PIPING THEORY

Water piping system:

Once through & recirculating:
Water piping systems discussed are divided into once through and recirculating
system. In once through system, water passes through the equipment only once
and is discharged. In a recirculating system water is not discharged, but flows in
repeating circuit from the heat exchanger to refrigeration equipment and back to the
heat exchanger.
Open & closed system:
Recirculating system can be classified as open or close system. an open system
is the one in which the water flows into the reservoir open to atmosphere; cooling
towers, air washers and collecting tanks are examples of reservoir open to
atmosphere. A closed system is the one in which the flow of water is not exposed to
atmosphere at any point of flow. This system usually contains an expansion tank
that is open to atmosphere but the water area exposed is insignificant.

Water piping design:

There is a friction loss in any pipe through which water is flowing. This loss depends
on the following factors:
1. Water velocity
2. Pipe diameter
3. Interior surface roughness
4. Pipe length

The quantity of water required is determined from the air-conditioning load and the
water velocity by the pre-determined recommendations. These two factors are used
to determine pipe size and friction rate.

Types of pipes:
1. Mild steel pipes (ERW-Electro resistive welding pipes)
Code name: IS-1239 (Black color painted pipes)
Class A: Thickness up to 2.56mm, with a yellow color band.
Class B: Thickness up to 4.5mm, with a blue color band.
Class C: Thickness 4.5 to 12.56 mm, with a red color band.

2. Carbon steel pipes.

Code name: IS-1239 / ASTM 10, 10.3
SCH - 20: Less thick
SCH - 40,SCH - 80: Best suited for chilled water pipeline(3.5mm 7.5mm thick)
SCH - 100, SCH 120, SCH-160: High Thickness (12.5mm Thickness above)

3. Stainless Steel Pipes (SS).

Type 304, 316.
Thickness 5 mm min.
Physical View:
Seam pipes.
Seam less pipes.
Spiral pipes.

Pipe Fittings:
Flanges.
Reducers.
Elbows.
Dead end/ Dummy flange/Blind flange.
T Pipe fitting.
Nipples.
Valves used in piping:
Gate valve/Butterfly valve.
Globe valve.
Ball valve.
Non return valve:
I. Swing check valve.
II. Lift check valve.
Motorized control valve:
I. 2 Way Motorized control valve.
II. 3 Way Motorized control valve.
Strainer:
I. Y Strainer.
II. T Strainer.
III. Pot type Strainer.
Balancing valve.
Dynamic motorized valve.
Btu meter.
Flexible bellow.

NOTE: 1) For closed circuit system 2.4 USGPM / 1TR is taken.

2) For open circuit system 3 USGPM / 1 TR is taken.

Description about Valves

1. Butterfly Valves
 A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or
regulating flow. The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk.
Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shut
off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost
to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less
support is required. The disc is positioned in the center of the pipe,
passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside
of the valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or
perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present
within the flow; therefore a pressure drop is always induced in the flow,
regardless of valve position.

2. Gate Valves

A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a
round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. A gate valve,
also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or
rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of
a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar,
so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid and
minimum restriction is desired. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or
they can be parallel. Gate valves are primarily used to permit or prevent
the flow of liquids, but typical gate valves shouldn't be used for regulating
flow, unless they are specifically designed for that purpose.

3. Globe Valves
A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for
regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element
and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body. Globe valves are
named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of
the body being separated by an internal baffle. This has an opening that
forms a seat onto which a movable plug can be screwed in to close (or
shut) the valve. The plug is also called a disc or disk. In globe valves, the
plug is connected to a stem which is operated by screw action using a hand
wheel in manual valves. Typically, automated globe valves use smooth
stems rather than threaded and are opened and closed by
an actuator assembly.
4. Balancing Valves

A cooling or heating water distribution system is in balance when the flow in the whole system
(through the component terminal lines, distributing lines and main distributing lines)
corresponds to the flow rates that were specified for the design of the system. If the correct
balancing of the system is not established, this will result in unequal distribution of the flow so
that there will be a surplus effect in some of the terminals, whereas the effect will be inadequate
in others. The result of this will be that the wanted heating/chilling will not be ensured in all
parts of the installation. In practice it is not possible to make a correctly balanced system by
manipulation of the piping or alteration of the pipe dimensions only. Only a correct set
of balancing valves can ensure the correct distribution of the flow in the system.

5. 2-Way motorized Valve/3-Way Motorized Valve

 A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-
way valve is a valve that normally
allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only
one direction. Check valves are two-port valves,
6. Non Return Valve meaning they have two openings in the body, one for
fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There
are various types of check valves used in a wide
variety of applications. Check valves are often part of
common household items. Although they are
available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check
valves generally are very small, simple, or
inexpensive. Check valves work automatically and
most are not controlled by a person or any external
control; accordingly, most do not have any valve
handle or stem. The bodies (external shells) of most
check valves are made of plastic or metal. An
important concept in check valves is the
cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream
7. Flexible Bellows pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically
the check valve is designed for and can therefore be
specified for a specific cracking pressure.

For a cylinder with a constant diameter the reinforcement angle is constant as

well and is 54.7. This also known as the magic angle or neutral angle. The
neutral angle is the angle where a wound structure is in equilibrium. For a
cylinder this is 54.7, but for a more complex shape like a bellow which has a
varying radius over the length of the product, this neutral angle is different for
each radius. In other words, for complex shapes there is not one magic angle but
the fibers follow a geodesic path with angles varying with the change in radius.
To obtain a reinforcement structure with iso-tensoidal loading the geometry of
the complex shape must follow an iso-tensoid meridian profile. Typically the
8. Strainers
check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific cracking
pressure.

Stay flow Y strainers mechanically remove solids from flowing steam, gases or liquid
piping systems with the use of a perforated or wire mesh straining screen, and are
used to protect equipment. They get their names from their configuration, which
includes a branch angled off the flow path. Y strainers are most often used for steam
and gases, but are occasionally used for liquids. They have less debris holding capacity
and higher pressure drops than basket strainers, but they can be used in
either horizontal or vertical pipe runs where flow is downwards. They can also be fitted
with a blow-off connection at the end of the branch end that includes a valve, which
allows for cleaning. The valve is opened without shutting off the flow or disassembling
the strainer, as the flow through the pipe will flush out the solids in the screen.