Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TRANSPLANTE
Septiembre 7 al 9 de 2006
Cartagena de Indias
CONFERENCIAS
INMUNOSUPRESORES GENRICOS
Jos Nelson Carvajal Q.
Definiciones:
Cmax
Concentr.
AUC
Tmax Tiempo
Bioequivalencia: Dos productos son considerados bioequivalentes si sus
biodisponibilidades son similares entre s, administrados a dosis equimolares.
AUC
.
C
O
AU
N
C
E
N
T
R
Tiempo
MARCAS GENRICOS
Estudios Precio
Innovacin Accesibilidad
Pruebas Competencia
Estndares
X Falta de estudios
Guerra de los Precios
Genrico/ Marca Precio
0/1 100%
1/1 25%
3/1 40%
4/1 55%
5/1 60%
Similar Lo
mismo
Similar Lo mismo
D D
C A
A C B
B
A A C
B C B
Similar Lo mismo
2o. Bioequivalencia
Equivalencia biolgica
3o. Intercambiabilidad
Uso clnico
Bioequivalente Intercambiable
Estudios en pacientes
Legislacin?
Carbamazepina - SR
14
G/R 90% CI
AUC: 111% (106-118)
PTF: 91% (74 - 112)
Cmax: 110% (100 -117)
Nuevos E.A.:
Efectos Adversos:
Mareo, nusea, ataxia, visin borrosa, nistagmus
Rango Teraputico
Terapia Aguda vs. Crnica
Gravedad y Urgencia
Teraputica
Toxicidad
Limitantes en Colombia
Evaluacin tcnica
Certificado de Calidad
No estudios de biodisponibilidad
Control de Calidad
Farmacovigilancia
Farmacovigilancia
Conjunto de actividades destinadas a identificar y valorar los efectos del uso
agudo y crnico, de los tratamientos farmacolgicos en pacientes expuestos a
tratamientos especficos.
HISTORIA
1960-66: Anticonceptivos: TEP e IAM.
1973: DES: carcinoma de clulas claras.
1998: Flunarizina: extrapiramidalismos.
1998: Mibefradil: Arritmias.
2000: Cisaprida y troglitazona.
2002: Fenilpropanolamina: Enf. Cerebro Vascular.
2002: Cerivastatina: Rabdomiolisis.
2004: Rofecoxib: Eventos cardiovasclares.
Equivalentes Teraputicos
Cantidad Efectivos
Responsabilidades
Informacin al pblico
Casas Farmacuticas
Gobierno: Regulacin
Vigilancia
Mdicos
Farmaceutas
EPS
IPS }
Comit de farmacia y teraputica
Normatividad
Resolucin 2004009455 del 28 de Mayo del 2004.
Periodicidad de los reportes:
Menos de 72 horas para los serios.
Reporte durante los ltimos cinco das hbiles de cada bimestre.
Industria Farmacutica.
Decreto 2200 del 2005
Reglamenta el servicio farmacutico.
Comits de Farmacia y teraputica.
INDUSTRIA 67%
HOSPITAL 15%
FARMACEUTICO 8%
MEDICO GENERAL 6%
MEDICO
ESPECIALISTA 5%
Impact of Infections
peritonitis leads to
32 % of PD to HD transfers
25 % of PD admissions
catheter-related infections cause 15% of PD to HD transfers
total infections represent 8% of PD expenditures
Peritonitis - Complications
Peritonitis - Diagnosis
An example
PD Patient with Abdo Pain and Clear Fluid: What is the Diagnosis?
Incarcerated
hernia
Another Caveat
not all abdominal pain is peritonitis
and
Eosinophilic Peritonitis
a typical story:
new PD catheter
patient comes in for training
effluent is cloudy
very little or no abdominal pain
PD cell count:
total count 220, with 35% eosinophils, 30 % monocytes, rest
neutrophils
PD culture: no growth
treatment
either treat with empiric antibiotics until culture report comes back
negative, or watch and wait
some reports of IP corticosteroids
its self-limited, goes away in a few days
? immune reaction to catheter or sterilisant?
chemical contamination
some batches of Icodextrin
one type of vancomycin given IP
chyloperitoneum
fluid thats been dwelling a long time
sexual intercourse (!)
Urgent:
unresolving or worsening peritonitis after 3 -5 days
surgical peritonitis (eg bowel perforation)
unresolving peritonitis associated with exit site or tunnel infection
yeast peritonitis
Elective:
relapsing or recurrent peritonitis with same organism
continuing culture positivity of PD fluid
ongoing exit site infection, especially if recent peritonitis with same
organism
these catheter removals can usually have catheter insertion at the
same time (with antibiotic coverage)
Fungal Peritonitis
Mr. G.W.
If culture is negative:
bowel-associated organisms,
slow to resolve
100
90
80
70 Neutro
60
50 Macro
40
30
20
10
0
day1 day4 day 8 day 11
Cell Counts & Differentials: Mr. PKL
70
60
50 Neutro
40
Macro
30
20
10
0
fsy 14 15 day 16
Complications:
risk of peritonitis
cosmetic
may be tender / uncomfortable
Treatment
local antiseptic agents
antibiotics
shave distal cuff if protruding, or revise tunnel
catheter removal and replacement
nothing
80
70
60
RESPONDENTS
50
PERCENT
40
30
20
10
0
gentamicin IV gent cath out/in oral change to
at ES quinolones HD
CHOICES
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD
d) Remove catheter with plans to re-implant in several weeks
e) Her rapidly improved peritonitis allows for discontinuation of IP antibiotics
and continuation of PD
80
70
60
RESPONDENTS
50
PERCENT
40
30
20
10
0
Cancel OR wait 2-3d change to cath out for stop Ab's;
HD few wks cont PD
CHOICES
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD?
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear?
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear?
No. If it is going to relapse, it will relapse at the end of the antibiotic therapy (3-
4 weeks)
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD?
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD?
No. This was for the Americans who tend to transfer patients off PD for
anything.
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD
d) Remove catheter with plans to re-implant in several weeks?
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD
d) Remove catheter with plans to re-implant in several weeks?
Best answer
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD
d) Remove catheter with plans to re-implant in several weeks
e) Her rapidly improved peritonitis allows for discontinuation of IP antibiotics
and continuation of PD?
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD
d) Remove catheter with plans to re-implant in several weeks
e) Her rapidly improved peritonitis allows for discontinuation of IP antibiotics
and continuation of PD? NO. Will almost certainly relapse with such
short treatment.
Which ONE of the following choices offers the most appropriate next step?
a) Cancel catheter removal and continue PD
b) Decide about catheter removal after observing another 2-3 days to see if
fluid remains clear
c) She has failed PD and should be transferred to permanent HD
d) Remove catheter with plans to re-implant in several weeks
e) Her rapidly improved peritonitis allows for discontinuation of IP antibiotics
and continuation of PD.
FUNCIN RENAL RETARDADA
Seccin de nefrologa
Grupo de trasplantes
Universidad De Antioquia
Hospital Universitario San Vicente De Pal
Definicin
Diagnstico
Estrategias de prevencin
Soluciones de preservacin.
Manejo de lquidos en el receptor.
Agentes vasodilatadores
Calcioantagonistas, prostaciclina, PNA, Ant. receptor de endotelina.
Antioxidantes
N-acetilcistenina, Inh Ons, Induccion Hemoxigenasa 1.
Antiinflamatorios
Acs Monoclonales TNF,ICAM1, Inh complemento, Ant. Citoquinas ( IL-8)
Factores de crecimiento ( FC Insulina-like)
nt 2005;67:1753-61
Manejo de la FRR
Tratamiento inmunosupresor
Terapia con Timoglobulina / Acs monoclonales ( Inh Receptor IL-2 ).
Retardo inicio de IC ?.
Esquema libre de IC
Sirolimus o Everolimus
Belatacept ( LEA29Y), FTY720.
IC y FRR
Seal 2
CPA Clula T
activada
Producccin
Seal 1 de citoquinas
Prolifaracin Cel T
Conclusiones
Justificacin
Orgenes
Aos 50
Pop
Twist
Soul
Funk
Heavy metal
Psicodelia
Punk
New wave
Grundge
y otros
Blues
Sentimiento
Fusin de msica y poesa a temperatura emocional muy alta
Los blancos la llamaban: Msica del diablo.
The blues had a baby and they named it Rock and Roll. Muddy
Waters .
Es la msica clsica norteamericana e influencia al Jazz y al Rock.
Jazz
Gospel
Country
Bill Haley
(6/06/25 - 9/02/81)
Msico desde la adolescencia, hace grupo con Hank Williams y del 48 - 50,
donde conforma su grupo Bill Haley & his comets, su primer tema de xito
Rocket 88 vende 10000 copias, en 1954 graba un tema que haban
interpretado Sunny Dae & his Knights, HABIA NACIDO EL ROCK.
En las decadas de los 60 y 70 hizo muchas giras nostlgicas, sin renovar
repertorio.
Orgenes
Chuck Berry
(18/12/2)
Buddy Holly
(7/10/36 - 3/02/59)
Primera muerte trgica del Rock. Nacido en una familia con ambiente musical,
a los 5 aos gan su primer premio como msico. En 1955 ya acta como
telonero de Bill Haley y en 1957 se forma Buddy Holly & the Crickets, publican
xitos como Thatll be the day, Peggy Sue, en 4 aos dejo una marca indeleble,
fallece en viaje en avioneta en gira de conciertos.
Gary Bussey interpreta el rol principal en The Buddy Holly story estrenada en
1978.
La invasin britnica
The Beatles
(The Fab Fourth)
Fechas
Let it be
And when the broken hearted people living in the world agree,
there will be an answer, let it be.
For though they may be parted there is still a chance that they will see, there will be an answer.
let it be.
And when the night is cloudy, there is still a light, that shines on me,
shine until tomorrow, let it be.
I wake up to the sound of music, mother Mary comes to me,
speaking words of wisdom, let it be.
My Generation
People try to put us d-down (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
Just because we get around (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
Things they do look awful c-c-cold (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
I hope I die before I get old (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
This is my generation
This is my generation, baby
Why don't you all f-fade away (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
And don't try to dig what we all s-s-say (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
I'm not trying to cause a big s-s-sensation (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
I'm just talkin' 'bout my g-g-g-generation (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
This is my generation
This is my generation, baby
Why don't you all f-fade away (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
And don't try to d-dig what we all s-s-say (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
I'm not trying to cause a b-big s-s-sensation (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
I'm just talkin' 'bout my g-g-generation (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
This is my generation
This is my generation, baby
People try to put us d-down (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
Just because we g-g-get around (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
Things they do look awful c-c-cold (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
Yeah, I hope I die before I get old (Talkin' 'bout my generation)
This is my generation
This is my generation, baby
The Kinks
(Padres del Heavy metal)
You really got me, abre la puerta a grupos como Led Zepellin, Deep Purple,
Metallica, Guns & Roses,
Led Zepelin
Cadveres ilustres
Todas tienen en comn la sobredosis por drogas y tiene que ver con el
sndrome de la mariposa, que muere por acercarse a la luz, muy bien descrito
en la pelcula The Wall de Alan Parker sobre la obra conceptual de Roger
Waters, lder musical de Pink Floyd.
Manis Joplin Jim Morrison
Billy Preston,
compositor y tecladista,
famoso por sus trabajos
junto a Los Beatles y
Los Rolling Stones,
muri en la localidad de
Scottsdale (Arizona) a
los 59 aos, vctima de
un insuficiencia renal.
Conciertos humanitarios
George Harrison
Ravi Shankar
Ringo Starr
Eric Clapton
Leon Russel
Billy Preston
Bob Dylan
En 1970 recaud ms
de US$5.000.000
USA for Africa
U2
R. E. M.
Beasty Boys
Madonna
Rolling Stones
Michael Jackson
U 2, Pink Floyd,
Red Hot Chili Pepers,
R. E. M., Cold Play,
Madonna, Green Day,
The Rolling Stones
Se recaudaron US$500
millones de dlares y se
convenci al grupo de los
7 que le perdonara la
deuda a los 10 pases ms
pobres del mundo.
The Moody Blues
(Nace el Rock sinfonico)
Con el tema Nights in white satin labran el camino que seguirn grupos como
Yes, Jethro Tull, ELO, King Crimson y otros.
Pink Floyd
Junto con Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard constituyen la triloga del Rock con
piano. Compuso junto con Dave Bartholomew Blueberry hill, Aint that a shame.
Vendi 60.000.000 de discos, incluido en 1986 en la gala inaugural del Rock &
Roll Hall of Fame; se le entrega un Grammy en 1987 en reconocimiento a su
gran obra musical.
Roy Orbison
(23/04/36 - 7/12/88)
Otras charlas
El cine y la medicina
El cine y la guerra de Irak
Cine y castracin
Cine y Cncer
Cine y dolor
Cine y Anestesiologa
Cine y mastectoma
Cine y auditoria mdica
Cine y fracturas
Cine y Odontologa ..
Videografa
hestrada@enred.com
INFECCION VIRAL POST TRASPLANTE
UPTODATE
Dr. Stefano Chiaramonte
Environmental exposure
- In the community
- In the hospital
- Global travel
REJECTION INFECTION
THERAPEUTIC PRESCRIPTIONS
Immunosuppressive component
- to prevent and treat rejection
Antimicrobial component
- to make the transplant safe
ACTIVATED VIRUS-SPECIFIC T-
LYMPH
AZATIOPRINA
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETINE
EVEROLIMUS - SIROLIMUS
STEROIDS APC
HELPER
CYCLOSPORINE - TACROLIMUS FUNCTION
ANTIBODY THERAPY
ALG BASILIXIMAB
ATG DACLIZUMAB
OKT3
POST-TRANSPLANT INFECTIONS
DISEASE
Evidence of CMV replication with attributable symptoms
Viral syndrome
fever and malaise, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia
Tissue invasive disease
Pneumonitis, hepatitis, gastrointestinal disease, retinitis
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
ATG ALG OKT3
HOST FACTORS
age, comorbidities, neutropenia
SEROLOGIC ASSAYS
CMV-IgG,
CMV-IgM
TISSUE CULTURE
shell-vials
UNIVERSAL PROPHYLAXIS
giving antiviral therapy to all at risk patients beginning at or immediately
post-transplant for a defined period of time
PRE-EMPTIVE THERAPY
monitoring patients at regular intervals for early evidence of CMV
replication prior to the onset of clinical symptoms by use of laboratory assay.
Patient with early replication are then treated with antiviral therapy to prevent
symptomatic disease
ACYCLOVIR
GANCICLOVIR
VALACICLOVIR
VALGANCICLOVIR
CMV-IGG
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
specific recommendations for prophylaxis
Some Centers add CMV hyperimmune globulin (CMV IgG) for D+/R-
recipients.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
specific recommendations for preemptive therapy
Suitable option for patients al low or intermediate risk for CMV disease
(B2)
The best laboratory test for monitoring is either a nucleic acid detection
(DNA or RNA) or CMV antigenemia assay (B2). The optimal monitoring
strategy is unknown, but approximately once weekly testing for 12 weeks
posttransplant is suggested (B2)
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
treatment of established disease
Ganciclovir-resistant CMV
CIDOFOVIR
FOSCARNET
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
PATHOLOGY
excisional biopsy - needle biopsy
clinical information
staging of PTLD
histopathologic diagnosis
CLASSIFICATION OF PTLD
Early PTLD
- Reactive plasmacytic hyperpla
- Infectious mononucleosis-like
Polymorphic PTLD
Monomorphic PTLD
- B cell neoplasms
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (immunoblastic, entroblastic, anaplastic)
Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphoma
Plasma cell myeloma
Plasmacytoma-like lesions
Maltoma
- T cell neoplasms
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified type
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (T or null cell)
Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T cell lymphoma
Other
Risk factors
Early PTLD
type of organ transplanted
young recipient age
primary EBV infection
CMV mismatch or CMV diseas
ATG or OKT3
Tacrolimus in pediatric recipients
cytokine gene polymorphisms
preexisting chronic immune stimulation
hepatitic C infection
viral strain virulence
Late PTLD
type of organ transplanted
older recipient age
duration of immunosuppression
Prevention
GENERAL
identification of patients at high risk for PTLD
EBV CMV serostatus
immunosuppression
aggressive therapy only for biopsy proven acute rejection
distinguish graft PTLD from acute rejection
ANTIVIRAL PROPHYLAXIS
Acyclovir
Gancyclovir
PREEMPTIVE STRATEGIES
EBV viral load monitoring in high risk patients
reduction of immunosuppression
antiviral therapy
monoclonal B-cell antibody
Treatment
REDUCE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Degree of reduction/discontinuation ?
Duration of reduction/discontinuation ?
How long to wait before alternative therapy ?
ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Acyclovir
Ganciclovir
ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHYERAPY
Escape mutants
Cost
Time required to clone cell lines
ALPHA-INTERPHERON
CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Viral replication increases with immunosuppressive agents
DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
PREVENTION OF INFECTION
TREATMENT OF INFECTION
LAMIVUDINE:
In HBV-Pos non-transplant patients it is very effective in lowering the
viral load and improving the histologicy
After non-hepatic transplant, in case of high viral load and active hepatitis
INTERFERON-ALPHA
Low tolerability
IMMUNOGLOBULINE
HEPATITIS C VIRUS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
GENERAL
- Transmission From an HCV-Pos Donor
- Nosocomially Acquired
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Viral replication increases with immunosuppressive agents
DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION
PREVENTION OF INFECTION
TREATMENT OF INFECTION
RIBAVIRIN
HIV INFECTION
Antiretroviral therapy
Zidovudine
Didanosine
Zalcitabine
Stavudine
Lamivudine
Combivir
Abacavir
Nevirapine
Delavirdine
Efavirenzinvirase
Fortovase
Ritonavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
Amprenavir
Nevirapine
Toxoplasmosis
- Trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole
- Dapsone
Mycobacterium avium complex
- Azithromicin, Clarythromicin
- Rifabutin
Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus
- (donor neg)
Epstein Barr virus
- ganciclovir
Candidiasis
- Clotrimazole, Fluconazole
Pneumocustis pneumonia
- Trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole
BK VIRUS
Post-transplant infection 10 60 %
reactivation of latent virus
Specific immunosuppression
MMF and Tacrolimus
Diagnosis of infection
Renal biopsy
- mononuclear infiltration with focal tubulitis
- typical infected utothelial cells with enlarged nuclei, hyperchromatic
chromatin and basophilic intranuclear viral inclusions
Interactions
HHV-6 and CMV disease
HHV-6 and fungal infection
Symptomatic infection:
- Ganciclovir (Foscarnet, Cidofovir)
- reduction in immunosuppression
OTHER HERPESVIRUSES: HHV-8
KAPOSIS SARCOMA ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS
Risk factors:
- seropositivity prior to the transplant
- primary donor acquired HHV-8 infection
- intensity of immunosuppression
Prevention
- serologic screeening of donor and recipient
- monitoring of HHV-8 viral load in selected patients
- avoidance of over-immunosuppression in high risk patients
Therapy
Reduction or cessation of immunosuppression
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B 19
In solid organs B19 tipically presents as pure red cell aplasia with low or
absent retiuvolocyte count
Treatment - no specific
- IVIG
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
Widespread infection
Cutaneous and anogenital warts
VACCINATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REJECTION INFECTION
Protocolo de Inmunosupresin
0 1 mg/k 2 -
1 550 1.5 -
2 300 1.5 -
3 150 1.5 2 -
4 - 1.5 2 -
5 - 1.5 2 8
6 - 1.5 2 8
7 - 1.5 2 8
En adelante - 2 (*)
30
27
24
25
20
17 17
15
10
10
5 3
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Receptores: distribucin por sexo
44 Hombres
50
Mujeres
8 (9%)
Vivo
Cadver
86 (91%)
Donantes: Grupos de edad
N de donantes 52
N de receptores 98
N de injertos 98
Perfusin y Preservacin
ATG (%) D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
800,00
700,00
600,00
500,00
400,00 Creat(s)
300,00
200,00
100,00
0,00
Pre D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D14 D21 D28
Costo efectividad
Comparado con protocolo ATG que usan 1.5 mg/k/da por 7 da, o con
protocolos ATG 1.0 mg/k/d por 10 das se ahorr 37.619% de dosis
(56,6% - 18,6 %)
Conclusiones
Colaboradores
Qu es un medicamento genrico?
63 pacientes
>80% con intolerancia
23.8% aumento de Cr
46% Perdida del transplante
2 muertos por complicaciones de la IRC
NEFRON S.A.
ISS
75 Quejas
100% por cambio de Neoral a CsA genrica
Informacin insuficiente o poco clara
60% no informacin de la dosificacin
12% de las quejas por aumento de creatinina y disfuncin renal
13% rechazo agudo (solo 2 casos Bx)
19% fallo teraputico pero con datos insuficientes
Inmunosupresores Genricos
Campo experimental
16 3
Grado de infiltracin de la media
14
Oclusin vascular (%)
2,5
12
2
10
8 1,5
6 ** ** 1
4
0,5 **
2 **
0 0
Vehiculo MMF40 MMF20 Vehiculo MMF40 MMF20
En el grupo MMF40 la expresin de endotelina-1, osteopontina, PDGF y TGFb1
estaba significativamente ms inhibida que en el grupo control o MMF20
Inconvenientes
Gastrointestinales
Dosis sub-teraputicas
Inadecuada inmunosupresin
MMF dose reductions and discontinuations after GI complications are associated with
renal transplant graft failure
3 2,72
2,36
HR de fallo del injerto
2,5 p=0,22
2
1,64
1,5 HR 1.2-4.5 HR 1.6-4.6
p=0,01 p=0,0002
1 9,8% ao 11.3% ao
Rechazo Toxicidad
Da 3
Area 95%IC p Area 95%IC p
Similar a AINEs
o Dispepsia 40% (vs 45% AINEs)
o Perforacin de lceras y hemorragia digestiva 3-8% en 6 meses (vs 0.5-
4% al ao AINEs)
o Incidencia de lcera a largo plazo no conocida
Comn propiedades fisicoqumicas:
o pKa (3,5-6,2 AINEs vs 4,9 MMF)
Degradacin en estmago MPA+ alcohol mofetilo
Toxicidad de los AINEs
MMF (Cell
(Cell--cept)
cept) MF s
sdico (Myfortic
(Myfortic))
T M
Mx. liberaci
liberacin 0,8 horas ~ 2 horas
Gradacin de rechazo
comparable
Grado III 2.1 vs 9.8%
Objetivo primario: equivalencia teraputica (rechazo agudo comprobado por biopsia, prdida del
injerto, muerte y prdida de seguimiento) ambos frmacos son equivalentes
Trasplantes 6 meses
CsA + MMF +/- esteroides
NECESITAMOS UN REGISTRO!!!
Pacientes con
MMF: Seleccin y
consentimiento
Cuestionarios
Cohorte A Conversin
Sntomas GI equimolar a EC-
Examen MPS
mdico Cohorte B
Continua en MMF
No sntomas GI
Cohorte a (EC-MPS) comparacin visita basal-visita 2 (4-6 sem)
6% 1%
19%
23%
3%
5%
66%
77%
Percepcin Percepcin
paciente mdico
Mejora Peor
Igual Perdido
Safety Assessment of the Conversion From MMF to EC-MPS in Stable RTR.
P. Massari, et al- Transplant Proc 2005
Seguridad
conversin
equimolar
Sujetos con
dosis
subterapeticas
de MMF pueden
ser convertidos a
dosis plenas de
EC-MPS
EC-MPS MMF
MAGC
5 6
Crs (mg/dl) AMP (g/ml)
5
4
Prot (gr/da)
4
3 MYF
3
2
2
1 1
0 0
15.Feb 15.Mar 15.Abr
70 30
68
25
CO3H (mEq/l)
MMF
Peso (kg)
66
20
64
15
62
MYF
60 10
15.Feb 15.Mar 15.Abr
Peso CO3H
PAG
4 10
9
8
MPA (g/ml)
7
Crs (mg/dl)
FK (ng/ml)
6
3 5
MYF 4
3
2
1
2 0
5
4
5
5
5
05
4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
l.0
n.
eb
ar
ic
ov
br
Ju
.E
.D
.M
.A
.N
.F
7.
11
15
15
15
15
10
Experiencia HCSC
1,85
1,8
1,75 p=0.01
Crs (mg/dl)
p=0.05
1,7
1,65
1,6
1,55
1,5
-6 m 0 6m 12 meses
Niveles valle cido Micofenlico
3,5
p=0.001 3,05
3
2,5
Co (g/ml)
2
1,56
1,5
1
0,5
0
0 6 meses
3 2,67
P<0.001
2,5
1,91
Co (g/ml)
1,5
0,5
0
0 1 mes
Niveles valle cido Micofenlico
Pacientes con niveles bajos
6 2,55 (1,42)
P<0.001
5
3
0,67 (0,38)
2
0
Basal 1 mes
Dosis media 1037 mg Dosis media 747 mg
Dosis Tacrolimus
6 5,4
p=0.003
Dosis (mg/da)
5 4,5
0
0 6 meses
Niveles Valle Tacrolimus
12
9,7 p=0.02
10
7,8
Co (ng/ml)
0
0 6 meses
p=0.003
1,8 p=0.01
Crs (mg/dl)
1,6
1,4
-6 m 0 3m 6m
Dosis ciclosporina
160 158
155 p=0.02
Dosis (mg/da)
150
145
140 137
135
130
125
0 6 meses
140 127
120 p=0.03
100
Co (ng/ml)
76
80
60
40
20
0
0 6 meses
Triglicridos
180 170
160 p=0.003
139
140
TG (mg/dl)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 6 meses
Hb (g/dl)
14
p=0.001
12,9
13
12,4
Hb (g/dl)
12
11
10
0 6 meses
Sintomatologa gastrointestinal
2%
20%
78%
Pauta de conversin
ERC EPOC
Diabetes Cncer
HTA VIH/SIDA
Enfermedad Depresin
cardiaca Discapacidad
Asma fsica
Transicin Demogrfica
Transicin Epidemiolgica
Individual No demanda
y Pre-sintomtica
Colectiva
En
Riesgo
Hospital
Atencin
Ambulatoria
No demanda
Prevencin
Pre-
sintomtica
Promocin En
Riesgo
Modelos de prestacin de servicios
Componentes:
Marco jurdico normativo
Base financiera
Caractersticas
Contenidos
Estructura orgnico- funcional
Forma de realizar la atencin y
Desempeo de los agentes
Modelo de Atencin
Problemas
250
200
150
Millones 2000
100 2025
50
0
Paises desarrollados paises no desarrollados
2000 2025
8
% poblacin adulta
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Latinoamrica y India China Africa
Caribe
Journal of Nutrition 2001, 131:2417S
Edad de la poblacin
mundial proyectada
a 50 aos
ERC en Latinoamrica y acciones
SLANH: 20 pases
228.500 habs con TRR
128.260 HD
54.180 DP
48.450 Tx
MODELO DE SALUD RENAL
ERC en Colombia
Estudio Simijaca
HTA 7.5%
Diabetes Mellitus 4.7%
Enfermedad renal: 4.2%
ITU: 12.7% patologa ms prevalente
Dr. Carlos Lpez Prevalencia de enfermedad renal y entidades asociadas: una
base para la promocin de la salud de Simijaca. Revista ECM, Universidad El
Bosque
ENFREC II
2001 8.424
2002 9.687
2003 11.140
2004 12.811
2005 14.732
2006 16.100
2007 18.550
2008 21.292
2009 24.488
2010 28.088
Etiologa IRC-T Prevalencia
Otras DM
32% 30%
GN
8% HTA
30%
Otras
DM
30%
33%
GN
8%
HTA
29%
Costos
2 60-89 5 millones 3 ?
Etapa GFR
(ml/min)
IRCT
5 (14.732) < 15
GFR severamente
4 disminuda 15-29
(30.000)
3 GFR moderadamente disminuda 30-59
(634.000)
Artculo I
Artculo II
Artculo III
Artculo IV
Artculo V
Artculo VII
Artculo VIII
Marco normativo
Desarrollo
Grupo multidisciplinario
Barranquilla
EPS, IPS
Estado actual
Medicamentos aprobados
Sea oficial
Propuestas
Jos Mart
Modelo Latinoamericano de Salud Renal
(Estrategia de Salud Cardiovascular, Cerebral,
Renal y Endocrino Metablica)
1,3 mg/ dl
Ellos preguntan:
Por qu no le hicimos un anlisis de orina?
Fuente: Sir Robert Hutchinson. Citado por el Dr. Garabed Eknoyan. Singapur.2005
LA OPORTUNIDAD:
Plan de accin:
Fuente:
[1] Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mxico, Paraguay, Per, Puerto Rico, Uruguay
y Venezuela
[2] Burgos Caldern, Rafael and Depine, Santos. Sustainable and tenable renal health model: A
Latin American proposal of classification, programming, and evaluation. Kidney International,
Vol. 68, Supplement 97 (2005), pp. S23S30
[3] Depine, Santos. Lineamientos para la asignacin costo eficiente de actividades y recursos
en el primer nivel de atencin de la salud. Unidad de Financiamiento Internacional en Salud.
Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Organizacin Panamericana de la Salud.
Ministerio de Salud de la Nacin. Febrero de 2002
3.1.- Activa participacin del Mdico Nefrlogo desde las etapas iniciales de
dao renal, en el marco de la Atencin Primaria de la Salud (APS) (asistencial
y/o de control)
3.2.- Capacitacin para los mdicos de cabecera, de familia, generalistas, etc.,
que deban asumir las responsabilidades asistenciales (por ausencia de
nefrlogos locales) en algunas regiones
NCI
ESTADO EQUILIBRIO
Sntesis Degradacin
matriz matriz
ESTADO PROFIBROTICO
n
r adaci
g
De atriz
m
nt es is
S triz
ma
Acum. subendot.
Dao Proteinuria: alb, Exposicin epitelio
material floculente
glomerular TGF, HGF tubular
reduplicaccin MBG
Alteracin, circulacin
exceso produccin activacin clulas
renal, propagacin dao
ED-1, MCP-1 tubulares
inflamatorio.......
TGF
TGF
Normal NCI
ANGIOTENSINA II
ETIOLOGIA NCI
Pascual,
M. et. al.
N Engl J
Med
2002;34
6:580-
590
Hiperfiltracin (Rin nico)
Donante aoso Aumento riesgo
Muerte cerebral rechazo vascular
Retraso funcin inicial del injerto
Rpta inflamatoria
F. No Inmunolgico Alorespuesta
inespecfica
Transplantation, 2002
HIPERFILTRACIN
25
20
15
10
0
Grado Grado Grado
I II III
Bloque 6,2% 4,2% 0,0%
Joven 7,5% 17,9% 0,6%
Aoso 4,9% 22,0% 2,2%
DONANTES AOSOS
Malos resultados
Hipertensin glomerular
Supervivencia injerto > 1er ao
Aumento en la inmunogenicidad?.
inmunogenicidad?.
ESTIMULACION SIMPATICA
resistencias
Expresinvasculares:
de molculas
severa Ca
Daocitosolico
++ lipasa,
clula vascular
Vcisquemia
de adhesintisular proteasa,
estimulacin selectinas
sintasa de NO
Expresin
Rotura productos ATP RLOS
Liberacin citoquinas
antgenos del CMH
UNOS: supervivencia injerto de donantes vivos no relacionados superior a los
de los injertos de donantes cadveres (Terasaki PI, N Engl J Med 1995).
Conclusions:
Donor brain death could be a risk factor for the development of vascular
rejection in kidney recipients.
This process could affect the quality of the graft and host
alloresponsiveness.
Delayed graft function in transplants from dead brain donors could be a
reflection of severe autonomic storm, leading to a higher incidence of
vascular rejection in these patients.
N=28; bx a 3 y 12 m
Incidencia CAN: 3m 11%, 12m 58%
High incidence of CAN in 12-month protocol biopsies despite a low
incidence of acute and subclinical rejection.
.. the presence of arteriolar hyalinosis on any biopsy within the first year
was independently predictive of CAN at 12 months despite the fact that
there was no significant difference in monitored cyclosporine levels
between the two groups of patients...
Papel del rechazo agudo..
Histologa: (3-6m)
-Normal 43%
-SCR 17%
-CAN 25%
-CAN+SCR 15%
10%
8%
En pacientes sin
RSC se aprecia
progresin del score
de cronicidad sobre
lo que los autores no
encuentran
correlacin con tipo
o edad donante,
DGF, isquemia,
rechazo clnico o
tipo ICN
Presentacin Clnica :
Proteinuria
Hipertensin
Sndrome Nefrtico
Creatinina srica
TRATAMIENTO
.
TRATAMIENTO
IS
N=22
Menor LDL-col
Importancia de la farmacodinamia ..
Pacientes con baja exposicin a FK (AUC < 180 ng.h/ml) y MPA (AUC <
40 ng.h/ml) ms tubulitis en bx de protocolo a 3 m.
Entre 312 m aumento score de cronicidad en 71% en los pacientes
con baja exposicin fundamentalmente debido a un significativo
incremento en la fibrosis intersticial (p=0.009)
Conclusin: Baja exposicin tubulitis subclnica (3m) fibrosis (12m)
como consecuencia de inadecuada inmunosupresin
Importancia de la farmacogenmica ..
Suspensin ICN
y ms.
POTENCIALES VAS E INHIBIDORES DE LA FIBROGNESIS EN
TRASPLANTE
Algunos de ellos
probados en
animales con NCI
fundamentalmente
en modelos de
toxicidad crnica
por ICN
La mayor parte de las clulas
del sistema inmune tienen
RVD (APCs, macrfagos, linf)
Agonistas RVD: selectiva
desarrollo celular Th1 y de
citoquinas Th-1 (IL-2, IFN)
Modulan fenotipo y funcin
APCs (st DCs) adquisicin
propiedades tolerognicas
induccin cels T reguladoras
en lugar de efectoras
Tto in vitro DCs con agonistas
RVD expresin molcs.
coestimuladoras (CD40,
CD80, CD86) y de IL-2 y IL-
10
NUEVOS MODELOS DE INMUNOSUPRESIN
INMUNOSUPRESORES ACTUALES
1. Inhibidores de la calcineurina
- Ciclosporina
- Tacrolimus
2. Antimetabolitos
- Aza
- MMF
- EC-MPS
3. Inhibidores mTOR
- Sirolimus
- Everolimus
4. Esteroides
- Prednisona
- Metil-prednisolona
5. Anticuerpos mono/policonales
- OKT3
- Basiliximab
- Daclizumab
- Gl. Antitimocitica
- Gl. Antilinfocitica
CARACTERISTICAS DE UN PROTOCOLO INMUNOSUPRESOR PTIMO
Estudio Cesar
DAC + MMF + S + Dosis bajas de CsA y suspensin a 6 mes
DAC + MMF + S + Dosis bajas de CsA
Dosis normales de CsA + MMF + S
Datos a 3 aos (ATC 2006):
mayor incidencia de rechazo agudo en susp. CsA (36% vs
26 y 27%),
mayor prdida de injertos en susp. CsA
no mejora en funcin renal
Am J Transplant 2005;
Mejora de la funcin renal (CCR)
The incremental rejection risk from CNI withdrawal found in this study was
slightly lower than a previous meta-analysis on cyclosporine withdrawal ..
Conclusions:
CNI, but not Rapa, induce a decrease of circulating Tregs in
stable renal transplant recipients.
Thus, Rapa might be further explored in strategies using
preservation of Tregs for transplant tolerance.
iTOR vs ICN
Positivo:Mejor FG
Negativo: Aumento riesgo linfocele, mielosupresin y dislipemia
iTOR vs Antimetabolito
Positivo: menor rechazo agudo,reduccin 51% infeccin CMV,
Negativo: mayor Crs, riesgo linfocele, trombocitopenia y
dislipemia
Dosis bajas vs altas iTOR
Dosis altas: menos rechazo corticosensible (no corticoresistente),
peor funcin renal, mayor mielosupresin y dislipemia
mean SD
(ITT) [%] [%] [%]
[ml/min]
SRL
FK
Nefropata BK (n = 5)
Nefropata BK (n=1)
Fibrosis intersticial del injerto (n = 3)
Complicaciones herida quirrgica (n = 18)
PTLD (n = 1)
Complicaciones pulmonares (n = 4)
Neurotoxicidad (n = 2)
Rechazo agudo (n = 3)
SHU recurrente (n = 1)
GESF recurrente (n = 2)
Intolerancia gastrointestinal (n = 1)
Hipertrigliceridemia grave (n = 1)
Trombocitopenia grave (n = 1)
Resultados Resultados
Resultados aceptables pero malos
buenos mediocres
Qu ms podemos decir?.....
USO DE NOVO
Sin ICN
Induccin con IL-2r: No se recomienda tras los resultados del 318
y del ORION
Induccin con Timoglobulina: Resultados prometedores aunque
se necesitan estudios ms amplios
Con ICN
Minimizacin de dosis o suspensin
USO EN CONVERSION
254 Pts en tratamiento con CNI + MMF randomizados entre 30-180 das
post-TR a:
Continuar CNI+MMF (datos al ao N=57)
Paso a SRL+MMF (N=48)
N=40; CsA+MMF+P SRL+MMF+P (7.6 1.4 m)
10% salidas (1 BK, 1 RA, 1 Neum, 1 Artralgia); 5% Rechazo
66 16
54 18
Transplantation 2005;80
ESTUDIOS DE CONVERSION ICN SRL
RESULTADOS
Conversin exitosa 54-83%
Rechazo post-conversin 6 de 400 (1.5%) (rango 0-4%)
Efectos secundarios ms frecuentes
Anemia
Dislipemia
Proteinuria
Ulceras orales
Rash
Seguimiento
tiempo variable 6m-24m
58-94% continan en terapia
Injertos perdidos: 20 de 351 (8.5%)
Situaciones clnicas
1-Deterioro progresivo
de la funcin renal
2- Funcin renal
deteriorada pero estable
Biopsia de protocolo
Alrededor de los 3-6 meses
IS ACN
ESTUDIO ERIC
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS-ENFERMEDAD CARDIOVASCULAR
FACTORES DE RIESGO
CsA FK Srl/Eve Esteroides MMF
HTA ++ + 0 ++ 0
Hiperglucemia + ++ ? +++ 0
Hiperlipemia ++ + ++ ++ 0
Arteriosclerosis ++ ++ 0/-? +++ 0
HIPERLIPEMIA
Frecuente con estos frmacos
Relacionado con niveles y con cifras de lpidos pre-tratamiento
Suele responder bien al tratamiento mdido (estatinas, ezetimide, fibratos)
Datos preclnicos
En ratones Apo-E knock-out disminuye la placa de ateroma
Elloso 2003, Castro 2004
Inhiben in vivo proliferacin intimal producida por dao mecnico o
inmune
Gallo 1999, Ikonen 2000, Matsumoto. 2003, Cole 1998,
Nishimura 2001
Previenen y controlan el desarrollo de HV por sobrecarga (modelos
murinos)
Shioi 2003, Mcmullen 2004
Datos clnicos
En trasplante cardiaco, previenen la enfermedad vascular del injerto
Eisen 2003, Keogh 2004, Mancini 2003
Stent coronarios recubiertos con EVE/RAPA
Dibra 2004, Grube 2004, Costa 2005
OTRAS INDICACIONES
Procedimiento de conversin
* Dosis ms bajas en pacientes con hepatopata o que reciban dosis muy bajas de ICN.
Tras ms de 5 aos desde la comercializacin del primer inhibidor mTOR
podemos decir que
Indicacin correcta
En el momento adecuado (no demasiado tarde)
Conversiones rpidas
Evitar dosis y niveles elevados
Reconocer y tratar precozmente los efectos adversos
Registro de pautas de tratamiento con EC-MPS en pacientes con trasplante
renal
Coordinadores:
Dra. A. Snchez-Fructuoso
Dr. J.C. Ruiz
Caminante no hay
camino se hace
camino al andar
A. Machado
TUMORES
CVD MORTALITY
General population vs renal transplanted recipients
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE
Clinical Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Renal Disease
Robert N Foley, Patrick S Parfrey andMark J Sarnak
Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32, S112 S119
CAD NON-DIAL
CAD DIAL
LRD NON-DIAL
LRD DIAL
The 5-y patient survival was significantly better for non-DIAL rec vs DIAL rec
The 5-y graft survival was similar.
THE SEVENTH REPORT OF THE JOINT NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON
PREVENTION, DETECTION, EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE
JAMA 2003; 289, 2560 - 2572
Hypertension
Cigarette smoking
Obesity (BMI >30)
Physical inactivity
Dyslipidemia
Diabetes mellitus
Age (>55 for men, >65 for women)
Family history of premature CV dis (men <55 y, women <65)
1. Sleeping, reclining
2. Sitting Normal walking,golfing on
3. Very light exertion foot, slow biking, downhill
4. Light exertion, with normal breathing skiing, calisthenics, raking
5. Moderate exertion with deep breathing leaves, slow dancing, light
6. Vigorous exertion with panting; overheating restaurant work
7. Heavy exertion, with gasping, much sweating
8. Extreme or peak exertion
RISK CATEGORIES
RECOMMENDATIONS
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Muscle aches
Hepatitis
Myopathy, rhabdomyolysis
Rush
Peripheral neuropathy
Insomnia
Difficulty concentrating
FPG
FPG < 110 mg/dl = normal fasting glucose
FPG > 110 mg/dl and < 126 mg/dl = IFG
OGTT
2 hour PG < 140 mg/dl = normal glucose tolerance
2 hour PG > 140 mg/dl and < 200 mg/dl = IGT
FPG: fasting plasma glucose, IFG: impaired fasting glucose, IGT: impaired
glucose tolerance, OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test,
PG: plasma glucose
RECOMMENDATIONS
Information of the potential recipient about their risk profile and counseling
on the importance of weight control, diet and exercise
Randomly monitoring of PG
Renal allograft recipients on triple therapy with CNI, MMF and Steroids are at low
but significant risk of acute rejection (RR 2.28) after steroid withdrawal but do not
suffer an increased risk of early graft failure.
Incidence of diabetes before and after transplant in patients receiving tacrolimus or cyclosporine
RECOMMENDATIONS
Self-monitoring
Non-pharmacological therapy
Insulin monotherapy
ONE-YEAR POST-TRANSPLANT WEIGHT GAIN IS A RISK FACTOR FOR GRATF LOSS
Ducloux D, Kazory A, Simula-Faivre D, Chalopin JM
Am J Transplant 2005; 5, 2922 2928
Patients with a 1-year post-transplant increase in BMI of more than 5 % showed a threefold
increase in the risk of graft loss (HR 2.82)
While MS alone had no impact on graft survival, a significant interaction with CRP suggests
that its association with low-grade inflammation significantly reduced graft survival
METABOLIC SYNDROME
overweight or obesity
Hyperglicemia
Hypertension
Hypertrigliceridemia
Low HDL-Cholesterol
OBESITY
Patient death was the most common cause of renal transplant failure in
diabetics, recipients older than 40 years and smokers
SIROLIMUS-EVEROLIMUS ATHEROPROTECTION
possible mechanisms of action
COMPLIANCE
Antecedentes
La intercambiabilidad de los
genricos ha sido asunto de
intenso debate en las ltimas
dcadas.
Genricos son aceptados por
organismos reguladores tan
importantes como OMS como
parte de una estrategia para
reducir costos a los sistemas de
salud.
70/100
Estudios Toxicolgicos & PK
30/100 20-100 pacientes incluidos, <1 ao
100 productos Estudios PD (individuos enfer mos).
<20/100 <1000 pacientes, <2 aos
Eficacia & segur idad en el tiempo
Est ablec er la ventana ter aputica
<1000 pacientes, <4 aos
No todos funcionar n: insegur os,
inefectivos, inaplic ables
http://www.fda.gov/cder/handbook/develop.htm
http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/docs/preface/eclink.htm
Otros problemas de los criterios de ET (2)
ASB
DRUG
E. coli PK/PD
BUG HOST
E. coli
Eficacia in vitro (MIC, MBC) PK/PD
Antibitico
PK
8
a) Kruskal-Wallis (K muestras independientes: 16
32
genricos vs. original) 64
128 g/ml
b) Post-hoc: Dunnet test
CLSI. 2006. Vol.26, No.3, M100-S16.
Cto 18-24 h
Tracy M, et al. AAC 2001;45(5):1511-1514
Efic ac ia in vivo (MMNIM)
Inyeccin IM
(cada muslo)
Recuento CFU/g
(1 muslo = 1 g)
Tr atados ASB: 2.34-600 mg/kg/d
(SQ q3h)
24h
Remocin y Contr ol (No tratados)
macerado de muslos
Resultados
14 antibacterianos intravenosos, 22 genricos estudiados
Nmero de productos
Cepa Bacteriana Esquema de dosificacin
Antibitico genricos comparados
(Exp in vitro e in vivo) subcutneo en el MMNIM
con el innovador
Amikacina 10 q6h
Gentamicina 20 q6h
Ampicilina 8 q1h
Ampicilina/Sulb 3 q3h
E. coli SIG-1
Ceftazidime* 1 q1h
Ceftriaxone 7 q3h, q6h
Cefotaxime 5 q1h
Ciprofloxacina* 3 q6h, q12h
Ceftazidime* 2 q1h
P. aeruginosa GRP-0019
Ciprofloxacina* 3 q6h, q12h
Penicillin G 5 q1h
Oxacilina 11 q1h
Vancomicina 3 q1h, (q8h)
S. aureus GRP-0057
Lincomicina 7 q3h
Clindamicina 4 q3h
Cefalotina 4 q1h
n = 92
Resultados del Ensayo Microbiolgico (USP)
Similar potencia y concentracin de principio activo (PG = CO)
Conclusiones
Resultados generales
Ensayo Microbiolgico
Resultados generales
MIC y MBC
Sin embargo
Resultados generales in vivo (Sin ASB)
Efecto: Emax
Germen Productos Gen
Genricos Valor de
Antibi
Antibitico (log10CFU/g)
CFU/g)
Infectante P
Total noET %noET PG CO
Mito 1:
Realidad 1:
Mito 2:
REALIDAD
Estudios In Vitro
Mito 3:
Realidad 3:
No.
Evidentemente, la evaluacin de los medicamentos anti-infecciosos
genricos ha olvidado en las definiciones de equivalencia el papel
trascendental que parece jugar la presencia de un tercer factor
(microorganismo).
Mito 4:
Realidad 4:
Conclusion
ERITROPOYETINA
Alta mortalidad
Alta morbilidad
MTODOS
o La correccin de la anemia
MTODOS
Ensayo controlado aleatorio
Inicio temprano vs diferido de eritropoyetina
TRATAMIENTO
Temprano: EPO 50 U/kg/sem para Hb > 13 g/dL.
Diferido: EPO slo cuando Hb <9 g/dL
Comparison of oral versus intravenous iron therapy in predialysis patients of
chronic renal failure receiving recombinant human erythropoietin.
POBLACIN
Pacientes en predilisis de IRC recibiendo (rHuEpo),
n=40
MTODOS
Estudio abierto, aleatorio, comparativo
TRATAMIENTO
Grupo A hierro oral
Grupo B hierro intravenoso
Ambos grupos rHuEPO s.c.
3 meses.
POBLACIN
Pacientes en dilisis peritoneal
Depsitos normales de hierro
MTODOS
Un ensayo de 12 meses, prospectivo, cruzado,
comparativo
TRATAMIENTO
Hierro oral 210 mg Fe/d/4 mes, seguidos por
infusiones intermitentes de hierro i.v. ambulatorio
(200 mg cada 2 meses por 4 meses y
continuando 4 meses con hierro oral
What are adequacy targets in PD and how do we reach them?
Outline
the adoption of small solute kinetics to peritoneal dialysis how did this
happen?
recent studies examining adequacy in peritoneal dialysis
re-thinking the PD targets and how to reach them
Part 1
The Early Days of Dialysis:
PD is not HD
=
The Early Days: PD as Separate but Equal
It was postulated that toxins other than urea play a role in the syndrome we call
uremia
larger molecular weight toxins (middle molecules) were thought to be
important
better clearance of these toxins through the peritoneal membrane,
compared to cellulosic hemodialysis membranes
Lowrie 1981
NCDS: Analysis of Time until First Hospitalization
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
BUN p < 0.0001; DURATION OF HEMO p = 0.06
Lowrie 1981
Urea
The Entrenchment of Urea-centrism (contd)
Probability
of Failure
step function
at Kt/V 0.9?
Kt/V
.4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2
Gotch and Sargent 1985
The Entrenchment of Urea-centrism after 1985
Adequate hemodialysis = Kt/V urea > 1
Inadequate hemodialysis = Kt/V < 1
Churchill, 1996
**Fitted** Model of Survival by Kt/V urea (Churchill et al 1996)
CANUSA study reinforced the assumption that the greater the small
solute clearance, the better the outcome in PD
led to increasing the dose of PD, measured by Kt/V urea
actively promoted by industry, reinforced by DOQI Guidelines
0.5
0
Hemo PD
Survival of Patients Initiating Dialysis with PD Compared to Hemodialysis
(1990-94)
CAPD/CCPD
90
HD
Probability %
80
70
60
50
40
30
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54
Follow-up
months
Fenton SA, et al, Am J Kidney Dis, 1997
There are benefits to PD that are not measured by small solute clearance
1. preservation of residual renal function (and residual renal function
is important to outcome)
2. clearance of middle molecular weight toxins (remember the
1970s?)
3. continuous, as opposed to intermittent, dialysis
Variable RR death
Age 1.02*
CVD 2.42*
SGA 0.74*
peritoneal CrCl (5L/wk) 1.00
renal GFR (5L/wk) 0.88*
Bargman 2001
Bargman 2001
Peritoneal small solute clearance does not predict outcome when there is
residual kidney function
Survival General
population
Dialysis
population
100% 0
GFR
Toxin HD
levels
PD
10
B2M clearance
4
0
2 X 6h 2 X 12 h
60
50
40
30 Creat Cl
B2M Cl
20
10
0
2 3 4
The Value of Slow, Continuous Dialysis
2 randomized, controlled
trials of dose of peritoneal
dialysis and survival
Control
4 x 2L CAPD
Baseline Randomization
Treated
pCCr 60L/wk/1.73m2
Criteria for entry: Peritoneal CCr < 60L/week/1.73m2
Endpoints: Primary: Mortality
Secondary: technique failure, hospitalization, labs, etc.
2.5
1.5
Control
1 Treated
1.62 2.13
0.5
0
p Kt/V urea
p = NS
ADEMEX Study: Results
C
B
A
A
C
B
Adequacy of PD what about anuric patients?
Anuric Patients
VS
more more
less less
RRF PD PD alone
women
outcome
SPECTRUM OF COMORBIDITY:
2.5
2 both groups
dialyzed 24
hours a day
1.5 similar MMW
urea toxin clearance
MMW clearance
1 MMW more important
to outcome than
toxins small solute
0.5 clearance
0
control treated
Middle Molecules
Words of wisdom!
If one asks which substance is to be held responsible for the clinical syndrome
of uraemia, It is not one definite substance that causes the intoxicationIt is
the sum of all the detrimental influences of all the retained substances which
leads to uraemia.
W. J. Kolff
New Ways of Treating Uraemia, 1947
1.4
Increased mortality
1.2
associated with increased
1 serum P
0.8 (independent of Kt/V urea)
RR
Block et al 1998, 2004
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1.1-4.4 4.5-5.5 5.6-6.5 6.6-7.8 7.9-16.9
Uremic toxins that can affect vascular function (after Vanholder, 2001)
Endothelial Cells
Neutrophils
Advanced glycation end products
Advanced glycation end products Advanced oxidation protein
Advanced oxidation protein products products Platelets
Angiogenin (DIP I) 2-microglobulin
Complement factor D (DIP II) Cytokines Cytokines
Cytokines Homocysteine, oxidized LDL Leptin
Ig Light chains Leptin
Leptin Oxalic Acid
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Platelets
Adhesion
i r
Endothelial Cells
Migration
Vascular Lesion
ROS Differentiation
Monocytes/Macrophages Cytokines Resident
MPO ll
Macrophage Foam Cells
Advanced glycation products AOPP
Advanced oxidation protein products
AGE-2-microglobulin
2-microglobulin
Cytokines
Homocysteine Smooth muscle cells
Leptin 2-microglobulin
Homocysteine
AGEs
GDPs
cytokines
The Uremic State and Uremic Toxins
inflammation Ca++
P
AGEs
GDPs
Targets: Summary I
Targets: Summary II
ALLOIMMUNITY IN TRANSPLANTATION
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
ABO-incompatible transplantation
Xenotransplantation
Hyperacute rejection
Early acute
alloantibody-
mediated
rejection
Late chronic
alloantibody-mediated
rejection
Interstitial infiltration
Blast cell
Collins AB, Schneeberger EE, Pascual MA, Saidman SL, Williams WW, Tolkoff-Rubin N,
Cosimi AB, Colvin RB.
J Am Soc Nephrol 10, 2208, 1999
C4d STAINING
DONOR-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY
absence presence
confirmed T-cell Rejection not excluded T-cell Rejection
INCIDENCE 0 8 %
Plasmapheresis Immunoadsorption
Not selective Selective removal of antibodies
1 plasma volume exchanged 2 3 plasma volume processed
Albumin or plasma reinfusin No albumin or plasma reinfusion
INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
mechanisms of action
RITUXIMAB
PP added to standard
antirejection therapy
7 to 13 treatments
1/1 rescue
3/4 rescue
PLASMAPHERESIS + ATG
Mean number of 7
treatments /pat
1.4 plasma volume
exchange
6/7 rescue
PLASMAPHERESIS + FK + MMF
9/10 rescue
PLASMAPHERESIS + IVIG
Mean 6 12 PP treatments
IVIG 100 mg/Kg
7 patients
7 treated with PP
4/7 treated with PP + IVIG
1/4/7 added Rituximab
70 % graft survival
9 patients
PP 1 plasma volume
exchange
Median number of PP = 5
IVIG 250 500 mg/Kg after PP
75 ACR
23 AHR
Cadaver graft
Unrelated living related graft
10 patients 5 rejections
4/5 ACR
10 IA 1/5 AHR
7/10 IA + ATG
IA 14 treatments
8/10 rescue rescue
IMMUNOADSORPTION + FK + MMF
6 AHR
5 to 7 IA treatments
4/6 rescue
INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN
15 patients
17 patients
2 gr/Kg/treatment
4 pat received 2 treatments
3 pat received 3 treatments
12/17 rescue
graft survival 71 %
DESENSITIZATION PROTOCOLS
DESENSITIZATION PROTOCOL - A
DESENSITIZATION PROTOCOL - B
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
More immunosoppressive
DESENSITIZATION PROTOCOL - C
CONCLUSIONS