STRUCTURE OF ATOM

1 Table 1 shows the incomplete information about 3 atoms; X, Y and Z.

Atom Proton number Number of neutron Number of electron

X 8 6
Y 6 6
Z 17 17
Table 1

State the name of subatomic particles that are found in nucleus of an atom.

.
[1 mark]

(b) (i) What is the term of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom?

..
[1 mark]

The total number of protons and neutrons for atom Z is 35.

What is the number of neutron in atom Z?

..
[1 mark]
A
(iii) Write the symbol for atom Z in the form of X.
Z

[1 mark]

(iv) Draw the atomic structure of atom Z.

[1 mark]
 (c) Atom X and atom Y are isotopes of an element.

(i) What is the proton number of atom X?

[1 mark]

(ii) Write the electron arrangement of atom Y.

[1 mark]

(iii) What is valence electron of atom X?

[1 mark]

(iv) Why atom X and atom Y has same chemical properties?

[1 mark]

(v) State one use of the isotope X in archaeology field.

[1 mark]

2 Diagram 2 shows the chemical symbols which represent three elements X, Y and Z
The letters used are not the actual symbols of the elements.

9 32 31
X Y Z
4 15 15

Diagram 2

(a) (i) What is meant by proton number?

..
[1 mark]
(ii) State the proton number for atom X

..
[1 mark]
(b) What is represented by the number 32 for the element Y?

.
[1 mark]

(c) (i) Atom Y and Z are isotopes. State the difference between the two atoms.

..
[1 mark]

(ii) State one use of isotopes in daily life.

.
[1 mark]

(d) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom Y.

..
[1 mark]

(ii) Determine the number of valence electron for atom Y.

..
[1 mark]

(ii) Draw the electron arrangement for atom Z.

[2 marks]
3 Diagram 3.1 shows the arrangement of particles of substance X at different temperatures.

60 oC 90 oC
Diagram 3

(a) What is the physical state of substance X at

(i) 60 oC : .........................................................................

(ii) 90 oC : .........................................................................
[2 marks]

(b) State the movement of particles of substance X at 60 oC.

.............

[1 mark]

(c) Graph 3.2 shows the graph of temperature against time when substance X is heated
from 60 oC to 90 oC.
Temperature / oC

90

78

60

t0 t1 t2 t3 Time / s
Graph 3.2 Masa/s

(i) What is meant by melting point?

..

[1 mark]

(ii) Based on Graph 3.2, state the melting point of substance X.

[1 mark]
 (iii) Explain why the temperature remains constant from t 1 to t2.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(d) (i) Substance X cannot conduct electricity in any state.

State the type of particles of substance X.

...................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) Table 3.3 shows two substances.

Magnesium oxide

Carbon dioxide

Table 3.3
Which substance has the same type of particles as substance X?
Tick ( ) the correct answer.
[1 mark]

CHEMICAL FORMULAE & EQUATIONS

4 (a) Diagram 4 shows that a magnesium atom is two times heavier compare to a carbon atom.
Relative atomic mass of carbon is 12.

Magnesium atom
Carbon atoms Atom magnesium
Atom karbon

Diagram 1

(i) Complete the following equation.

.. = The average mass of one atom of an element

1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon-12
 [1 mark]

(ii) One atom of element X is two times heavier than one magnesium atom. What is the relative
atomic mass of element X?

...................................................
[1 mark]

(b) A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate strongly. It decomposes according to the equation below.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

(i) State the name of the products.

...
[1 mark]

(ii) Describe the chemical equation in terms of quantitative aspect.

...

...
[1 mark]

(iii) Calculate the mass of calcium oxide produced.

[ Relative atomic mass: C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Ca = 40]

[3 marks]
(iv) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at room conditions.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
 [2 marks]
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS & CHEMICAL BONDS

5 Diagram 5 shows the symbols of the atoms of element X, Y and Z.

The letters used are not the actual symbols of the elements.

7 23 39
X Y Z
3 11 19

Diagram 5

(a) What is the valence electron of the atom of element X.

..........................
[1 mark]

(b) (i) Identify the position of element Y in the Periodic Table of Elements.

................
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why element Y is placed at the position identified in (b) (i).

................
[1 mark]

(c) Element X, Y and Z can react with water.

(i) Which of the element most reactive in their reactions with water.

................
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in (c) (i).

...............

...............

...............
[3 marks]
 (iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between element that you choose in (c) (i) and
water.

...............
[2 marks]

(d) Argon is placed at the same period with element Y in the Periodic Table of Elements.

(i) Compare the atomic size argon and element Y.

[ Given that proton number of argon is 18 ]

...............
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in (d) (i).

...............

...............
[2 marks]

6 Diagram 6 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements.

Q, T, X, Y and Z do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.
.

3 4 6 7 8
Q T X Y Z
7 9 12 14 16

Diagram 6

Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 3, answer the following questions.
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom Q.

........................................

[1 mark]

(ii) Write the formula of ion Q.

........................................
[1 mark]

(b) State one element which exists as a diatomic molecule.

........................................
[1 mark]

(c) (i) Arrange the elements Q, T, X, Y and Z according to the atomic size in descending order.

........................................
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in (c) (i) based on nuclei attraction force on the valence electrons.

..

..

..
[ 2 marks]
(d) X reacts with Z to form a compound.
(i) What is the type of the compound formed?

..
[1 mark]

(ii) State one physical property of the compound formed.

..
[1 mark]
 (iii) Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.

[2 marks]

7 (a) Element X reacted with oxygen to form a compound which cannot conduct electricity at any state.
Suggest one example of element X.
Write chemical equation between element X and oxygen.
[3 marks]

(b) Table 7 shows the proton number of elements P, Q and R.

Element Proton number

P 6
Q 11
R 17

Table 7

Explain the formation of a compound that has high melting point. [6 marks]

(c) U
+ water + Solvent V

Solution Y Solution Z
Can conduct electricity Can not conduct electricity
Change litmus paper No change with litmus paper
 Identify U and solvent V. Explain the differences between two solutions.

(d) Sodium chloride Carbon

dioxide
(i) State the type of compound, type of bond and type of particles of two substances
(ii) Explain the formation of carbon dioxide and draw the electron arrangement.

7. Table 7.1 shows the electron arrangement of elements U, V and W.

Element Electron arrangement

U 2.6

V 2.1

W 2.8.1

Table 7.1
a) Based on the Table 7.1,
b)
i) Identify one metal and one non-metal element.
[2 marks]
ii) State the group and period of element W in the Periodic Table of Elements.
[2 marks]
(iii) The reaction between element U and W produces a compound.

State one property for the compound formed.

Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.
[3 marks]

b) Table 7.2 shows the observations of element V and element W when react with water.

Element Observation
Unsur Pemerhatian
 Element V
Unsur V

water
V
air

Element V, moves slowly at random on the water surface with a

little fizzing sound.
The solution formed turns red litmus paper to blue.

Element W
Unsur W

water
W air

Element W, moves rapidly at random on the surface of the

water with a hissing sound.
The solution formed turns red litmus paper to blue.

Table 7.2
(i) Write the chemical equation when element V reacts with water.
[3 marks]
(ii) Compare the reactivity of elements V and W when react with water.
Explain your answer.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 7 show the set up apparatus used to compare the electrical conductivity of
solutions P and Q.

Bulb lights up Bulb does not light up

Mentol menyala Mentol tak menyala

Carbon electrode
Elektrod karbon
Solution Q
Solution P Larutan Q
Larutan P Diagram 7

Based on the observations in Diagram 7,

(i) Identify the type of compound of solution P and solution Q.

[2 marks]
 (ii) Explain why there is a difference in the observations.
[4 marks]
ELECTROCHEMISTRY

8 (a) Table 8.1 show the set up of apparatus of two experiments to investigate electrolysis
process by using different electrodes.
A
Experiment Apparatus set-up

I Copper electrodes
Elektrod kuprum
Elektrod kuprum
Copper(II) sulphate solution
Elektrod kuprum

Carbon electrodes
Elektrod karbon

II
Copper(II) sulphate solution

Table / Jadual 8.1

Compare and contrast Experiment I and Experiment II. Include in your answer,
the observations at the anode and cathode,
the name of the products formed at the anode and cathode and
half equations for the reactions at the electrodes in both cells.
[10 marks]

(c) A student intends to electroplate an iron spoon with copper to prevent it from rusting.
Design a laboratory experiment to electroplate the iron spoon.
Your answer should consist of the following
Procedures of the experiment.
A labelled diagram showing the set up of apparatus.
Half equations for the reactions at both electrodes.
Observation at both electrodes

[8 marks]
7 Diagram 7.1 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of magnesium chloride 1.0 mol
dm-3 solution.

Carbon electrodes
Magnesium chloride 1.0 mol dm-3

A
 Diagram 7.1

(a) (i) Based on Diagram 7.1, state the name of the products at the cathode and the anode. Explain
your answer in term of factor that affects discharge of ion.
[8 marks]

(ii) Predict the product at anode and cathode if magnesium chloride 1.0 mol dm-3 solution is
replace by magnesium chloride 0.0001 mol dm-3 solution.
[2 marks]

(b) Diagram 7.2 shows the set up of apparatus when cell X is combined with cell Y.

P Q R S
Copper plate Copper plate Magnesium plate

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Cell X Cell Y
Diagram 7.2

Compare cell X and cell Y base on ;

the name of the cells,
energy conversion,
the observations and half equations for the reactions at the electrodes in both cells.
. [10 marks]

ACIDS AND BASES

5 (a) Diagram 1 shows the observation in test tube I and test tube II when hydrogen chloride in
tetrachloromethane and hydrogen chloride in water are reacted with zinc powder.
 Test tube I II

Apparatus set-up
Susunan radas

Hydogen chloride in
Hydogen chloride in water
tetrachloromethane
+ zinc powder
+ zinc powder

Observation No change. Bubbles of gas are produced.

Diagram 1

(i) State the ion that causes an acid shows its acidic properties.

...........
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain why the differences in observation in test tube I and II.

...........

...........
[2 marks]

(iii) State the name of the gas produced in test tube II

...........
[1 mark]

(iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.

...........
[2 marks]

(b) Table 2 shows the information of the solution A, solution B and solution C. Solution of A, B and C might
be an acid and an alkali.

Solution Information
Larutan Maklumat
 Ionises completely.
A
The solution remain colourless when phenolphthalein is added.

Ionises partially.
B
The solution remain colorless when phenolphthalein is added.

Ionises completely.
C
The solution turn to pink when phenolphthalein is added.

Table 2

(i) Which solution has the lowest pH?

[1 mark]

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i).

[1 mark]

(iii) Vinegar consists of an ethanoic acid. Describe a chemical test to verify the acid without using an
indicator.

[2 marks]

4 Hydrochloric acid, HCl is a strong acid. Table 4.1 shows two solutions of hydrochloric acid, HCl with
different concentration.

Concentration /
Solution pH
mol dm-3
A 1.0 1.0
B 0.001 3.0

Table 4.1

(a) what is meant by acid ?

..
 ..
[1 mark]

(b) pH value of the solution A and B are different. Explain why.

..

..

..

..
[3 marks]
3 -3
(c) Diagram 4.2 shows the set-up of apparatus for titration of 25 cm of 1.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide
solution with solution A, using phenolphthalein as indicator.

Solution A

25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3

sodium hydroxide solution
+ phenolphthalein indicator

Diagram 4.2

(i) State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask at the end point.

...
[1 mark]
(ii) State the type of the reaction occurred.

...
[1 mark]

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

...
[1 mark]
 (iv) Calculate the volume of solution A needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide solution.

[3 marks]
SALT

7 (a) A student has carried out an experiment to construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II)
iodide.

Seven test tubes of the same size were labelled 1 to 7. A fixed volume of 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium iodide solution was placed in each test tube.

0.5 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution was added into test tube 1, 1.0 cm3 into test tube 2
and so on until 3.5 cm3 was added into test tube 7.

The heights of the precipitate formed in each test tube were measured.

The results are shown in Table 7.1

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-3
Volume of 1.0 moldm
lead(II) nitrate solution 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
/ cm3
Height of precipitate /cm 1.1 2.2 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.5

Table 7.1

(i) Based on Table 7.1, plot a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of lead(II)
nitrate solution on the graph paper provided.
[3 marks]
 (ii) Determine the volume of lead(II)nitrate solution that had reacted completely with 5.0 cm 3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 potassium iodide.
[1 mark]

(iii) Using the volume obtained in (a) (ii), calculate the number of moles of lead(II) ions and iodide
ions that are required for the formation of lead(II) iodide.

Then, calculate the number of moles of iodide ions that has reacted with 1 mol of lead(II) ions.
[4 marks]

(iv) Write the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) iodide.
[2 marks]

(b) Diagram 7.2 shows a series of reactions for compound A.

Compound A is insoluble in water.

Colourless gas B
Compound A turns lime water Black powder C
(Green powder) Heat milky
+

Colourless gas B
Blue solution D turns lime water
+ milky

Diagram 7.2

(i) State the name of substances A , B , C and D. [4 marks]

(ii) State the ion presence in solution D that give the blue colour.
Describe a chemical test to verify the ion. [3 marks]

(iii) Why does gas B turns lime water milky?

Write the chemical equation for the reaction occurred. [3 marks]

9 Diagram 9 shows a series of reaction starting from lead(II) carbonate, PbCO 3.

 Solution X
Gas Y
PbCO3 + HNO3 Larutan X + + H2O

Heat Crystallisation
panaskan Penghabluran

Gas Y Solid X
Pepejal X
PbO +

Diagram / Rajah 9

(a) Based on Diagram 9 :

Identify gas Y. Describe a chemical test to verify gas Y.
Describe a chemical test to determine the presence of anion in the solution X.
Compare and contrast the observation when solid X and lead(II) carbonate, PbCO 3 are
heated.

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES

1 (a) Diagram 1.1 shows ammonium sulphate formed from the reaction between
substance X and substance Y. Substance X is produced from Contact process
whereas substance Y from Haber process.

Contact process X
Proses Sentuh

Ammonium sulphate
Ammonium sulfat

Haber process Y
Proses Haber

Diagram / Rajah 1.1

(i) State the name of substance X and substance Y.

X :

Y :
[2 marks]

(ii) State one use of ammonium sulphate in agriculture field.

 [1 mark]

(iii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between substance X and substance Y.

[2 marks]
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the structure formula of a polymer.

H Cl

C C

H H
n

Diagram /Rajah 1.2

(i) State the name of the polymer.

[1 mark]

(ii) Draw the structure formula of it monomer.

[1 mark]

(iii) Disposal of the polymer by burning is not suitable. Give a reason.

[1 mark]

(iv) The polymer is not suitable to be buried for disposing. Give a reason.

[1 mark]

(v) Suggest how to solve the problems in (b) (iii) and (b) (iv).

 [1 mark]
(b) There are four types of glasses that are used in our daily lives.

(i) Name the major component of glass.

..............
.....
[1 mark]

(ii) Table 2 shows three types of glasses and their uses.

Complete the table.

Type of glass/
Uses / Kegunaan
Jenis kaca

Borosilicate glass Cookware / Alatan memasak

Kaca borosilikat Laboratory glassware / Alatan kaca makmal
Decorative lamp /Lampu hiasan
.............................................
Prism / Prisma
Bottle / Botol
.
Mirrors / Cermin

Table 2
[2 marks]

(iii)
Why is borosilicate glass suitable to make cookware and laboratory glassware?
..........................

[1 mark]
1 Diagram 1 shows railway tracks and the arrangement of atom in alloy that made the railway tracks.

Atom M

Atom iron /Atom

Alloy X / Aloi X ferum

Diagram / Rajah 1

(a) State the name of alloy X.

.....
[1 mark]
 250 cm3 conical flask

Diagram 2
(b) State the name of atom M.

.....
[1 mark]
(c) (i) Draw the arrangement of atom in pure iron.

[1 mark]
(d) Explain the difference of hardness of alloy Y and pure iron

RATE OF REACTION

2 Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to study the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid with
sodium tiosulphate solution.

Sodium thiosulphate solution

+ hydrochloric acid

X sign
White paper

In this reaction, a 250 cm3 conical flask contained 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution,
Na2S2O3 is placed on a white paper marked withObserver
the X sign.
eye
5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid was added to the sodium thiosulphate solution and the mixture
swirled. At the same time the stopwatch was started. The time is taken as soon as the X sign is no longer
visible.

(a) In this reaction, a precipitate is formed. What is the colour of the precipitate?

..
[1 mark]

(b) Calculate the number of moles of HCl and the number of moles of Na 2S2O3 used in the experiment.

[2 marks]

(c) The chemical equation for the reaction occurred in this reaction is :

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O

Based on the calculation in (b) and the chemical equation above, calculate the mass of the precipitate
formed.
[Given that the relative atomic mass of S = 32]

[2 marks]

(d) (i) State two factors that affect the rate of reaction in this experiment.
 ...

...
[2 marks]

(ii) By using any one of the factor that you are stated in (d) (i), explain how the factor that you are
stated in (d) (i) affect the rate of reaction.

...

...

...

...

...
[4 marks]

9 (a) Table 9 shows the data from Experiment I, Experiment II and Experiment III that were carried out to
investigate the factors that affects the rate of reaction.

Time taken for all the

Experimen Temperature /
Reactants 0 magnesium to dissolve
t C
/s

Excess hydrochloric acid

I 30 50
+ 0.2g magnesium ribbon

Excess hydrochloric acid

II 40 20
+ 0.2g magnesium ribbon

Excess hydrochloric acid

+ 0.2g magnesium ribbon
III 40 15
+ copper(II) sulphate
solution

Table 9

(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen gas produced.
[ Relative atomic mass : Mg =24 ; molar gas volume : 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition ]
[5 marks]
 (ii) Compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II or Experiment II and
Experiment III.

With reference to collision theory , explain why there is difference in the rate of reaction.
[5 marks]

(b) By using either the factor of size of reactant or concentration, describe an experiment how this
factor affecting the rate of reaction.
[10 marks]

CARBON COMPOUND

1 Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of two of hydrocarbons.

H H H H

C C H C C H

H H H H

Ethene compound Y

Diagram 1

(a) State the name of the homologous series in which compound Y is placed.

..
[1 mark]

(b) Write the general formula of the homologous series that you are stated in (a).

..
[1 mark]

(c) Write the molecular formula of compound Y

..
[1 mark]

(d) What is observation when bromine water is added to ethene ?

..
 [1 mark]

(e) State the type of reaction when bromine water is reacted with ethene.

..
[1 mark]

(f) (i) State the name of the products formed when ethene burnt completely in excess oxygen.

...
[1 mark]
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (f) (i).

...
[2 marks]

10 Diagram show structural formula of four hydrocarbons.

A B C D

(a) Which two of structural formulae are isomer. Explain your answer.
(b) Choose one hydrocarbon above, state the products formed when the hydrocarbon is burning and write the
equation involved.
(c) Describe a chemical test how to differentiate hydrocarbon A dan D.
(d) Describe the preparation of ester ethylethanoate

OXIDATIOAN & REDUCTION

5 Diagam 5 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reaction between iron(II) sulphate solution and
acified potassium dichromate(VI) solution through the transfer of electrons at a distance.

Diagram
5

(a) What is the colour of iron(II) sulphate solution?

..
[1 mark]

(b) (i) Write the half equation for the reaction occur at X.

...
[1 mark]

(ii) State the change in oxidation number of iron.

...
[1 mark]

(c) The incomplete half equation occur at Y is :

Cr2O72- + . + 6e Cr3+ + H2O

Complete the equation. [1 mark]

(d) On the diagram above, show the direction of electrons flow. [1 mark]

(e) You are provided with the following :

Bromine water
Potassium iodide solution
Carbon electrodes
Beaker
Porous pot
Connecting wire
 (i) By using the given materials and apparatus, draw the set-up of apparatus to investigate the
redox reaction through transfer of electron at a distance.

[2 marks]

(ii) On your diagram in (e) (i), indicate the positive and negative terminal.
[1 mark]

(iii) State the change in oxidation number for bromine in this reaction.

...
[1 mark]

5. Diagram 5 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reaction occurred in test tubes A and B.

(a) Based on test tube A,

Diagram 5
 (i) Name the reaction occurred.
..................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction.

...................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(iii) State a chemical test to verify the product formed.

.....................................................................................................................
.............

..................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(b) Based on test tube B,

(i) State the observation involved.

..............................................................................
....................................................
[1 mark]

(ii) Experiment is repeated by using copper to replace zinc.

State the observation involved.
........................................................................................................
..........................
[1 mark]

(c) Compare the answer in (b)(i) and (b) (ii) and explain why there is a difference in the observation.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(d) When iron is exposed to water and oxygen, it rusts easily. State one method to prevent
the rusting of iron.

..........................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
THERMOCHEMISTRY
10 (a) Diagrams 10.1 and 10.2 show two energy level diagrams.
Energy Energy

Mg + FeSO4 CaCO3 + 2NaCl

H= - 200 kJ H= + 12.6 kJ

MgSO4 + Fe CaCl2 + Na2CO3

Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2

(i) Compare both the energy level diagrams above. Your explanation should include the following
:
ionic equations
type of chemical reactions
energy content of reactants and products
[6 marks]
(ii) Based on Diagram 10.1, calculate the change in temperature of the solution if excess
magnesium powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 iron(II) sulphate solution.
[Specific heat capacity of solution : 4.2 J g -1 oC-1]
[3 marks]
(b) Table 2.2 shows the heat released for Experiment I, II and III using different acid that has been
reacted with sodium hydroxide solution.

Experimen
Chemical Equation Heat released (kJ)
t
I HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O 57
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa +
II 54
H2O
III H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O 114
Table 2.2

Based on Table 3.2, explain the difference in heat released between :

(i) Experiment I and Experiment II

(ii) Experiment I and Experiment III
[6 marks]
(c) Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of displacement of metal by a more
electropositive metal. In your description, include the following aspects:
Materials and apparatus needed
Procedure of experiment
A table to collect data
Calculation method
[10 marks]
CONSUMER
8 (a) Diagram 8.1 shows the structure of anion parts of a soap and a detergent. These anions consist of part
A and part B as shown in the diagram.

Anion of a soap

Anion of a detergent

Part A Part B

Diagram 8.1

(i) Name part A and part B of the anions.

State the solubility of part A and part B in the cleansing action.
[4 marks]

(ii) Compare the effectiveness of the cleansing action of the two anions shows in the diagram 8.1
in hard water. Explain your answer.
Write an ionic equation to show the reaction of anion of soap in hard water.
[6 marks]

(b) Diagram 8.2 shows the label of soft drink.

Ingredient :

Water, citric acid, aspartame, octyl butanoate and tartazine.

Expiry date : 03 Jan 2011

Diagram 8.2

Based on the ingredient used, classify the type of food additives that contained in this soft drink.
[4 marks]

(c) A patient is suffering from tuberculosis for a period of time. Suggest a type of medicine that should
be taken and the prescription should be followed by the patient.
[4 marks]