MANDELIAN GENETICS

Crosses that deviate

from Mandelian
inherintance
 TO THE STUDENTS
Explain codominant alleles.
Calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratio
(1:2:1).
Explain incomplete dominant alleles.
Calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratio
(1:2:1).
Explain multiple alleles
Explain polygenes/polygenic inheritance
 CODOMINANT ALLELE

INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELES

MULTIPLE ALLELES

POLYGENES/POLYGENIC INHERITANCE

LETHAL ALLELES

LINKED GENES

SEX-LINKED GENES
Monohybrid

No. Character One Flower colour

Genes/ character One Gene for flower
colour
Alleles/gene Two Dominant: Red (R)
Recessive: White (r)
Phenotype Two Red (RR, Rr) and
White (rr)
Genotype Three RR, Rr, rr
Dihybrid
No. Two Seed colour
Character Seed shape
Genes/ One/ Gene of seed colour
character character Gene for seed shape
Alleles/gene Two/gene Seed colour
Dominant: Green
Recessive: Yellow
Seed Shape
Dominant: Round
Recessive: Wrinkle
 CODOMINANT
ALLELE
both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in a
heterozygous form

It occurs when both of the contributions of

both alleles are visible and do not over power
each other in the phenotype.

Eg :MN blood group MM

NN
MN
Mendel Complete dominance

x --->

Codominance

x --->
 CODOMINANT ALLELE

The MN blood system is a third (in

addition to the ABO and the Rh)
system of blood antigens also
related to proteins of the red blood
cell plasma membrane.

Two allele = LM and LN

Ability to produce antigen M Ability to produce antigenN

have only the M antigen on their red

LM LM blood cells, and will be type M.
Produce both antigen M and N,
LM LN are type MN
have only the N antigen on their red
LN LN blood cells, and will be type N.
 CODOMINANT ALLELE
Inheritance of MN blood group

TRUE BREEDING

P : LMLM X LNLN

G : LM LM LN LN

F1 : LM LN

self cross
Inheritance of MN blood group CODOMINANT ALLELE

F1xF1: LM LN X LM LN

G: LM LN LM LN

F2 : LM LM LM LN LMLN LNLN

1 2 1
 CODOMINANT ALLELE

Chestnut Colored Horse Cremello colored horse

Palomino colored Horse

golden colored coat with
a white mane and tail
 CODOMINANT ALLELE

I remember codominance in the form of

an example like so:

red x white ---> red & white spotted

x --->

a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring

with a third phenotype in which both of the parental traits appear together.
 A cattle can be red (RR = all red hairs), white (WW
= all white hairs), or roan (RW = red & white hairs
together).

a) Predict the phenotypic ratios of offspring when a

homozygous white cow is crossed with a roan bull.

b) What should the genotypes & phenotypes for

parent
if a farmer wanted only cattle with red fur?
A cross between a black cat & a tan cat produces a tabby
pattern (black & tan fur together).

a) What pattern of inheritence does this illustrate?

b) What percent of kittens would have tan fur if a tabby

cat is crossed with a black cat?
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELE

a form of intermediate inheritance in which

one allele for a specific trait is not completely
dominant over the other allele

x --->

Eg : Colour ofAntirrhinum (snapdragon)

flower
Mendel Complete dominance

x --->

Incomplete dominance

x --->
INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELE

The effect of
heterozygous
can be
detected in the
phenotype

1:2:1 ratio of
red:pink:white flowers.
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELE

I remember Incomplete Dominance in the form

of an example like so:

RED Flower x WHITE Flower ---> PINK Flower

With incomplete dominance, a cross between

organisms with two different phenotypes produces
offspring with a third phenotype that is a blending of
the parental traits.
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELE

A cross between a blue blahblah bird & a white blahblah

bird produces offspring that are silver. The color of
blahblah birds is determined by just two alleles.

a) What are the genotypes of the parent blahblah

birds in the original cross?
b) What is/are the genotype(s) of the silver offspring?

c) What would be the phenotypic ratios of offspring

produced by two silver blahblah birds?
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANT ALLELE

The color of fruit for plant "X" is determined

by two alleles. When two plants with orange
fruits are crossed the following phenotypic
ratios are present in the offspring: 25% red
fruit, 50% orange fruit, 25% yellow
fruit. What are the genotypes of the parent
orange-fruited plants?
 Inheritance Definition Example Phenotype -
Genotype
Incomplete
dominant allele

Codominant allele

Multiple allele

Polygenic
inheritance

Lethal gene

Linked gene

Sex-linked gene
 MULTIPLE ALLELES
One gene having more than two alleles.
All alleles control the same character

Eg: ABO blood type ( IA , IB , IO )

Monohybrid

No. Character One Flower colour

Genes/ character One Gene for flower
colour
Alleles/gene Two Dominant: Red (R)
Recessive: White (r)
Phenotype Two Red (RR, Rr) and
White (rr)
Genotype Three RR, Rr, rr
No. Character One Human ABO blood
group
Genes/ character One Gene for human
blood group
Alleles/gene
Three IA , IB , IO
Phenotype
Four A, B, O, AB
Genotype
Six IA IO, IA IA , IO IB ,
IB IB , IA IB , IO IO
MULTIPLE ALLELES
 MULTIPLE ALLELES

TRY THIS
P: TYPE A X TYPE AB
I A IA IA IB

F1: IA IA IA IB IA IB IA IA
A AB AB A
 MULTIPLE ALLELES

Brandon is blood Type O. He has an older

brother with blood types A and a sister with
blood group B.

a) What are the genotypes of his parents with

respect to this trait?

b) If Brandons sister married with a man with

blood group AB, What is the percentage of
their child having blood group B?
 POLYGENES/POLYGENIC
INHERITANCE
an additive effect of two or more genes
on a single phenotypic character.

Quantitative
Variation

e.g: height
 POLYGENES

AABBCC - very dark

AaBbCc - intermediate
Aabbcc - very light
 Differences between
multiple alleles and polygenes
Multiple Alleles Polygene
Not influence by Influence by
environmental environmental
factors factors
genes that have more than one gene
multiple alleles
discontinuous continuous
variation variation/
quantitative
variation
 the interaction between two or more genes to
control a single phenotype

types of combs on chickens

Phenotypes Genotypes

Walnut R_P_

Rose R_pp

Pea rrP_

Single rrpp
 One gene masks another
coat color in mice =
2 genes
pigment (C) or
no pigment (c)
more pigment (black=B)
or less (brown=b)
cc = albino,
no matter B allele
9:3:3:1 becomes 9:3:4
How would you
know that difference
wasnt random chance?
Chi-square test!
 Epitasis in Labrador retrievers
2 genes: E & B
pigment (E) or no pigment (e)
how dark pigment will be: black (B) to brown (b)

2005-2006
 QUESTIONS
1. A dominant allele W confers black fur
for mice. A mice that is homozygous
recessive (ww) has white fur. David
would like to know whether his pet
black-furred mice is homozygous
dominant (WW) or heterozygous (Ww).
How might he determine his pets
genotype?
1. Two pairs of genes affect comb type in chickens.
When both genes are recessive, a chicken has a
single comb. A dominant allele of one gene, P , gives
rise to pea comb. Yet a dominant allele of the other
(R) gives rise to rose comb. An epistatic interaction
occurs when a chicken has at least one of both
dominants, P_R_, which gives rise to walnut comb.
Predict the phenotypic ratios resulting from a cross
between two walnut-combed chickens that are
heterozygous for both genes (PpRr).
Given information:
Single comb = pprr

Pea comb = P_ _ _

Rose comb =__R_

Walnut comb = P_R_

P: PpRr X PpRr

G : PR Pr pR pr PR Pr pR pr

F1 : Punnet square
 PR Pr pR pr

PR PPRR PPRr PpRR PpRr

walnut walnut walnut walnut
Pr PPRr PPrr PpRr Pprr
walnut pea walnut pea
pR PpRR PpRr ppRR ppRr
walnut walnut rose rose
pr PpRr Pprr ppRr pprr
walnut pea rose single

9 walnut : 3 pea : 3 rose : 1 single