes th at minus IOOV is
needed to cut th e a mp lifier off during
receiving periods. So let 's use this minus
IOOV to do j us t that. By grou nding the 1973 ARRL GREAT LAKES
ju nction of C24, 03 and R20 - this bei ng
DIVISION CONVENTION &
the positive side of 0 3 - it will ground the
positive side of th e supply, leaving us the
HAMFEST
negative side through the relay and load - M USK EGON - MICHIGAN-
resistor R21 to run to PL5 wh ere the MARCH 23-24
external bias was to be applied. Old fashioned ham-h ospitali t y at
Since we now have minus IODV, it the Ram ada In n & Wouf Hong
would be wise to remove or re place C l in initiation Fr iday 23rd
the grid lead , as this is a 25V conde nse r Saturday 24t h at t he Muskego n
and will not be needed, as is the case of Com mu nity College - Exhibits -
OJ diode which formerly supplied the Swap Shop - Tec h Sessio ns - Net
Meetings . Evening Dinn er & danc-
minus 4V of bias. Also remo ve R20, as we
ing at t he Ramada Inn .
will no lo nger need this resistor.
Info: WA8GVK c/o
MUSKEGON AREA AMATEUR
TO ellA
GRIDS RADIO COUNCIL BOX 691
MUSKEGON, MICH. 49443
"01 /
~---'''t-/_---
/ '
cr' FM KI RELAY
zen ~50UF
2W h-.<.J ~~v ,,
r -~

PL- 5 I

When co n necti ng PL S to the supply for

K 1 relay , be sure the voltage goes th rough
the winding of K I relay , as th is is quit e
important .
While the amount of current passing
through this winding will not opera te the
relay, it will be enough to bias the grids to
cutoff. 1 : 1 ratio for dipole or inverted Vee.
To operate the relay with the ground ReplaCe! center insulato r.
supplied from the exciter, it will be o nly Cuts noise in receive . Cuts TVI in transmit .
necessary to ground the grid side of the Wideband 1.7 to 30 MHz. Full Kw power.
relay for o peratio n, thus cu tt ing off the Stainless ha rd ware. Sealed. Weatherproof.
bias t o th e fin al tubes and o perating the $ 12.95 PPO USA. 5% ta x in Calif.
change-over relay. Order d irect. Free brochure. Send to :
This modification may be applied to
several type s of linear amplifiers wit h equal PALOMAR
su ccess. The result is a smo o th operati ng ENGINEERS
unit of equ ip me nt with built-i n rugge d ness.
BO X 455 , ESCONDIDO. CA 92025
. . .W6HG X

FEBRUARY 1973 119

,
 FM POWER PACK
16 db GAIN 24 db fi b RATIO
WORK DISTANT REPEATERS
NULL OUT LOCAL INTER FERENCE
A q uol i.y Cush Croft orrClY , complete with tw o 11 e le m e nt
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t urn ra di u s 60" . weight 15 Ibs.
A147.22 146-148 MH z $4 9.50

~-t' 450 MHz 6 ElEMENT REAR MOUNT

~ 11db GAIN A44'" $10.95
IN STOCK WITH YOUR LOCAL DEALER

C~
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MANCHESTER , N . H . 03103
CO I P'OIlATIO N

100 W A TT S- 6 METER FM AMPLIFIER

MODEL 6100 WIRED/TESTED/READ Y TO USE
.52 to 54 MHz Employs rugged ized
15 to 35 Watts Input transistors for maximum
100 to 135 Watts Output reliability
Sol id State Antenna Switch (no relays) Extra large heat si nk
Automatic Tf R Switch ing for operation under
Built-in Harmonic Filter severe conditions
.13.6 Volts f 10 to 15 Amps Complete with RF and
.5 dB Typical Loss on Receive DC cables

$199.95 JM Communications
Califo rn ia residents add
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HAM CRUISE
APRIL Jrd
More and more people are signing up for the
ten day cru ise of the Caribbean starting April
3rd - it will be a blast . The pr ices start at abou t
$300 per perso n for the affair which includes
just about everyth ing except booze . Private
A, f.oqut ncv coun t.. W1 th . '''Il'' 011 kHl 1o 60 MHz (0' 130 _1 60 MH. Olfl..,
deck cabin is a littl e more. u.... with OU' Dig,t>tII60 con...tlef), Wit h ....oluCian 01 1 k Hz '" 1 H. I.t I IN
or 1 I . lIIc. lim..l, It con ~ ope,,,od on , ,, II.. AC or DC, IMth com~1I ""*"<>011
If you are interest ed in the idea , d ro p a line Pl'OllClion. Pl UI O .tob;hIV"II'''ll , "o o t I _1 in IOO /_k . .t.nd tt>o Olfloko unit it I
_,.l ~ "'-P by 2W' ""1
to Capt. Mike, Box 120, Miami Beach FL
33139 and get signed up. You really can't ask Supetb precis;oo ~"ity .t LESS T HAN KIT PRi CeS. CIoIl 0#
write lOt literaturtl and trade in Of OUt LOW INTRODUCTOR Y PRIce,
fo r a better grou p to sail with - or a m.J~ 1 Y EAR WAR RANTY .

mo re interesti ng area to sail - and if you like to NOO!IIE AftYWliR 8EArsOUR DAl' t
ham, we'll have a rig along - and perhaps even AMATEUR WHOl.ESAl.E El.ECT RONl
be able to set up another o ne o n some of the - " ,...- ..
master Charge 181l S.W. I19 T_ . ....... FlJJ'SG
DiI'(f (JOS} l3J-J6J,
rare O X spots we' ll be visi ti ng. N'f/IfJWNkMdt; (3OS) 666- '341

120 73 MAGAZINE
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FEBRUAR Y 1973 121
 Advanced Class Study
Guide , by Jim Kyle
Considering the fee
HOW TO US E FM, by the F C C c h a rges to take
Wayne G re e n the exam , is it re a lly
The p u rpo se o f this wort h t he gamble to
book is to p re se n t the pass up this book ?
basics of t w o m e t er FM Thousands have used
ope rat ion and repeaters this book to h el p them
in s hort form w it h the breeze th ro ugh the Ad
e nd in mind o f getting v a n c ed exam with no
you on FM q uickly and strain . T h is is the
easily . ON L Y study guide pub
I t is easy to make
lished w hic h covers
some bl u nders when ALL th e material you
you are getting started will h a ve to know . 189
with any th ing new. It is p ages. softbou nd, $5 . A
a lso embarrassing. A li mi t e d number of hard
fast reading of t his
bound editions eveite
book shou ld h e lp you ble at $1.
avoid the pitfall s .
59 pages, softbound ,
$1.50
E xtra C la s s Study
Guid e , by Editorial
Staff , 73 Magaz ine.
Does t he t heory re-
qu ired fo r t he Extra
Novice Class Study Class e x a m pan ic you?
Gu ide , by Edito rial No need , for th is book
Staff, 73 M agaz ine. red u c e s it to easy com -
The wo rl d's e asiest p re he nsio n . Many a rna -
t o u n dersta nd book o n teurs find t hat a q uick
th e t heory requ ired for re ading throug h th is
th e N o vi c e amateur b oo k is eno ug h t o get
radio lic en se exa m . th e m through the t ough
Frust rate d by fund a - E x tre C lass exam . It
m ent al s? Rea d th is c o ve rs eve ry aspect o f'
b o o k , O ne s im p le read - t he t h eo ry . F ac e th at
i ng s h o u ld c a rr y yo u exam w it h confide nce .
t hrou gh th e exam. 1 54 2 17 pages, softbou nd ,
pages, softbo u nd. $4 . $5 . A limited number
of hardbound editions
a va ila b le a t $1 .

FM Repeater Bul
letin , Wayne G reen .
E d it or .
REPEATER Month ly bu lle ti n
of news a nd act ivi -
BUlLETIN ties of t he New
E n g land Repeate r
groups . Lots of
General Class Study opinions, reports,
GuidE! , by Ken Sessions technical in fo rma -
T his book will h e lp tion and ads. T he
you to realty under Bulletin is the place
stand t h e t heory and w here the mass of
e nable you to easily FM informatio n is
pass the FCC exam. published that
Th is is not a a & A doesn't make it into
ma nual for memoriza 73 because of space
tio n _ St udy t h is book Iimi tettons. Average
a nd g o into the exam edit ion, 2 4 pages,
with co n fide n ce . 317 8 y" ;w; 11. F ree to all
p ages. softbound . $6 . a ctive 2m FM ama -
teurs in t he N e....
Eng la n d area . Else
w here, S2Jyr.

FM Repeater
W 0 rl d ..... .o e .
Gre en , E d it o r .
L in ings by st ates
(o r c ou n trie s) and CItie s
of ell r ep e. te rs. both
open end closed , in th e
world . Ma ps a re m .
eluded show in g t he
states and cou nties.
w ith the area o f th e
repeater ind ic ated . Per
tc c tcenv u p da t ed . H an -
d y size for mob ile 1.'58,
6 % x 8 %. 6 0 pages,
.oftbound , $1 .50.
FM Anthology,
Wlly n. Gr n ,
Editor .
Man of th r ly
edit.o n s
B u ll . l in
0'
th. F M
(F . b
57 - F.b 6 81 p re
sented .nt eel . lOlee t
Iy ,n th.y ...... r. edi
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read . b o u t Ih. FM
p.onltef"S .n nat eu r
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II. 1 1. so f t b o u n d , $4.

GLE ... E, acc 1(1l8T...

Converting Commercial
FM Gear" b y G len E.
Zook . K 9S T H
Gen eral i n fo rma t io n
FM Re peat e r Hand -
book . bv K en S e ssIo ns
Conta ins all th e ba RADIO AMA lEUR'S
sics for gett ing st a rted
In repeaters , T h iS m t cr

on co mme rci a l F M l1e ar me r ton witl p rove In HANDBOO K

with spec if ic co nve r - va lu a b le 10 all FMers
T his b oo s h o w s t h e

s io n s fo r
equ i p m e n t,
M o t o rol a
inclUding wev s in w h ich FM as an
CO VERTrNG portab le. Co n tai ns eu amateur m ode . s de
COMMERCIAL 't h e details fo r buying ve lo p in g and cescobes
FMGE A R a nd converting th ese the me an s b y which
rigs for use as re p e a t e rs y o u c a n partic ip a te .n
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A TIME FOR
EVERYTH NG
T ime and tid e wa it for no ma n." So
ru ns an o ld English prove rb a ttri -
bu ted to Chaucer in t he 14th ce n tu ry . As
far as time is concerned, this is not
surprising - with time moving a t the speed
of electrons in space, man is ruled by time!
Time has influenced all of the actions of
mankind since the beginn ing, whe n t he
caveman no doubt planned his life arou nd
the rising a nd se tti ng of the su n . Wars have
been wo n a nd lost becau se o f tim e , o r th e
lack o f it; and in th eir everyday actio ns
man and a nimals base the ir every m ove
u po n time .
Becau se the time o f da y varies thro ugh-
ou t th e world , the zo nal time co mp u te r
that is included in this article can prove
valuable to anyo ne who has occasion to
k now the time at any point o n t he eart h 's
surface with respect to his ow n positio n .
FEBRU ARY 1973
A. A. Wick s WB6 K FI
306 46 R igger R oad
A goura CA 9 1301
T he m ap draw n o n t he fa ce o f th e
co mpu ter is known as a "mod ified po lar
azimu t ha l projec tion." This map presen ts a
view as if yo u were statio ne d in space
above the No rth Po le, lo oking d own , but
somehow you ca n view ben eath th e
equa torial line. A map such as this become s
highly distorted wh en viewed th is way, b u t
the sha pe o f the co ntinen ts, es pecially in
the Nort he rn hemi sp here is q uite clear. The
co mp u ter and its o perat io n will be
described more fully la ter, but first , let us
exa mine so me int eresting background
rela ti ng to tim e.
Man pro babl y advan ced his t ime ke eping
ability by wa tc hi ng the changing positio n
of shado ws cas t by trees and other o bjects
as the day progressed. There is evidence t o
suggest that in very ea rly ti mes, by very
comp lex calculations the p riests o f St one-
125
he nge ( England) were ab le to increase their
powe r over their people by recognizing
that the sun cast the same shadow at the
same time in a certain position each
year - thus they were able to forecast the
occurrence of certain natural phenomena,
such as an eclipse.
Later came the sundial, burning candle!'>
that had markers on them for keeping
time, and finally watches and clocks. The
invention of the latter instrume nts, about
1700 , made the use of apparent sola r time
less than satisfacto ry, because apparent
solar ti me, which is th e time as measu red
by a cast shadow fro m the sun, varies east
and west of any given point at any
mome nt. In fact , this variance amounts to
four min utes for every degree of longit ude.
So, for a watch to be strictly accurate it
would need to be set ahead or back for
each degree!
Until quite recently, time measured in
minutes and hours was quite sufficient for
daily accuracy ; and indeed . this is still
usually enough for one's purpose .
Ho wever. advances in all of the sciences,
pa r t ic u larly electronics, now require
extre me ly minu te measurements or actions
to occur in t he electronic compu te r, where
functions are measured in picoseconds (one
million-millio nth of a second I) , fo r such
purposes as propagatio n delays in int e-
grated logic circ uits .
Altho ugh t he me thods of measu rin g
time have varied, the measure me nt is
always based upon some recurring phenom-
enon; the apparent motion of the sun
around the earth being the most common
observation. Time measurement based on
this observation is known as mean solar
time. Time measured by observing the
earth's movement in respect to the fixed
sta rs is know n as sidereal time. Yo u will
notice that we emphasized the word
" ap pa rent." Obvio usl y , although it appea rs
to us, an d it did to ancient man, tha t the
sun and stars are mo ving across the sky and
we are standing st ill, th e motion is ac tually
due to the rotation of the earth u po n its
axis.
Mean so lar time, until 1956, was the
scale upon which the arbi trarily selected
unit of time - the second - was based .
However, because the speed of rotation of
126
the earth is not constan t, correctio ns to
solar time are consta ntly necessary . Due to
this, the mean solar second was replaced
with "ephemeris" time as the fundamental
unit of time interval. Ephemeris time is
also determined by astronomical obser-
vations of the stars other than the sun.
Nevertheless, mean solar time continues
to form the basis for providing time zones
arou nd t he earth. The circumference of the
earth is divided into 360 degrees, and a
fixed point on th e eart h will turn th rough
these 360 degrees in 24 hours. The instant
when th e sun comes over an observer
de pends upon his positio n o n the earth -
his longitude . Because of the difficult y
men tio ne d previously, that was encoun-
tered when wa tc hes were first introduced,
an hour of time was arbitrarily assigned to
an area by local custom. This created
another problem which was serious enough
while travel was still relatively slow, by
foot and by horse and carriage, but with
the coming of steam trains the situation
became chaotic. Sometimes, a person
traveling east and west (o r even south and
no r th! ) would pass through three different
ti mes-of-day in traveli ng but 50 miles,
because of local time differe nces th at were
selected by th e various towns and villages .
St andard Time
Primarily . beca use of the railroad , but
also because of this general confusion,
"Standard" time was adopted by most of
the nations of the day at a conference held
in Washington , D.C. in 1884. Standard
time, as defined, was to be based on the
mean solar day as reckoned by the Royal
Observatory. England, and the meridian of
longitude at Greenwich, England was
accep ted as the prime (zero) merid ian . This
meridian had existed, of cou rse, for cen-
tur ies bu t was no t ack now ledged by every
nat ion as being the prime me ridian. At the
confe rence t he re was a grea t deal of deba te
deciding wh ere the pri me merid ian wo uld,
in fact , be locat ed . The merid ian s of
Jerusalem and Rome were advoca ted for
religious reasons; the one passi ng through
the Great Pyramid at EI Gizeh was sug-
gested due to the survival of this landmark
for centuries: and even one passing through
73 M AGAZ IN E
 Hierro in the Ca nary Island s wa s recom-
me nded because o f its lo cat io n on impor-
tant sea la nes. On ce the de cision was
rea ched to d esignate the meridian at Green-
wich , an instrument known as the " Airy
tran sit circle" installed there comp r ised th e
primary referen ce . This de vi ce is sti ll at th is
lo ca tio n , maintained as part o f a national
museum. By agreement at the conference ,
the cen tra l crosshair o f this instrument
de signates the fundamental reference point
for det ermining longitude . Although the
Ro yal Observatory was moved in 1948
from Greenwi ch to Herst mo nceu x Castle in
Sussex, no change was made to the prime
meridian re feren ce po int lo cation .
Having establish ed th e zero referen ce
point , the meth od for calculating th e hour
of the so lar day was determined . The
earth's 360-degree circumference is divided
into 2 4 time belts, or zo nes, of 15 d egrees
each, with each zo ne d iffering in ti me from
Gree nwic h by a n integra l numb er of hours.
T he ce nter of each zon e is on one of the
merid ian s, with the zo ne itsel f ex tend ing
71h degrees on each side of the me ridian .
Int erest ingly enoug h, the standa rds as
es tab lished at this co nfere nce were not
ra tified by the . Unite d St ates govern men t
until March 19 , 19 18 . Although co m merce ,
and the rai lroads particularly , se t th eir own
tim e zones, usuall y at divisional po ints,
tim e fro m place to place varied widely
unt il th is ratifi ca tion o ccurred. T od ay , in
the U.S., ti me zo nes are established by t he
Interstate Co m merce Commission .
T he zones alo ng t he me-ri dians are not
always exa ctly para llel. Po litical boundaries
of the various co u n tries and states have
cause d so me modifi catio n , so that although
the sea and in the air a zon e will parallel a
meridia n, a time zone on land may zig-zag
considerably . For in stance, in traveling in a
straight line north and sou th in R ussia, one
may have to cha nge his watch three times
between its sou thern border and the Arctic
o cean .
Other cou n tries and places, alth ough
having time differences from Greenwich
that are fairly close to the nearest meridian
zone , have fractional hourly cha nges. For
instance, the T onga island group, at 17 5 0
west longitude in th e Pacific, has a time
FEBRUAR Y 197 3
d ifferen ce fro m Greenwich o f minu s 12
hours and 19 mi nut es: the Co ok is lands.
also in the Pacific, have a differen ce of
m inu s 10 hours and 38 minute s. A great
many pla ces have hal f-hour di fferen ces
from th e zo ne hour, as India , with min us 5
hours and 30 min u tes fro m t he Greenwi ch
merid ian .
In ternational Date Line
At so me po in t on the ea rth's su rface a
new day mu st begin fo r the purpose o f
det ermining time . The position for this was
arbitrarily adop te d by se afare rs man y years
ago, as a place co nve nien t to them bu t not
in convenient to any populous area . Th is
position was the 180th me rid ia n eas t and
west o f Greenwich. ( Fo r navigational pur-
po ses, the eart h's 36 0 degree s is mad e up
o f 180 degrees eas t, and J 8 0 d egrees west ,
o f Greenwich prime or zero meridian.) Th e
In tern atio nal Date Line divert s from the
18 0 th merid ian in se veral places to avoid
large land o r populated areas, notab ly th e
East Cape o f the USSR, The Aleutia ns, and
the Fiji island area of the Sout h Pacific.
When crossing this line trave ling west , one
fu ll day is "lost," and when crossing ea st , a
day is "gain ed. " That is, on the east side o f
the line it may be 090 0 on Tu esd ay , b u t
im mediat ely on th e ot her side alt hough it
is also 090 0, it is Wed nesd ay . It may be
consid ered th e po in t where the " new d ay "
begi ns , and, o f co urse , in dete rmining time
diffe ren ces be twee n zon es, th is day d iffer-
en ce mu st be co nsidered. T he International
Date Line is not o ffic ially recognized by
any world agreement at the present time,
but is, nevertheless, accepted .
Int ern at ional Use of T ime
The mean so lar tim e o f the Greenwich
meridian is used for many co m m ercial,
scientific, and technical purposes to avo id
problems that would occu r by a ttem p ting
to use co nflicting lo cal time s. The o ffic ial
name that has been ad opted is Un iversal
Time, ab b reviated UT , b u t frequently b y
long custo m it is designated GMT ( fo r
Greenwi ch Mean Time) . It is also kn own as
"Z" (Zulu) T ime , es pecially in the military
services. The latter d esignation is also
arrived at b y international agreement , as is
127
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the arrangement o f all o f the o ther lettered
zones de scribed below. T imes recorded in
the successive 15 degree zones east o f Zone
Z are de signated by the suffixes A through
L (omitting J ). Time in the eas tern half o f
th e zo ne over the Date Line is suffixed M.
Westward fro m Z zone, the ti me suffixes
are N throu gh X. The letter Y is applied to
time in the wes te rn ha lf o f the dat e lin e.
Man y o t he r time zo nes are estab lished
locally . Western Europe is on Central
European Ti me ( -I hour, or ahead of
Greenwich or Z time) , the British Isles and
Po rt ugal also re cently changed to this time,
previously having been o n Z time . Mexico ,
for t he most pa rt , follows t he same time as
United States Centra l Time (+6 diffe ren ce
fro m Greenwich) , alt hough mo st of that
cou n try is ove r th e 10 5 W. lo ngitude
meridian (+7 ho urs) . Newfo u ndland an d
Labra dor are 31> hours (+3.3 0) be hin d Z
time . New Brunswick , Nova Scotia, and
Eastern Quebec are on At lantic T ime, and
although Alaska is 10 hours behind GMT,
fou r time zones are actually in use in that
state.
For these reason s it has not been
possible to show all of the many time zon e
variances on th e ma p on o ur co mp u te r. In
gen eral, the tim e zo ne whic h lies ove r a
cou n try or co n tine n t will be correc t for
that place. However, for specific places, the
Index of Locat ions shou ld be consulted. A
few spaces are provided to allow you to
enter any places that may not be included
and t o which you may wish to refer
frequently.
The 24-hour Clock
In civil use in th e United Sta tes and
some o ther co u ntries it is custo ma ry to
assign a .m. as a suffix to th e hours .from
midnigh t to noo n, and to indicate fro m
noon to mi dnight by using p.m. There is
always t he possibility of o mi tti ng either
suffix, or of erroneously sho wing noon as
either 12 a.m . or midnight as 12 p.m . Such
ambiguity is avoided by using a 24-hour
system and assigning 24ho ur designations
to a t z-ho ur clock, not ne cessa rily on the
face of the clock, but by rememb eri ng
wh ere t he di fferences o ccur.
You will have not iced tha t virt ua lly all
130
rad io sched ules are in the 24 hour system.
The hours from midnight to no on are
indicated as 0000 to 1200 to the first tw o
digits of the hour two mo re digit s are
added to indicate the minut es . The hours
from I ::! noon u ntil o ne minute before
midn igh t are referred to as 120 0 to 2359 .
The wo rd "hours" is not ad de d afte r the
fo ur digits. Th e 24ho ur d ay system , begin-
ning at midn ight GMT., was accepted as a
standa rd by wo rld governme n ts o n J an uary
1, 19 25. On our co m pu ter no minutes have
been shown , as these will vary according to
the moment of use . Unless the place for
whi ch the time is being calculated is o n a
fractional part of an hour differen ce , the
minu tes will always be the same at both
you r location an d the o ther place.
Time Signals
In an international so ciety there are
many phe nome na that depend o n exact
tim ing and uniform recognit ion of time .
Tide timetables for ships, for instan ce,
must all speak the same time " language" to
mean the same for all nationalities.
Communications and transportation must
also have uniformity in their de signation o f
time . In addit ion to recognizing a universal
system, therefore , the broadcast ing of time
signa ls for the accura te adj ustme nt o f
chrono me te rs for these services must be
based u pon a standa rd , and th is standard
has been accepted as GMT .
Many radio stat io ns tran smit time
signals for these purpo ses. Accuracy, to an
atomic cloc k primary stand ard (wherein
time is syn chronized to the frequency o f
oscillation of electro ns in certain su b-
sta nces) , remain s co nsta nt over a year to
about o ne pa rt in 10 1 0 . Navigat iona l Lo ran
tim e pulses of the United Stat es Coast
Gua rd are accurate to one micro second .
Detail s of the transm ission of tim e signals
thro ugho ut the worl d are usually available
from the government agency controlling
telecommuni cations for the various coun-
tries. In the United States and Canada, the
most recognized stations are WWV ,
National Bu reau of Standard s at Fort
Collins, Colora do , tra nsmi t ting o n 2 .5 , 5 .0 ,
10 .0 , 20 .0, an d 25 .0 MH z; and CHU, the
Do min io n Obse rvatory, Canada , tra nsmit-
ting on 3 .33 , 7.335, and 14 .67 MH z .
73 MAGAZ INE
 Asse m bling the Comp u ter
Cu t out the two circles ca refu lly ,
keeping th e cu t to just expose th e ed ge
line . Paste th e circles to any heavy card
stoc k cut to the sa me d imensions. Using a
sma ll pin , mak e a small hol e in the ce n te r
of each piece, wh ere th e dot ind icates the
cen ter. Place the smaller circle d irectl y ove r
th e larger , then fasten them with a small
eyelet posit ione d exac tl y in the ce n ter. If
the ho les are not exactly cen te red , the tim e
zo nes will no t align properly . Eyelets may
be obtained at most notion cou n ters of
five-a nd-dim e o r department st ores. One
package, known as " E-Z No . 720:' co n-
tain s 25 eye le ts together with a to ol for
making th e hole, and a no t he r for crimp ing
the eyelet, all fo r 29 4. This package is
man ufact ured b y E-Z Buckle, Inc. of New
Yo rk , N.Y. A snap-faste ner, also ava ilab le
in notion s d epartme nt s, may also be used ,
but may not allow the di sk s to turn as
smoo t hly. As a last resort a sma ll scre w,
flat washers, and a nut may be used .
Using the Compu ter
Using the co mp u ter is extremely sim ple .
Directions for its use ar e printed o n the
lo wer di sk . Just remember to alway s co n-
sider th at if the lo cat ion fo r whic h yo u are
calc ulati ng th e ti me is west of the In ter-
national Dat e Line a nd yo u are east of it, it
is "tomorrow" there ; and "yesterday " if
you ar e lo cated west of the line and th e
tim e you are seeking is east of th e line .
The positive and negative hours shown
o n the o u ter perimeter o f the top disk
actually represe n t the ti me d ifferen ce in
hours from Greenw ich Mean Time at a
part icular meridian . This time diffe-ren ce
would be true at any lo cation where
political bo u nd aries o r lo cal law s are not
applicable ; for ins tance. at sea, o r where no
legal time has be en esta blished (parts o f
Gre en land, fo r exa mp le ). On the co mp u ter
th e positive and negat ive ho urs guide the
user to the correct l o ne as refe renced in
the Index of Locatio ns.
To find standa rd t im e at an y place In
relation to lo cal tim e :
I . Place present lo cal tim e o n o u ter di sk
o p posite zo ne for lo cal meridian .
2. Read stand ard time for o ther lo ca-

FEBRU AR Y 19 73 131

tton , on outer disk opposite zone as Formosa -8

G reece +2,+3:+4
obtained for place desired on Index of G uatemala +6
Locations. Haiti +5
Hawa ii +10
No te: Add or subt ract as req uired for H onduras +6
eit her or bot h locat ions to accoun t for Hong Kong -8
other than standard time . Ice land +1
India -5%
To find Standard Time at any place for I ran -3%
a time other than local present time , Israel - 2
substitute req uired local time for present Jamaica +5
Japan -9
ti me in (l) above , and pro ceed as in (2 ), K iev, USSR -3
Index of Locations Ko rea -9
List o f places with zo nes t o b e u sed as they L atv ia -3
appear o n front of compute r. W here enti re o r Moscow', USS R -3
nearly entire co u nt r y is in one zone , ci t ies within New Zealand - 12
that co u nt ry are not listed . Nicaragua +6
Paraguay +4
Afghanistan - 4% Peru +5
Austra lia - Perth -8 Phiflipi nes -8
- Syd ney - 10 Puerto Rico +4
A laska - A nchorage + 10 Rangoon Burma - Slh
- Juneau +8 Singapore - 7lh
-Nome + 11 South Africa -2
A rgentina +4 Su rabaja Java -7
Bol ivia +4 Syria - 2
Brazi l +3 Thailand -7
Chile +4 T urk ey -2
China -8 U nited Arab . Rep. - 'Z
Colombia +5 Uruguay +3
Cuba +5 Ve nezuela +4
Ecu ador +5 V iet Nam -8
E th iop ia - 3 V ladivostok , USS R - 10
Europe - 1
Finland - 2 . . . WB6 KFI

132 73 MAG AZI NE

 1lA1\ .,- 00 0

u.... IlAl\ .,- 0"

RUSH RUSH RUSH

) ~,SAVE! SAVE! SAVE!
ONE DAY ONLY - AT ALL HARRISON STORES

uHam Headquarters, U.S.A~"

COME IN 000
COME IN 0 0 0

TAKE YOUR PICK OF CHOOSE FROM

100 101
BRAND NEW FULLY GUARANTEED
RECEIVERS AND TOP CONDITION TRADEINS
TRANSMlnERS RECEIVERS AND
TRANSMITTERS
At And Less Than In the workf famous Harrison Trad.in
Center. At prices chopped 'way down
Regu'. Franchised for this super salel
Distributor's Cost TRAD Eol NS WE LCOMED
MOST MAKES! LOTS OF MODELS!
BRING ' EM ALONG

~
ALL FULLY GUARANTEED!

0n
CHARGE IT!
ONLY ONE
sPECIAL ~ GECC
SALE ITEM
r r l S BAN KAMER ICARD
MAST ER CHARG E
ToA
CUsTOMER
Thousands of
a "Ham Headquarters, U.S.A ~"
other items
$pElciallV *FARMINGDALE. L.Io * NEW YORK CITY *VALLEY STREAM
reduced for 2265 R OUT E 11 0 8 BA RCL A Y STREET 10 SU NR IS E H WY .
this sale Only 26 m inut" from N.V .C. Jus! 1'1, Block s East o f 0 u ' IA t R oc kaw a y Ave nue )
NO DEALERS L.I . Ell pr e nway to Ellit 495 . famous o ld landmark JUSI East of G reen Ac,"
ADMITTED I So u t h 2 m iles t o our big st ore in lo w er Manhalta n . S hoppi ng Center
parking f ield (N ear B r oad w ay and C It V HaU)
AMPLE PARKING

 For the most powerful antennas under the sun

Go all the way into

the
There's nothing half-way about the new Hy-Gain REPEATER LINE.
Designed for the man who demands professional standards in 2
meter mobile equipment, the REPEATER LINE is the 2 meter HAM's
dream come true, It's got everything you need for top performance" ,
toughness, efficiency and the muscle to gain access to distant re-
peaters with ease. Reaches more stations, fixed or mobile, direct,
without a repeater.
The right antennas for the new FM transceivers .. . or any 2 meter
mobile rig.
Rugged, high riding mobiles. Ready to go where you go, take what
you dish out... and deliver every bit of performance your rig is ca-
pable of.
261 Commercial duty 1/4 wave, claw mounted roof top whip. Pre-
cision tunable to any discrete frequency 108 thru 470 MHz. Com-
plete with 18' of coax and connector. 17-7 ph stainless steel whip.
260 Same as above. Furnished without coax.
262 Rugged, magnetic mount whip. 108 thru 470 MHz. Great for
temporary or semi-permanent no-hole installation. Holds secure
to 100 mph. Complete with coax and connector. Base matching
coil for 52 ohm match. 17-7 ph stainless steel wh ip.
263 Special no-hole trunk lip mount. 3 db gain. 130 thru 174 MHz.
5/8 wave. Complete with 16' coax. Operates at DC ground. Base
matching coil for 52 ohm match. 17-7 ph stainless steel whip.
264 High efficiency, vertically polarized omnid irectional roof top
whip. 3 db gain. Perfect 52 ohm match provided by base match-
ing co il with DC ground. Coax and connector furnished.
265 Special magnetic mount. 3 db gain. Performance equal to per-
manent mounts. Holds at 90 mph plus. 12' of coax and con-
nector. Base matching coil for 52 ohm match. 17-7 ph stainless
steel wh ip. DC ground.
2E9 Rugged , durable, continuously loaded flexible VHF antenna for
portables and walkie talkies. Completely insulated with special
vinyl coating . Bends at all angles without breaking or cracking
finish. Cannot be accidentally shorted out. Furnished with 5/16-
32 base. Fits Motorola HT; Johnson: RCA Personalfone ; Federal
Sign & Signal: and certain KAAR, Aerotron, Comco and Repco
units.
 2 meter mobile! with

from
,

269

260 261 262 263 264 265

,
l.

Top performance for 2 meter mobiles

THE REPEATER LINE
from
HY-GAIN ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
BOX 5407WH LINCOLN, NEBRASKA 68505

WRITE FOR DETAILS

I
For the most powerful antennas under the sun

NEW
2 Meter Fixed Station
Designed for the man who demands professional standards in 2
meter equipment. REPEATER LINE fixed station antennas are the 2
meter HAM's dream come true, With everything you need for top fixed
station partormance. . . toughness, efficiency and the gain to gain
access to distant repeaters with ease. Work many stations, fixed or
mobile, without access to a repeater.
The right antennas for the new FM transceivers ... or any 2 meter
fixed station.
REPEATER LINE Fixed Station Antennas
Tough , high efficiency antennas with a long, low radiation. For the
top signal and reception you want.. . and the top pertormance your
transceiver's ready to deliver.
267 Standard 1/4 wave ground plane. May be precision tuned to any
discrete frequency between 108 and 450 MHz. Takes maximum
legal power. Accepts PL-259. Constructed of heavy gauge seam-
less aluminum tubing.
268 For repeater use. Special stacked 4 dipole configuration. 9.5
db offset gain. 6.1 db omnidirectional gain. Heavy wall com-
mercial type construction. 144 thru 174 MHz. 1.5:1 VSWR over
15 MHz bandwidth eliminates field tuning. Extreme bandwidth
great for repeater use. Center fed for best low angle radiation .
DC ground. Complete with plated steel mounting clamps.
338 Colinear ground plane. 3.4 db gain omnidirectionally. Vertically
polarized. 52 ohm match. Radiator of seamless aluminum tub-
ing; radials of solid aluminum rod. VSWR less than 1.5 :1 . All
steel parts iridite treated. Accepts PL-259.
362 SJ2S4 high pertormance all-driven stacked array. 4 vertically
polarized dipoles. 6.2 omnidirectional gain. 52 ohm. May be
mounted on mast or roof saddle. Unique phasing and matching
harness for pertect parallel phase relationship. Center fed.
Broad band response. DC ground.
340 3 element high pertormance beam . 9 db gain. Coaxial balun .
Special VHF Beta Match configuration. Unidirectional pattern ,
VSWR 1.5:1. 52 ohm impedance. Heavy gauge aluminum tubing
and tough aluminum rod construction.
341 8 element high pertormance beam. 14.5 db gain. Coaxial balun.
VHF Beta Match. Unidirectional. Boom length 14'. VSWR 1.5:1 .
52 ohm feed point. Heavy gauge commercial type aluminum
construction.
231 15 element high pertormance beam. 17.8 db gain. Coaxial balun.
Beta Match . Unidirectional. Boom length 28' . VSWR 1.5:1. 52
ohm feedpoint. Extra-strength heavy wall commercial alumi-
num tubing .
 from aln
Antennaswith re I PUNCH!

231

~ 267

'"

340

362 33B 26B

341
-'- -
WRITE FOR DETAILS
For top fixed station performance on 2 meters, ,.
THE REPEATER LINE
From
HY-GAIN ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
BOX 5407WH LINCOLN . NEBRASKA 68505
 Semiconductor Supermart
MOTOROLA. RCA. FAIRCHILD. NATIONAL. HEP PLESSEY

DIGITAL READOUT SPECIAL OFFER PLESSEY

r At a price
$3.20
Digital rea dout SL403D
3.5 W AUDIO AMP IC
. I-' everyo ne BCD to 7 - Segment
HI-FI QUALITY
o ca n afford
Operates from 5 VDC
Same as TT L and DTL
Decoder/dr iver
7490 Decade Counter
.747 5 Latch
$3.95
with 12 pages of
\>
Will last 250,000 hou rs Only $8.20 construction data
Actual Size

T he M IN ITRO N reado ut is a mi niature d irect NAT IONAL DEVICES

viewed incandescent f ilame nt n-5egmentl dis- LM370 A Ge/S que lch am p . . . ..... . $ 4.85
play in a 16-pin DIP w ith a her metically sea led LM 373 AM / FM /SS8 strip $ 4.8 5
front lens. Size and appearance a re very similar t o LM309K 5V 1A regul at or. I f you are usi ng TTL
LE 0 readouts. The big different is in t he p rice. you need th is one. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . $3.0 0
Any color f il t er can be used .
POP ULAR IC's
MC1550 Motorola RF amp .. _ $1.80 CORES AND BEADS
CA3020 RCA % Waud io $3.01 T 20Q-2 . .. . . ... .. . . . . . . . .. . .... $2.0 0
CA3020A RCA 1 aud io ..... .. ... $3.9 2 KW Balun kit onlv $ 3 .50
CA3028A RCA RF amp . .... . .. . . . $ 1.77 T68-2 3 cores ... ..... . .. . . . . . . ... . $ 1.0 0
CA3001 IlCA . .. . . . . . . . ... . . ... $6.66 T50-2 3 co res . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . $ 1.0 0
MC 1306P Motoro la 11, W aud io .. ... . $1 .10 T 50-6 3 cores . . . .... .... . . . ... . . $ 1.0 0
MC 1350P H igh gain RF amp/IF amp . . $1. 15 T50-10 3 cores . . ... . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . $ 1.00
MC1357P FM IF amp Quadrature det . $2.25 T44-1 0 3 cores . ..... . . .... . . $ 1.00
MC 1496 Hard to find Bal. Mod $3.25 BEAD SPECIAL
MFC9020 Motorola 2 -Watt audio $2.50
MFC40 10 Mult i-purpose wide ba nd amp $ 1.25 Ferrite Bead s 1 doz. . . .. . ... .. . .. .. . . $ 1.00

~~~
M FC8040 Low n oise preamp ...... . $ 1.5 0
MC 1303P Dual Stereo prea mp ...... $2.7 5
MC 1304P FM m u ltip lex er stereo demod $ 4.9 5

MPF102
FETs
JF ET . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .$.60
INTRODUCING~ DEVICES AT
MPF 105/2N5459 JFET. .... . ... . . . . . . . $ .96 NEW LOW PRICES
MPF 107 /2N5486 JF ET V HF /UHF $ 1.26 LA301B ( Replaces CA30 1B $ 1.60
MPF 12 1 Low-cost dual gat e VHF RF . $.85
M FE30 07 Du al-gate $ 1.98 LA3046 (Replaces CA30461 1.60
4 067 3 Dual-gat e .... ..... ... $ 1.7 5 LS370 (Replaces LM370) 4.00
3N 140 Dual -gate $ 1.95
LS1496 (Improved MC1496) 2.00
3N 141 D ual-gat e $1.8 5
LS3028A (Replaces CA302B) 1.60
NEW FAIRCHILD ECL LP1000 (A new fu n-type device to make
HIGH SPEED DIGITAL IC'S LED f lashers, audio osc, ti mer etc .l 1.60
9258 Du al " 0 " FF toggles bey o nd 160 MHZ
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. $4.65 COMING SOON THE LP2000
9582 Multi-function gate & amp lif ier . $ 3 .1 5 MICRO -TRANSMITTER IN A
9 5H 90 3 0 0 M Hz d ec ad e cou nter .... $1 6.00
A 9 5 H90 & 9582 makes an excellent p rescaler
lO-PIN IC PACKAGE.
to ex t end low frequency cou nters to V H F - or
use two 9528s for a 160 MHz presealer. Please add 35t! for shipping

SIGNETICS PHASE LOCK LOOP

Circuil Specialisls
Box 3047. Scottsdale. AZ 85257
NE56 1B Phase Lock Loop $4.75
NE 562B. Phase Lock Loop .. ... . .. . . $4.75 FACTORYAUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR FOR
N 5111 A F M /IF De modu lator ,.....$ 1.50 Motorola HEP - Circuit-Stick - Piessey
-N E 56 6 V F unctio n Generator : $ 4 .75 All devices are first quality and are
NE567V T o n e D eco d er .... .. . ""$4.75 fully guaranteed.
 J J
T he f o ll o win g circu its have appeared in the reference d boo l~ s.
m a gazine s , application n ote s, e tc.
While w e t ry t o r ep rodu ce all of t h e i n fo r m a tio n th at shou l d b e need ed b y an ex p eri en c ed c o ns t r uc to r,
re ade rs ma y wan t to a vail th e m se lves of the o rig in al sou rce s {or p eace o f m in d.
R eade rs are recues ted to p ass along an y i nterestin g circu its t h at th ey d i scove r i n so urces other th an
U.S . ham m agazin e s. C ircu its sh o uld be o rien ted to ward ama te ur rad io a nd ex p e rimen ta t ion rathe r
th an in d ustria l o r co m p u t er t ectv notoev , Su bm it circui t w it h all p a r ts va lues o n it . a very b rie f
exp l a n a t i o n of th e circ u it and a n y additio nal p arts inform ation requ ire d , g i ve th e source and a n ole o f
p e rm issio n t o rep r in t from th e copyrigh t holder. if an y . and th e rewa rd f o r a p ublish ed circ u it w ill be a
c h o ic e o f a 73 bo o k . Se n d you r ci rc u its t o 73 Circu its P age, 73 Magazine, Peterbo rou gh N H 03458.

It <10 nS K

ct '.
"
0
Q'
18 pF --, 1 '-;;;;
"""" U ~

~ AI
"A
;
~c~ "
2 .21<

Q'
OUTPUT
~ "lUA.'
WAV E
c
" ,.
2"' 708

.O~\ " A
.OO5 ~
~ --

#
-----f- -,." :::

r.
Dio de cen ter tap for u se with m odulation trans-
formers that h ave no cen ter tap. Th is circuit was
or iginally designed to m odula te a tetrode balanced
A
- /Ll* mo dula tor. Audio is injected into the singl e en d.
KSLLI
$'= IO V
- 12 \/DC coo....
100 mA

SQUARE WAVE SQURCE " 5.6il .: I~~I ; ~

"m ~~ "
Trim L1 f or best waveshape. An over tone cry stal "
'I'
(od d or der) can be substi tu ted for Cl. For 5 1 ohm
outp ut ch ange R1 and R4, re duce supply to 8 ,,~=lktV -
vol ts. H eat sinks suggeste d on Q1 and Q 2. Wh en
cu tt ing an d tying, re d uce input to a bo ut 6 vo lts.
"
I:-
I ..-""'''''
* , '"
All r esistors are W carbon . Capacitors in decimal ,:,';
are elise type (short leads). 2N 70S 's f or best 1
p erformance are Fairchild (other bran ds w ork, but .~~HI
do n ot give clean waveshape).
..-" '~I ,
"
Harmonics o bserve d into microwave r egion.
Symmetrical square wave a t o u tp u t; dc referenc e r. r; r:
to ground. Output at 4 MPS ~ .5 watt. Short
c ircuit protected.
This two fre quency cr ys tal oscilla tor changes fre-
quency by sim p ly r eversing the supply vo l tage.
When th e sup ply vo l tage is ch anged , th e transistor
Typical Values
inverts i tself; usually transistors m ay n o t be used in
MPS C2 pF L1
the inverted mo de, bu t in an oscilla tor a gain of
4.0 100 8 2 1lH only 1 or 2 is n eeded and th is c ircuit p ro vides a
10 .0 47 15 n ovel an d simple way of o b taining two frequencies
15.0 47 10 from a singl e stage with a minim um of switching.
20.0 47 4.7 Almost any PNP rf transistor will work as Q1 . D 1
30.0 47 2.2 & 2 are general p urpose silicon diodes. From 73
50.0 47 2.2 Useful Transistor Circ uits, availa ble f or $ 1 from
72.0 39 .22 73.
Thanks to W8MPB. Continued on pa ge 143 . . .

FEBRUAR Y 1973 139

 .-

A little,free bo k that can lead

you to t adventures on a
be~ " u ~, n theWest indies.
,..0: .- ,-

--
, --, We'll show you more of the West Indies
'"
- it.
than you'll e ver see out of a hotel room
-

window. You'll set foot on Dominica

-
/
.... {i".; , Montserrat. Guadaloupe, English
/ Antigua and French Martinique.
You'll skindive. swim. snorkel, prowl
uninhabited beaches. You'll limbo.
calypso and rock to a steel band. Take
a night watch or fall asleep under a
star spangled sky. 10 days from $250.
It could make the best-seller list!

e W1ncflOmmer Cruises.

Cap'n Mike. Windjammer Cruises.
P.O. Box 120, Dept. '9340
Miami Beach. Florida 33139.
h\s\S , ,
'\'
Send me the little. free book!

',omt1\\n
\.
\_.'1,,\.,,1 N ame .
;\"",.... 1"..,\';Fh
'\" ""\1<:'\ h\
Addre ss , , .
'1ll> .. >1'w;'\"'~ \
C ity S ta te Zip .
,\1> ~ ... "I""\ ~ :'
" .\ \. '1 .'11 ."IH !l1
 IOWAns
OUTPUT
ALL
SOLID STATE

feature after feature

after feature 12
CHANNELS.
BACK lIGKTED
Seen denying yourself all that great fun so NUMBERS
many other amateurs are having with their
rock -soli d. through -the -repeater contacts?
Delay no longer! Hasten to your SSE deal-
er. Verify that the brilliant new 58144
has more channels -v-greater power output
starts your enjoyment now by incl uding SUPPliED
th ree sets of crysta ls on popular repeater WITH
fr equ en cies and a high qua lity, SSE ex- 3 SETS OF
c1 usive dynamic microphone without extra CRYSTALS
charge. Add a sizzling, do uble-co nversion
receiver an d a combo "S" and output
meter wit h big lighted sca le t ha t also saves
yo ur batter y by showing when the tra ns-
ceiver is ON.
Conf irm th e pr ice t hen make th e d eal.
Lose no time in securing t his book-si ze LARGE
b eauty und er yo ur das h wit h the tilt able SCALE METER,
mou ntin g bracket supplied. Then, po wer COMBO,
on! ENJOY! "S"/OUTPUT

2 meter FM
58- 14 4 TRANSCEIVER

SUPPLIED
WITH
DYNAMIC
MIC.

ISSEI
UNEAR
SYSTEMS. INC.
220
Airport Blvd.
Watsonville. CA
95076

I
 Gene Brizendine W4ATE
600 Hununingbird Drive SE
PROTECTION FOR ICs HuntsviJIe AL 35803

h is IO saving circuit is so simple it may ze ner diode. The load devices are pro tec ted
T appear too obvious to suggest. Ho w-
ever, sho uld a regulated po we r sup ply pass
because the ap plie d voltage canno t ex ceed
7.25 volts. The power su pply transformer
t ransistor shor t-circuit , $ 100 worth of IC's and rectifier are protected by the co mbined
may easily be destroyed by excessive vo lt- dissipa tions of R and CR .
age, for example. The cost of new IC's, plus
PASS
the often tedio us task of troubleshooting TRANSI ~ I
and replacement , emphasizes the need for R 1
such positive protection. I
I IC
Essentially , a selec ted zene r diode is 7.25V I 5V
IW CIRCUTS
wired internally acro ss the regulated powe r CR I
I I
supply o ut put. A typical applica tio n fo r I REQl..ATED I
pro te cting the pop ular 7400 TTL IC series is p()lI,yffi suPPLY
outl ined in Fig. 1. T his particular IC fa mily
has a power su pply spa n of negativ e 0 volts Fig. 1. 1C prot ec tive circ uit.
to a positive 7 volt s. The device design The exac t value s o f Rand CR are
supply voltage is 5.5 volt s, therefore d uri ng dependent upo n load and powe r supply
no rma l power sup ply o peration the protec- charac teristics and are easily determined.
tive circ uit draws little current. The cost of a selected zener and resis to r is
With ab normal supply voltage, du e to insignific ant , co m pared to t he expens ive
defect ive regulation or any o the r cause , the devices they may save.
excessive voltage is dissipated in R and t he .. .W4ATE
CIM~
D R-'-AIffi)
EXCLUSI VE 66 FOOT 7S THRU 10 METER DIPOLE 8... 'S
~3E==JlIO' \lfr~
. " 40% C."" W. 1d ... . ," ",I.' so " ,'"" .. I, k. : ,,: . . .. ~-R.", '0< better "'" I, ll
or SSB Co" ., al 01 Balan ced 50 10 75 ohm tee d hn e-VS WR undu 1.5 10 I al mosl helghts -Slainless S te e r l!ardware-
1.,., "." AM/CW
D,op Pl ool Insu lators- Te",',c Pel forma nce-No co,ls or tr a ps 10 bru. down or chang e und er wU lher cond ,t,ons-Comp
lelely Asstmb l"'d ru dy 10 put up--Gu alanleed 1 yfOl l- ON E DESIGN DO ES IT Al l; 75 IOHO-O Nl Y Sl 2 .00 A PAN D'

Model 75 IOHD $60 ,00 &6 ft 75 I hru 10 MeIers Model 75 40HO $40 ,00 66 rt 75 Thru 40 Melels
Model 75 20HO $50 .00 66 Ft 75 Thlu 20 MeIers Modt l 40 20HD S33 .00 35 rt 40 I hr u 20 Mel!'r$
Mode1 80 41)HD $4 : ,00 69 rt ' 80 40 15 Melt r le W)
OR THRU YO UR f AVO RITE
ORDER DIRECT 0 11 WRITE FOR 300 S. S hawnee DI STR I SUJO II
fULL INFORMATION

_. - - - ._-
Leavenwor th, Kansas 66048
-
STATE OF THE ART...FM. ..
LEARN MORSE CODe IN 2 HOURS

-. .I

$1.75
NOUE IC21 rno bile!base unit wi lh ACIOC MlI OA COU NTE R ' 0 60
supply. 24 en . SWR & Dtsc. rreter. RIT. _MHz SlH.DlI
Calib., mo ke . Wlo crystals. $359.00 f> Oo9t AC/OC , 4.f> 'b<. $50 SELF - STUDY BOOKLET _
Customer servic ing and warn nty ,ncludf'd , mo.r too l !;O IoI HI Se_
Wnt. lor our wery og mp.' ll i... PKl<iIIle prICe!
WITH A NEW A ND EASY L EARN ING CONCEPT IN
Sft i'J' f31.1JMIgN" " .MfHJlFy INOUE IC20 12 en . 1 ~ 10 waItS. mobile VISUA L MEMO RY A SSOCIATI ON
191J.ll1IrMrMI, . . . comp lete w,th m, ke . mo unl & 6 Xtaledch.,
module co nn. $ 269.50
Wril. Dr Pho... (206-1411421) fo, mort inl0,m.tiDn 0' send ClShiorl Chtck to: TECH / MEDIA, INC.
BO B BRUNK OW K1NH E
NHE Co mm un ;calio nl STONEHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 021 SO
1511 2 S. E, 44 fh. Bellevu e WA 98006 Dulmlr,p ' nQUIT"s m'llted

142 73 MAGA Z I N E
 MORE, MORE, MORE . . . CIRCUITS, CIRCUITS, CIRCUITS

-, +9 TO 2S
voc

:L
rRFC25_
, ~-? D'
c-:-;:::l-\~
"zr "
4-,1 ~~f~~
Cot LAYER)
8" 8" 8""."
.,
FRONT

.,
SIDE

rr
"'
'0' lUI(
31j1( H[P ~1l0

"' f;p"
.,..,
l ,l' K E\...' 81
LI - 8 T. 18 _ G, 3/8 ; ~ . DI 4
1,. 2 - 14 T, 2 4 /JIfiG , ' / 4 ," l)l A
.,. ClOSE WOU"-O. Sl..UGTut.lED
r -,~"CI.l ., 1'
0 1-02 ' f lWtll RA DIO SHilCK
t KT 1l0A"OS AT
' '1'-00
,.v 0: ' 0 OA
5 PEAK ER

-" ce
cc
- m
-.v A LL Es rsTORS IIZ W

.
sc
Electro nic door buzzer. This circuit features a
differen t tone for each door. The tones m ay be
,., varied by experimenting with different resis tors at
each switch . Courtesy of Motorola Construction
1..2 3 3 1" Projects HMA 37.

,
>
~

Here is a circuit of a simple 2m con verter that

20A :
01
works in a pocket AM radio . Since it is crystal 2N277
controlled, th e receiver must tune to a frequency
that equals the desired frequency minus 3: x 48.5.
,
Su bstitu te a different frequency crystal if a strong "
-,.v
WT
,.
Be station happen:. to heterodyne with th e desired
2m signal K51ZH
'" 660
2W ecea
.2 6.5- l~\I
0-'

~~
lIT NO. IS
~ D"' . 1I2 LG
II. COPPER STRAP
1/2" I' RO/oII CHASSIS ~:1 769 -
"
/
8.2\1

2 T NO.2

;1
,....,
./2" DI..
~-u>

-
."
6 V supply from a 12V source. This is a handy
device to use in case your surplus FM rig h appens
to require 6V. A 2N214 7, 2N43 14, or 2N36 16 can
be used in place of th e 2N3635 at Q2. Be sure to
144 to 432 MHz varactor tripter that will give 17W use a large heat sink for the 2N277 power
output at 432 when driven by a 25W 2m signal. transistor.
From the Diode Circuits Handbook, available f or K3GSY
$1 from 7$

10- V TO CQLUCTO'HliIQI)U\....u: m~"L :

,,.
OMIT RlI

..'" ..
100 APPLY MOcuu.n:D VO LT"GE "T II
A"'W\o-' APPLY TO lOY AT ..
c.
"";+; ~
" A; 8
., ..
"0 ;':1 *C4 HOT USED IN S" YEIIISION

u ;t(~
....'" ..
C5
3) 001
100 ce
'DClO'

"'" Nr
"re SIUiIE .. S U
C>
T_
(LS-n
., .7
.70 "
ZZO)lH '-' SAME " S eo ..
~" (100)110

Here is a stable VFO that can be assem bled in a short time on a piece of Vec torboard . Coil data is
su pplie d f or an 80m and 6m version 'bu t o ther ban ds may be covered with a bit of experimen tation .
Transistors are all MPS 706 but higher outpu t is p ossible by replacin g Q3 TNith a 2N2270 or 2N3053 .

FEBRUAR Y 1973 143

ECHNICAl
The Technical Aid Group is a group
o f ha ms who have indicated a willing-
ness to share their kno wledge and
sk ills with o thers. They h ave volun-
teered to be of service to fellow hams
and do so without compensation. If
you have a technical question . look
over the list to see who has competen-
cy in the area of your question. For
many o f th e TAG members, descrip-
tions of all areas o f expertise would be
lengt hy , so an abbrevia ted d escription
is given . When stating your problem.
give as much infonnation as possible
and clearly state the difficulty. En-
close a SASE for reply .
For th ose hams who have a desire
to share, the TAG is the thing for you .
Send a brie f note requesting the mem-
bersh ip Conn, fill it in and send it
back. It asks a few ques tions about
your qualifications, and there is a
check-list to indica te yo ur field s of
competence. These cover all modes
cu rre ntl y u sed
by hams, antenna de-
sign and theory , transmitter and re-
ceiver design for HF, VHF , and UHF ,
logic, ICs, general help , and other
area s. As more members are adde d ,
th eir names and addresses will be
published .
This list is not comp lete, but repre-
sen ts those fo rme r TAG members who
have responded to a recent mailing
and have ex presse d a desire to con-
tinue in the program. Comments from
them indicate that they have enjoyed
hel ping and all have been co ntacted
frequently for advice .
R obert Perlman WB2VRW, 3
Jost en Place , Hudson NY 12534. Elec-
trical engineering studen t. Will help
with Novice transmi tters and receiv-
ers, and any help for beginning hams .
Thomas Daffin WI FJE. Box 133 ,
Hillsboro NH 03244 . Radio communi-
ca tions technician: Special aid to ex -
CBers and those wh o need terms in
easily understood terms ; aid to Nov-
ice s and Techs interested in MARS,
RACES, CD. and CAP; how to build
and scro unge part s; assistance o n ham
history, ATV , microwave, and general
h<lp.
Theodore Cohen W4UMF, 8603
Conover Pl., Alexandria VA 22308 .
Geophysicist . Specially prepared to
ROUP
answer questions about SSTV and
ATV.
J. Bradley Flippin K6HPR, 116
Montecito Ave., Apt. M., Monterey
CA 93940. Electronic engineer. Help
wit h RITY, d ata processing and pro-
gramming, general.
Ira Ka vaier WA2ZIR . P.O. Box 54 ,
Flatbush Sta ., Brooklyn NY 11226.
Elect rica l engineer. Assist an ce offered
in theoretical aspects o f electricity
and electronics from d c to UHF ,
design o f equipment, co mpu ter pro-
gramming, and signal circu it (failsafe)
design .
Jon Teich WB2JAE. 22 Olde n Rd .,
Edison NJ 0881 7 . High school stu-
dent. Novice and o thers, tran smitter
and receiver pro blems, logic, and gen-
eral.
David Felt WB 6ALF, P.O . Bo x 26 t ,
Sierra Madre CA 9 1024 . Electronics
engineer. Qualified help in logic, d igi-
tal an d analog de sign , solid sta te, AM
and TV .
R obert Groh WA 2CKY , 65 Rex-
borough Rd., Rochester NY 146 19.
Communications engineer . Bob can
lend a hand in HF and VHF transmit-
ter and receiver design as well as
solid-state logic and digital techniques.
Carl Miller WA 6ZHT. 334 Paragon
Ave., Stockton CA 9 5207 . Comp uter
technician . Carl's specialty area is
solid-state QRP.
Geo rge Daughters WB 6AIG, 1560
Klamath Dr. , Su nnyvale CA 94087.
Research associate. HF transmitter
and receiver, SSB, and solid state, are
George's fields.
D. Hausman VE3BUE, 267 North-
crest PI , Waterloo, Ontario , Canad a.
Student. Novice t ransmitter and re-
ceiver problems as well as logic, digital
techniques and ICs.
Hugh Wells W6WTU, 14 11 18th sr,
Manhattan Beach CA 90226. Elec-
tronics instructor. Hugh can help wit h
AM. Novice problems, VHF-UHF re-
ceivers and converters, solid state, test
equipment , FM and repeaters, and
general help .
Charles Hill Wrf 7LQO. 4005 Camp--
bell St., Baker OR 97814 . Student.
TV , Novice transmitter problems, and
logic .
John Perhay WA,DGW. Route 4 ,
Owatonna MN 55060 . EE technician.
John will help with RTTY, AM , SS8,
Novice gear, HF transmitters and re-
ceivers, solid state, le s, and test equip-
ment.
J im J indr ic k WA 9QYC, 801
Flo ren ce Ave ., Racine WI 5340 2. Con-
sulting engineer. General help as well
as HF, VHF, and UHF antennas,
tran smitters, and receivers.
William Welsh W6DDB, 2814 Em-
pire Ave., Burbank CA 9 1504 . Elec-
tronic engineer. Beginner's problems,
code in struction , theory and regula-
tions.
Ken Knecht K8VNT, Box 39, Clin-
tondale NY 1251 5 . Tel evision en-
gmeer. TV , logic. and d igita l tech-
tuques.
Tom O'Hara W60R G, 10253 E.
Nadine St., Temple City CA 91 780.
Co mmunica tions engineer. RITY ,
1V, AM , SSB, VHF antennas, trans-
millers and receivers for HF through
UHF , solid state , and general help .
Bru ce Creighton WA S/VL. 251 7
Metairie Ct. , Metairie LA 70002. Elec-
trical engineer. Antennas, Novice
problems, solid state, logic , digital
techniques, test equipment, and gen-
eral help .
Tom Borak WB 2PFY 2 15-33 23
Rd ., Bayside NY t t 360. Student.
Tom is especially qualified to help
Novices with their p ro blems with
transmitters and receivers, HF and
VHF antennas, HF receivers, test
equipment, and surplu s, Morse code
ins truction .
R og er Taylor K9ALD. 28 11
William St., Champaign IL 6 1820.
Engineer. Roge r is adept wi th AM ,
SSB, antennas, solid state, logic and
digital techniques, ICs, test equip-
ment, and o the r general help .
Orris Grefshetm WA 6UYD. 1427
w. Park St., Lodi CA 95240 . TV
technician . O rris is ca pable o f assisting
in all fie lds of amateur work , DC
through UHF , logic as well as Novice
help.
John AI/en K1FWF, 11 2 Edgemo or
Lane, Ithaca NY 1485 0 . Technical
director. John' s areas of assistance are
VHF and UHF antennas, receivers,
and transmitters, so lid state and digi-
tal techniques, ICs, and SSB.

144 73 MAGAZ IN E
 OPE N F RAM EP l AT E T RANS FO RM ERS WI N T R ON IX MODEL 850 INDU CED WA VE FORM
I N PUT 10 5 , 1 10 , 1 15 . 120 , 125 VOL TS - 6 01:\< ' . ANALY ZER . T hIS u nit . In conju nc t io n w ,t h YOur
S ECO N D A RY : 3200 v e T . 1 ..... P .
S IZE 9 " " . l OW'. ' ow' NE W p resent o sc tuo ecc c e . p e rmil$ you to VIew we ve f orm,
S M' P. WT . 100# PRI CE : $39 .95 In the range fr om a ud IO thr u MHz w ithout a n y d ".ct
c o n n -= tio n . The pro be is "mp ly plac ed o ve r the t ube
TOROID TRANSFORMERS in q uest ion a nd the weve form ;s d isplayed o n the
M O ST V E RS A TIL E WE EV E R M AD
3 Yo "RoO . 3 "H oK illoscope . I t may a lso be u'ed as a h Igh ga In
WT .3# amp lifie, t o inc re ase ' sc o p e se nlltivity . Excel lent for
. -14 v INP UT WIND IN G S T .V., ra d io , amp lif ier , and tra nsm itter re pa ir and
4 -5 \1' FEED BAC K WIND IN GS main tenance. Brand new, with probe .
2 -333\1' - 1/2 .mp . WINDI N GS SHI P. WT . 13# P R ICE : $19 .95 ea .
2 -16 7\1' - 1/ 2 .mp . WI NDIN G S
WILL SUPPl Y rccc v III 1/2 .mp. ROT RON FANS
CAN use A~ V C OMBINATI ONS OF AB O VE . SAUCER FANS
SHIP . WT . 5# PR I CE : $ 5 .95 Of 2/1 0 .00 28 0 CFM 7" OIA . x 2 ~ " DEE P 1 15V -50 -60 cv ,
PR IC E : S4 .95EA .
FEATHER FANS
ADJUSTABLE PRINTED CARD BO X 270CFM 7" DIA . 2-7 /16" DEEP
F o r R ack Mount PRIC E : $ 4.95
5" to 7%" - 16 s lides an d sock e ts - includes
30 d ou ble contac t pos itio n edge con n ector t y p e MINOR REPAI RS NEEDED
PRI CE $ 9 .9 5 T .S .3231UR
ALL HA \LE CAL . BOOKS BAR GA IN NOT J UNK
PR ICE : $ 24 .95
MODULE TYPE POWER SUPPLY
TRANSISTOR , REGULATED, DIODES
11 5 V - 6 0 c yc le in + 12 - 12 - 6 V 3 amp
@ 1 am p . BUL LET TYP E w/ SILV E R LEADS 6 00 P. I.V .
o u tp ut . F ro nt P ane l adj + o r - 1 0 % . On-off PR ICE : 101$1 .00 or 1 101$ 10 .00
switc h . F uses. Barrie r s t r ip output. 6 " x 5 " x
7 " , e xceuemconc. SPECIAL
Ship . WI. 1 0 ff PRICE $1 4 . 95 MODULE TYPE PIS
Aluminu m Bench Cabinet - adjustab le Prtntec
C a rd Bo x
R 11A LOW FREQ. RECEIVER 190 - 550 KC P RICE $24 .95
mod..- n a 5 '" .
~ t1 I P . WT . 8 ft PR ICE : $4.95 o r 2/$8 .00
.J;R 48 RE C. fr~ . 230 -2 5 0 me . 7.5 AMP VARIAC
~t1I P . WT. 45ft PR ICE : $ 24 .9 5 Pane l m o unt 3 / 8" shah 115 V - 60 cycle -
#r282 O/GR tr" nl . fr.-q. 225 - 400 mc:. 0 -140V o ut.
S HIP . WT . l50F PR ICE : $39 .90 PRICE ; $6 .95
Above V ariac with 9 RPM motor drive & limit
7 ,5 AMP VARIAC switche s
P a n e l mount 3 /8" s haft l1 5 V - 60 cycl e - PRICE : $7 .95
0 - 1 4 0 Vout.
PRIC E : $6 .9 5 rc BOARDS
A b o ve Var iac wit h 9 R PM motor dri ve & limit 962 9 36
switches 9 46 9 33
P RICE ; $7 .95 9 48 9 51
E AC H BO A RD H AS 3 OF O N E T YPE OF AB O VE
PR ICE : $2 .00 . .. or 3 /$5 .00
B7971 LARGE ALPHA
NUMERIC READOUT IC BOARDS
With so c k e t s & dr iver board . Can be hard wired 15 1C ON BO ARD TY PE 9 00 - 914 & 9 23
to form u n u su a l hou se a d dress num b e rs. 2 P R ICE ; $l,DO t t . Qr 3/$ 5 ,00
tubes, 2 sockets. mounted on o n e d ri ver b oard . l4PlN DUAL INLINE
Save $3.00 IC SOCKETS GO LD PL ATE D CO Ni ACT S .
PR ICE : 2 /$5 .00 PA ICE : SOC ea. o r 5/$2.00

8-5031 SMALL NUMERIC READOUTS CORE STACKS

Nixies with sockets 6 4 x 6 4 - 4 w i re p e r core - 6" x 6 " - 1 8 a nd
PRICE 6 1$ 5 .00 2 4 p la nes per stack
PR ICE $ 49 .95
CAPACITORS
25 , 0 0 0 M F D , 25V - 2 0 , 00 0 M FD MODERN ALUMINUM BENCH RACK CABINET
3 0V - 40 ,000 MF D 10V l l y,, " H x 18 " 0 x 19 " W . 8" p a n e l op e ni n gs
PR ICE 3 /$1. 0 0 w/rubber feet a nd disappeari ng h an dle .
or 10 /$3 .00 Lt Blue P RICE $ 7 .9 5
METERS
0 -50 0V DC . 0 -1.5 mA DC , 0 - 10 V DC. 3 DIGIT ASSEMBL Y
0 -300 mA DC ALPHA NUMERICAL TYPE READOUTS
P R ICE $2.50 or 3 /$6 .00 3 y,," x 5" each - c o n t a in s 21 0 neon lamps, 2 1 0
h i vo lt a ge N .P .N . Dr ivers, 2 1 ten b it shih
ALL PRICES ARE F .O .B . Q U R WAREHOUSE , registers. Seria l to parallel .
PHILADELPHIA , PA . ALL MERCHAND ISE oss. PRICE $9 .95
CRIBED ACCURATEL Y TO THE BEST OF QUA
KNOWLEDGE . YOUR PURCHASE MONEY RE - METERS PANEL TYPE WESTON MODEL 1238
FUNDEO IF NOT SATISFIED . TEAMS ARE 0-500 mic roampi full E ale c"lb ret ed .005 to 5 00
CASH . MIN . ORDER $5 .00. ALL MERCHAN roen tgtnllhouri. 27 0 d eg r.. K a le, app rox.. 3 " di e .
DISE SUBJECT TO PAIOA SALE . txce lle n t for w ave m e ter etc . Ntw and in original bo.e, _
RFE - REMOVED FROM EaUIPMENT . PRICE : $1 .95 ea. or 3/$5.0 0

1206 South Napa Street

215-468-7891
SElECTRONICS P hiladelphia PA 19146
215-468-4646

!
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WORK FM REPEATERS?
ydy p,abol>' y . Iroody k now Ina' h .,ng 'an.bu'" o.""b, I,'. on .(Jut "9"
P""v ""po,"n' ' h,,,,, <!dy. It vo u ' h od p,ol>om '.nd ,"g a qu a l,' . . .. I ,ab"
,O~ b~,,' """"'''0<. 'he . m ........ , ' he UNID VNE TBG IOZ
know this sign
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ees n RANGE 1450-2450 HZ. SPECIFY TW O FACTO RY PRESET f RE
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BUR ST LENGTH 100 MS, - 5 SEC. OR CONT. TON E. FAC TOR Y SET 1/2 SEC.
HIGH AND LO WIMPEDANC E OUTPU TS : USE WITH ANY MIC.
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UNIDYNE TBG -l 02
\
To most people this is a symbol from
ALSOA VA I LABLE ...
Greek mythology. But to hundreds of
COMPATI BLE OECOOER un" cont~,n. notch !tUel 10 pre~n, ""no~"'g
'0"'" bJ"t in pul hom being lelran""itted, Fullv odJuOlable laoge and thou sands of active amateurs, Pegasus is
window IOf bJ,,, Ilequenc~. length and ampldude . Corri,,-Iogic 10 p,,,,.n,
",,"tor dlo,,-oo, durr"Q input ,ignal f.de, the symbol of the Radio Amateur CALL
REP EATER CONTROL unit compli ....... Ih LATEST FCC R EPEATE R BOOK the single most useful operating
RULES 'nclud l"li adju".ble 'i ......" fOI 3 minu,e Pfoteclion and 5 ..cond
ca"ie, delay d,opOO1_ Include. COS reference for active am ateur stations.
CA RRI ER OPE RATE0 SE NSO Rio' u.. \\lith or without r.lay, The U.S. Edition lists over 285,000 Calls,
WRI TE FOR COMPLETE SPECIFICA TIONS Names and Addresses in the 50 States
and U.s. possessions while nearly 200,000
amateur stations in the rest of the World
are listed in the OX edition.
Both editions contain much other invalu -
able data such as World Maps, Great
Fluke 803 Differential Ae-DC Voltmeter. $150.00
H-P 3526--A Ta_l)e Transport for "".. o r 1" tape ; Circle Maps, QSL Mana gers arou nd the
15 /16,1 7 /8, 71h. 15.60,120 inches per second. World , ARRL Countries list and Amateur
Less heads . .. . . . . . . ... . .. . $400.00
H-P 561.8 Digital Printer. . . . . . . . . . $85.00 Prefixes around the World, Time lnforma-
DATATOTAL 1141 .8 8-digit printer. . . . $25.00
Keithley 150A Micro volt-ammeter. . . $100 .00 tton, Postal Information and much , much
APR-4 receiver with CV-253 'runes, 38-1000
MHz. 11 5 v . 60 Hz. . . . . . $175.00
more. You can 't contest efficiently, you
8 &< K 1076 Television A nalyst (Flying spot can 't OX efficiently, you can't even oper-
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8rush 8L-202 2-channel chart re corder $40.00 ate efficiently without an up to date
Type C dual-trace plug-in fo r Tektronix (made CALLBOOK.
by Hickok) . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . $100 .00
Type K plug-in (Hickok) . . . .. . . . $40 .00 To make the CALLBOOK even more val-
T ektrorux type 1. wide-band plul-in. . . $60.00
Tektronix type 8 wide-band plug-in. . $50.00 uable, three supplements are issued each
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fOR RADID AMATEUR
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BR~I-\URf. Dect. B 925 Sherwood Drive
lake Bluff, 111.60044

'46 73 M A GAZINE
 Wha t's wrong with a regu lar OX need info , schema tic, and ma n ua l fo r

LETTERS colu mn? Lo t s of hams like to know

what's going o n OX-wise, but don't
wa nt to spend $12.0 0 more a year for
Ce ntral Electronics l OB. Thi s is rig for
moon bounce with t ransverte r and
linear ad d ed . Seems to run fi ne but n o
Letters continued from page 156 just O X news . ma nual. Will pu rch ase manu al reason-
Bub Davidson WBBIPB ab le fee, or offe r sma ll d eposit and
That's what we asked ourselves . . . mail both ways (p lease send card o r
r have recently acquired an "What's wrong with a Regular OX le tter first) for manual I can xerox
RT-176/ PRC-l 0 ACVR / XTM R and I column?" So now 73 has one. and return t o o wner. Wou ld b e great
would like t o kn ow if you could tell h elp to us an d " Echo" a ma teu r radi o
me how to obtain a schema t ic diagram Ae : May 1971 "Transistorized LM group wou ld certa inly be gratefu l.
fo r the power and au dio connections Freq Meter" 73 Magazine, page 60 Kno w it was b ui lt in Chicago t errit o ry
o f t his uni t . in 50's o r 60's, 5 -l0W ou t SO- 10M,
I have answered su ff icie nt q uestions p lug in co ils, VOX, x tal cont rol, and
David W. Mackeil about t he conversion to wa rra nt a th is o ne has homebrew V FO t hat
75 West Main SI. n ote in 73 Magazi ne. seems t o work. Need manual & in fo to
Uopkintoll I\IA 0 1748 T RAN SISTOR SU BST IT UT ES ad d meterin g, tuneup, etc. Man y
One easy way IS to write to the Than ks to Bob Bloom W6YUY, the thank s.
LE TTERS column and hope that followi ng can be made : MPF - 3 004 Great article b y K2 0 AW on Freq.
someone wIth the information will VFO. MF E 2095 MI XEA . MP F - 107 Co unter in May , J u ly a nd Sep t. issu e.
read your letter! (2N5486) o r 2 N4 4 16 XTA L OSC. Li ke 3 -part a rt icles, b ut wou ld like to
MF E - 1095 AUDIO . They a re made see 3 months in a row. Though t t he
by Moto ro la. last o ne w it h b oard wou ld never
SC HEMA T IC HAS TWO A-l 06's - a rrive. Caught all o missions before
Just a co uple of com ments o n your My error. The cath ode resist or in V FO following issu e.
Edit ori al Page in the Decem be r issue. is A-lOS. T ex t did not say sh u nt Dave Brown W9CGI
N ame ly - " FM F r i end line ss A-1 06 wi t h a 6 K resistor. Sc hematic No b lesville I N
Machi ne:' You put it very well but I'm d o es show it . We, too, want the multi-part ar-
afraid that many F M' e rs in the D.C. Some FETS IN XT A L OSC. ci rcu it ticles run in sequence - but now and
area will fa il to get the point as they dra w more c urren t from battery than then the drafting screws things up and
are of t he opinion that the Repeater the MPF-l 07. Thi s added d ra in fro m there we are.
Trust ee makes t he ru les, not t he FCC. t he batte ry can produce small fr e-
We o f t he Capital Area Repeate r q uen cy sh ift in V FO when Xtal is
Syste m (CARS) welcome all amateurs t u rned off-on . I recommend separate KILL THE NOISE!
and f eel priv ileged w hen a newcomer 9 volt battery for t he V FO . T his can An ten na rotato r control boxes are
ca res t o use o u r facil ities. We go out co n nect to power socket pi n 16 p ro- gene ra lly quite n o isy ; click-click- click,
ot ou r way to tal k with out-of- town- vided t he filament p ins of the 6 A7 as t hey tu rn . Ca re fully place t h in art
ers an d to some, are known as so c ket are jumpered 1 t o 7 . T hen 9 foam spo nge ru b ber ins ide t he case as
WB4QFP, t h e Quite F riendl y Pe o p le . volts w ill ap pear on pin 6 o f t he VFO an aco usti c a bso rber. Make su re it
Ho we ver, t o on e of th e sma ller Re- t u be socket . The bottom o f R-l04 can c lears the moving parts. T he loud
peaters in th e a rea (and I don't mean be d isconn ected an d shi fted over to clic k-clic k will now be reduced to a
just in numbed we a re known as the h is n ew sou rce of iso lated vo ltage. mere pec k-peck .
Garbage Grinder. LM ACC URACY - d oesn' t improve Richard Mollentine WA0KKC
It goes without saying that th is w ith th e conversion . It is st ill the Overland P ark KS
sm a ller repeate r wi ll rema in sm a ll un- origi n al 0.02% as specifie d in the
t il th ey real ize th at t hey a re ta king u p manual. T he d rift, resetab ility and
t he space, n ot th e users. stabil ity is at least as go od as t he t u be A simple three letter ward su ms up
Let your readers k now that 3 1-9 1 version. the November issue.
a nd, soon to be, 22-82, are available BC-2 2 1 - I have n ot converted a WOW!
a ny t ime t hey are in t he Washington, BC-2 21 ma in ly becau se I d on 't own Richard J. Molby GS9E
D.C. area, and we can hard ly wait to o ne. A PO NYC
talk w ith t hem. Charles Landahl W5 S0T
Do n't fo rget ou r conve ntion next Los Alamos Nl\I
As a d irect subscriber to 73 maga-
Sep te mber.
DOll WH4QAX zine I read abou t w hat is hap pen ing
J ust a qu ick n ote to let y ou know on you r side o f t he pon d wi th inter-
moou n bo u nce gear is progressi ng est. I was part iucla rly intere sted t o
nicely h ere at W9 CGl. T o wer h ouse is n ote that dissatisfied perso nn e l have
I ju st finis hed the December issu e, d on e, 16 -11 EL Cus h Crafts are to- the same mann ers and integrit y over
a nd I t hough t it was pretty good . T o get her, have Dra ke receiver-conve rter there as they d o in t he U.K . (see last
keep from getting barraged with an y li ne d up in case BC34S mod n o t d one, paragraph of yo u r editorial, Sep tem-
more of you r "You'd better renew" SSB -CW-AM FM tran sm itter ru ns, b er issue).
cards I've sent along $6 fo r another t ra nsvert e r in bu ild ing stages, lin ear As th e works manage r o f a n e lect ro-
yea r o f 73, and my free book, o f parts acq uired. some c hassis work n ic s comp a ny, I had the task of f iring
cou rse! ( Last yea r I pu rposely he ld d one, d igital beam steeri ng d one - an erran t mem ber o f the sho p floor
o ut until t he last minu te b efore I c hecked o ut - being mo d ified in some staff, bu t made t he mistake of a llow-
renewed just so I cou Id re ad all the a reas, rack b ei ng wired, puning insu la- ing him to work o u t his notice . During
diff erent renewa l cards t hat 73 sends. tion a nd electric h eat in to p flo o r t hat t ime he sa botaged a number of
I must admi t they are mu ch better no w. sma ll pulse transforme rs, b y wiring
th an t he st uffy cards sent b y OST.) Nice o pen ing here to Man itoba la st fuse wi re, 5 a mp rati ng, across t he
Anyway, I just wa nted to say a few weekend . Worked Len VE40 L a nd p rim ary w in d ings. These wind ings
t hings a bout 73 . F irst , I was won der- Andy V E4M A both 5-9+ both ways were con nected in to the collector
ing wha t h ap pened to the n ewspages. from 23: 10 when I turned on rig to circu its of low c u rrent t ransisto rs.
Yo ur colu mns do cover mo st of 23:45 GM T Su nday. Made it all Pro- You can imag ine t he resu lt s whe n the
what's h ap peni n g, but I still liked the vinces for me at last, includ in g a real supply was con nected. A wonderfu l
n ews pages a long w ith the col u m ns. n ice COZ (V E2) exposit io n year card mental it y! r
Also, I w ish yo u would lengt hen your for AM contact of a few years bac k
edito ria ls and t a lk about A AR L more from up o n Hudson Bay . Brian Davies G30UY
th an you d o , so I know what's reall y Way ne , cou ld you put th is in yo ur
gOing o n. letters co lumn fo r me? Desperatel y Continued on page J 49 .

FEB AUA RY 19 73 147

 APR-J RECEIVER . 39-95 MHz tuner, :! 'I ETER 1" \1 - S R-C han die talk ie
AM-FM, excellent condition. Swap for transceiver brand new, complete with
1920's battery rad ios. early ham gear, carryi ng case and American instruc-
Audions, magazines. Alan Douglas. tion booklet $190.00. Joe G ibson 181
Box 225, Pocasset, Mass.. 02559. So. Orchard St. , Wall ingford. Conn.
06492 .
li EU) SAVii, 220. and me clean my
apartment. 220 FM 5 watt xmtr WANTEO. Radios, Tubes, Phones,
Pr ice _ $1 pe r 25 wo . d , fo , non-cornrn.. rc", 1
ads ; $10 p e. 25 wo.d. to. b"..nessven w , e s. No
WIAC supply xta! on 224 MHz Speakers. Radio Literature from the
dIsplay ads 0' agency dl'<:o"nl. Ind "d e yo".
TV-lOA w/6939 fina l $30; 2M FM early 20's. Must be reasonable . My
cheelc w It h o " te. talki W/tuneable rec. 250MW on Hobby . Thank You . Bob Ho llis, Box
146.34 $75; 220 superhet rec on 224 1616, Estes Park, Colorado 80517.
Oetlr M lor iI<ft "
the hI 0 1 Ihe month IWO MHz $20; 500w Pwr Amp P.P. 4-125's
monl," Pf_ '0 pubilUllon for eumple
J.nuary 15T IS l he dNdh.... 10 . Ihe M...:h " .....
2 meters FM W/AC supply $85. Plus TEC Hl' ICAL 'IATER IEL CO R
whICh w,lI be m,,,1ed on , he l Oti' , 1 feb<u.. y odds and ends. $.A.S.E. for list. Want PORATIO' good ies, TRC-500 Anten-
URC-4&11 or other trades. G.W.B. na Coupler $27 .50. FFR Receiver
Type c OPy_ P hr..... and puAC I"ale e~ acl l y as 555 Patten Ave.. Apt. 38-B, Long ('Ni t h all heads) $100.00. AKT7
you wl$h 1110 appe<tI' _ No all-capllal ads l00W 220 MHz Amplifier 530.00.
B ranch , N.J . 07740 , t e l .
We WIll be Ihe j"dge 01 I<>l laolhl y o f ads, 0", 2Dl -222 -45D8_ T5-4978 515D_00. T5-382D 55D.DD.
esponllb,l,ty 10.....on e KI"nd. o nly 10 p "n l much more, SASE for 5 page list.
Ing" CO ....Cl lld in a la le. ," " " , NEED Ale Al)AI'")'OR for old Wanted: E and E Rad io Ha ndbooks
STROBONAR V (Gold Modell Elec- 14th Edition and earlier, 2M walkie,
F o. $ 1 e~ l.a we can " ""nl a ln e p ly bO K fm
,00. tronic Flash - Used in place of 5 10.... G P R-90/G5B1 Receiver. Richard
battery . Please wr ite WB6AWD/TG9 Solomon, 5 Cherry St., Lexington,
we cannol check in l0 each a<tvt!.\IWf. so C......I Les Anderson, ROCAP/Guatemala Massachusetts 02173.
E mpIOf . APO New York 09891 .
TECI I \1 ,, :\ UALS - $65.0 each : U H f 1".:1' PREA'IPI.IF IER .
WEST ALLIS RAe '1I0WI:\TER
SWAPrEST February 3. 1973 at Hart R -388 /URR. R -3 89 /URR . 440-470 MHz. Mobile or fixed. At
Pa r k , 7300 Chestnut Street , R -39D /URR . R -274 /FRR . least 6db gain (1Odb typ ical} . Power
Wauwatosa, Wisconsin (Milw. suburb). CV-59 1A1URR. T5-34 A1AP, ALR 5, source +10 V t o +15V. 10ma drain or
Take 70th Street exit on 1-94 North SP-6DOJX. R-22D/URR . SP-600JX-17. less. RCA phono type jacks. 1% x 1%
1.2 miles to Chestnut. Doors open at RCK. TT-63A/FGC. L M-21. OS-8EIU. x 1 % inche s, fully sh ielded . Price
8 am. Talk-i n on 3985 and 14.964. W3 1HD, 4 9 0 5 Roa nne Drive, includes taxes. $ 18.00 Prepaid USA.
Washington, DC 2002 1. Electronics Enterp rises, 6606 Fifth
Food and liquid refreshment available Street. Ri o Linda, CA 95673. (9 16)
at reasonable prices. One dollar in rOR SAtE KWi\I .:! with both su p- 991 2Dl D.
advance or one dollar fifty at the plies 30L1 mint cond it ion. 1200.
door. For details write WA9KRF , shipped. First check gets them. Box flOOS IER r.LECTRO~ICS - Your
4582 S outh Ahmedi A venue, 69,73 Pine , Peterborough NH . ham headquarters in the heart of the
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53207. Midwest wh ere only the finest erne-
HITACIII OOLO\, CASSETTE dec k. teur equi pment is sold. Individual
SIG.'OA L 01\1:. CX ' A w/spkr and CW Freq . response 20-17,000 Hz.. Auto personal se rv ice by experienced and
filters , amazing deal at $1500. Hall i- Stop, Walnut Cabinet, etc. ONLY active hams. Pactorv .euthcrtzed deal-
crafters FPM 300 SS8 xcvr $480. $175. Mountain West Electronics, ers for Drake, Regency , Standard,
Heath IB 101 frequency counter with 23247 Mi litary Rd., Kent, Washington Ten-Tee, Hv-Gain. CushCraft, Mosley,
Vanguard scale r $250. Heath SB200 98D3 1. Ham- M, plus many more. Orde rs fo r
linear 2 KW PEP $330. 80x 230, 73 in-sto ck merchandise shipped the
Magazine . 19 73 IIA'1BURG I;\i Tf<: Rl\ ATlONAL same day . Write today for our low
Il A'I FEST near Buffa lo and Niagara Quote and try our personal , friendly
22nd A:\:\UAL DAYTON Harrwen- Falls on Sep tember 15. Details: Hoosier service. Hoosier Electronics,
tion will be held o n April 28, 1973 at Valerie Orgera K2KOC, 187 Main St., R.R . 25, Box 403. Terre Haute,
Wampler's Dayton Hara Arena. Tech- Hamburg, N.Y. 14075. Ind iana 47802.
nical sessions, exhibits, hidden tran s-
mitter hunt,. flea market, and special , 3 \lAG . January 1961 issue. 2 copies SUPf<:R RIGS . . . SUPER COUNTER
program for the XYL. For info write comp lete. One has loose cover. . .. SUPER GAI N ANTENNAS ...
Dayton Hamvention , Dept. M, Box WB6LLT Jim Mills, 162 S. La Luna see our ad on page 132, January
44, Dayton, Ohio 4540l. Ojai, CA. 93023 (805) 6466387. 73 . . . for the best deal going on the
finest Qua lity 2 meter FM gear arou nd
YO UR CA I.L LETIERS. Two sets, If you are going to buy a new rig. why today ... INOUE ... MIIOA . . . An
for windshield and rear glass. Smart not at JOHNSON EI.ECfROMC tenna Engineering. Write for our pack-
white letters with red outline. Easily SA tES? Well-stocked and read y to age deal for a SUP ER good buy ...
Installed pressure sensitive decals. Quote on your needs. Featuring Clegg, Bob Brunkow NHE Co mmunications,
$1.00, postage paid. anywhere. Sat is- Regency, Gladding. SBE, Standard, 15112 SE44th BellevueWA 88006 or
facti on guaranteed. Lake Jordon Genave plus CushCraft and New- ph one 206-7478421.
Artists, Slapout AL 36092. tronics antennas. Fast, persona lized
service . Phone o r write today. P.O.
WANTED, OLU kA IHO TRAN- Box 332, Griffin, Georg ia 30223 MODER~IZE FOR PEANU TS!
SCRIPTIOl\ DISCS. Any size or 14D41 228-3831. Frame & display QS L's with 20
speed. Send list and details to Larry pocket plastic holders. Two tor $ 1.0 0,
Kiner, W7 FlZ, 7544 132nd Ave. N. E., seven for $3.00. Prepai d, gua ranteed.
Kirkland, Wash. 90833. HEAT II 5B-300, SB401 , SB -200, Universally used and approved. O rde r
SB-620, SB-630, SB 600. Below kit now. TEPABCO, Box 1985, Gallatin,
I NC O:\I E TAX $S NEEDED. price. Mint condition . All manuals and Tennessee 37066.
Regency HR6 $190, HR2MS 8 ch . connecting cables. Five band antenna
scanner 15W $255. TME-H-LMU 16 with SO' aluminum self support ing
ch . scanning rcvr 6/2/~m $255. Digi- tower. Will ship. Prices and pic tu re CO'IPI.ETE SET: 73 Magazine.
tal logiclock 575. Tempo CL220 12 from John G. Mathias, 721 Sou th Vo lume [ Number 1 to present. $ 100
ch . $265. Everything brand new. Box Meadow Road, Evansville, Indiana plus postage. Roger Chaffee , 145 Bay
210,73 Magazine. 47715. Area code 812477 -2516. Rd. Menlo Park CA 94025.

148 73 MAGAZ INE


LETTERS con t in ued from page 147.
As you p roba bly a lready know, t~e
AA A L has filed a peti tion fo r partial
reconsidera t io n of FCC actions in
d oc ke t 19 162 to amend that action to
allow General and Conditiona l Class
p hone operation in the 3825- 4000
kHz band as " opposed to the
389 0 - 4 000 k Hz authorized by
d ocket 191 62. I feel t he l eague
ma kes some very so und a rguments for
this reform. I'm sure that many of
you r readers also support this reform.
I ca ll upon a ll fellow ama teu rs to
study th e l eague's pet it ion a nd give it
wholeheart ed support. The paltry ad-
ditional 10 kHz a u tho rized by d ock et
19162 borders o n insult in view of the
fact that incentive licensing ha s been
in effec t since Nov. 22 , 1968, and its
effects o n 75 meter phone o pera tion
are easily o bse rva ble. l et's ma ke ou r-
selves heard! Se nd lette rs and com-
ments t o the l eague HQ, the AR R l
Division Directo rs a nd /or d irect to t he
FCC (don' t fo rget the 14 copies if you
write to the FCC) . . . but Speak Up
Now!! !!
l e t 's have Seventy Five fo r Seventy
Five !
Dan" S ta lllpll wI FUF
Gru ln n CT
May I relat e my experience in
try ing t o purchase spec ific equipment.
Aft er wast ;ng a mo nth, trying to
get an A mperex -~AA -3Ql?-1 6, b.y ~ i t
ing to so-called big transistor dtstribu-
t ors and getting, "Sor ry, d o no t
c arry" and " no go t's, " I fin all y wrote
the manufacturer. They se nt data
sheets I requested and forwarded my
letter to their local distributor. He had
the littl e gems and at a subs ta nt ial
redu ction in price. . ham publi cations might be in order. as
So if you have tro ubl e tracking
down a ce rtain part , you m ight try
this method.
Gror""t" Brow I W9TQN
e Cllir3/:1J II.
I still think 73 magazine is t he best
of the radio publ ica tions. I would like
to see mo re articles o n RTTY and its
2 :"ttETER RIGS. Standard B2~~
5 250. Simpson Moce! B $2 00. MI Ol-
Vox wa lkie-talkie w/charger and xtats.
worth 5 300, only 5175, G lB sy n the-
sizer, works wi t h any rig, $1 50. Also
Galax'l V SS B xcv r w/p.s., accessory
console am': e xt. V FO, $350. Bo x
220, 7 3 Magazine.
MEASUREMENT S ,\IOU.:1. no
2-400 MHz , mint, $150. Ten Tee
RXlO $25 . Audi o sig gen. tr iggered
Audio Sco pe. PRP rig. Will deliver.
Er ic K1P CT, 617-646-6631.
G.. IOCKET 'lATE 2 Meter F M
Wa lk ie Ta lkie. 34 / 9 4-9 4/94, New
Manual, Ntceds, Charger $ 2 00. Excel-
len t bu y! J ohn T h o rnt on
WB6 MXT/ 6 - 125B5 J ones Bar Hd.,
Nevada Ci ty, CA 95959.
FE BR UAR Y 197 3
ap plica t ion. Also I wou ld like to see pop ulat ion density , we have experi -
articles on new ty pes of h igh freq uen- e nced constan t difficulties with TVI
cy an te n nas . I am su re there are so m e and RFI Ibi-f and audio in te rfe rence).
that a lo t of us are not aware of and The hassles, legal and o t herwise, are
would like to know about. One I have truly to o numerous to mention, but
heard of on the air is the Coaxial the re sul t is ou r belie f that TVI -RFI is
Dipole. I personally believe the anten- t he most dangerous problem fa cing
na is not st ressed enouW1 in ou r world. amateu r radio today.
T he latest interest seems to be ho w The amoun t o f ill will generated b y
much power a fellow can run and how eve n a few incid en ts of in te rfe rence is
much comp ression and p rocessing he u n believable, mu ch more than any
can get into the audio and st ill have it n u mber o f Field Da y a rticles or
intelligib le . T hese guys appare ntly c ounty fai r stat ions could nullify.
have not d isco vered .oet it is the Once a pe rson sees interference bars
rad iated powe r that counts. T he o ld o n his T V o r hears SSB on his ste re o,
ax io m, " If you ca n' t hear them, yo u he may be im mu ne to reason for the
c an't wo rk th em, " also applies. rest o f his life (we've seen too many
William A. Brink WA6COn d e moli shed antennas and received too
S .llI J Ol'lt" CA
many threatening phone calls to ex-
pect much rationali ty or even cou r-
Yo ur editoria l in the first pages of tesy from most people !). More and
t he Decem be r issue o f 73 hits the nail
more of the hams we work are fac.ing
o n the head . Danna's really is a
these same difficulties, a nd we find
ootitican: ho pefull y he will make good the re sidu e o f bad feelings among the
o n his promise . F ur th ~r on you say
that if each ham pu t up a buck, we general p u blic to be o f horrifYing
cou ld get a good lo b b y in D.C. Here 'sp ro portions. .
The ma jor sou rce of the problem IS
my plan : ..
the p rolife ra tion of jun k audio gear on
Ha m rad io has often been classified
t he ma rke t today. Shielding, bypass-
with CB as a nuisance of TVI , Dick
ing, a nd eve n metal cha~is a~e un-
Tracy, c riminal activity (~ eve n ts in
heard-of lu xuries . Shoddiness IS the
England and Germany durinq the past
rule rather than the exception in most
year where crooks used radios, called
audio gear as well as T Vs sold lO~ay.
" ha m" by local press). and other
In t he apartment house where I live,
nefarious deeds. Perhaps the Ins t itu te
at least 75% o f the stereo equipment,
of Amateur Radio barristered by some
including some co mponen t amplifiers
good ham attorneys could get some in the $300 plus bracket, were ettec-
money by sui ng the T V ne twork s for
ted b y my small transceiver.
d efa ma tion of c haracter o r some such All a ma teu rs mu st assume respon-
charge. Evidence : On the, f i r~t episode
sibi lity for be ing knowt ecqeeble about
of Search wi th Hugh 0 Bria n, there the ca uses and cures of T VI and RFI
was a reference to crooks using two-
at th e recelvinq end, as well as the
way radios, walkie-ta lkies, and Burgess technical sta nd ard s within the shack
Mered it h was d irec ted to sea rch the
that we have always taken fo r gran te d.
ham bands t o see if he cou ld detect Careful bibliographic research o f all
the cr im inals in conve rsatio n. On
Ironsides, 11 / 23 /7 2, th e r:nas te r c ro o ~,
well as concerted effort to gather new
wit h a touch o f paranoia. co mm u ni-
ideas and ap p ro ac hes as they co me up
cated wi th the ch ief o n 3.8 MHz. (could 73 help here?). I'd also like to
Since he was a pilo t, a qu ick review of
see approp riate questions on this p.rt;
a ll people with pi lot's licenses and
b lem in the General Class exam - It s
ham t ickets narrowed t he h unt. Upon
as re levant a topic today as any.
inspecting the crimi nal's apartme~ t,
Moreover hams may well have to
wires were fou nd and the detective
accept the c ost of sh ielded speaker
asked if there had been any com-
cable, h igh-pass filters, capacitors, and
p la in ts of interference to te levisio n.s.
the like to re lieve ind iv id ual proble,:,s .
These a re two most recen t events In
Unfair? Very - but a necessary pnce
my mi nd that tend to blu r the posi t ive
for o ur su rvival. These problems are
image of our hobby. W~at can ~ ~o w hat give substance to the spectre. o f
to combi ne this slu r Wi th a posmve
d angerous legislation and co u rt action
action that would help us. T here must
that haunts amateur redto. .
be a few hams in Hollywood t hat c an T he o nly lasting answer, however, IS
either write better scripts fo r the men-
t o get this fl ood of junk equpment
tion o f ham rad io , and there must be
impro ved o r banned fro,:, sale -. How-
more than a few people in rad io-land
eve r, if we hams get feisty wl~hout
t hat wo uld wan t to help o u r hobby to national o rga nizat io ns and lo b bies to
the e xtent o f h urti ng th e networks.
back us up, we can expect t~e. manu-
We all know the A nRl wouldn 't facturers and importers of this J un~ t?
make a wave as big as th is one could
work that mu ch harder for the elimi-
be . nation of the amateur service. And
Erit Fa lkofKINUN think how much our P R tro ubles help
th eir ca use I Once again, Wayne, you
In the last few years a group o f us may be o u r only hope.
hereatthe Un ive rsit y o f Michigan have William 1\1 . Klvkvlo WA8fOX
attempted t o o perate a c1u.b stat i~m . Ann Arhor.\l1
(W8PGWI. main ly fo r public se ~lce If you are depending on me you are
activities such as p hone patching. rowing with a mighty weak oar . . .
Being located in a n area of h igh Wayne.
149
 rr:
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS ,
--, I MMEDIATE " OFF THE SHEL F" DELIVERY
MODEL: STl40
YOU'LL NEVER
Price : $129.95 ppd.
HAVE TO BUY Tested , gu aran teed and compl ete
CRYSTALS with mobil e mounting bracket ,
tilt stand a n d t ran smi tte r match ing kit.
AGAIN
N ote: N Y state reside nts add sates tax .

CHECK THE ADVANTAGES OF A VANGUARD SYN THESIZER OVER OTHER BRANDS.

No ... ~rOPhonic'. c.n be u5ed mobil. O\l'H b..HT!PY reees. MainUllnS;ln .::curacy of .CXlO5'll. 15 P\1. per millionj over the enh.e . . .
RefHeflO! frequency lind spurIOUS output down 70 dB . le . c loSlng of 10" 10 +6ff C. with a prKision te'mpHature ~Ied Crv1'toJl that
h.monil;$ of output frequency which are used in the! "In.",ner requores no oven . O~atK al 5 MHz lor easy checking woth WWV and
any_v. I includes. uro trimmer lor cO<rl!'Ct'ng long lerm aging dr,ft.
A.II output IrequeflCM!'S .e geneorale'd djr~tv frOll"l the veo wnnoul the Fast .nponw lime 01 only 3 milliseconds for a 10 KHl. lIep et>iII<"Ige in
use of multlplie~ and are therefo<e In!e of sub-harmon;"'. frequency .m a "'"lOll! o;ontrol. g.oled OUlput amp""e, for push 10 -l alk
Now ivail.ble .... th outputs ;n the 6. 8. 12 and 18 MHl. band!; operat.on.
IcOrTelllOOd,ng to 14 4 MHl. dial re admg ) for direct substitution of NO hunting or false locks es with some olhe, 5ynthe$ile~.
ttan$r'Jll lt ,ng cryslals. More outpu l frequencies are being made aYailable . Opera les from 10 to 15 VOC. 3 pre<:ision re gulators "Iim,n"te input
Call us if VOU don' t see wIla t vee need. __ voltage uuctuenoes. Can also be used on 110 valIS AC w,th a small 12
Ent ire ffe Quencv a ppeaB in-lin" in clear d'g'ts. No guesswof.k or ment al vol t 1/ 2 amp pO'M! r suppl y.
addll, ons: Thu m bwhee l SWI tch es prov ,de fast. accurate selectIOn o f 1000 Smallest sile of an y commercial wnthesiler. O nlv 1 3/ 8 " h igh, 3 5/8"
channels 'n 10 KHl . ,ste ps from 14 0, 00 to 149.99 MHl. _ wid e. 8 " long.
50 o h m outpu t and ,mp ed ance transformer kit allows use a t anv d ISt ance All Ie's are mounted in high' Qualitv insulaled !OCkel! and all parIS are
fro m transm,tter. mark ed .
Manu fac tured bv VANG UAR D LA8S renowned for ""ah tv since 1952_

NOT E: Our 45 MHz. receive synthesizers may be ready by the time y ou read this. Call us for details .
IMPOR T ANT : When ordering be sure to state the output frequency you want .
Call 212468-2720 for fast C.O. D. shipment.
For mai l orders with personal checks allow 3 weeks.

VAN DARD LAB 196-23 JAMAICA AVE . HOLLIS, N.Y. 11423

73 CRUISE - APRil 3rd
AT )U;!t.$Y-- Several of th e t itans of the ham ind ust ry
>"I SPEECH COMPR[{!()RTl'AT are p la nning on makin g the 73 Carib bean
REALLY WORKS! Crui se and for t his reason th e date was
moved up a month. It had been p la nned for
May, but the proximity to the April 28th
Dayt on convention forced something to
give . Dayton didn't want to cha nge.
The 73 Ham Cru ise will depart fro m
RPe 3M MODULE Ant igua on April 3rd and will sail for ten
(ONLY $22.50)
~-- days throu gh the lower Caribbea n islands,
LOW D1STORTlOI'
C IRCU IT stoppi ng at one paradise afte r an oth er. Most
RPC 3C MODEL
F ULLY W I RE D & of th e de tails of t he t rip we re expounde d on
TESTE D NOT A KIT
page 8 of t he December issue of 73. Th is will
WOR KS WITH
PH O N E PATC H not be an lie de France (sick of France?)
I N T ER N A L UN ITS
& MODULES \!,' O RK
MO BILE
-. luxu ry cru ise, just a fu n informal gro up In
bat hing suits and simple sportswear.
FULL WARRANTY
- O N E YEAR
. I NT RO D U<..i O R Y
I/
Read the glowing account of the trip in
t he December 73 and send your check to
LOW PRI CES RPC3.3U INTERNM. UNIT Captain Mike. Windjammer Cruises, Box
( Illi no is re sident.. add ($24.95)
5 % Sales Tax) 120, Miami Beach FL 33139.
Wri te fo r specificafio ns
and in'ormo ,jon sheets
(free)
~ Electronics For about $300 you'll have ten days to
sun, swim. ski n dive, visit very rare co un-
BOX 1201H
Add $ 1. 0 0 / u n it sh ip -
C H A M PA IGN , ILL
tr ies, perhaps operate some, and talk with
ping '( R PC 3. 3U . 3 M)
Add $2 .0 0 /u nit ship - 6 1820 Wayne . Except fo r the last part , it's a very
pi ng ( R PC-30) good investment.
150 73 MAGAZ IN E
 General Electric Progress line
450 - 470 MHz Mobile Units
14" case (less accessories & ovens)

MA/E42 6/12 volts, MT/42 12 volts,

15 watts, vibrator power supply 15 watts, transistor power supply

$ $
Accessories avai labl e f or each o f above u n it s. , . , , , , , . . , , .$30.00
G.E . PROGRESS LI NE STRIPS physically com plete , but so ld on an as-is basis only.
lOW BAN D VHF UH F
MAlE 13 MAlE16 MAlE33 MA/E36 MAlE42
Power supply, 3OW,
less vibrator $20 - S20 - 520
Power supply, 6OW,
less vibrator
TX narrow band,
- 525 - 525 -
less final tubes $18 525 S25 530 S12
Note: MAlE42 wide band
RX wide band,
.
less ovens

$18
. .
$18 518 518

512

!
 BE GOOD TO YOURSELF! ...

Before you buy or trade anywhere get our deal' All the hams at THE
HAM SHACK pledge prompt, personal service. We'll plan a package deal
on a whole station from Mjke or Key to Antenna . Our trading shoes are
always on - try us. You'll be glad you did.
Bill - WB4JFK
Hy-gain Power-Full GALAXY transceiver

RF SC
550A GT 550A 550A

Galaxy GT550A transceiver. Full 550 watts, SSB, 360 watts. CWo
Compact, beautiful! Really hot receiver; on-frequency selectable sideband,
superb AGC. 17 pounds weight! $595.00
R F550A WATIMETER
AND ANTENNA SWITCH SC 550A /AC400 SPEAK
$75.00 ER /SOLID STATE AC
SUPPLY $129.90
THUNDERBIRD
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TEL. IB131 921-4602
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Amplif ier b oosts 2 M eter FM output
power 3 ClO% .
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Includes microphone. mounting
bracket and factory installed
transmit and receive crystals for
146.94 MHz.

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Imrrediate Shipment on Crystals for
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Bill - WB4JFK (813) 9214602

r:1fU~
h1~h
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brfghtn"s--3S0ft-L
0 7451 .20 74H74 .85
74LOO .35 7413 I. 75 74L51 .35 7475 1.15
'2t\n1 74HOO .35 7420 .20 74H51 .35 7476 .55
stngl. plan., wid. Ingl.- 7401 .20 74L20 .35 74H52 .40 74L78 1.00
vt'wf "91500 74HOI .35 74H20 .35 7463 .20 7480 .50
stlndlrd 14 OIP 7402 .25 74H22 .50 74H53 .40 7483 1.15
long Uft---soltd stlte 7403 .20 7430 .20 7454 .30 7486 .65
operou" with Ie Yoltll;ll 7404 .20 74LJO .35 74L54 .35 748g 3.00
...qut rtmlnts 74L04 .35 7440 .20 74L55 .35 74g0 .!lO
display" .,1 digits and 74H04 .35 74H40 .40 7460 .20 74n 1.15
9 distinct litters '4.23 EACH 7405 .20 7441 1.00 74L7I .50 74gz .!lO
74H05 .35 744< gO 7472 .40 74g3 .90
~hnttkv TTl $3.00 tACH 7406 1.00 7446 I. 3D 74L72 .50 74g5 1.15
~~l.x.r 7408 .40 7447 I. 3D 7473 .55 74L95 2.00
82533 2 tnput 4 bit multtpll.lr 74H08 .50 7448 1.00 74L73 .80 74107 .55
82541 qUid EX/OR llImont 7410 .20 7450 .20 7474 .40 74153 I. 75
82542 4 btt comparator 74LI0 .35 74H50 .40 74L74 .80 741g2 2.<5
82562 9 btt parfty gen./chlcker 74U3 2.00
82567 2 input 4 btt multiplexer lOS OFF - 100 I.C.'s OR MORE. ANY MIX 74U5 .90

CD-3 unjyersoJ counter

tin be programmed count to any
to IT
lioears
LHlOO positive DC regulator TOwS .80
MOdulus 2-9 for one ktt. 2.99 for K 18.95 NE526 high speed comparator DIP 1.00
two kits. etc. Include, board. 7490. NE560 phil. lock loop DIP 3.25
7447, RCA ORIOIO Numltron displlY NE561 ph lock loop OIP 3.25
tube and f1vI programming components. NE565 phase lock loop 10-5 or MINI 3.25
Full instructions included - perfect NE566 functton g.n....tor TO-S or MINI 3.50
for displaying second. minutes and NE567 tont decoder TO-S or MINI 3.50
hours. etc. 709 popular op Iql DIP .35
710 voltage comparator DIP
('D2 digital counter 711 dual compIrator DIP
.SCI
.75
~t includes board, 1490. KIT U.g5 723 precfsfon volta" reg. DIP I.OC
7475 qUid latch, 7447 stvtn ASSEMBLED 12.00 5558 du.l 741 op IMP MINI 1.00
segment drtYer, Ind RCA DR20l0 810 dUll op Imp DIP .80
747 dUll 741 op Imp DIP 1.00
LM302 op emp voltlgl follower TO-5 1.25
campara or 1. 60 LM308 op Imp TO-5 2.00
8210 8 ltnl to I linl silictor 1.40 LM311 comparator TO.. 5 1.5C
8220 plrtty gln/chlcklr 1.00 LM380 2W ludio Imp DIP 1.50
8223 256 btt progrlmmable ROM 7.50 LM703 RF-IF Imp lPOxy TO-5 .80
8230 8 tnput multiple,"r 2.00 LM30gK 5Y-IA power supply moduli TO-3 2.5(.
8233 2 tnput 4 bit multipl","r 1.75 LM30gH 5Y200ma pO.lr supply TOS 1.00
8242 4 btt comperltor 1.00
8261
8261
8CO to dlclmol decodlr
fist carry extender
1.00
2.00
calculator on a chip
8266
8270
2 Input 4 bit multtpl","r
4 bit PI. 51. PO. SO
1.50
2.00
~ pin D~IP..,.,..,....,.----,...,.,....,..,
Add, subtract. multiply, and divide
8271 4 bit shift rlgtst.r 2.00 12 dtgft display and calculate
8273 10 bit 51,PO regtstlr 3.00 Chatn calculattons
8274
1280
10 btt PI.SO register
4SMC presltabl. dlclde count,r
3.00
1.15
True credit balance Sfl" output
Automatic overflow ind Cltion
8281 4SHe presltabl. binary count.r 1.15 Fixed decimal point It O. 2. 3. or 4
8280 presltabl. dec. count.r lSMC 3.50 Leldtng zero suppress ton
8212 pre tabl. dtic. counter lOMe .90 Complete dltl supplted wtth chtp
8520 2lMC dlvldl by "N" 2 to 15 2.00
8661 trl s tI tI qllld 1I tch 2.00 SILICON
8570 8 btt 51. PO 2.50 signll diodes

RL~?21~
8110 8 bIt PI. 50 I. 50 100 PlY - 80 mo
8275 qUid bt,tlbl1 lltch .90
60 for 12.50
All IC', I ... now Ind f uy dtgttal display tube
11 tested lelds are Plated with 90 1d or so der. tncandescent SV
Order' for $5 or MOrt wi) I be shtpped prepaid. Add 35 handling and post- 7 segment
... for , ..Her orders. CI11 forn1a residents add sales tax. Ie orders are .6" high numeral
shipped with1n two workdays of receipt of order k1ts are shipped within yisible at 30 feet
ton days of ...clipt of ordlr. HONEY 8ACX GUARANTEE ON ALL GOODS SOLD left hand decimal
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EACH I 5.00
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 Save over $9,000.00 on this
AN/WRR-2 SSB Receiver!
O r igin a l go v ernm ent co st : over
S10,000.00! One of Navy 's most modern
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ver sion super -heterodyne. Frequency
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vo ice, facs imi le, T el et yp e ann ISB. RE-
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Good condo Complete, operational. Spec
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Xerox co py o f Operat ion R e pa ir Manu al :
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SPECTRUM ANAL YZER
The f amo us Model 85 5 1B w ith Display H .P.
NAVY TCS TRANSMITTER 8 5 1B. E xcel. c o nd o CE R TI FI E D w ith n ew
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T h is co m pact u n it can be used wit h most Ham
ABC e iven after conversion. Complete with con- FM TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS
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T -47 / A RT 13 2-18MC t ra nsmitter Less tubes - Full y m etered . E xc e llen t con d o " _ . _. $49 .50
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BC-348 200 500 KC & 1.5 laMC Reconditioned XMT RS
24 V DC 7 5 .00 2 . 1 3 MC T 18/A RC-5 New 4 .95
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Columbia Electronic Salea.lnc.

P .O. Box 9266, 7360 Atoll Ave. , North Hollywood CA 91609 Tel (213) 875-2970 &: 764-9030
 Letters COIll from pilge 2 3
Repeater was built and mai n tained
b y W2B HK, W2 F LY, WB 2 EVU,
WB2PSS , WB 2PJS , W2 1U I and mysel f.
Plans are slo wly underway for so lid
state conversion - to run comp le te ly
off o f wet ce lls in case of eme rge ncy.
Any fu rth er information can be
gotten fr o m me if necessary.
Than k you and - Prease!t - delete
all those list ings for Camden, Cherry
Hill , etc. ! Peo p le swear by your atlas
and I've had peo p le tel l me that I was
wrong abo u t the locatio n o f o ur re-
peate r! All because 73 said it was
so me wh ere else !
Bn u'j' Tiema nn WB:!RlJll
:HH Laurel A \I' .
\\ of)d l ~ I1l1t' ~J 08 10.
The power J pp ly in the September
issu e is terrific . Simp le, inexpensive,
flex ib le and runs like a thoroughbred.
Th is is th e ideal bench sup p ly for
t ho se o f us who still like to t in ker
around and b rew so me th ing up on our
own.
John A. S('o l! \\'5JO
Ft. Worth T\
.. . . Continued f rom page 22.
growing up to work as a lawy er, a
government clerk , an accou ntant. No
one eve n th inks o f scientific careers.
Enter a mateur radio - in the high
schools.
As lo n g as the governments of
smaller c ountries and emerging
nat io ns are no t awa re o f t he impor-
tance of amateur radio to the ir entry
int o the 20th cen tu ry, th ey will be
he ld ba ck . It is difficult to approach
the leaders o f t hese cou ntries, parncu-
larl y wi th out any p rior interest on
their parts. One way to overcome this
would be to h ave a movie availab le
wh ich wo u ld tell the story and de-
monstrate it.
Dave Bell W6BVN, who made " T he
Ham 's Wide World " and " T his is Ham
Radio ," b oth shown e x te nsively on
te levision in the U.S., is Quite Inter-
ested in th e p roject of making a film
of the ext raordi nary school rad io club
program in Jorda n - a film wh ich he
would distribute a ll ove r th e world
and which co u ld well e ncourage the
beginning of simila r dub progra ms in
many mo re countries.
Such a film wo u ld no t be expens ive
t o produce and Dave is most anxious
to get the p roject going o n the basis of
d o ing it on a cost basis as a contribu-
tion on his part towa rd helping the
world to mo ve ahead ... and toward
helpin g amateur radio grow.
Unfortunately th e ARRL h as
sho wn no interest in th e project so far
and o utside fin an cing is needed . T he
whole fi lm probably could be d on e for
abo ut 5 10,000 - about ooe-ttttn the
156
I read your editorial in the October
issue on the never ending Question,
"Do amateurs build, or buy built?"
Well, I thought you might be inter-
ested in what info I have on that
su bject. I have worked 2 1 States and
just recently Puerto Rico and Austria.
I have received 22 aSL's confirming
aso's in 10 States, and 14 out of
those 22 amateurs were using kits
IHeathkits or Knight l or homebrew
gear. The HW-16 seems to be the
favorite kit, and the HT-40 for the
read y made. So, about 2/3 were made
by th e amateu r.
I ope rate with the reliable HW 16
and a mu lti-band vertical. One p iece of
gear I have that I wouldn't be without
is my Heath SWR/RF PWR Meter.
With my sandy soil so changeable with
rainfall and dry spells, a constant
check on SWR is important for maxi-
mum operation.
I have been on the air since July 20,
'72, a nd my interest h as grown greate r
since tha t fi rst day on t he key when
that very first CO was answered.
nm A r m.~ l ro n~ \\' :"' H\ 1\.1'/4
Sumter SC
budget for a good one minute tele-
vision commercial.
Since the school project is a per-
son al one wi t h King Hussein and since
such a film obv iously wou ld be tre-
mendo usly good publicity for Jordan,
there would be complete cooperation
from the government there in making
the film.
Fifty amateurs with $200 each
could get th is started. When you
reme mber that a small group of re-
peate r c ps recentl y came up with an
o ff e r of $ 1200 in rewa rd money fo r
the conviction of th e chap who was
jammi ng th e ir repeater, perhaps
510,000 isn 't all that much to hope
for.
If you would like to pledge some
money t o wa rd this project , please
d rop a li ne with your pledge to 73 an d
we wi ll see if we are able to make the
go al.
HISTORY TO BE WR IT T EN?
One of the phases of amateur radio
that has escaped publication in any
detail has been the recent history of
t he hob by on an inte rna tional scale.
Ha m radio ex ists as a hob b y because
t he governments of the world agree
d u ring Inte rna t io nal Telecommuni-
cations Union ( IT U) meetings that it
should.
T he more advanced nations of the
world h ave a greater understanding o f
t he importance of ama te ur radio and
h ave been the ones th at have done t he
most to keep it alive, despi te p ressu res
for taki ng away the amateur ban ds at
each IT U conference.
Until the mid-60's the ITU was run
by the U.S. and Europeans and, pes-
Repeater c irc u it on P296 (Nov. 72)
has no audio c on nect ion between reo
celver and transmitter! Goof?
Article on P3 7 cou ld get some users
in troub le with loc al board o f un de r-
wri te rs. While it seems to be " fail-
safe" most power companies would
not permit such a device in a service
entrance since it is not UL listed . _'
Gemh wIjTB
Picky, pick y.
Re you r editoria l July 72 issue o f
73 mag, re h am jammi ng. Good and
well, but d o wn in th e sun ny sou th
(so u t h Mississip pi) whe re I aso when
not out on these rust pots, I note that
every mo rn , sun o r rain, some of the
older citizens of "up nawth" who
have moved down to south F lo rid a,
OSO with their "northern brothers"
and never give up the freq. t hey th in k
t hey own. One old S.O. B. is very
nasty a nd wish o ld man Fo x-Charli e-
Cha rlie wo u ld nab thi s solid citizen
and get him o ff the a irways w it h his
nasty ways.
A.K. G rt'f'll "S llarl..,, \\' 5 ;'\J
:'\ l"warl.. 7'lJ
sib ly as a result, these countries fared
best in allocations. Then, as African
na nons proliferated, t hey joined
h ands wi th the Asian cou n tries and
swept Eu rope ou t of the con trol o f
the IT U, replaci ng America n (and an
amateur) Gerry G ross as Secretary
General with an Et h io p ian - then an
Indian - etc.
The 1959 Geneva ITU conference
had been intended as a time for
updati ng short wave trecuencv auoce-
tions, b ut th is mo ve was sta lled o ff
un ti l th e next ge neral meeting -
which never really happened. O nce
the Europeans fou nd that they h ad
lost all control of the ITU it became
almost impossible to tackle these
serious problems.
The recent space conference was an
except ion. Th is was t he meeting at
which virt ua lly all ama teu r radio sate l-
lite c han ne ls we re lost. I have yet to
find anyone with a backgro und in
these affairs who does not express
resentment at the amateur loss and
put it down to a lack of preparation,
purely and simply. This is difficult to
fo rgive when you consider that the
mo ney had been appropriated by t he
A R RL precise ly fo r this pu rpose -
but was n eve r reall y spent.
These are all gen eralit ies and it is
time that the record be set straight
with an article or series of articles
giving the inside information on what
has happened - and what the future
would seem to hold as a result . T he re
are a number of o u r read ers who are
invo lved enough wi th the Inter-
nat ion al situation to p rese nt such a
report - how about it ?
Wayne
73 MAGAZINE
GET THE BIRD FROM HAMTRONICS
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P O BOl 773 TWl 9 ' 0-76G-U53
COLUMBI A. MO. 552'01

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 IntroduCing Heathkit"2-Meter Accessories

NEW Heathkit
2Meter Amplifier for cleaner
FM copy on the fringe 6995*
40 watts nominal out lor 10 watts in-
requires only 12 VDC supply.
Fully automatic operation - with any
2-meter exciter d elivering 5-15 watts drive.
Solid-stale design - all components
mount on single board for fast,
easy assembly.

If you're regularly working from a fr inge area, the

new Heathkit HA-202 ca n boost your mobile output
to 40 w atts (no minal), while pulling a meager 7
amps from your car's 12-volt ba ttery.
Install it an ywhere . .. In the trun k. under the hood
or da shboard . Use it with an y 2-meter exciter de-
liver ing 5-15 watts drive. Features fu ll y aut omat ic
operation. A n internal relay automaticall y sw it ches
the antenna fro m tran smit t o rece iver mod e wh en
you release the mike button.
All solid-state design features rug ged, emitter-
ballasted transistors, co mbined w ith a high ly effi-
cient heat sink, permitt ing high VSWR load s. Tune d
input-outp ut circ u its otter low spurious output
to cover the 1,5 MHz seg ment of the 2-meter band
with out peri odic read justment. All co mponents
mount on a single pr inted ci rc uit board for easy,
4-hou r assembly. Manual shows exact alignment
procedures using either a YOM or VTVM. And in-
stallation is j ust as simple,
Kit inc ludes tran sceiver connecti ng cab le, antenna
con nector. Operates fr om any 12 VDC system -
add itional power supplies are not required. Add
HA-202 power to you r mob ile 2-meter rig, and
boom out of the fringe . Kit HA-202, 3 Ibs.
HA202 SPECI FICATIONS - Frequenc)' ranI ' ; 143149 MHz. Pow.r
output: 20W @ S W in, 30W @ 7.SW in, 40W @ 10 W in SOW
@ IS W in. Power in put (rt drive); 5 to ISW. Input/output 1m
pedance: 50 oh ms, nominal. Input VSWR : 1.5:1 max. Load VSWR:
3:1 ma.x. Power supply requirements ; 12 to 16 VOC, 7 amps max.
Operatlnl temperature ranle: _ 300 F. to + 1400 F. Dimensions;
3" H x 44" W x SY.z" O.

New Heathkit VHF WattmeterlSWR Bridge 2995*

Perfect tun e-up tool for your 2-meter gear. Tests tran smitter output in
power ranges of 1 to 25 watts and 10 to 250 watts + 10% of full scale.
50 ohm nominal impedan ce perm its placement in transmission line
perma nently w ith little or no 1055. Bu ilt-in SWR br idge for tuning 2-
meter anten na for pr oper match, has less than lO-watt sensitivity.
Kit HM-2102, 4 Ibs.
HM2102 SPECIFICATIONS _ Frequency r'lnle: 50 MHz to 160 MHz_ WaUmeter accuracy:
IO% of full-scale reading." Power capability; To 2S0 W. SWR sensitivity: less than 10
W. Impedance: 50 ohms nominal. SW/t bridle: Continuous to 250 W. Connectors: UHF
type SO-239. Dimensions: 51(4" W, SJ1'. " H and 6Y.z1I 0, assembled as one unit.
"Using a SO U noninductive load.

See them at your Heathkit Electronic Center-

or fill out coupon for FREE Heathkit catalog
I'W"I
HEATHKIT ELECTRONIC CENTERS r;u-;II-;;-;';-;:;-;;:;---~"I
... IIIZ. , ..ho.n i 2121 W. ln d i. n S<: hool Rd ., C"'L1F.: "'rU'h.im. 330 E. Bi ll Rd .: II C.rrilo. 6000 I e . nlon H. rbor, M,eh'I '" 49022
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II 0 Plnu send FREE Hnth k' i Cl t,IOI. .. I
lur. Blvd., COLO.: O.nnr, 5940 W. 38th "' VI .; CONN . I H.r1ford C"'von l. 395 W. Ml in SI.. (III. . I ( nc: los. d 's $ Illul l/I' llOl' ftl I
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SuN.lo C......" ....t l. :J416 Shlndln Dt .: N.w " . ... C,.,. J5 W. 451h $1.' J. ,ic". , L I., 15 Jend' o S 1 I
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Pill. : CI.... I.nd. 5444 Pu,l Rd .!. P... .: Pt"l.d.lp", f, 31, A ~. I I Blvd ., " ,Itlbur,". 3la2 Wm . I Pne ' ll' 'f'U hOf' I l ubl.<:I to e ~ lnl' .. ,tl!out nol ,u. I
Po"n HWJ.; TEX"'S , D.U. ., 27 5 Ron ... v. ; Houllon. 3705 w n t he imer; W"'SH .: S. .IU 221
Third "'vo.; WIS. , MI1.,u ..... 52 15 Fond d u L.e . L ' M.. I order prlCt' ; F.O.II. llClo r, AM 271
_ J

,
 N
E
W
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A
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THE DISCR IMINATING 2 METER FM 'ER FROM ~M C &E
TH IS UloI lQUf ,IJIlI1 JCA.~ IlAOf RAVIO REQUIRES c),l LV ONE RECE IVE ClrVSTAl PEl! CffAWE t TO GIVE VOU TII'O
TV.lJSUI T AJlO ONE RfCElVf fll EQOfNCV. ElCA.IlPL E, 146.94 I1ECEJVE CRYSTAlWI U lET VOU SE LECT [ ITt/Eli:
'46. 34 D.t ' 46 .94 T~JT. SAV r..::; YOU THE lXPEIoISE Of TttO AWlTl mJAl rn"'SlIJT CRYSTALS . PETAllED
J~ OlllL4.n O" AHO MU CES AVAl l.A8 lE J" OUIl: 1973 CATALOOlJE :

6T-HR2 HF 450 MOS FET

6 freq.
crystal PREAMP
deck
INCREAS ES THE I1fGENCY HI1- Z OR ffRZA ~tlJ OS fR,IJISMlT CAPABI LITY
TO SI X AVOIn ONAL FREQ.UENCIES . NO ,WOll: CHANGE HAS TO 8 MAVE NftII FlZOM ~TF MC6 EN 406 TO 410MHz PRE-A,IlP HAS I Sdb OF GA IN WITH
TO THE RA1n O llIHEN INSTALlI~ THE 6T-HRt VEC/( 4.Sdb NOisE FIGURE. ru. OPERATE FRO.Il 10 TO I S VVC . TAKES
11/E SAME 0000 OF SPACE AS THE f{f_144 PRE-AUI'.
Kl1 $ 9.95
Wf llED $' 3. 95 ri'IlU:lJ 0.'. L1 $%9. 95

SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

TFMC&E FOil: THE UONTH OF FEBIlUAII:Y
HF144 MOS FEY PREAMP HAS THI S FANTASTI C OFFER:

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PIlE.A,llP FJELD GIVES 17db OF A.IlPUFJCATIOIrI WI Tlf ONlV ~b OF $17.95 . A SAV I~ OF $% .00 OvrR
IKlISE I NS EIZTI OIi. RfGUALAR PRICE.

oI:I T $II .95 BUY A HR-tA OR A HR-t lt ANti GfT

tlrIII:EtI $17. 95 A CHO rS E OF TWO EACH,
W4HL "ISO-TIP" SO LtlERING IRO!'
HF-144 PREAMP

SCAN-2 SCA.\/ % VlCoI:

61 H1I:1 NO::
FOR O"'lY 9H
with THI S CAN 8f A SAVINGS UP TO $3'.95
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search
back "TFMC6E" U . SO CARII:IES CUSH CRAFT. A.S.P.
t?CKS lIOUNTS I ~ HII:% ~ HH OUT ANV UUOII: MQtl ICATION TO TlfE AW LA RSON A'{fEN.."AS. RfGf,\/CV HR%A. HR- 6 .
RAtlTO. GIVES usn A SCA'tlI~ TVPE 2A!1I0 AT A FRACTIOIi OF HJl %l1 .utl.'I TI1A.VSCAN TRA,VSCf1vr RS AIl1
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~III:EtI ONlV $1 9. 95 JTE.\($ OUR {)fTAILEtI C~PlErr INSTRUCTIONS
SHOW ING FOIL ClII:CUTT IlOARtl LAYOUT, PAflrS
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special
17 u
WR ITE FOR FREE 1973 CATALOGUE

FM
~MC.E
Topeka Communicatio..s and Elecfronics
I:J I:J E. I B Terr. Topeka, Kansas B B B 07
 COUNT ON
WHEN PRICE AND QUALITY ARE IMPORTANT
The Model 60 Frequency Counter
(shown with 160 Hetrodyne unit)
measures frequency from 1 KHz to
60 MHz with a fu ll 5 digit readout
(overra ng ing featu re provid es an
equiva lent 8 digit disp lay) . With the
optional 160 Converter, this ti ny (less
than 4 pounds) counter will also read
130 to 160 MHz with a sensitivity of
50 MV. With inputs of up to 100 MV,
the un it wil l cove r th e fu ll range of
110 M Hz to 170 MH z. Only th ree
switch controls provide co mplete
operation-just plug in your signal
and read the answer. No t a kit and
no adjustments to be made !
10 MHz Crysta l Tim e Base 1
PPM/ W k
1 KHz or 1 Hz resolu tion
115 VAC or 12 VDC operation
Automatically positioned deci mal
Mod el 60 wi th Manu al and
Accessories $299.00
Model 160 Converter $ 50.00
TUCKER
ELECTRONICS, COMPANY
P.O. 8011050 Garland . Tl. 75040
FOR INSTA N T INFORMA TION OR SERVICE, CAL L:
GARLAND , TX (21 4) 3488800
ELK GROVE VILL. (312) 437-8190
CHATSWORTH , CA (213) 882-4560
,
TUCKER
The Tu c ker Mo del 5509 Frequ en cy
Counter has a full 9 digit read o ut
f rom 10 Hz to 550 MHz. The T ucker
Mo d el 5509 pro vid es the fin est re-
so lutio n, highest accuracy , and
highest sensitivity of any co unte r in
this price range. Many feat ures found
on the Model 5509 can only be found
on a counter costing much more.
Like the Model 60 , the Mod el 5509 is
simple to o pera te- just ap ply the
signal (10 MV or less) and selec t the
frequency resolu tion required (from
1 KHz to 1 Hz) and you have the an-
swer. No where else can you obtain
a cou nter with the sensi tivity, read-
out, and acc u racy of th e Model 5509 .
10 M Hz Crysta l Time Base 1 pa rt in
10"/pe r day
Sensitivity o f 10 MV to 550 MHz
Full 9 d ig it In- Li ne Disp lay
115 VAC o r 12/ 24 VDC with Optio n
Power Co nverte r availa ble.
Mod el 5509 wi th Manu al and
Accessories $950.00
WRITE FOR SPEC IAL
BARGAIN BROCHURE
EDISON , NJ (201) 2252900
ORLANDO , FL (305) 8944261
 \ Kt~ I'KICt> 0 ' r U :CTRO'lC:' CO'II'O'f.'T:' Kr. \1.1 . ) (;01'(; II'~ or m ...... "" """lo.ll"'" 1" . ,,,.. . 1."1..... tr, .. f rh.
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JO' I 0"'" 01 Ihe... BF 5 devicel pro
~ doceos line. "lUl'e. rr'<1fI9.'e. ramp and
70 WATT RMS AUDIO AMPLIfiE R
BASI C PACKAGE . STERE O 55.50
Tak" advantage o f S<gnel'C'l NESo\O
1.01; 1( : " II OI'F R \ lIO ' \I , \ \l P' Sl PPU ES

1lIUl: ~ ..."'tooll> ",..." 1",,,,, ""thou l Idd, ~, drove (clill AS ampl. De-

'" t>Ol\aI ~i"" (J)mponI!nl1. By Idd 'ng . 'gned lot 35 ",atU RMS per ch.."
. . . ..- a """""d 8F!>. voucan C~a'" .mpl,. net . O.. to<IoC'" 5' 1,_tV ' ewanw .! .5db
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tude. frequency '" ph.... """"'In.... 20Hz 10 100Hz. NE!>40 .I!<i..... . 1_ _

v ..,t .... 01 the"'l _lorltt1. They Ii"""". 2"15296 INPNI and e 2N6109 lPNpt
." able '0 r"plaogo large d,..,."te ..a_I",,,,, gene,nor l wppl"'" pe' N E !>40. K;I ~age ind ud'" 121 F.,..", A. """"" lOgo . "'_.!> VOl"., I A~ ".
NE!>40. 121 2"15296. (2) 2N6 109. ,nlormal,on on
_ , cor... " proo'. ""f' It....... ,at ,on. u"'e lOw " ppIo
an''''9 Ir o m $200, 00 to 5 1300.00. At th" "'''''' t,_, $1600
'he y lI'"atl y ,educe IV"em _'\tI' .nd po_ ' con P.C. boafd lay""l. p.o'" and cnQ.""Y. and a I..t 01 F '!IUr. A, """"" 0" Amp 'uPPlv. 15 VO"I d -15
"""II PO'" Vo", ., O.S Amoooe. MIg b . A..-1Og ~ "m,".
, ompt,,,.,. Full tedl n iu l dll . P.C. lavout. ",... ""bly.
and hook up ,n,t ' uCl ionl includ. d,
miscellaneou.
",an am l,' ,I,e, lor n.reo.
, eq""ed 10 build lhe 70
'0 'ho" mode' 901
to" " ..."".
SN>" C"CW' proot. u,,'. h,gh pot,.
$29 .0 0
8F 5 WAVEFORM GENERATOR $9.75 o NE!>40 S2251ea o F,gu,e B . !> Va" I Am p ' uPP'Y. r""u'.,.O
,""r,
C'fCU" Pfo'''.IOd
by F'''.h''d
o 2N529 6 35",an NPN .75/~.,
930!>.
S.""' .. obo.... '0' " ' or m
$9, 15
$ 7 ,75
GENER AL ELE CTRI CPA 234.1 .4WATT o 2N6 109 40 "'It I PNP .15/ea. M'''''!Icon""..",t _ $1.00
POWER AMPLI FIE R $ 1.25 o 70 ",elt SI"reo K'I S!>.5O/e. 5 Va" 5 Amp ' ,"" .uPP'V. by e,..,."", I"" ,
Th i mpl ifi", i, h<>tned in a pI..lic d , o 35 ...11 Mono Kil 51.95u. .howo) 129.00
,n 4,ne PK*.W1lh . tlblor h"at tr ..,d . HA RDTO-GET DIGI TAL I.C: I SALE
Has only IOU' acti"" ""min.',. and .eq uire> onlV ane CALCUL ATOR CHIP SPECIAU!t
07 447 eco T0-7 Segment Oao;ode, 0 , ...... SI .06
CllPlCi tor lor n lbilinuon. COmp.ol'bIe ..,th B. 16. or One 01 tt\e 1",9'!'1' manul~ur"'. of
07 490 Dec'mal COUn"" "... S .76 MaS Inloqaled C"cu, .. hHd,fCQfl-
n -ohm 10Is. Appl ialt ,_ 'nclude P.A.yl1lt1tt1,
0748!> COmo-lt"' _._. 51 .25 I'n""" It" thr.... -dl'p "'I in I...or 01
phonal ..-ie prO~orl. TV. AM and FM ,eai_l.
0 74 19 2 UP-OO_ Counle 51 .45 f,ngle ch'p. Th il " . h" hobbyi~I'f
GENER A L E LECTRIC PA265 . 5WATT VO LTAGE
O RCA C0400i ~ 2lnpul No< Gat"
RE GULATOR . Hou..... ,n pI..I'C dUll in-line p.od<. OI,n. sonce hecon now obla,n .h 'lluUV t" II..... h '9h-
(CO<nt"') SI ."!> IV Ilex ible ...teta frltet,on 01 "'hat e..... n Ihe l"lI"ft
"';th ltagge'ed I",dl.nd powe, lab . Usab le ove, ",;do
O RCA CD4 oo1 Complemen t.' y Pa" & calculator manohclu,e" pay. Con"llI o r Ihr e" 24
.anoe 01 input and OUlput .oltllge in pul .01 119"f $1. 50
In..ene' , , pin I.C', .ha, debounced inp ut.e ightd 'g', ca paC,ly .
to 37 volll Ind outpun from 31 0 30 "0111. U~abl. in
O RCA C04010 Hex Suft., . 51.50 decoded "'. en...gment OU lpul , Foil data incl uded.
a ..... id" varillV or ci'euill .
MISCE LLA NEOUS SEMICON OUCTOR S. SA LE 8D'9 it f loa l ,ng Po in l Calculalor SOI. S9.75
PA234 POWER AMPLIFIER 5 1.25
PA256 VOLTAGE REGULATOR $1.25
o MUS 498B Silicon Un"late,"1 $w'tch . U.. lul
IOf volt.-$I!'nsot ,_ Mitch . _ 0 genera'OfI. fAIRC HIL O VO LTAGE REGU LA TO RS
e tc , 51.00 Th '1 i. , ... UA 7800 SoItief. Th "".....
SUPER QU ALITY r.c. SOCKETS
Sodr.etun_ by T. 1. and Cr>d'>. All
o MUS A65 PHP H,gh-Cu" "'1 Da.Iong.on T .., ......",.too. .. ith tt-me1 o_load pr o-
sol1or, SUperh9'9" 'n 'na ....... ,pad<ago. 2S1 1Ktion....:l inlefl\ll cu n'lim' tine
_ Iow,prol, compact type.
14 Pm D,p Solder TI '" Sodr.ell
o MPS A 14. NPN. SAME AS ABOVE 2 SI.00 ... ,t l lyblow lproof . Ileca...
COMP ACT BR IDG E li m plol ci.cuitry ;1 with mil device. de1i9"i"9
3 lor $ 1.25 16 lor S!> ,OCI
16 P,n D' p Solder T. I" Sodr.el1 .. Amp 200 veu S 60 ""ul...... power Wpph"I ;1 dud< .... p, OUlpu l il . eted
2 10,$1.00 13to r55 ,0CI 2Amp 4oo Vo II 51 .00 II 0 10 1 .mpe...; ",..imu m input volt . if 35 voiti.
14 P,n Dip Gold Wire W,~p Sockelf 2 Amp 600 Volt SI 50 Cltoico ol ..ollage1: 5.6.8.12.15.1B.o. 24 Volt. O.de.
2 10r $I .2!> 1010.$5.00 2 Am p 800 Voll $1.00 at 7805, 7806. 780B. elc.
16 P,n D,p Gold Wife Wrap Socko11 2 A mI' 1000 Vo lt S2.50 Volta9" Regulato. (Specify Voltl!J"l $2. 00

2 10.S1 5O 8 10 rS5.00 4A mp 400VoII SI,5O

SHRINK TUBING . Band F hn. truckload
10 Pin TO5 Gold $ocke lf ICnchl /01) 4 Amp 600 Voll
4 Amp 800 Voll
51.00
5250
~ 01 sh. ink tubing, but "'" l lil l "PK! il lO go
2Ior$I, 00 13 IOf$5 .00 ':> I",t. II you hi.... e_ . u1ed sh. ink . VOU know
PLASTIC FIBER OPTICS. PI..- it ;. indi1!"lIb1e lor " IeC'l'on;c con1l ruct;on .
I,c opl~ monol,bH. a.~ con_ Made a ....-,It too short' Jun 1pIim end I ...." '. l ubing
SINGLE CHIP 1SEGMEN T DISPLAY nieonliV ..... d moun~d _ ad _ ,t and it ..ill look lik. """. Pinlloo dow? Sa"",
COUN T ER . AND DECODER . Tha l 'l .'!t" able in 1;_ d'" .....1 I,ber d ...... lOIution. EKoolll nt ..,In ..ilh hot-.. , ..n. soIdt.-;"!l
A song" ch,p TTL doQde co..nl'" "'.Ih I~... E KoolI" nl wpplflmenllOf B i.on. Of ......... rnndt. Th il il polvol"f in type~"
I chn. BCO ""tpull. 7-I"11"",nl decode< end F F,be. Opl'C KilO 10 pro- oul", ...... nsh.in kl. ifVl"- ....11 rne-!U 10 ""aopoul " ",ir".
d" v"' . AND . 7-segment LEO d;fl)lev (""Ih dec, ....U vide addll,on.1 " ber optic mat"r
S HRIN K TU BING ASSORTMENT, 25 IHI ""ch , 01
on top. Only 0. 15" Ih ic~ Inot (J)unt;ng pinll. th. dl,p ,al Fiber. a.a,lable in diamf'.e'1 0 1 .OO!>" (250 I t .
l iB. 3/16. 1I4.indl I..bn9 $5.00
moonll ,n a st andard 16 'pin O;P """ke t. Digits Ire card) , Olle, d~ ..gn v.rsa t,lily to R&D and prod uct
s I'El :I ,\I , 1.C.S.I'11 A.sE U ICh EII I.(l( Ws
0 .2 70" hiqh Ind can be lalcllM in d o. ing the ne .t engin"" ,s. Spec;l icn ion. - ma . imom conI. ope r.
coun l Or blanked , lemp , . t 70 deg'ee, Fahren h"it cceplance ang le o i\[Shll 1'1,.... I "'"" Lo o p ...... $4 .6 5
0 .27 OLD __ $ 15,00 67 del H I. no"",roealapertore . 0 55...an<ntiuion o 1\[561 1'1..,... 1 "" lao<>p .. .. .. . . ... 5-1.65
o ' t:562 Ph_ I l,<>op .... h.~
. ....900. 410 15m,Cfon. YOUR D-lOICE - $1.00
'[5~ Ph _ I "" l.oap $ L~

" SPECTRA _ S TR IP FLAT BONOED

We know 11>, whal ,"",",vane ....,t,
:rIMER. 0 10 2.75 MINUTES GENERAL
TIME . ~ packaged .,"""~. '0<
'r.566h.... li<>n Gf'II<'.. torfTo r.IIf"Od
II!>V. a \t:S6 ~ f U .ITo f)..od
k~
h .65

a I", th.. , "" Itf_ project beaI..... 60 Hz T ,,,,,,, if$l!'tlor 2.15 minum 1165 a \.:i95 t'OIIr Q.od 1 \I lipl 53. 'S
. hey ..... ay1 uk lor 01. We now ....... 1KIl)nd!l 0 1 op"...I>OI\ . AI tn"..,..j 01 OP- 0 'USS Tm... 2. "5- 10 I S l $1.2S
1I Send $ ,25 10' lemt Cat.Io9.
_ 5 by 10 1 I.... . bul ,I ....,.,t
loll ",al,ng CYcle. a SPO T ........ Ich 'f dovd
\LL ITt'" "lfl .k~. t .J(;IfT \('T ",",HU lll
long. 10 ord.. now belor" ,tI.1I gOne. Mav be 'eworkod 10 prow,da ..,y I'''''' delay be-
1'0,<1' \1.1 ' \11) 1\ THI I ~, "
W" don'l .....nl any Itfo k"n he.lIl. Spe",: 20 cond .. c- """"'" 0 and 2 ,1!> m,nUlf1l. Make.. o ...lut lib or _. _ ' .m~'u ~,. ,.' '' IQ,:un
10'1 , 24 AWG . 7 mand'.,,~ 'I .88" .044 " W" (J)f.Jld "'Qu... ce l' '''''r. l;ne~1 d'l'~ "'''h CUlf"ot liS! - , _ I' - ::t.
LOJl.' _

--
Qiv11;l1vi' lUef, bul moll p"o ple know Ihem O' could pri"" 01 5 15,00
ealily loo ~ it up in any Ind um ia l . 1.ctr on iCf hoo", Sh.WL 1 lb. 'G,
nGT
S2,15 ea ,
. . . .ltt:Ilt:II,
cata lOgue , S5.00/2
St!. WI. l lb.ll 0 1t ... ..Ordl' No , SS FBRC 1ft) ~G~ T \ \ 6 2 1 \t [)l() \\I PI.l Flt:R
I'\- ioo' $,3!>/ t ft . SI .ooI3 h . S5.0011Bh o ' c -..do<> _ ...... ," 14 ..... D'P _ "_.Il'O.o<tn B ,& F. ENTERPRISES
$30 00/100 ft. $55.001200 It. SIl)IJ.001400 "
"0 '0 ~ ....... _ .. ,'h _ _, ..... . _ 28 vo" _ ,,", uu ,,,
_ c... too . . - .t 12 Vo'" ... 'h 'OdYOtd "",,,,,, a ... .. _ .. '" _ "."
$200001900 fl_ 55OO.00f1OOO ft . _ $1M 6for$ IOao
 BRAND NEW CATALOG T HO USA N DS OF SURPLUS BARGAINS
ROTARY THUMBW HEEL SWITCH ~ W O UT
~-~-
Brind .... w d'!I"al .... ,td> v.,I.b1e w'lh
OUlput ,n W., ghl drc,mal IOfm. O'
BCD. W'd..lv uoed 10 ~"I "p "'edel....
i~
2 m,ned cou"'.
0. d igila llo . n. IOg h...."
~eclion . '" d,,<:a<f..,
0' ,n 'e.. a l~, d '9, "1 . alu",
P,ic"" QUOled e pe.

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DECIMAL OUTP UT IIO po.. tionl RTSD CO $2 ,35
BINA RYCOD EO DEC IMAL RTSBCD $2,35

,~.. ~ For fod " fij and "'m........ ..1. ... I.li,J,
OUTPUT
HIGH -TE MP. POWER TR ANSiSTOR OJ
~-r
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art 'ppro' hri,:ht , ,,10,,,,,,,,' \10, ,, hi.h
r e1 fro d i-lu l ",.t 1:>0 .\11 .1m..
bo-
I..... P~ Amnl il 'e ' 200V l OA 52.00
10 1... S I 7.50 .... 10010' $ 150.00 r .._---_. ,_ -. -_ _-
DECAD E COUNTING '-"'In s WI TH READOUTS

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supply, . nd i chin,. '0 KI " . h..at ,in k. B nd
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in th, ee ,i .., 10 w. tll RMS1 20watt, m... ic 1>0...... ,1, """ ,," ~ <I,,".d'"' '" """,,,,",
25 wam RMS 150 w.llI M.P ,I. and 50 w.m RMS,
l 1O0 w all< M.P. I I'" ' ctlannel. T......n tv' I"''I'' m.nu
M WEST DCU'
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lacl",e", iml'UCto"" boo _ included, S. nk.., amp' " ., ~ . ," -. _ _ ,,"', .~d _. G " " nd .
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f . ., 0:-_
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"",",~' ;' 1", 1. b~ a n.... Iur: al. inl<'l:uli..... economy gr_ , S1400
' . ' 92 f Uf . .... _ . ..... [)CU
~h,p. ~u.I ,-d i( d fm . ",.-d'l:il ~~ /:I...... h~. O S I10 50E 5Ow.!! RMS .mphli.."
nUl .." Ip'" fm H' nal d... ;...... "a) b it<"<l f". economy g'ade ,$7 1.00 " IT
:H '" 12 h" ". ol"',ation ""h "nl~ a ' ''''1'''' 1'''''....... oTr.n, f", me' fo ' ~t.'eo lO' watt am pldi .." 1\1PO ~ ~ III l.t: ! . \ $700.00 Iu"~ ,i",, ~en ..... 1' " I",
, ha,'I:. tA.mplr'" .. ilb .1I ... 11 . ...." .... . 1'. ,,,.1,,,,1 ..,,,
",. n" .I. and ,rat .. ""d ...... 0 "1,, a .old..,-i ,,~ i,o" .".1 (2I b'I.... .... ." $3 ,9 5 S'i'l .lll) ? 11"1 tr " .. ~ r h.. n .... . 1" ........ 1 t: X~R ll)~
....t .... d,;..., .... "' I",,,.,, . . oT'ansfo,m e, '0' ' ter"o 75 0' 50 wall ",,,,, ,,Ii ,h i ~ ...... ....ron ~. " "'. IOf "'. ~ Ihi. p, .....
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1II(;IIIEItFOII\I o Set 01 131 2000 mfd SOV capac, t",'
i . ..... rr;.. ' K. " ... . I nd produ .... . in I. io" K....
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n...... h~ brid "'P' I. I,,", "" ..~ 10
I... 75 ... 50 wall amnl ,t ,.. ~ 55 .00
l... q lH' nn ..." dula li"n 0' , oulp.. l lor .....
...... ""luiri.. ~ 1 NIIIt.I "''' O u' .... 1 (,.. q o..",", u.~.. i. fro ZO III 10 1.5 ""'1:"
.... 10, E I fo r " ........ 0 4 Amp 8". Rect,I", "able lor ill 1J,..,.lr. ".>d ub l;' .., i ilrh-....I<-<:'tab'" in,... ...1 '0'
~ ...pl".... ...ppl...... 101::'" .. ppl;"" _,,1,1 ... $2 .00 \ ' 1. ", ' n-nal t" I. t.....w -..tubli..n .
..... 0'..... hir;h ,..n0nfla pp-
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\10-..:1'" \lH . 2tIt. Ii G I $q<;! .OO
lit~I~..... \11 ~blo " 1..0, ......
I..... 50 ...ill;... lh ripploo UMI 11.... .mpl ,l 1700 11 mll<ld including
lha.. I " Ii.... aJId load ...-,;Iallo .
....... ......p{, b. ............ "'" Ih..
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in"'uclion,.and n,,,,, 1116 " th id<. bid
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anod,zed ind puodwd ch ,i S88 .00
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SIJ 120[ 12 \ olt.. I\n'p"'....
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. . . . .... . $2.25 o Sam" for SO ....a " RMS ""'eo ..., p1 ,I .
c SI32 Ul [ 2-1 \ olt.. I \ 0Ip""" . . .. . . . . . . $2.2.; ,ndudeo 1_ 25 Wi lt Sank..n,. "Ic S58 ,oo
(] SI30:Kl[ 5 \ .>1 1.. 1\ .. . .....$2.25 O Sam. 10' 20 w.n RMS " ..-eo. inCluOe-i EPOXY R ECTI FIERS
CI SI:l551'1 5 \,,11.. :1 .-\ " , . . . . . ... , .$ 7.0{)
lwo 10 ''''';01, Sank "",. "IC , , $30 .00 1 Am" 400 Vol" 8 FOR S'-OO
:
< ELE CTR ONI C PRESET CO UNTE R
2,5 Am " 1000 Vo lts 4F OR S1 .0lI

New , u, plus f,om a la' o.. co mpul'" companv So lid Th.. counle ' i~ fro m a COjl Vin9 m. 11 Send S.25 fo. 101..1 ' Uj><l' cata lOg .
..lve' plaled O FH C coppe' conducl or , Spe ci. 1 high. ~ ... ~'::... d'r,n ... h u",s Iwo Du,"n t eleCllo, U L In ..., 'II ' U M . 'HII;HT ' OT ' PUJ U U '
I..mpe 'at u,e . , h ln'wall ,nsulil'.,., o f tellon .ind 0'""' " '~/r"'v..: "",d>.n lc.1 decad.. 00 ,,"1"" . nd in ... PI '" ~' .I. nil) I ' THI. t . '. ~ .
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Q... h'v ma,... i.I . b u e ....lv ,ugged and ' Ie. ,ble w ,... "i7de-i .n,,,,,powe.ouPt:>IV, elC. Two ~ __ ~ . ., --:s
w.a" wi,,,. 10 ~, ,;on 1o ......a...ppliC<lli"",. an be , .... -' u '' ',/, _ "che, i ll"'" {h.. un' l 10 be ~ <:.0 ." ,", _
uwd lor "!fecli"" breildOO-d'ng. and wh ...._ Qu,d< 10 0 "'....t w ,I h any n umbe' h om I 10 ~
""PP1ng 01 ool,d wire '. "'''ed. D,II"...nl colof1 .... SO. When I"" numbe' 0 1 ""'.... in , ,,ache' lh ,. count . :::
i . " li V open . ",,"11"'9 0 11 lhe cont< ofle-d un'l. Shou ld CI
........y.ilalJok,. SI.I.. I,, " , ..eoond . _ tht'd cho>OI of
be ...... ul I", coil ..... nden. and 0 _ '1>PIrcal'''''''''
...
coIo<,. g"ppon9 _'9"1 pt. 500' " 1 lb.
Conduct.... Ordef No . SOO' 1000' 10 .00lJ QU,nng "'ul-oll il preGel"' .... ner:l coun l , T"" 1*"1< U
.Ione a1 .... lo w ", ,,;e , ..","""'I. " " 1 Itoe un"
ssoo 59 ,00 S75.00 ..... h ogh quahlV .....,1<:1''''' ~ihcon ...-;1,t, ".n..o. ....
B. & F. ENTERPRISES
'"" Wt\'W30ttl.l
WWW26C h.l
WWW24(1!.f
"' 00
"'50
$1 1.00
S1 2, 00
59500
sroo.oo
"". ..Ic.
o
""""" 16 111 512 2123
p D 80. U Ha<IIo''''' . M.."""......' .. 0"31

" p, ,,,,, , Elect ,on ,c COUn ' C6 1bo. 1.. $6. 75

-
 NEW and SURPLUS ELECTRONICS FOR THE HAM
and EXPERIMENTER

2 METER FM TRANSCE IV ERS

MOLIn IC-11

2 ~ CHA NNtI,.S (WITH

XTALS SU PPLIED FOIl
7 CH"'NIltLS) .
lO WAn s OUTPUT.
DYNAMIC MIKE.
AC- DC CWEIlATlON.

rz CKANNtLS (WITH XTW SUPPUI:D roe

$3 7 9 .95 S CHANNEl.SI.
10 WAmOOTPUT.
DYN.'MIC MIKE.
UVOClJl'[llATlON, $ 28 9 .85
$2S. 00 WORTH or CATALOG MER CHANDISE WITH ALL CASH CRDERS.

A LP H A - N UMER IC
K E Y B O ARD " DIP CU P,".IC TEST CLIP

$50 Qf! _l~ l'

MICRO SWITCH [P::,;;: 1

MODtl SW -l on9 oonU,u II ' lSW I J Solid-SUI'. . . . ..,.,..
[nchelle; ke, 'OP' , RON encoded Into EBCDIC.

---
--_ ---
....._--_ =--...
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..
- _ .. ,. .. ,0-
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. . . II 011 II 01....... LIe NC""G "

__ .... _ _ ..- ..
--
MDOEl RW-O I I lS "",,<.o,n . 56 1 7.... MS Reed IW"eII... 1.. "lucl1n;
kl ' 'w.,
d iode encoded jn'" [&COIC .

MOS DIGITAL
CLOCK CHIP
-.....
" ....
$14 9 5

Four d'9" elect'on,,, clocll ISI cl<",,1t In to pIn DIP.

o.'l~ l or d l.-.cl "". pu' \0 Ll.qu,d CtYO.II DlI pIIY.
1..._ 1 OPtlon. lnclude, ...l....... 5t1OO. . , Seeono:l. ,
D,opllY. Rue" eJld 2. ~""" OpMeUo<>.

NOB E X ~D::..L.:.J..:'-'-''-I..::==J..::..L:.J
alpha-numeric
display bezels

- .- Deluxe Electronic

_. oDl"'Uo"
'.' '. ,- ""ICE
,,..W
Equipment Enclosures

---
- .......--
'" '.'
--
~.n ,,~

..
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....". 1 . l l i ' IIO I_ _ " 'n
nro 01101;111 ... Ul'L.oC ~ xx WI"" Tl LT... COLOR COD ~, "r . ....,
,,,,.
..-.... .-
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"'vrw ' ~ " . RED 60 .... "" ?O. OIIU" 90 "

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",,, .,,,,.".,,,,.
*""-
. ......., ",to ,........
"M"
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, ( . ad. . 9!lO with ";11 TU"' )
>0

K A E L E C T R ONIC SALES
13''"' SLCJC:uM S TREET 0 4 L L "S , TEI< AS .,.~.,.

f~ 41"''''''- 3,",30
"'4"'' 6 62

WRITE FOR FREE CATAL OG.

VIS IT OUR STORE SAT URDAY FROM
gAM to 5PM , LOCATED OFF ST EM-
MONS FREEWAY NEAR OAKLAWN.

,
 NEW and SURPLUS ELECTRONICS FOR THE HAM
and EXPERIMENTER

Electronic Clock Kit

Sl a p 1... 0 Tile r ut..... W'tb
THE TIME MACHIN!;
S_ II Si ze :
Z !/4X4 1/ ZX6 Jl4

W IC CLOC K
ELECTRO NICS (Kl'l') $45.50
HAND-fiNISHED SOUD
WALNUT CASE 8.95
Options :
'W"
, OOOU
6. 95
' .00
MANUAl. RSLr
AUTO- POWEll ersrr
."
."
THE TIME MACHI NE u'-\Uz ... th. , electrOnIc ' edl nlq"" . and .dvances to prOVIde "'...
InlonuUon Uk. no clock has bet"",, "La,q.
Seal. Int_all"" (lSI) CIrculi Pl""Ytdea the 1091"
SECONDS DISPLW , . 00 10 eotIver' l he 60 henz line Ireq ..."cy Inlo .. dupleyebl. l ime . In..... l opHona Include ..
IlUs",uobl" .ta..... CirCUit, fLve .. I<.ule snooze. end 24 "our tim" .

2 - MET E R MARKER G ENERATO R Greatest advance ,

K IT in soldering since
electricity ...
19 9 5
_r....LI WAHl;
CO-..lTEL.'
Ht: A'S IN 5 SECO.. o.
SOt.DEIII I UP TO 150 .IOlOfTI
011 _ I HI! CHAIIIGI
IIICHAIlGES ...UTOMATIC....... '
IN ITS OWN S'ANO
I) AC lU,UGl Of! INOUCfD
C\Jfl1l1 "T TO O,lM4GI OUICATE
EUCfIIIOfrIIC C ~E Ir(f' .

$ 19 9 5
NEW - GUARANT EED
PIIOVIDts A M.\RI(tR SIG NAL ON ALL STANOAJID
Z MITR r M CHAN NElS. I NCLUDI NG THE RI:PE.ATI:R COM PlEI'l: WITH RCHboRG ING STAND. rtNE TIP AND
INPUT AND DUPUT CHANHtLS loS WEll loS DIRECT INS TRUCTION IlOOKlXT
CHANNELS .

TO UCH CALLING SIZE: 5 VDC

l . SS X6.2 0 Xl.l2 " 3/4 AM P
KEYSET
POWER
l ;>-butt Clll , .1p h_ ~,,0 r1 C

. 0' ' ' ' oqu.ipp<>d 0 1'1'1 SU P P L Y

' ''''0 . on ora . or ; H . nU. . l K IT
to ' 110. . ....d U 'l'o . o h
Ca1 H"~ tolo pM ~" . 'I'lI o
.0 u ... . or 1 Ontot
on ","1 . to4 C1J'OUlt . . . t
14 .... k or ,b .,.. . t .
AU
"'"
'oa. I'I"-'I_ "" to. ... .
d . , ~
tr l U ta ..... . uses THE LATI:ST STATt -or -THt -AllT THREE TERM INAL RI:GULATOR
C IRC UITlIY.
24~ HAS IHTtRNAL CURRENT U Mrr . THERMAL S HU TDOWN. AND
NEW SAit - \REA COM PENSATION .

fJ::%.. KA ELECTRON IC S A L ES , 2 U' H HUO

7 Segment LEO tr.L!!l '11 2 SLOC U M S T A T DALLA S. T l':" A S ~207 'I

.B~hL
.......m'wt
Displa y
3 95 EACH NEW! WHEN IN DALLAS V ISIT OUR STO RE L~ "
SATURDAY 9 TO 5 .
i--~_-,I. S IM ' U\R TO MANSANT O MAN- I AND
ClPCOAS LA - 7 . r rrs rs I t PI N DI P SOC IIXT. SEND YOUR NAME IN FOR MAILIN G
-1.400 l- LIST AND CATALOG.
DiSPLAY ICIT I . INC LODS : 7 SEG Me NT LED . 74 t? $ 5.95
AND 74tO. COMING SOON : TOUCH-TONE DE CODER KI T.
DIS PLAY ICIT Z. INCW DS , 7 SEG ME NT lED . 7 441. 749 0 . 6.95
AND 747 5 .
 A.HC "ISO-TIP"
Cordless Soldering Iron
Repl aceable t ips - Use ordmary solder - N o cord to
interfere - Ready to use instantly - Ideal t o use on
printed circuit boards. normal home and mdustry wiring
repairs - Easily rechargeable - Place in separate recharg -
ing stand when not in use - Recharges from " dead" to
" f ull charge" overnight . ,
low voltage with high wattage performance - "lso-Tip"
soldering lip const ruction eliminates electrical leakage.
t he need for grounding and the possibility of damage to
highly sensitive electronic components - Reaches solder-
ing temperat ure in 3-5 seconds - Specially designed for
good fee l and balance - Saves time - Push butto n o pera-
tion - B uilt -in work lig ht and pilo t light.

Tip performance equivalent of up to 50 watts and up to

60 joints per c harge depending on size of work - long-
life nickel cadmium batteries - l ightweig ht to eliminate
fatigue ... weighs less than 6 ounces and is less than 8
inches long - Complete safety and total portability -
Do those hard-to-reach jobs - Goes where the work is
- No d rop cords to string or need to search fo r a power
source .

An IDEAL TOOL for:

Radio. TV and Antenna Servicemen Aircraft Servicemen Hobbyists
Home Owners Engineering Laboratories Electrical Departments
$ 19.95
from
NEW HAVEN AVI NI
SPECIALS "
Collins R391 Digital Readout Rx 500 kHz to 321\1H z $500.00
Coll ins R389 Digital Readout Rx 15 kHz to 15 MHz $500.00
Hewlell Packard UP616Microwave Sig. Gen. $ 250.00
Boonton 202, 202C or 202E AM & FM 50 - 200 $250.00
Boonton 207 $8 00 .00
Boonton 203 $800.00
Motorola OA 442 250 W Out on 2 i\lTR $3 75.00

WANTED Top prices paid for:

UP 628A BOONTON 232A &
UP 87318 235 A

all types of Collins test equipment.

Tweed New Haven Airpo rt
New Haven, Conn. 06512
Phone: 2034670148
 ann. commun csuens

General Electric
Model MT 42 Mobile Un it 450 MHz
18 Watt Tran sistor Po we r
Supply wi th accessories . . . .$89
MT 4 2 Mobil e Uni t
less accessories $69
MT 4 2 Tra nsmi tter strip only . .$ 25
MT 42 Receiver strip only $30
MT 42 Power Supply $ 20

Motorola
Model T43GGV Mobile Unit
150 M Hz 30 Watt Vibrator
Power Supply
with accessories SS9
T 43GG V Mobile Unit
less accesso ries $69
T43GG V Tr an smitter str ip
T A 139 o nly $20
T43GGV Receiver strip
TA 140 only $35
T4 3GG V Power Supply
T U l 17 stri p $ 10

MANN CO M M UNICATIONS & ELE CTR ONI CS, IN C.

28710 CA N WOO D ROAD P. O . DRAW ER M
A GO UR A , CA L I F . 9 13 0 1


COMPUTER KEYBOARD W/ENCODER sas
Another shi pme nt just received . Al phanu merics
keyboard excellent condition. Onc e aga in we
e xpect an ea rly s ellout. Price of $3 5 includes
prepa id shipme nt in th e US and s hipme nt made
with in 24 hours of receipt of order.
AN!URR13A RECEIVER 220-400 MHz
11 5 volt AC 6 0 cycle p ower , tuneab le over the
range 220- 4 00 MH z. Govt. cost in exc ess o f
$2000. Yours for only $50 .00
POWER AMP TRANSFO RME R
Bra nd new com pact, regular 115 V 60 cy cle
in p u t. O u t p u t o f 40 VCT a t 4 amps plu s
a not he r w inding 6V a t 2 .5 a m p s. Fine busin ess
for Power Am ps, Logic o r O p Amp su p p ly .
$5.50 each or 5 for $25.00
12VCT 2A XFMR $1.50
Regu lar 115 vo lt 60 c y cl e input . 12 vo lt
transformers a re alway s in demand , these are
brand new. $1 .50 each or 10 for $12.00
GO-SECOND TIMER
A bon anz a for th e photo lab or any require -
ment for a precision sp r in g-wou n d timer . May
be set at any interval 0 -60 seconds. Contacts
rated at 1 5 amp s. Contacts close while running
and o pen at e n d o f tim e interval. Brand new.
$1.50 each, 10 for $12
455 KC IF ASSEMB LY
Comp lete miniature 455kc IF. amp assembly.
1.5 tncnes long , littl e ove r Y. Inch square. Ready
to use w/ schem. S im t o Miller 8902 . . .. . 2 .50
RF VACUUM
SWITCH
Made for the ART 13
goOd fOr 100 watts R F ,
no d o ubt hand les m u ~h
more d ue to being un-
der rated for the mili -
tary . .. #71 .173/2 .00
7400 SERIES IC GRAB BAG
Mix o f 740 0 ser ies DIP , u nm a rked untested.
So m e sc n ema ne s p rov id ed 10 for 1.00
100 f or 8 .00
1000 for 60.00
JOHN MESHNA JR . PO
IC SPECIAL - ONE MONTH ONl Y
Our regu la r S1 5 1C b oard with apnrox . 14 0 DIP
IC.. on them, With id e n t shee t . F or o ne m onth
o nly we a re p ric in g them a t S6.50 per b oard to
red uce ou r mve ntorv . =lC -S $6 .50 Or 5 for $ 25
COPPER CIRCUIT BOARD
Bra nd new G E 2-sid ed gla ss eooxv Gl0 , the
s tan dard o f th e ind us t ry , bright a nd shin y new.
6 x 12 , S 1.00. 12 x 12, $1 .50_ Buy ten piece s
a nd get 2 m ore free.
AM- FM RADIO 55.50
Du e to the West Coast shi p str ike they c a me in
t oo late for the c ust ome r. Now it's you r
bargain . Use it as is o r build it into y ou r o wn
ca bi net, desk , wan, e tc. All built , ready t o use,
With AC s up ply , T o make it portab le a ll you do
is p ower it WIth a c ouple of "0" cell s. Fully
asse m b led sol id sta t e c hassis with AC p ower
su p pl y , less speakers. Covers full AM as well as
FM broadcast. The price . .a n astounding
meager $5.50 postpaid.
PISTON CAPS 1-8 1JF
3 for $1 .00
Unu sed Military s u rp lus. For hi f req. work . List
price over $3 .00 each . We have 1 size only,
1-81J.F . No hardware .
#73-1 8 3 t or $1.00
BATTERY ELiMINATOR-
CHARGER
Plugs into 1 15 volt 6 0 cycle a nd pu ts ou t
a p p rox. 1 2 volts DC 100 m ils. SUfficien t t o
power most any sma ll transistor radio and a lso
u seful for ch a rging small dry cells and small
ni -cad c ells . F ully built, ready to u se .
$ 1 .0 0 each, 6 for $ 5 .00
RF FERRITE CORE CHOKE
Hi -permeab ility , ult ra midget srvre.
co a ted for moisture resistance, color
cod ed. Used in xmtrs. receivers , co n-
verters , TV peaking . Brand new,
worth 40(: each . Assortment of 1.8.
27 .0 , 330 pH . Pack of 3 D, $12 .00
valu e. '
#A .7130/$1.00 lBO/$5 _0 0
UHF TRANSMITTER
O ne of the later des igns being released . Superb
workmansh ip by HUGHES . U t ilize s 3 pencil
tr iodes worth Ove r $46.00. Looks like a
" na rc ret " for 220 me transm itter as it's on
.26 4 mc now. S imple to lo we r freq . W/tubes &
scherne'nc . Bu ilt -in p ower supply 400 c ycle
would have to be c h a nged . Measures o nly
3x4xB inch es_ N ice p iece of scarce gear, easy t o
work on & first cla ss co n di ti o n.
4 lbs_ _ #rA .40IC 15.00
BOll 62 , E . Lynn Mass . 01904
I

'~ .
~

.
.'.
. ,:,'

'
~ 4. NOISE ACTUATED SWITCH $1.35
I Solid state noise actuated swi rch tully wired,
includes m ike pick-up. amplifier , se A switc h .
A ctuates by n o is e or whistle . Useful fo r burglar
alarms , lamp lighter , etc . 15 It ra n g e .

TS 323 FREQ. METER

Similar to t he familiar Be 22 1 e x c e pt
t his one LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 31$1.00
cove rs ra nge of 2 0- 450 me . Accuracv .0 0 5% Ruby red, gold plated leads. With mercury cell
V5ed. guaranteed OK, less batte ries, with for in st a n t testing .
schematic . TS -323 sh ip WI. 35 lbs. . ... $50.0 0

Alp ha-nume ric key boar ds. E x ce llent to new in co nditio n . Styles may vary slightly
from pic ture. Two models ava ilab le . o ne with ASCII encoder in b ase $ 55.00 postpaid
in th e U .S. Kev boerd with no enco d er in b ase $35.0 0 postpaid in U .S.

KEY BOARDS
$35.00 & $55.00

ALPHA-NUMERIC keyboard removed f rom

u nu sed I BM Se lect r ic m ac h i nes. Bargain
price at o n ly $8 .00

Ie BONANIA
Brand new DTL dual inline lDIP) pa c kage,
factory marked ce ram ic type . T he pric e is
too good to be t rue . Fu ll y gua ranteed and
with specs.

930 Du al 4 inp ut NAN D gate similar to 74 20

.,
931 Clocked flip flop 7411 0
932 D ual 4 input Expand Buff " 7440 '11 1
7460
933 Dual 4 input expander
..
936
945
Hex Inverter
JK Flip Flop ....
7405
741' 0

GIANT 8- 7 9 7 1 NIXIES (2) with 2 sockets
7400
946
962
Quad 2 i np u t gate
Triple 3 input gate
..
74 10 and driver board containing hi voltage tran-
sist o rs. Complete plug-in board as removed
from operational equipment . Schema tics in -
15d each . Buy $100 worth and deduct 10%. cl uded. Unbelievable b ut true . . . just $2.50
24 hour delivery guaranteed . for the complete package .. .ti72S-1 0 $ 2.50

Please add pos tage for above. JO HN M ESH NA JR. PO Box 62. e. LYNN MASS. 0 1904

,
THE MOST POWERFUL SCIENTIFIC CAlCU
lATOR FOR UNDER S500.00
The price of the 7400 is low enough to make a
desk tOF computer available to almost anyone.

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES NOT FOUND IN MOST

COMPETITIVE MACHINES
DYNAMIC RANGE : 10-99 to 1099
DATA STORAGE : Z Auxiliary Storage Registers plus
up to 7 push-up Stack Registen.
Roll up Ind roll down keys for complete control of
operational stack
1nlert.cing provisions for printer and programmer
Correct X (Allows the operator to correct one digit,
without re -e ntering the whole problem)
Polar to Rectangular conversion and Reungular to
Polar conversion
DISPLAY : Either full floating or scientific notation , 14
large, easy-Io-read digiU.
SIZE: 8%" x 12" x 3%" WEIGHT: 4ths.
1400A 3 Registers Kn 5Z99.95
Assembled $379.95
14008 5 Revisten Kit $319.95
Assembled $399.95
1400C 1 Revmers Kit $399.95
Auembled $419.95
PRICES INCLUDE CARRYING CASE
MITS will rlpair any 1400 for a fee of $25.00 for a S-
yeer period after the normal1-year nrTlnty has expirld.
Use Your Ba nkemericard or Master Charge r---------------------------------------------------------,
I O K~
:, ENCLOSED IS CHEC K FOR MODEL# O Assembled

,: AMOUNT OF CHEC K (Include $5.00 for Portage & Handlingl $; _

WRITE OR MAIL COUPON FOR : 0 1 am interested in additiof\lll information.
ADOITIONAlINFORMATlON : i NAME _
miCRO InSTRumEnTATiOn ! ADDRESS :
& TELEmETRY SYSTEmS.lnc ,: crrv ~
T'
S4G4 CD Al AVE., S.E., ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEX ICD 111 08 : STATE ZIP f"t\
505 /26&2330 :L ---- ~
'-:
 our lourlh generation lamily.

Sq uare root o perat ion and fo urteen d igit LED display 16 d igits, the highest o u t put capacity of any MI TS
makes thi s mach ine t he choice of t hose who wan t the calc ula tor, ar e available on the 816 models on ly.
very best. Constant data memory an d co mp u te d fi xed decimal
Sophi st icated fu n ct io ns (made po ssib le by un iq ue syste m makes th e 8 16 a usefu l tool for business or
MOS-L SI circuitry) includ e a con stan t data memo ry, home use.
14 d igit independen t data memory , ne gati ve number
Human-engineered color coded keyboar d an d large
entry, a nd exchange o f o peran ds ... a ll are one touch
, operations !
clcc tro-f to u rcscent di splay gi ves both 816 models a
degree o f o perat ing ease a nd flexib ility unma tched in
MITS has provided expanding capabili ty for th e 816
mach ines cos ti ng hundreds more.
and 1440 by providing interfac ing for the soon to be
rel eased progra mming module a nd printer t o convert 8l6A Kit $149 .9 5
the ba sic unit into an impressive d esk to p co m pu te r. 8 l6A Asse mb led .. $179 .9 5
1440 Kit $199.95 816B Kit $159 .9 5
1440 Assemb led $249.95 816 B Assembled . . $189.95

Here a re t wo new members in our fo urth generation

fa mily o f MITS d igital p ro d ucts. MITS digital clocks
featu re large LED displays, 12 or 24 hour operation ,
h ighest qu a li t y components, A.C. operation , and
indi vidu al t ime set bu ttons.
MITS ' DC4 ha s m inute and ho ur ti mekeeping a nd t he
DC6 model gives seconds as an ad d itio nal featu re.

Available as elect ro n ics only , as a ki t o r assembled.

4 DIGIT [hours, min ut es, a nd 1 sec. pul sed colon ) 6 DIGI T {hours, minutes, seconds )
DC4-E [electroni cs onl y J $39. 50 DC6-E [electronics o nly] $49.50
DC4-K [co mplete kit ) $4 8.50 DC6-K (complet e k it I $58.50
DC4-M [assem bled unit] $89 .50 DC6M (assemb led u nit] $99.50

For info rma t io n o n the co mplete line ~-------------------------------------~

73,11
of MITS pro ducts, write : o I am interested in add iti o nal lit eratu re.
Encl osed is chec k for item # 0 Kit
o Assembled
Check a mou nt (include $5.00 for postage

miuu InstnJmentotion & Name .,

",n:d:":ha~n:d:I;:n~g~.)=$~======-,- _
Telemetry Systems, In[. Address.-::: _
5404 COAL AVE., S.E., ALBUQUER QUE. NEW ME XIC O87108 City an d Zip _
505/266-2330
~-------------------------------------~

,
LINEAR ,an_y ............tuo 5N7400 ' .21 Tn
LOWEST PRICES ON
I~ r,,~

~R.,Bmps.~~";;:;:.~ !K_K 1k}

SN7401 .2 1
5N7402 .2 1
5N7403 .2 1 5 . ' 5 _ 7 ' 0 "
5H7404 .2 7

.
15:11
"2
533
HI II
MI"
M Icro po-
,et. o:op 'amp
741 TO$
709 "
52.50
2 .50
2.50
5H7405
SN7406
5N7407
.2 7
.45
.4 5
5"'450
5H7 ,
51'47453 .2 1 .
.2 1
.,
0 5N74123
5H
74141
5N74145
.9 9
11 .25
.415
536 FE' Inp u t op amp 3 .95 5H7408 .2 9 5H7...., 5"
tU 7 P,ec illo.. 741 TO 5 2 .50 SH7409 .2 9 5 N 7 . . .. . . SO 74150 1 .45
540 7PW pw. d.h' p 2 .04 5N7410 .2 1 5N7480 . , 74151 1 .13
5 50 P,iK l.I... 723 OIIDa. r o a. 1.17 SH7411 .2 5 . 5N74153 1 .25
55S . . . 1 00
Tl ..... 2 u Se c_d , to I ....... SN7413 .7 5 5N7470
5N747, .39 5H7., , .

ass 15 TI...._ , . ., ... tM .. 741e .. . . .50 SN7418 .4 8 5H7'7'
~
.5'
.44
5H7.,
5N74156
' ."

1.3 .
D ....I 741 ( mi nI DIP ) . . . . . . .8 8 5"7417 .4 8 5H7'7. ' . 5H 741 57
5"7420 .2 1 .~ 1 . 25
D .80 Ph lock loop s 3 .25 5N7 475 1 .00 5N74158 1.4 .

a
D
1561
562
565
Ptl
P
lock l_p DIP
lock loop DIP
pq. . loc" 100,", CAl . . - _
3.25
3 .25
3 .25
5"7421
SN7426
SN7430
SN74312
.2 1
.~2
.2 1
.2 S
5N747.
S N7 4 8 0
5N7481
.44
.6 5
1 .10
5N74160
SN74161
SN74162
1.7 9
1.7.
1 .79

B
O
B
566
5 87
595
runeuOfI _ . t o . I MI IOl DIP I 3 .25
T _ d ee ( M llOl DIP ) .. . . . . 3 .25
F_. . .u.lHI nt mUltiplier 3 .10
SN74317
SN74318
5H7440
.50
.5 1
.2 1
5N7482
5N7483
5N7486
.88
1 .25
.4 '
SN74163
SN74165
SN74174
1 .79
3 .50
3 .20
O 702C H i -a. ln. DC .mp. TO_S .4 4 5N7441 1 .00 5"7489 3 .50 SN74175 3 .20
70~C RF.IF P. 14 c " U . TO 5 .. . 6. 5N7442 1 .12 S"74.0 1 .00 5"74180 1.10
70tIC Ope tlo mp ( A) 39 5N74431 1 .21 5N7491 1 .10 5N74181 4 .50
710C D lff."lItl. ' p ( AI 39 5N7444 1 .21 5N7492 .7 1 5N74182 1.10
711C Du.1 dlft . c o m p (A ) _3 9 5N7445 1.50 5"7493 .7 1 5"74184 2 .50
72~C V.lta ul. t ( A) 95 5"7448 1.17 5H7494 1.10 SN74185 2 .50
741C F.eq_nc ,. c ...._n. .t ... 709(A ) . 41 5H7447 1 .25 5N7495 .9 5 5N74192 1.75
741CY
747C
748C
u .ney c o m p 709 ( m illi DIP )
D I 741C. (A )
.4 9
. 1.2 5
d l . 741C ( A, . . . . . . . . 45 . . .act...., M....... I
5N7448 1 .25
B

5"74.6
5H741oo
5H74107
1 .10
1 .41
.4 9
5"74193
5"74194
SH74195
1 .75
2 . 50
1 .1
70970. DU.I 709C (D'P ) 1 .00 ..... t...., c.... teocil 5"74121 .49 Sl'4741'8 2.65
70tICC GoIa. m illUI")'. DIP _ . . . 4' ..~~~~~~..... 5H74122 _6 7 5H741'9 2 _65
739739 D...... t . ...o pn."'1I 1.98 :-
78450 R,. 11_ d.. lver .. . . . . 88 t C I ~ ilit "'J" Gold
4250 P'Y'oc m .... b4. . .. am.. . 2.S0 U~ 1 TO _II 0. DIP du.l HI.POWER YARACTOR DIODES
Potter & Brumfield $4,.5 o
S t lld m Olln t . S im ila . to I ~_
KAPRELAYS 4 1'116 , 6 0 G H Z . 2 0 watt. ,
c a pacity 2lj- 32 m m' . :-lilt y

1 ~-:.~';: $2.98 1 uu.uu

1 q . mult ip li..r.

ALLEN BRADLEY'S a0 11.12 v.c

VDC
~T .... , . . . 2.'.
:llil"DT 2
PHILCO-F'ORD
'MICRO-POTS' E"c.Il.,,~t fo. "HAM" 1Uo" ... alltalllla . .... il c hill. latchi....
DYNAMIC MIKE
T l"l l~ (; . 1 /2 ~ ,I,., . ~ tranamlt. raceive, etc., &fI.d 1 00 'a o f oomme.clal o . Ill _ R e pla cem e nt f or t aPa r e
I / :l ~ tUIlIo ..\I " u n' ~ l /l
H
d ua trl al u.ea . I ncl ud ... p l. .ue dlUot-cover w itb d i....am cor d ...... PA xyxt.na , aud io
h"I~. w llh ~ 1o,, 1t . h n.,,,. &Dd hook up Info, I I -pill p lll. -Ill b ..... ColllaCt. m ovabl .. ampa. 20 0 o h m . 6- f t . cord
'nJ", ~ r "l " n- p r u f h ' ll h ..old ft. .he d alive t.t1on....y overl.y, with .lIve. cad_ and m ini m ike pl u . 20 0_

2 'or $1
, ... . '1 . millm o"id. mov.blee. All conl.cta 1 0 am p SP OT. C9,Ll
d a t lI I1VAC 22 110 olun., 17. 11 mao 1 2 VDC 21 mil.
$1.98
1100 0 H ... we. 6 ox. Fita In
"t"um ot hlUld. " 2 :&/ 8'" X
0......7. ~ 2. 11
5 .011 25.11
1 6 8 ohm. Slae: 2'/ X 1 5/ 16.... Wt, 4 on. C. nt.r p In
ml.. I"... Corn u Mf Iype e q ual too.
1 !l/ x " X 'f/ . " . I mpact pl&atic

8 tOO

7 .11 75.1(

a 500
2 .011
10.11
20.110
100.11
5 M. ..
We ..t ock L o.. knut Hu ehln ll &<
ALLEN BRADLEY'S
'TRANSISTOR' POTS
a
O hm
; 5
100
"0 a B
500
1.011
2 .511
7 ,511 D 25.K
10.0K 0 5 0 . K
DB ~~g:
2 M
An y 4
Sc reW drive r t yp..a a t m. T yp .. ~'. Scr. w d rlVe r .di"~ t. 0 200 750 0 5.0K D 20.011 D 75.K D 5 M.I!: for $1
I" ", prlcu .
L.w1 x.lc _ o
7SEGMENT $3.95
INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
LED READOUTS
Onl7
3 to. $10 .
D M"'N_4 .qu.l. ,."Inny MAN_l1
SOCKETS Space . .m a MAN-l t,.po
.",. A.y :I _ T"II. I..
o 14-PI... du.1 In II... . . .4. 0 _9 p Ill. Iptt... ,
oa I.
TO
P in. dOl'll In lIf . . 50
10 p I 2. BURROUGHS 5755R
Sn a p. in I ~ _p i n LliP
.. kp l . ' ", " ~H ,
O-\t. wll h ri .. ht and Ip tt d pc _ ch ! : l / \f..H.
Poly Pab Will
Se Under.oldl
Nell.'

$2 ,95
im. llI. ~ ..o n "-"d . k .. qui .... .
175 vo lu 1 7 mila . 1'/ 2 " "
0 .5" character ai " e : .5 1 ".
II V . 2 0 _m il. pOI
..h ...... t .. . . : /
O See"."
g.
3 / 1 01 "
. 5 0 .

'HAM' UHF' 400 MC ALPHA-NUMERIC 7-SEG. READOUTS

HIGH POWER n Ollrh.c ..n, UlopGrun
H. W.
0 -. _ . , ., Mel_I .. _
n. N.... .,lam-.n. V _
~
1...._ 2.50
TRANSISTOR aa SU..
M"" .7. 1.7S .. 1.7
7 w I ..
N . 1160 X'l'O~
.. O.lI'1'S N . 4 0 . 20 ~
I .XV Ae /IIC 42 ..II. 0
1 . V ...e /IIC 42 00011. 0

~, $3.95 we_~ .... too '1' - _ . _.... * 1..- Ie' .

_ ,1'
Dollar
~
"LIDS". v i.ibl mic~o_ ml.. ialur.. . ... ial 1.. &<1 .
~ , ... '10.

B,. RCA o e .qual 2N8632 . " L I

o 2
2
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D", ,
_
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_
" L I O S" . wi. , hl
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d , jllmbo. TO I " __ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. I
blp.
Jumbo. r..d . TO _I" .. _ . .
p", bol ic ,..np<'I<>' . RCA
_ . _. . . . 1
'I
NPN', 2 3 waite . 8 amp
TO.60 caM, with xtud mt .
VCEV mall: 65 . Stretcherl o PHOTO
P MOTO
0 1
0 2
Q 4
_
PMOTO TRANSISTOR. w il h d .r hn..l on . m p filtpr. I~n . _ _ . 1
TJlANSISTOJlS. w i' h d a .Io ....-, .... amp. 2 ~:; 7 7 7. GE ' I
_
_
CI'-'-S, (;l .i...... p
0 5 - SQt.AR e I LLS ,,"nd . q
2 _ SILICON SI:N5ORS. TI:
c,
k a OK _7 0 o hm . . . . . . . 1
Jln pow ... . circuiu .. _ .. 1
S. H - ~Il :W . t<'he' i.. . "i. , blp _5 1
PIV 2A_ ...._
TEXAS 4-WATT AUDIO AMPLIFIER
T ype S !'l7t50 2 4. Good u p t o 1 0 h . I W . into . n " oMt
3 f_
EPOXY 50 0 . 0 .
100 0 .'I'e a . 9 .
load . H i.1> input imp.d&DCOI , vee 9V t o 24 . DIP P ." 0 $ 3 .9 5 FULL WAVE: 200 0 . 9 S 0 1 . 2 .
-
NATIONAL
- will> hp.t oi n " . I II t ....... i.ton . :; d iodu .

'lOP"~ AMPS .11,.

SILICON 400 0 1. 1. 0 1 .5 0
aoo a
1.35 D 1 .7.
Bu,. 3 KIDDE uDORANICK" BRIDGE aoo 0 1.5'
1000 0 1 .7' 0
I . es
2 .2 5
a
T,.PO D_.htti_ T.... 10.,. REED RELAYS
L M - 3 oo
L M -~01
500..... 7231 Y_
H I-Perf..._ _
ul.tor T05 '1 4.
p '4'
RECTIFIERS C ode : 2 ,omp TtJ- !> ""'01
6 A~ t ~ .. 1I~ .. 1 [ t6 . '1
LM-302 V.tta '.110 TOS' : : : : : : 1 : .. 9
LM - 3 0 4
L M -305
H volte ul.t... TOll 1 .49 Only T....n ' add p.... t ..... c od' . 2 11 9>.
...._ Ord ..n : W.k.. ti .. ld. M..... \6 17,
nOli 3 0
2~ 6 _ 3"2 9
'1'.,""
P_. "oIta. . .... .,.to. TO.
s.. . , . $1.49
LM_307
LM~Oe au::
LM.30.H BV 200.... Y, ' ul.tor
~:i~ ;.p '.~p 1-05' . . ..
T05 '1:.8 He
1'::
rme tic a ll y ee ille d 6 to t 2
R.ta,l< t 6 _111 ~ I Carm i.... St . . W . ... field . :vi ....
10" W .lp. S tr..pt l C .O . D. S M AY H& PHOS&1l
o 15C CAU10' on Fib t f OPtic'. -rce-, Semi ', . Part s
LM.~09K SV I ..,f,
v . "'.u'.'or TO~ . 2.25 \ ' OC . S P O T . G ood f or
LM-~SO Du., ..... pfoer.1 d.lv 1.000,000 ' . o ' a w ite h in x
LM~70 AGe -.-Ic" .op
LM .373 "'M-rM 55B tt xtrl.. 70S
p T05
T05 . . .
1 49
31:75
c y d
2!10V
.... 35 0 DC o lun... I. OA
contacte. 1 5 wat te .
2 "/.. " x I " x 3". ..... 1. ,a OB.
POLVPAKS
I".0.80X 2" . LYNNF"II:LD ,M"SS . 01'
LM-..380 2 W.tt .., ~'-~;.=.=.=.",."'''' __J oioiiiioiiiioiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iii.iii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiilii
 1 WATT UFLANGELESS" Volh
4 .7
TOP HAT Z ENERS 0 5 for 6.3
TrIM TK, Mobi l C...l $1 8 .2
9 .1

BRAN D NE W L O WE ST P RICE S
o
GENERAL $ 2.9 5
ELECTRIC 3 F OR .6.00
3-WATT AU DI O A MP
D.. Jivers:1. watts c ontmuous 1 0
heat si!",ks; micro-mini lIi"e : 3'4';'lh xl;:"';tt~ tl)e:~\r W ith
ply. Jl lIl; h s ens itivi ty. 8 tu' 1 6 oh 2 . F 0. sup-
st..r ..o ph ono s . t ap.. FM . A'I
. TV ms.
s .. rvo. Or mun o a nd

12DIGIT "CALCULATOR ON A CH IP "

o 5_ P c. K it
u_ ,
Mike a,"pllflor
00 ,
$5 "gY5
In c lu d " .. S N 7 4 9 0, d"c _
a de co un t .. r . S 1'> 7 475-
$5.95
u .J
la t c h , S N7 4 4 1 B CD d e _


c
Ph_o arnpllfi_
T pllfiet"
5SS Kc. to
coder d rive r , 0 to9
Nix ;e t u b e , soc k et &;
'0.
S 16 .00
1500 Ku Br_d~.t band ins tructIOns.
AC or DC
Originally d len for nabl. phono
o,.ate ml, and uP. c tt 1 NATIONA L 30 ' 7 . '0
O ne o f the m o s t ve rll atil e AM Rad io and m u lti -pu r pos e
amp li fien we ha ve s e e n at P o ly P akll f a m o us "&cono m )' ''
p ri c e. M e aau ru on ly 4 l!2" X 3" x 2 " h igh . W ith t u n i n g
capa c itor , I F cl rcui t ryt loopa tlck, ant .. vol um e cont r o l
!~!;~~~~~ ~m~C:O~~~~I~e~all ) 02 75 Ii
1
set. O ve r lo a d a n d s hort Clrc U,t p r oof. No e XCe r -
na l com pon e nt... With spe c sh e ets.
w ith swi tc h , AC lin d poo n o - m ike j a c ks, Sep arate s w itc h
f o r c h ana-i n lt f r om AM r adio to amp li fier. V aes e ithe r O LM 3 7 0 AGe SQUELCH AMP $1.49 3 for $3.78
l 1 QV p l ug.;n a d apter ( not w ith un it ) and a 9 .vo lt
b a ttery p o w er. E x cep tio n al sen s iti vi ty a nd p ower . Fe e d s T ype D escrip t io n sa le
i nto 1 6 o h m s p e a k e r , C o mpl ete with s p ec s h e e ta , d la -
g ram a , and h o okup i d e a s .
GIANT oo DM 8091
DM 8093
T r i - S t a te Q uad B u ffer
T r i - S tate Qu ad B u ff e r
$1.00
1.00
SALE o DM80 94 Tri_S t ate Q u a d Buffe r 1.00
ON O D M8 2 0 0 4 . B it Comparator . . . . . . . . I.S0
o DM 8 210 8 C h a n n e l S witch , 1 .00
NATIONAL D DM8220 P arit y G.. n er a t o r C h e cker . 1.00
ProgTammab le ROM 8 .88
"'C'S" 0
o DM8223
DM8 2 50 B inar y to O ctal D e c o d ..r . . 1 .00
o DM82 81 P r es et B ina r y C ounter 1 .19
o DM8288 P r e s et Di vi d e b y 1 2 1.19
oo DM8 502
DM8 5 20
S a m e a s 7 4 1 0 7 .... ....
M o d u lo Di v ide b y 2 16 . . . 1 . 50
.41
o DM 85 5 5 Tri-Sta te Pre se t Count..r .. 1 . 95
o DM868 0 Binar y C o u n ter 1.00
o DM 8 80 0 D u a l V o lt a ll"e Tra n s lat e r 1 .00
,0 DM8 830 D u al D1ff. L in e D r i v e r 1 .00
o DM8845 S a m e as S N 7 4 45 1.4S
o DM884 5 Sameaa S N7 4 4 5 . . . . . . . 1.45
o DM8 880 Hi Amp, 7 . Seg. D e c . Driver 1 .95

NATiONAL 4 for NATIONAL $2.95

DTL "IC'S" $1. REGISTERS 3 for $ 6 . 0 0

LOWEST PRICES ON "TRIACS' ooo DM930 4 In . Gat.

DM930 4 in. Gat.
DM 932 Dual 14 In . BuH.r
o MM SOO
O MM5 0 2
Dual 2 5 Bit
Dual 50 Bit
D MM5 0 S Dual 32 Bit
Two sell in on. elu! Most complete listinl! o DM 93 6 He x I n rt.r o MMS06 Dual 100 Bit
PRY 3 amp amp 10 a m p IS a m p 2 5 am p o DM 946 Quad 2 I ut o.te o MMS006 Dual 100 Bit
a $ .6 5 o DM 962 Tripi . 3 In. Gat. o
150
100
0 5 .22
0 .35
0 $ .35
0 .52
0 $ .415
0 .6 4 0 .85
0 $ .85
0 1.05 o DM9093 Dual J.K Flip Flop . o
MMS013
MMS018
1024 Bit Accumul
500 /512 Bit
200 0 .6 5 0 .72 0 .88 0 1 .2 5 0 1.4 5 -2 for $ 1. 0 0
300 0 .7 9 0 .8 9 0 1. 10 0 1 .45 0 1 .8 5
400
500
0 .9 2
0 1.2 5
0 1 . 15
0 1 .39
0 1 .3 5 0 1 .8 5
0 2.55
0
0
1.8 5
2 .2 5
PLASTIC RTL'S 12VDC
800 0 1 .50 0 1.69 0 2 .6 5 By Fairchild ~./lPOWER PAC
Co de: J & 6 " mp TO -S. 10 " ",p TO 66. 15 s 15 " m p . Iu d , Choo . . Any 1 10VACto
SILICON TUBES " H o w ' s Your 2 for $1 .00 o
12 VDC @
151.49 1.6 .......
o aU4 3 .95 MEMORIES 0 9 0 0 BuHer
0 5 1'1 4
0 8 66 .
7 .9 5 0 9 1 4 Qu ad 2 In put C at.
0 9 2 3 J.K F li p Fl op $3.33 5 x 2 ~ X 3~"
0 11 0 1 256 81t RAM MOS . $3.50
o 1103 1024 Bit RAM MOS . 8 .50 HIGH POWER EPOXY RECTIFIERS
0 7489 64 Bit RAM TTL . . . . . . .. 3 .50
o 8223 Programmable ROM 8.50 Pl Y SA LE 0 5000 2.25 1AMP
o MMS017 Dual 500 /512 Bit RAM . 6.95 o 2000 1.00 0 6000 2.96
o
o MM5260
4000
1024 Bit RAM .
Bit Cor. M emory Plane . . .
8 .88
4 .95
oo 3000
4000
1.35
1.65
0 8000
0 10000
3.50
3.95
0 4000 Bit Cor. Memol")' Plan. - . . J.l .50
'With lram ..
Tarm.. ad d po " t a g .. . cod ' " 2 11 %. Rat"d ' nel 3 0 EPOXY SILICON EPOXY
Phone O rd .. n : W ake fie ld , Ma u. ( 6 1 7) 2 4 :';_:1"12 9
R.taih 21 1 Albion S t. . W ak e fie ld , M<us .
RECTIFIERS
p,v _
mlcrom ln i RECTIFIE "
--------------------
2 A m~ 3 Amp
C. O . D. 'S MAY B E PH O NF. lJ I N :lAmp
.0 $ .O S $. 05 $ . 08 SPECIA'"
...",,'=,0 nc UTAlO' on f iber Optics. ' Ies', Semi's, Paris '00
'00
.0 0
.0 7
. 00
.0 7 ."
." 10 for $ 1
."
...
.0 0
<"o 'llO~ 400 .0 0
POLVPAKS 00 0
aoo ."
." ."
."
., a
.' 0
0 AMP
1
1000 P,.
'" P .O. BOX UA, LYNNFIELD . MASS . 01 0 100 0 .' a .18

,
 READER SERVICE PROPACATIO;"; CIIART
Please either t ear ou t t h is li s t 0 1 a dve r t is e rs and se n d it
in to 73 with as man y b o x es c h ec k ed off as yo u wo u ld
like to see brochures, data sheets o r c a t a logs . .. o r
Nelson J. II.
else make a c o p y and s e nd that in. I ne lud e your z ip Cood (Open), Fair (0), Poor (0)
code, please.

ADVERTISER INDEX February 1973

FEBRUARY
o Adirondack 96 o
s MTWTF s
MicroComm 124
o Amat. Wholesale 120,128, 0
o AnCom 161 129 0
Midland 35
Military Elec. 72
IT] 2 3
o ARRL '19 o
o Babylon 154 o MITS 172, 173 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
o Barker & Williamson 3
o B&F 164.165
u
c
Mor-Gain 142
New Haven Avionics 168 II 12 UJ ~ [] 16 17
o Call book 146
c CFP 72
o
o
Newtronics 52, 53
NHE 142 18 19 20 21 EJ ~~~
o Circuit Spec. 138
o Clegg 15
c
c
Palomar 119
Payne 85 @~ 27 28 29 30
o Columbia 155 o Pearce Simpson 72
o ComCraft 65 o Poly Paks 174, 175 EASTERN UNITED STATES TO:
o Cornell 146 c Quezar 160 GMT: 00 01 (I.l Q6 QlI '0 '1 '4 '6 ,e 2Q n
o CushCraft 120 c
o Data Engineering 114,115 0
Robot 62 A LASI(A ,.
R P Electronics 150 AR GEN TINA '4171118 "'4 '
o Drake 10.88 o AUSTRALIA ' 4A 14 1e 111 18 1 1 lA .4 '4 14 al
o 0 & T Enterprises 72 c Savoy Cover IV
C ANAL lDNE 14 1 1 1 1 1 1A 14 a, a,
o DuPage 157 c S8E 141 ENGLAND 1 1 1 3A 1 1 lA 14A 14A 14 ..
Derickson 39 o Setectronlcs 145 I1AWAlI 14A 14 1Bl 1 1

o Fair 72 n Sentry 13 INDIA 1 1 lB 6B 18 18 lB 14 1

o Gregory 151 o Signal I 59

JAPAN
MEX ICO
'4
14
18
1
1 8 18
1 7
1
11,
3A l

l 1 B 18 1

o Grove Electronics 44 o Specrrcnics Cover III PHI LIPPINES .. 1 8 1 8 78 1 8 7 8 1 1 7

o Hallicrafters 117 c
o Ham Radio Center 109
o The Ham Shack 152. 153
o
o
Standard Comm. 2
Tech Media 142
PUE RT O RI CO
SOUTI1 AfRICA
U. S. S. R.
1A
7
1
1
1
1

1 1 3 A l A 1 18 ' 4
1
1
7

.
1 4

o Hamtronics 158. 159 o Tetrex 107
o Harrison 133 o Topeka FM 109,162
o Hatry 21 c Tucker 163
o Heath 84 o Unidyne 146
ARGENTI NA '. 1 8 18 1 1 1 8 1. ala'2.2,
o Henry 18 o Valpey 9 AUSTRA LIA 21 .4 18 18 18 1 1 1 ,. 1. 2'
o Hobby Industries 98 c Vanguard 150 CA NA LZDN E ,. 1 1 7 1 1 14 2. 21 21 21
o Hy-Gain 134-137 c ENGLAND 11 1 3A 3A 3A 1810 ' . A'. 11 11
Van W2DLT 67
o Jan Crystals 67 o I1AWAII a' ,817,17,8 a.a.
o Jeff-Tronics 146 VHF Engineering 101
o IND IA 1 1 18 18 18 18 J8 1 1A 18 18 18

o Jensen 24 Vibroplex 24
o JAPAN .. ,. 18 78 ~A 3A 3A 7 7 11 18 14

o J & M Communications 120 0 Waller 26 MEXICO

"",LIP'I'INES I. " 78 18 11 18 1 1 1 1 78 18
o Juge 25 o Wilson 79
PUERTO RI C O '4 1 1 1 1 1 1 I.A 2. a, a, I.A
o K A Sales 166, 167 o Windjammer 140 SOUTI1 Af RIC A . . 7 1 1 11 18 18 ,. al 2' 21 I.
a Kirk 50 o P. Wood 72 U.S.S. R. 77 3A3A 7 718'.14 18 18 1 8
o K W Industries Cover II o World QSL 146
o Lampkin 74, 82 WESTERN UNITED STATES TO:
o Larsen 66 ALASI(A . .. , ~ ~

, ,
~ ~

. .
,~ . "
. ". "
ARGENTINA n
73 Stuff " " , " ", "
Subscriptions 121
AI,/STRALIA
CA NA L lONE " " ,
,~

", ,
," "r , ", " . . . " ""
" "
"
,". " .
Bookshop 122,123 ENGLAND ~

,
~

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~
", ," r . "" ""
" . "
73 Representatives 19 HAWAIt
INDIA ,
", " , r, " . n
" " ",
Reader servi ce inquiries n ot solic it ed. Correspond
directly t o company .
~."
MEIOCD .." '. .,"
,~

," ", , , ," . "" ".

, r , ",
Mail to R eaders' Ser vice
7 3 INC., PETERBOROUGH NH 03458
PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE
I'HILIP'I'lNES
PUERTO RICO
SOUTH AFRICA
.". ,,. ,
,~

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EAST COAS T ." ,.
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A = Next higher frequency may be usefu l also .
Zip B = Difficult c ircu it th is period .

,

 Yaesu presents the great
two-meter leap forward
Since Yaes u makes and sel ls more factory- as-
semble d amateur rigs th an any othe r co mpany
in the world, it foll ows that we 'll o nly place de-
pendable, fully-perfecte d products on th e mar ket.
So now, after more th an two th oughtful years
of devel opm ent, here are o ur ent ries in th e two-
meter FM field :
YAESU FT-2 AUTO
Great new fea tures - like A uto -Sca n and a spe-
cial Prio rity-ch annel - place the FT-2 AUTO in
a class by itse lf. Th ese uni que ca pabi lities are
achieved wi th adva nced d ig ital- logic c irc uits.
Here's how t hey work :
Wi th Auto-Scan on , the rece ive r scans all 8
channels at 20 c hannels pe r second , Ind ic ator
lig hts provide a vis ual chan nel display, sto ppi ng
o n receipt of a signal. At th e end of eac h trans-
mission , th e receiver con ti nues to scan. (J ust
push a c hannel button to skip over any channe ls
you wish eliminated fro m th e scanning cyc le.)
To loc k on any frequ ency be ing received , simply
depress the mike bu tto n moment aril y. Th e lock
light then glows ind ic at ing th at transmitt er and
receive r are wo rking together. To unl ock , yo u
aga in hit the mi ke button and the recei ver con-
t inu es to scan.
Only Yaes u offers this type of remote , o ne-
, handed control of th e sca nni ng fun ction.
The Pri ority-ch ann el feat ure allows auto mat ic
monitoring of a p re-selected f req uency. Whe n
th e receiver stops on a f requen cy other th an th e
Priority- ch ann el , Auto-Sca n wil l che ck every two
seconds to determ ine if the Pri ority-ch ann el Is
busy. If it is, th e rec eiver reve rts instantly to the
Priority-chann el. Manual or A uto -Scan mod e of
oper ati on is Instan tly selectable on fro nt panel.
In manual mode, th e push buttons fu nction as
c hannel selecto rs.
SPECTRONICS WEST
1491 E. 28th, Signal Hil l, Ca. 90806 I (213) 426- 2 5!:l~
SPECTRONICS EAST
Box 1457, Sto w, Ohio 44 224 I (2 16) 923 45 67
Th e FT-2 A UTO will ope rate f rom eithe r 117
V AC o r 12 V DC power sources.
Rece iver/transmitter spec ifications inc lude :
se lecta ble 10 Watt or 1 Watt power-output levels :
a frequ en cy- adju stabl e tone-burst generato r for
repeate r activat ion: 0.3 uV se nsitivity for 20 db
q uieting; 10.7 MHz crysta l filter, in addit io n to a
455 kHz ce ra mic fil ter , for su pe rb adjacent
ch ann el rej ecti on ; adj usta ble dev iatio n and mi ke
gain co ntrols; Hi-Q slo t-co upled resonato rs used
in rece iver front end; all sol id-state co nst ruct io n,
with d iod e-protected MOSFET input stage.
Th is exci ting new rig is avai lable now. Just
send yo ur check for $329.95 - or use Master
Charge or Ban kAm eri card. We'll even include a
free ant i-theft mounti ng brac ket th at locks up
your rig whe n its going mobile.
YAESU FT-2FB
This new unit features the same receiver/trans-
mitter spec ificat ions listed above for th e FT-2
AUTO
(Without
th e sca n
featu re),
b ut in a
compact 6 sA!
x2Y2 x 10-
inch package
that we ig hs only
4 Ibs. Th e FT-2FB
has 12-chann el ca p-
ability, with illum inated f requency readout. It
operates direc tly f rom a 12 V DC so urce. This
rugged, handsom el y-styled tran sceiver is yo urs
for o nly $229.95. (A match ing AC power supply
w ith rech arge able batteries for eme rgency o pe r-
atio n is ava ilable for $79.95.)
Both un its come with a o ne-yea r wa rranty and
are bac ked by Spect ro nics' fast, dependabl e
service syste m. Act tod ay, and be glad you
wa ited fo r the fi nest in two-m eter FM.
r--- ---------- ------~
I0 Send FT2 AUTO. Encl osed find $329.95* I
I0 Send FT2FB. Enclosed f ind $229.95. * I
I0 Send more data. I
I Name I
I Address I
I
I Cit y State Zip
I
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I * Califor nia residents add 5% sales tax . I
I NOTE: Both unit s are supp lied wi th cryst als for simplex I
operat ion on 146.76 MHz, 146.82 MHz, and 146.94 MHz. I
IL ~djt~~~~~~ $5.00 ~~
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