1. What is phonology?

2. What is phonetics?
3. What are vowels?
4. What are consonants and how do they differ from vowels?
5. What are diphtongs? Explain and examplify!
6. What is IPA and why is it important?
7. What is a phoneme? How does it differ from allophone?
8. What does the term minimal pair refer to? Explain and examplify!
9. Describe the following vowels: a:, , , and place them in vowel chart!
10.Describe the following consonants: p, m, s, j, h, d, w, k
11.What alveolar sounds can you name?
12.How are sounds described in terms of voicing?
13.What is assimilation?
14.What is etimology? How do words come into existance?
15.What can you say about coinage? Explain and examplify!
16.What is borrowing? Provide some examples in English
17.What is calque?
18.Analyze the following set of examples: girlfriend, boyfriend, textbook,
blackboard. What morphological process can you recognize? What can you
say about it?
19.What is clipping? In which variance in English is the most popular?
20.Define backformation!
21.How would you explain the process of conversion? Provide 3 examples
22.What is derivation?
23.What are prefixes, suffixes and infixes? How do they create new words?
How are they usually referred to and are they independent? Explain and
examplify!
24.What is a root?
25.What is a stam?
26.What is the difference between a root and a stam?
27.How many moprhemes are in the following words? Indicate if these
morphemes are derivational or inflectional: unlock, shirts, walking,
uncontrolably, disrespectfuly, cheerful, slowly, disagreement, carelessness,
book, buy.

1. Phonology is the part of the linguistics which deals with the description of
the system and patterns of speech sounds.
2. Phonetics is the part of the linguistics which studies souns and their
characteristics (place and manner of articulation).
3. Vowels are sounds that are produced without any obstacles and with free
flow of air in the vocal tract while they are being produced.
4. Consonants are sounds which are articulated with closure or obstruction in
the vocal tract and they differ from vowels in the way of articulation,
because vowels are produced more freely and are usually voiced sounds,
while consonants can be voiced or voiceless.
5. Diphtongs are combined sounds that are usually written as two sounds.
examples: ray [ei], ride [ai], how [au], boy [oi], no [ou]
6. IPA is International Phonetic Alphabet and it is important for the correct
pronunciation of sounds, because every sound is represented with a symbol
in IPA.
7. A phoneme is a contrastive, meaning-distinguishing sound in a language
and one phoneme alone does not have any meaning, but it can change the
meaning when it occurs in a word. It differs from allophones because it has
that distinguishing function, but the allophones are different versions of one
phoneme.
8. The term minimal pair refers to the group of words which are identical in
their form, except the only one phoneme which occurs in the same position
in both words. Examples: cat - hat, play - clay, disk - desk, alive - arrive;
9. a: - low, back vowel
-
-
10. p - voiceless bilabial stop
m - voice bilabial nasal
s - voiceless alveolar fricative
j - voiced palatal glide
h - voiceless glottal glide
d - voiced palatal affricate
w - voiced bilabial glide
k - voiceless velar stop
11. Alveolar sounds: t, d, s, z, l, r, n
12. In terms of voicing, sound are describe as voiced and voiceless.
13. Assimilation is the process which occurs in speech, when two sound
segments occur in a sequence and some aspect of one of these segments is
taken or copied by the other.
 14. Etimology is the study which deals with history and the origin of the
words. Words come into existance by taking over of some words from
foreign language and adaptating it to ours, as we start using them on a daily
basis. Moreover, language is shaped by the needs of its users, and everyday
inovations may need a new name that hasn't existed before because there
was not any similar thing before it was invented.

15. Coinage is a morphological process of inventig totally new terms, usually

based on the names for commercial products. Examples: xerox, vaseline, zipper,
kleenex;

16. Borrowing is the morphological process of taking over of some words from
some foreign language, and using it in our everyday language. Examples: sofa,
tattoo, croissant, yogurt;

17. Calque (loan translation) is the direct translation of some elements of a word
into the borrowing language (skyscraper from French term gratte-ciel)

18. These words are compounds. Compounding is a morphological process in

which two separate words are joined in one with a new meaning .

19. Clipping is a morphological process of reduction, in which a word with more

than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, for the casual speech. It is the most
popular in hypocorisms, where longer word is reduced to a single syllable, and
then -y or -ie is added to the end.

20. Backformation is a morphological process of reducing, in which a word of one

type is usually reduced to form a word of another type.

21. Conversion is a morphological process of chaning in the function of a word,

which is usually caled 'category change' or 'function shift'.

Examples: book (n) - to book (v), play (n) - to play (v), to write (v) - writer (n)

22. Derivation is a morphological process of producing the new words.

23. Prefixes, suffixes and infixes are affixes. They create new words by attaching
to them. Prefixes are affixes which are added to the beginning of the word (un-; as
in unbelievable, unfortunately;) , infixes are incorporated inside a word
(godtripledammit, Singabloodypore;) and suffixes are added to the end of the
word (-ly; as in absolutely, luckily;)

24. A root is a part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and
derivational affixes have been removed.

25. A stem is a part of a word used with slightly different meanings.

26. The difference between a root and a stam is that a root is the part of a word that
cannot be changed and can create a different word when added to them, while on
the other hand a stem is the form of a word on which inflectional affixes are added.

27. un + lock - inflectional (2 morphemes)

shirt + s - inflectional (2 morphemes)

walk + ing - inflectional (2 morphemes)

un +control + ably - derivational (3 morphemes)

dis + respect +ful + ly - derivational (4 morphemes)

cheer + ful - derivational (2 morphemes)

slow + ly - derivational (2 morphemes)

dis + agree + ment - derivational (3 morphemes)

care + less + ness - inflectional (3 morphemes)

book (1 morpheme)

buy (1 morpheme)