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SINUSOIDS
To convert the sine function to the cosine function, we will need a trigonometric identity.
# sin( x ) = cos( x 90)
Because
sin( x 90) = cos( x ) or cos( x 180) = - cos(x)
this can also be written as - 2 cos(t)
Problem 9.2 Find the magnitude, angular frequency, frequency, and phase angle of each
of the following functions.
(a) 5 sin(10t )
(b) - 2.5 cos(2t)
(c) 3 cos(t 37)
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(a) Consider v( t ) = Vm sin(t + ) . Also, note that = 2 f .
Vm = 5 = 10 f = 10 2 , = 0
Vm = 2.5 = 2 f = 1, = 180
Note that = 180 due to the negative sign in front of the function.
Vm = 3 = f = 2 , = - 37
This indicates that the phase angle between the two signals is 20 and that v 1 lags v 2 .
PHASORS
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Problem 9.5 [9.11] Let X = 840 and Y = 10 - 30 . Evaluate the following
quantities and express your results in polar form.
(a) ( X + Y) X
(b) ( X Y)
(c) ( X + Y) / X
(a) X + Y = 840 + 10 - 30
X + Y = (6.128 + j5.142) + (8.66 j5)
X + Y = 14.79 + j0.142 = 14.79 0.55
( X + Y) X = (14.790.55)(8 - 40)
( X + Y) X = 118.3 - 39.45
(b) X Y = 840 10 - 30
X Y = (6.128 + j5.142) (8.66 j5)
X Y = -2.532 + j10.142 = 10.45104
( X Y) = 10.45 - 104
X + Y 14.790.55
= =
X 840
( X + Y) / X = 1.849 - 39.45
Problem 9.6 If A sin(t + ) is used as a common reference, what would be the phasors?
(a) 100 sin(t )
(b) 20 cos(t )
(c) 50 cos(t 80)
(d) 25 sin(t + 45)
(a) 100 0
(b) 20 90
(c) 50 10
(d) 25 45
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PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Problem 9.7 Given the circuit of Figure 9.1, find the steady-state value of v c ( t ) when
i s ( t ) = 5 sin(1000t ) A .
1 k
+ +
is(t) vs(t) vc(t) 1 F
Figure 9.1
i dt
1
vc =
C c
Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the
greatest likelihood of success.
The technique used to solve this problem is Ohm's law. The choice to be made is whether to
use the time domain or the frequency domain. From what we know about the problem,
converting the time-domain circuit into the frequency domain allows the use of algebra with
complex numbers rather than calculus to analyze the circuit.
Analysis of simple circuits can be done in the time-domain as a check of the answer.
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Thus,
Vc = (50)(1000 - 90) = 5000 - 90
or v c ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t 90) V
Vc = I Z c = 5000 - 90
Vs = VR + Vc = 5000 0 + 5000 - 90
Vs = 5000 j 5000 = 5000 2 - 45
or v s ( t ) = 5000 2 sin(1000 t 45) V
i c ( t ) dt = -6 5 sin(1000t ) dt
1 1
v c (t) =
C 10
1
v c ( t ) = -6 3 (5)[ - cos(1000t) ]
10 10
v c ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t 90) V
v R ( t ) = R i( t ) = 5000 sin(1000 t ) V
v s (t ) = v R (t ) + v c (t )
v s ( t ) = 5000 sin(1000t ) + 5000 sin(1000t 90)
v s ( t ) = 5000 2 sin(1000 t 45) V
Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not,
then return to ALTERNATIVE solutions and continue through the process again.
This problem has been solved satisfactorily.
Problem 9.8 Given = 100 , determine the frequency domain ( s = j ) values for the
following elements.
(a) R = 1, 10 , 1 k, 1 M, 100 M
(b) L = 10 H, 5 H, 1 H, 5 mH, 40 H
(c) C = 2 mF, 333 F, 5 F, 10 pF
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(a) R = 1 , 10 , 1 k, 1 M, 100 M
1
(c) = 5 , 30 , 2 k, 1 G
C
where the units are ohms of capacitive reactance
Problem 9.9 Given R = 100 , L = 1 H , and C = 100 F, calculate the values in the
following table.
R XL XC
1
10
100
1000
10000
Clearly, R = 100
which is not dependent upon the frequency.
R XL XC
1 100 1 10 k
10 100 10 1k
100 100 100 100
1000 100 1k 10
10000 100 10k 1
Problem 9.10 Assume that Z = R + jX L jX C . For the values used in Problem 9.9, what
would be the values of Z in rectangular coordinates?
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Z
1
10
100
1000
10000
Z
1 100 j 9999
10 100 j 990
100 100 + j 0
1000 100 + j 990
10000 100 + j 9999
Vs
j2 j
+
Io
2 j4 j2 1
Figure 9.1
Since the left portion of the circuit is twice as large as the right portion, the equivalent circuit is
shown below.
Vs
+
+
2Z V2 V1 Z
V1 = I o (1 j ) = 2 (1 j )
V2 = 2 V1 = 4 (1 j )
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Vs = V1 + V2 = 6 (1 j )
Vs = 8.485135 V
Problem 9.12 Using the values in Problem 9.10, what would be the values of Z in polar
coordinates?
Z
1
10
100
1000
10000
Z
1 9999.5 89.4
10 995 84.2
100 100 0
1000 995 84.2
10000 9999.5 89.4
IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS
Problem 9.13 Given the circuit of Figure 9.1, find Z in for = 1000 rad/s .
10 k
Zin
20 H 0.1 F
Figure 9.1
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Z in = Z L || (Z R + Z C ) = j20k || (10k j10k )
( j20k )(10k j10k ) j20k (10 j10) (200k )(1 + j)
Z in = = =
j20k + 10k j10k 10 + j10 (10)(1 + j)
Z in = 20 k
Zeq
1j
1 + j3 1 + j2
j5
Figure 9.1
Thus,
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
Z eq 1 j 1 + j2 j5 1 + j3
1
= (0.5 + j0.5) + (0.2 j0.4) + (- j0.2) + (0.1 j0.3)
Z eq
1
= 0.8 j0.4
Z eq
1
Z eq =
0.8 j0.4
Z eq = 1 + j 0.5
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APPLICATIONS
Problem 9.15 The circuit shown in Figure 9.1 is used to make a simple low-pass filter. An
important part of choosing the appropriate value of C is to determine the highest frequency to be
passed and then choose a value of C such that the output voltage is 1 2 times the magnitude of
the input at that frequency. What value of C makes this a low-pass filter for frequencies from
0 Hz to 1000 Hz ?
10 k
+ +
vin(t) C vout(t)
Figure 9.1
+ +
Vin C
j/ Vout
- j C
Vout = V
10k j C in
- j C
Vout = Vin
10k j C
- j C 1
=
10k j C = 2 (1000 )
2
- j 2 (1000) C Xc 1
= =
10k j 2 (1000) C 10 + X c
8 2
2
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Xc2 1 X c 2 10 8
2 =
X c 2 = +
10 + X c
8
2 2 2
X c 2 10 8
=
2 2
1
X c = 10 4 =
j2 (1000) C
1
C=
2 (10 3 )(10 4 )
1
C= F
20
20 40 30
+ +
Vi j10 j30 j60 Vo
Figure 9.1
20 40 30
V2 V1
+ +
Vi j10 j30 j60 Vo
Z2 Z1
( j30)(30 + j60)
Z1 = j30 || (30 + j60) = = 3 + j21
30 + j90
( j10)(43 + j21)
Z 2 = j10 || (40 + Z1 ) = = 1.535 + j8.896 = 9.02880.21
43 + j31
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Let Vi = 10 .
Z2 (9.02880.21)(10)
V2 = Vi =
Z 2 + 20 21.535 + j8.896
V2 = 0.387557.77
Z1 3 + j21 (21.21381.87)(0.387557.77)
V1 = V2 = V2 =
Z 1 + 40 43 + j21 47.8526.03
V1 = 0.1718113.61
j60 j2 2
Vo = V1 = V1 = (2 + j)V1
30 + j60 1 + j2 5
Vo = (0.8944 26.56)(0.1718113.6)
Vo = 0.1536 140.2
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