Welcome to this course on Object Oriented Programming using Java .

This course
acquaints you with the object oriented concepts, where it is used and compares the
structured and object oriented approaches to programming .

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 The Retail Application case study will be used in through out the course for
introducing various concepts related to programming.

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The picture shows an enterprise application consisting of various modules,
communicating with each other through interfaces

There are many modules. What are the challenges in the development of this
system?

Challenges

The applications have been developed by different groups of developers

Challenge is Integration of modules/applications, need to have a standard
development process
The applications are improved/extended over time - Challenge is
extensibility of existing code
The application should have simple user interfaces Challenge is hiding of
the complexity

The class can have a discussion , the above gives some of the features and
challenges
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Definitions of these terms

The team of developers may be spread across locations, the application may contain
thousands of modules , it becomes difficult to maintain unity amongst diversity and
also have integrity in the design of the system
Software crisis is said to exist when there is -

Over-budget

Rework

Project not meeting deadlines

Requirements of customer not met

More on software crisis would be dealt with in the SE-

IQS course

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Edsger Djikstra is a Dutch scientist who had conceived the Djikstras Algorithms for
graphs

In algorithmic design approach , modules are divided into sub-modules till a basic
unit is reached

In the Data-Driven Approach, a set of inputs are processed to give a set of outputs.
This is useful in information based systems like database systems

In the Object Oriented design approach , the focus is on the objects that compose
the problem domain , their behavior and communication between the objects

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Refer to the case study used in the Introduction to Programming module. A part of
the functionality was developed to understand the basic programming concepts. Let
us consider the other functionalities of the case study to understand the structured
approach

Attributes may also be called as properties exhibited. Ex. A customer has a customer
Id. Customer Id is an attribute/property of the customer

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The class can have a discussion on other objects that can be observed in a retail
store domain and identify the attributes and activities.
Ex. Item
Attributes- Item id, Item description, Price
Activities- Addition of items, Updation of Price etc

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More details of the Methods discussed in Day2

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Refer to the case study for the problem statement and
the appendix for more examples

Hierarchy In complex systems, we can identify hierarchical pattern which helps

arriving at generic and specific properties. For example, team structure in an
organization is an example of hierarchy in a complex system.

Clear separation of functionality In the organization, the functionality of each and

every job level is clearly defined and separated

Composed of subsystems In the organization, a unit is derived from smaller teams

Exhibit common structure In the organization, every unit is made up of employees

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The focus of this course would be predominantly on the foundation concepts,
Object Oriented Programming and the implementation using Java . However , the
other point items would be dealt with at an introductory level

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The definitions may map to the following:

OOA - This is an analysis method in which the requirements are mapped to

the perspective of classes and object suiting the domain of the requirements

OOD - This represents the process of object-oriented approach which also

provides a notation for depicting the system under design

OOP - This represents the implementation of OO concepts in terms of a co-

operative collection of objects . These in turn are instances of classes . The
classes in turn may form a hierarchy

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For your reference only:

Booch and Rum Baugh worked towards the Unified Modeling Language (UML) in
1994

UML only offers a model notation, not a methodology for how to do modeling.

UML is used by the development method Objectory (Jacobson at Rational) was

the definition given by Jacobson.

UML was proposed by Rational Inc. and by Hewlett-Packard as a standard for

object-oriented analysis and design and was adopted by the OMG(Object
Management Group)

OMG is an international, open membership, not-for-profit computer industry

consortium. OMGs modeling standards enable powerful visual design, execution
and maintenance of software and other processes.

Vendors modify their CASE tools to make them consistent with UML.
The details of all of these diagrams are out of scope of this course. The objective is
to be aware of the diagrams which constitute the object oriented design.
Use Case Diagram and the Class diagrams will be used in this course .
The mentioned diagrams belong to UML 2.0
Tools for drawing UML diagrams

IBM Rational Software Architect

 This is an integrated development environment for model driven
development. It uses UML for the object oriented model development

Umodel
 It is a software modeling tool from Altova and it includes code
engineering functionality including code generation in Java,c# and
Visual Basic

ArgoUML
 It runs on any Java platform and is available in different languages.
ArgoUML is written entirely in Java

BOUML
 It is a UML tool box that allows you to specify and generate code in
C++, Java, PHP and Python. BOUML also runs under different OS.
BOUML is very fast and doesnt require much memory to manage
several thousands of classes.

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The relationship symbols would be dealt with in future parts of the course

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The class diagram for the complete retail store application is shown above. In Day
1, we have learnt the OOP concepts and represented using Customer class.

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The customer has the choice of payment through two modes viz. Cash and Credit
card. There are two types of payment. In Credit card, a processing fee is included
along with the name of the bank. In the cash option, there is no extra fee, but the
denominations are counted . Use the tree diagram slide after this

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The activity of paying the bill is the same. But the formula for calculation of bill
differs as per the mode. So the same

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Statistics show that 70% of the cost of the software development is in maintaining
and extending existing code (making changes). Hence Object Oriented approach
helps create reusable code/components which help in managing complexity and
maintenance of code .

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Q1. Abstraction as some essential details which are needed for the operation of
ATM is known to the customer and the internal details are not known
Encapsulation- as the ATM machine encapsulates or hides the internal working
say how the cash gets stored and how the bank balance is known etc.

Q2. Inheritance Generalization/Specialization

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Class & Attributes:
As there are many customers visiting the store and all of them are having Customer
Id and Telephone Number, Customer can be considered as a Class and Customer
Id & Telephone Number defines the attributes of a customer

Behavior:
Behavior specify the methods that can be used to expose the state of an object to
external world. In this scenario, we can think about methods to set values to the
attributes (Customer Id & Telephone Number) and get the values of the state

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+ and are the notations used for specifying the public and private access specifiers
respectively.

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An awareness on Object Oriented analysis and design has been provided . In the
subsequent days of the course, object oriented programming would be focussed
upon.

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Identify the identifiers used for the class diagram given in the case study
Ans: Customer
customerId & telephoneNo
setCustomerId
getCustomerId
setTelephoneNo
getTelephoneNo
For your reference only: Java reserved words
Java Keywords
abstract boolean Break byte case catch char class continue default do
double else extends final finally float for if implements import
instanceof int interface long native new package private protected
public return short static strictfp super switch synchronized this
throw throws transient try void Volatile while
Reserved keywords (not currently in use)
const goto
Reserved Literals
null true false
assert arrived with JDK 1.4. version
enum arrived with JDK 1.5. version
Const and goto are not currently used.
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Instance variables will be discussed in detail later

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All numeric data types are signed
The size of data types remain the same on all platforms

All the whole numbers are considered to be int data type by default

All the decimal literals are considered to be of double data type by default.
For explicitly mentioning that the data type is float we need to add letter f/F at the
end of the literal
Eg:
float val=2.3f;

Internationalization refers to the fact that Java can be used to represent languages
where the number of characters are more. To accommodate the same, character
datatype occupies 2 bytes

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Data Type Range
byte -128 to 127 (inclusive)
short -32,768 to 32,767 (inclusive)
int -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (inclusive)
long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
(inclusive)
char '\u0000' (or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive)

telephoneNo can also be considered as a collection of characters. In Java,

this is represented using String class . The concept of String class which will
be dealt on Day 3

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Q1. Account Number, Type of account may be the attributes . GetAccountNumber,
OpenAccount, CloseAccount, DisplayBalance may be the activities on the
attributes. This approach is the OO approach where the focus is on the data and
the activities on the data
Q2. Actors- Customer, Bank Officer, UseCases Transfer funds, Check
Balance,Print statement, Key-in request, Change customer details,PrintReport

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