Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
22
Indian Construction Wonder
16
Horizantal Bands in Masonry Buildings 22
34
How to Improvr masonry Resistance
against penetration of water
38
forms high- reses with solar luxury and
comfort to living spaces
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 6
Types of Bonds 38
in Brick Masonry wall
Construction & Wall
28
52
46 April 2017 Volume 2 issue 10
46
40 Benifits of using Concrete pump in
Construction Projects
48 48 Properties of Materials
for Reinforced Concrete
Masonry Walls Construction
8
50 Green panel defers decision on JSW
Cements limestone mine project
in Gulbarga.
48 Owned By:
Prompt Publication
43/19, Aziz Mulk First St, Thousand lights ,
Chennai - 600 006, Tamil nadu, India
E: englishbuildersline@gmail.com,
Mob: 98417 43850, W: www.buildersline.in
CHENANI-NASHRI TUNNEL
INDIAN
CONSTRuCTION WONDER
C
henani-Nashri tunnel, Indias longest million).It is the first tunnel in the country with a fully
highway tunnel, on the Jammu-Srina- integrated tunnel control system.
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 8
gar national highway, was inaugura The tunnel reduces the distance between
ted by Prime Minister Narendra Modi Jammu and Srinagar by 30.11 km (18.7 mi) and
on April 2. cut travel time by two hours. The all-weather tun-
The prime minister was accompanied by road nel bypasses snowfall and avalanche prone areas
transport and highways and shipping minister Nitin in winter at places like Patnitop, Kud, and Batote
Gadkari and minister of state for PMO and MP from that obstruct NH 44 every winter and cause long
Kathua-Udhampur constituency, Jitendra Singh. queues of vehicles - sometimes for days at length.
chenani-Nashri Tunnel, also known as Patnitop Location
Tunnel, is a road tunnel in the Indian state of Jammu The tunnel is located on the lower Himalayan
and Kashmir on NH 44 (former name NH 1A before range at an altitude of 1,200 metres.The Southern
renumbering of all national highways). The work portal (end) of the tunnel is at 33.0463N 75.2793E
was started in 2011 . and the Northern portal (end) of the tunnel is at co-
It is India's longest road tunnel with a length of ordinates 33.1285N 75.2928E. The tunnel has
9.28 km (5.8 mi).[4] The original estimate to build been excavated starting from about 2 km (1 mi)
this two-lane tunnel was 2,520 crore (US$370 mil- from Chenani town south of Patnitop to Nashri vil-
lion), but escalated to a total of 3,720 crore (US$550 lage north of Patnitop.
ASTRRA CHEMICALS
way tunnel is 24.51 km and is in nel is 6 metre diametre and are con-
Norway. nected by 29 cross passages at 300- 10. The speed limit in the tunnel
2. It will reduce the travel dis- metre gap. will be 50km/hour and headlights will
tance between Jammu and Srina- 7. The tunnel have to be low beam
gar by 30.11 km, which will help boasts of an inte-
save fuel worth Rs 27 lakh daily. grated system that
3. Built on the lower Hima- will control com-
layan range at a height of 1,200 munication, venti-
metres, it will cut travel time be- lation, video sur-
tween the two cities by at least veillance, power
two hours. supply, SOS call box,
fire fighting and in-
4. The project cost is Rs 3,720
cident detection
crore, Rs 1,200 crore more than
and an FM signal
the initial estimated cost.
repeater.
5. Work on the tunnel system
8. It is part of a
started on May 23, 2011.
286-km-long four-
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 15
CREDAI LEADERSHIP TO HERALD Extends support to the
A NEW ERA Governments Mission of
Housing for All by announc-
T
he New Leadership under Shri.
Jaxay Shah will focus on Afford-
ability, Accountability, Employment and
seasonal employment providers in India
next only to agriculture, creating more
than 45 million jobs either directly or in-
CREDAI, said, The real estate sector
has seen its share of ups and downs in
the past two years. With RERA, GST and
Revenue generation for driving growth in directly. In the coming years, real estate Demonetisation, 2017 is marked as one
the real estate industry and construction sector is set to become of the most crucial years for the sector.
Showing solidarity for the Govern- the prime employment generator in India, CREDAI welcomes the transition and be-
ments Mission of Housing for All, CRE- registering the maximum rise in human lieves that Mr. Jaxay Shahs team is fully
DAI today announced the launch of 250 resource requirement from 2013-2022, prepared to take ahead what has begun
affordable housing projects across India according to National Skill Development and consolidate the sector into a trans-
under the leadership of Mr. Jaxay Shah Corporation (NSDC) as there is an esti- parent, accountable, professional and fi-
President Elect, CREDAI. The Project mated need of around 76.5 million work- nancially viable industry.
aims to launch more than 200 affordable ers in the building, construction and real
Mr. Jaxay Shah President Elect,
housing projects through CREDAI mem- estate sector by 2022 and Affordable
CREDAI, added, It is truly a Naya Daur
bers, under the purview of the various housing alone is expected to need 38 mil-
for the sector as finally we will be able to
CREDAI State or City Chapters accord- lion workforce by 2030 from 29 million at
realize the full potential of the sector. Go-
ing the guidelines laid down by CREDAI present, predictably becoming the key
ing forward, our Team will strive on our
National. Through this initiative, CREDAI job creator in the industry.
core pillars of affordability, accountabil-
aims to create a considerable inventory Realizing this potential of the Real ity, employment and revenue to ensure
of affordable housing so as to enable con- Estate Industry, CREDAI is mobilizing its that the contribution made by the sector
sumers and its member developers to member developers to join the Housing towards the economy and Housing for
take benefit of various government incen- for All mission and undertake affordable All will not only match, but exceed ex-
tives announced for the segment as well housing projects to achieve the Govern- pectations Speaking on behalf of the New
as tackle the shortage of housing in the ments vision. At the same time, CREDAI Team at CREDAI I feel that this is a good
country. also understands the value of robust pro- time for the sector and we understand our
The real estate sector is the second cesses and new policy reforms such as responsibility. It is this commitment to our
largest employer, which contributes 9% awarding infrastructure status to afford- responsibility that has driven us towards
to Indias GDP. It is one of the largest able housing, RERA and GST for unlock- the endeavor of 250 Affordable Housing
ing the full potential of the sector, as an
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 16
WALLS
M
asonry walls are the most durable part of any
building or structure. They provide strength,,
durability to the structure and also helps to control
any other. The durability and strength of masonry wall
construction depends on the type and quality of material
used and workmanship. Based on the type of individual
indoor and outdoor temperature. It separates a building units used for masonry walls and their functions, the
from outside world. types of masonry walls are:
Masonry is the word used for construction with 1. Load Bearing Masonry Walls:
mortar as a binding material with individual units of Load bearing masonry walls are constructed with
bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, bricks, stones or concrete blocks. These walls directly
tiles etc. Mortar is a mixture of binding material with transfer loads from the roof to the foundation. These
sand. Binding materials can be cement, lime, soil or
walls can be exterior as well
as interior walls. The con-
struction system with load
bearing walls are economical
than the system with framed
structures.
The thickness of load
bearing walls is based on the
quantity of load from roof it
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 18
T
ata Housing, one of the largest
real estate developers in India,
will build the countrys biggest gymnas-
ment. We are committed to supporting
the state and the nation in its efforts to
nurture world class gymnasts, and we
a closely held public limited company
and a subsidiary of TATA Sons Lim-
ited. TATA Sons Limited holds 99.86%
tics center in Thane near Mumbai in believe this facility built exclusively for of equity share capital of the company.
partnership with the Thane Municipal gymnastsis a step in that direction. Since its revival in 2006, the company
Corporation.The 1.2 lakh-square foot Ms. Pooja Surve, International has grown exponentially establishing
centre will be developed in a public-pri- Gymnast and Coach and Shiv Chha- itself as the fastest growing real estate
vate partnership modelwith the Thane trapati AwardeeThis facility, including developers in India, with 70 million sq.ft
Municipal Corporation at one of the flooring and equipment, will be designed under various stages of planning and
most premium location Pokhran Road as per international standards and serve execution and an additional 19 million
No. 2 in Thane. all six disciplines of gymnastics. More- sq.ft in the pipeline. Tata Housing has
The multi-story facility will include over, it will exclusively focus on the sport stood out in the industry with quality
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 20
an arena to accommodate all six disci- of gymnastics allowing young and sea- construction, ethical and transparent
plines of gymnastics, two team rooms soned players to train in an uninterrupted business practices, rapidly acquiring
with separate areas for players and and safe environment. I believe facilities an image as a Quality Conscious and
coaches, a physiotherapy room, a mu- of this kind will encourage younger play- Reliable Developer.
sic room, VIP rooms, a jury room, an ers to pursue the sport and be trained up Today, Tata Housing is develop-
administration area, a gymnasium, and to Olympic standards. ing large townships and differentiated
a yoga room. It will also be designed to Situated at the Pokhran Road II and theme based projects in major and
host 300 viewers, complete with park- close proximity to the Upvan Lake, this mini metros. As a comprehensive
ing space. location is famous for hosting the San- real estate developer of choice, Tata
Announcing this facility, Brotin Ba- skruti Arts Festival. Being one of the big- Housing straddles across all consumer
nerjee, MD & CEO, Tata Housing, said, gest lakes in Thane, surrounded by Yeo- segments from value to luxury hous-
We are honored to associate with the or Hills, and lies in the Pokhran-II, Upvan ing, by offering products ranging from
Thane Municipal Corporation to develop Lake is regarded as the most premium Rs. 12 lakhs to Rs. 14 crores. All proj-
Indias largest gymnastics center. The location in Thane. ects developed by Tata Housing are
Centre will be designed to international About Tata Housing certified sustainable green develop-
specifications, will provide access to ments, designed by top internationally
world class training facilities and equip- Established in 1984, Tata Housing is renowned architects.
Crystal Solutions
''The Product which we
provide with High Ouality''
We are specialised
CCTV Cameras
DFMD, HHMD
Fire Alarm System
Home Security Systems
Access Door Control
LPG Sensors
Fire Sprinklers
Video Door Phone
Biometric Time & Attendance
Burglar Alarm System,PA
COOL COAT
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 21
HORIZONTAL BANDS IN
N RY
S O
A Pages
Masonry Buildings
M Types, locaTion, design and applicaTions
Chris Lorries
Expert Speaks..
T
19
is undesirable for water-retaining structures. Therefore, in ed by earth pressure exerted against the side of pile caps
only. However, it is demonstrated that the soil resistance
of pile lengths do contribute a substantial part of lateral re-
sistance. Therefore, in designing lateral resistance of piles,
earth pressure exerted on piles should also be taken into
consideration.
In analysis of lateral resistance provided by soils, a se-
ries of soil springs are adopted with modulus of reaction
kept constant or varying with depth. The normal practice of
using a constant modulus of reaction for soils is incorrect
because it overestimates the maximum reaction force and
underestimates the maximum bending moment. To obtain
the profile of modulus of subgrade reaction, pressuremeter
tests shall be conducted in boreholes in site investigation.
Reference is made to Bryan Leach (1980). piles are proven to have sufficient capacity by using dynamic
7. In some codes, they limit the ratio of weight method. In this case, static method should be employed to
of hammer to weight of pile for pile driving. What ascertain if the soil foundation could support these H-piles.
is the reason behind this? 101. What is the function of drilling fluid in ro-
When a hammer with initial motion collides with a sta- tary drilling in site investigation?
tionary pile, the transfer of energy is ost efficient when the Drilling fluid in rotary serves two main purposes:
two masses are comparable. That is the reason why some
(i) Facilitate the rotation of drilling tube during rotary drilling;
codes limit the ratio of weight of hammer to the weight of
pile to be more than 0.5. If the weight of hammer is too low, (ii) Act as a cooling agent to cool down heat generated dur-
most of energy during hammer driving is distributed to the ing drilling operation.
hammer and this causes tension induced in hammer and Traditionally, water is normally employed as drilling fluid.
results in inefficient transfer of energy. However, it suffers from the
100. Should engineers rely solely on Hileys following drawbacks:
formula in the design of H-piles? (i) It affects the stability of nearby ground with the introduc-
About 90% of H-piles adopt Hileys formula for design. tion of water into the
However, this formula is only applicable to pile lengths less borehole (borehole for soil; drillhole for rock);
than 30m and is suitable for course-grained materials (not (ii) It affects the quality of sample by changing the water
suitable to fine-grained soils) as suggested by GEO (1996). content of soil samples
In Hileys formula, by observing the penetration of piles af-
collected from the borehole/drillhole.
ter the hammer impact, the pile capacity could be readily
obtained from the response of the impacting force. There- Substitutes are available in market to replace water as drill-
fore, the individual pile capacity could be obtained by this ing fluid (e.g. white foam).
dynamic method. 102. What are the differences in function be-
However, in normal foundation, groups of H-piles are tween rock anchors and rock sockets?
present and the soil foundation may not be able to sup- Rock anchors are used primarily for resisting uplift forces.
port these H-piles simultaneously even though individual On the contrary, rock sockets
serve three main purposes:
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 26
600 * 200 * 225 / 200 / 150 / 100 mm + Any Size Random Broken Blocks During Production
Rough Textured Blocks - Easy to Plaster For Sunken Filling / Toilets Sunken, Above Sump
No Adhesive / Jointing Mortar Required 7HUUDFH+HDW,QVXODWLRQZRUNV:DWHU3URRQJ
2.5 Times Weighs Less than Clay Bricks Best Replacement for Brick Jelly
Very Low Water Absorbtion ( 12.5 % ) 2.5 Times Weighs Less than Brick Jelly
Avoids Cracks in Walls After Plaster Very Low Water Absorbtion ( 12.5 % )
Easy to Use and Handle Easy to Use and Handle
Less than 2% Wastage Small and Big Sizes Available
Matured Blocks , Water Cured for 28 Days Matured Blocks , No Shrinkage
A Unique of
Privacy and
Serenity
Milwaukee, US
Johnsen Schmaling
Architects A Sunken Pation attached to the
lower-level guest suit containes
a fire pit
J
ust a stones throw from Lake Michi-
gan, in a neighborhood of postwar
single-family homes, Johnsen Schmal-
ing Architects has designed a vibrant house for
a couple that enjoys entertaining but also values
privacy and serenity. Nestled into a sloped site,
the split-level structures interlocking volumes
separate public and private wings, defining sev-
eral outdoor spaces.
A deeply recessed entrance leads directly
to the center of the T-shaped house. On one
side is the open living, dining, and kitchen area,
its ceiling and walls wrapped with white oak. A
glasswalled staircase leads up to the fireplace-
centered observatory and down to the guest The master bedroom opens to a
suite and a sunken patio. On the opposite side of amaal private patio
the entrance, a linear, one-story, cedar-clad wing
contains the master bedroom, a large double
Builders line English Monthly |April 2017 | 28
Masonry Reinforcement, its Types and Accessory Metals condition and consequently increase the life span of the
for Masonry Structure structure.
Masonry reinforcement and accessories includes: If steel bars are covered with epoxy coat, then it is
Steel reinforcement required to increase its development length and it
Connectors should be 1.5 times the development length of
uncovered bars. In contrary, bars cov-
Sealants ered with zinc coat do not need
Flashings to increase the development
Coatings length because zinc provides
the same property as uncoated
Vapor and moisture barriers bars.
Steel Reinforcement for Masonry Structure It should be said that, deliv-
Steel reinforcement used in masonry structure involves ering and installation of coated
reinforcement bars, joint reinforcement, and deformed rein- bars need considerable atten-
forcing wire. tion to avoid coating
Steel bars are utilized to improve both tension and com- damages other-
Based on the anticipated service life of sealants, deterio-
rated sealants need to be replaced by new ones. It is claimed
that, ordinary life span of majority of sealants, which are
placed at exterior face or walls are around seven year.
The main factor behind sealant deterioration is due to
sealant exposure to ozone and ultraviolet light. This is because
polymers which are utilized to manufacture sealants are dam-
aged under such conditions.
Figure- 3 illustrates the application of sealants in the ma-
sonry wall joint, and Figure-13 shows sealant before and after
the masonry wall expansion.
flashings for construction of Masonry Walls
Flashing is changeable and adaptive watertight material
Fig.3: utilization of Deformed steel bars that may be manufactured from copper, stainless steel, plastic,
in Masonry Wall plastic coated aluminum, and rubberized asphalt.
wise the purpose of steel coating will not be achieved. So, The life service of metallic flashing is considerably longer
any damages experienced by steel coating need repair than plastic flashing that is prone to tearing. Rubberized
prior to installation. asphalt flashing, which adhere itself to the masonry, can be
The fiber reinforced polymer bars can be employed installed easily and demonstrate reasonable durability.
in masonry structures as a replacement of both zinc and Flashings are installed at different location of masonry
epoxy coated bars in aggressive environments. walls, for example, all interrupted drainage cavity, bottom of
Figure-6 provides different types of fiber reinforced each story level, under the sills of windows and doors, and
polymer bar. The FRP bar are available in different sized over lintels of windows and doors.
and they are considerably light which is advantageous It is applied to drain water that penetrate external Wythe
because it substantially decreases the cost of delivering, of masonry wall. Weep holes at spacing of around 61cm above
handling, and installation. the level of flashing.
Regarding joint reinforcement, there are three
types of joint reinforcement involves welded wire fabric,
deformed reinforcing wire, and ladder or truss type joint
reinforcement.
Joint reinforcement is provided for different reason
for example increase the size of a panel, increase the
spacing between movement joints, and control differential
movements. Added to that, it improved horizontal bending
and restricts cracks in masonry structure. Joint reinforce-
ment applications are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
cavity.
Vapor barrier are prac-
DeWalt just introduced a new lightweight level.
Interestingbut for folks accustomed to lugging around
tically applied for outer face
sheets of 9-ft. plywood, and 80-lb. bags of mortar,
of inner Wythe.
aluminum levels arent really all that heavy. But the
Moisture barrier carbon fiber composite that makes this new level light
impedes water penetra- is the same reason that its tough enough to spring
tion into the masonry wall back from impacts that would permanently throw an
whereas it does not prevent aluminum level out of whack. The DWHT43134 level
vapor penetration and is also mar-resistant, partially because of the design,
hence it allows condensation partially because its 35% lighter than its aluminum
in air space of drainage wall. counterpart.
READY STOCK AVAILABLE
Want To Open UPVC
Window and Door making factory ?
UPVC [_>BV>kBV
m\E[DzD
1,2,3,4 Head seam / seamless
T
here are number of methods by which the ma-
sonry water penetration resistance can be further
increased.
These methods, which are explained in this article, can
be categorized into two major groups which are methods
related to masonry design and methods related to masonry
construction.
Methods to Improve Masonry Resistance Against Water
Penetration
Methods related to design and specifications of ma-
sonry
Fig.1: Masonry structure
Methods of masonry construction under service load should be prevented.
Methods Related to Design and Specifications of Ma- When masonry cement is employed, the lower tensile
sonry bond strength of the cement should be considered in speci-
fying whether the veneer will crack or not whereas if steel
It is advised to select and design type of a wall that is
studs are utilized it is recommended to consider the steel
suitable for the degree of forced rain severity anticipated
flexibility in determining whether the veneer cracks or not.
in the location of the project. Completely grouted barrier
wall or drainage wall with minimum thickness of 20 mm is The sealant of the outer Wythe joint must be specified
recommended for seriously driven rain condition. carefully to prevent rainwater penetration through joints.
Design of Drainage Wall to Improve Water Penetration Drainage Masonry Wall
Resistance of Masonry Cavity walls Design to Improve Masonry Water Pen-
When drainage wall is selected, the wall should be etration Resistance
designed in such a way that prevents the water penetration If the cavity wall is determined to be employed, the de-
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 34
through the outer Wythe of the wall. For the outer Wythe sign needs to be carried out to maintain the wall open and
masonry wall maintain its water resistance ability, cracks drained successfully. Appropriate flashing and weep holes
must be determined to drain water out of the wall cavity in
the case it enters the wall cavity.
Masonry wall cavity should be kept clean by employ-
ing a board to remove mortar debris and 50 mm is advised
to be used for the cavity width.
Interstitial condensation must be avoided within the
inner Wythe and this may be obtained by vapor barrier on
the exterior face of interior Wythe.
Either stainless steel or hot dip galvanized ties is rec-
ommended to apply.
Cavity Masonry Wall
Design and Detail Consideration to Make Rooms for
Fig.2: Drainage Masonry Wall Differential Movements
A Better Subfloor Adhesive
Touch n Foams Gel Foam Subfloor Adhesive might
make you want to chuck your caulking gun for good.
It comes in a can and dispenses like the spray-foam
insulation everyone is familiar with. It lays down a
bead way faster than tube adhesives without the
endless, wrist-busting trigger squeezing. And youll
be able to keep working up to 10 times longer with-
out stopping to reload. Theres no downtime due to
wet or frozen lumber, and the can is reusable up to
Fig.3: cavity Masonry Wall 15 days. To use Touch 'n Foam Subfloor Adhesive,
youll need an applicator gun (the same one used
for expanding foam). Theres also a 46-in.-long barrel
The following considerations are recommended to be
for the applicator gun that will save your back from
considered to further increase the water penetration resis-
a whole lot of bending over.
tance of the masonry wall:
a) Clay masonry walls commonly expand because of
moisture and freezing and thawing. Therefore, expansion
joints which are directed horizontally need to be installed.
The location of these joints in the clay masonry walls
are recommended to be under shelf angles whereas
concrete masonry walls shrinks which is opposite to clay
masonry.
It is demonstrated that, the joint under the shelf should
not be less than 3.65 mm because it is anticipated such gap
is possible to be closed completely during the service life of
the wall. This joint distance should be double because the
size of the most of sealant is decreased by 50%.
Finally, the veneer is likely to buckle, crack, and spall
unless adequate joint is provided.
b) Vertical expansion joint should be built at corners of
clay masonry walls to prevent cracks. if the clay masonry
walls are fixed close to the angle of the building, the wall Compatible mortar and clay masonry units should be
expansion generate moments near the angle and eventu- laid together. The mortar mix design and batching must be
ally initiate cracks which compromise the water penetration conducted properly.
I
n bustling cities, ground space
has become a constraint. The
growth of cities has exploded laterally
through all directions, leaving the only
scope of development to be in the ver-
tical direction. In the days to come, this
vertical growth will be the one that is
able to sustain an ever-growing need
for living spaces. A high-rise building
does not put as much stress on nature,
considering the smaller ground space
that it would occupy. Having more
such buildings could lead to utiliz-
ing the already-scarce land for green
landscape and to creating breathing
spaces for the neighborhood.
While designing high-rise build- spaces. Saint-Gobains Infinity offers Under Infinity, Saint-Gobain also of-
ings, it is essential that the materials a range of products and solutions to fers a bundle of allied solutions and ad-
used in them are lighter in weight. the architect and builder community. visory that complement and go beyond
Glass, weighing lesser than concrete Infinitys products include a range of the product offerings - Product Man-
walls, achieves this purpose and also High-Performance Glass Products and agement for quality assurance, Design
provides the desirable advantage of Glazing Solutions that are sustainable Ace solutionsthat advise on a near per-
enjoying majestic views from living even while delivering aesthetic value. fect glazing design and building simula-
tion andResearch Solutions, which are
custom solutions for specific glazingre-
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 36
T
ypes of bonds in brick masonry wall construction brick thick walls such as for the construction half brick thick
are classified based on laying and bonding style of bricks partition wall.
in walls. The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable
mortar filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when enough to stand alone in case of longer span and height. Thus
bricks are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls. they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry
Mostly used material for bonds in brick masonry is cement columns at regular intervals.
mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar are also used. Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or
Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction : reinforced concrete framed structures as the outer facing.
The most commonly used types of bonds in brick These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other
masonry are: common applications of such walls are the boundary walls,
Stretcher bond gardens etc.
Header bond 2. Header bond
English bond and Header is the shorter square face of the brick which
Flemish bond measures 9cm x 9cm. Header bond is also known as heading
bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed
Other Types of bonds are:
as headers on the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond
is used for the construction of walls of half brick thickness
1. Facing bond whereas header bond is used for the construction of walls
2. Dutch bond with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header
3. English cross bond bonds, the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To
4. Brick on edge bond achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in alternate
courses as quoins.
5. Raking bond
3. English Bond
6. Zigzag bond
7. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 38
I
t is a common sight to see UK has always been committed to There are mainly two types of con-
concrete pumps being used constant innovation and develop- crete pumps boom pumps and line
in a large-scale commercial ment of tools and techniques that pumps. Both have specific applica-
construction project. However, can simplify the process of construc- tions. You need to pick the right type
these cutting-edge concrete pump- tion, bring more quality as well as for a particular construction project
ing machines are equally effective accuracy to the job, and help cut you may have.
and economical for small to medium down on the overall construction
Advantages of Using Concrete
sized construction projects, regard- cost. And concrete pumping draws in
Pumps For Your Construction
less if it a commercial or residential all these benefits!
Project
construction project.
Concrete pumping is the most
Increase Concrete Pouring Speed
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 40
N RY
SO s
MA Pag
e
Er. Rose
Definitions of terms
Brick masonry
1. Course: A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or greatest length at right angles to the face of the work..
stones. in case of stone masonry header is sometimes known as
2. Bed: it is the surface of stone perpendicular to the through stone. The course of brick work in which all the
line of pressure. It indicates the lower surface of bricks or bricks are laid as headers is known as header course.
stones in each course. 9. Stretcher: it is a brick or a stone which lies with its
3. Back: the inner surface of a wall which is not ex- longest side parallel to the face of the work. The course
posed is called the back. The material forming the back is of brick work in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 42
15
VALUATION OF OLD FLATS
THE LEGAL PROCEDURES OF OLD FLATS VALUATION AND
NOT A HASSLE-FREE PURCHASE,
I
n the sale of used flats, the arrival of the fair market
value of the property is a difficult issue. We mostly
rely what is being quoted and normally do not have methods
overheads, incidental expenses and promoters profit.
NOT A HASSLE-FREE PURCHASE
to ascertain the fair value. Based on observations of many A property sold through auctions such as the ones
transactions and after trial and error a method based on cost conducted by the Debt Recovery Tribunal or Income Tax
inflation index seems to be a reasonable method. Department is believed to be free of encumbrances. But
that is not the case always, writes.
Value of used flat = value of undivided share of land on
the rate of valuation + depreciated value of the building and It is a common belief that a property sold through auc-
amenities + inflated value as on date of overheads, inciden- tions such as the ones conducted by the Debt Recovery Tri-
tal expenses and promoters profit. bunal or Income Tax Department would be free of encum-
brances and buying them would be hassle free. But that is
The reproduction cost is obtained by multiplying the not the case always.
amount mentioned in the builders agreement by the cost
inflation index provided by the Central Board of Direct Taxes The Debit Recovery Tribunal in
(refer table below). Theoretically it is possible to evaluate a Chennai, early this year, auctioned
flat by comparing with a similar flat constructed recently and a resi- dential property to-
the values can be obtained. This is cumbersome and can be wards bad debts. The
contested. A simpler and effective means would be to use suc- cessful bidder paid
the cost inflation index. an ad- vance of Rs. 20 lakh
and under- took to pay the balance
This can be understood through the following example. once the other formalities were completed.
A flat constructed in January 1990 at Mandaveli with an ex- He then applied for the Encumbrance Certifi-
tent of 1050 sq.ft. super built-up area inclusive of undivided
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 44
cate and to his shock found that the name of the owner
share in common areas, with 700 sq.ft. of undivided share entered in the Encumbrance Certificate was different and the
in land is offered for sale. The building is with minimum property was mortgaged to another bank.
standard specifications with open car parking. It is a four-
storeyed building with eight flats with two flats in each floor. When clarification was sought, the Recovery Officer
The extent of land is 5600 sq.ft. told him that the property was auctioned in as it where
is condition and when the payment is made in full, a sale
Let us assume that the FSI is not exceeded, all the flats certificate will be given. After which, the bidder could take
are of equal size, the flat is well maintained, the owner has possession of the property.
not spent any additional amount in improvement like ward-
robe and electrical fittings were provided by the builder. The On further enquiry it was learnt that the auctioned
table above explains the method of valuation. property was already mortgaged with another bank by the
earlier owner of the property. Since the mortgage deed
In case the builders agreement is not made available, was not registered, it was easier for the earlier owner to
the details of reproduction cost and development charges sell the property without the knowledge of the Bank.
can be worked out from a similar project in progress. Or
this can be worked out utilizing the services of an architect / The Recovery Officer with the Debt Recovery Tribunal
engineer and to the cost of construction, a sum equivalent to refused to refund the amount to the successful builder. In
about 40% of the cost of construction be added towards the addition, the Recovery Officer also made it clear that if the
balance amount was not paid before the specified date, of the property and he filed a suit for relief.
the sum of Rs. 20 lakh already paid would be forfeited.
When the suit was pending before the Madras High
This was challenged in the High Court and the Court Court (the respondent Deve Sugars had their office in
ordered the bank to refund the amount to the bidder Chennai, hence the case was filed in Madras High Court),
without any interest. However, the bidder had to incur other persons including the Official Liquidator and debt-
an expense of about Rs. 1 lakh in order to sort out these or impleaded themselves in the case and prayed that the
issues. Since it was the Bank that was auctioning the sale confirmed by the DRT should be set aside. Another
property, the bidder did not verify the document, which suit was filed by the company which provided security
he would have normally done, and had to pay the price
for Dev Sugars stating that their salary and provident
for his mistaken impression.
fund dues to the extent of Rs. 15 crores are due from
Jeyasudha
R
einforced concrete masonry wall is constructed by assembling of ma-
sonry units for example concrete block or bricks, mortars, reinforcing,
and sometimes grout that is a kind of soupy concrete. In this article properties of
materials employed in the construction of reinforced concrete masonry walls are
discussed.
Following are the types of materials used in reinforced concrete masonry
walls construction:
1. Concrete masonry units, 2. Mortar , 3. Grout
FIG -2: PLACED MASONRy UNITS
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 48
cement and lime, and mortar cement. crete. The poured grouts in masonry cell is subjected to
suction and the mixture will lose water.
Masonry cements are a mixture of Portland or other
cements, plasticizing, fillers agents, and other materials that The space in masonry cells is not filled properly un-
are intended to improve the mortar achievement. Cement- less the grout is soupy at the beginning of pouring. Wa-
lime mortar is composed by blending cement such as Port- ter absorption can be observed on the side of masonry
land cement or blended cement, hydrated lime, sand, water, unit which its color changes to grey, so lacking this color
and sometimes admixtures. after grouting might be evidence that the grout has not
reached to the bottom of the masonry units.
Mortar cement is the most desirable one because of its
extra flexural bond strength which is lacking in other types The grout is appropriate for placing if its slump is
of mortars. That is why it can be applied in high seismic between 20 cm to 28 cm. The slump of grout might seem
regions for instance seismic design category D and higher. a lot but site engineer should be aware that it is required
This application is not allowed for other types of mortar. to pour the grout properly. The mixture will lose water
short time after placing and it will be much stronger.
ASTM C 270 classified mortars into M, S, N, O types
and the strongest type is M then others respectively. The Finally, proper vibration equipment is applied to
type of mortar used in the construction of majority of rein- compact the grout. Figure-4 shows cells in concrete
forced masonry wall is either Type S or Type N. additionally, masonry units in which steel reinforcement is installed
then filled with grout.
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LOAD BEARING MASONRY
L oad bearing masonry is
among the oldest and most
widespread building techniques in
recent advancements are aerated con-
crete blocks, hollow concrete blocks,
autoclaved ceramic blocks etc.
the world. The earliest load bear- Masonry can be classified in the
RY
ing masonry consisted to stones following manner:
N
SO s
stacked one over the other. Over
Material: Stone, brick, block
MA
the passage of time, the stones were
e
Pag
chiseled and dressed to make more Cavity or non cavity
stable masonry walls. Reinforced or non-reinforced
The firing of earth blocks gave Composition: one material or com-
rise to the earliest form of brick ma- posite
sonry. Over the centuries, masonry Masonry typically involves the
has evolved into a precise science laying the masonry unit (MU) one layer
Mosas Bill with a myriad of options in materi- at a time. A mortar is used to hold the
als and styles. Some of the more MUs in place and provide them with
common load bearing masonry strength and stability. Mortars can be
used today is brick, stone and con- of several types but the broad classifi-
crete masonry units (CMU) or con- cation would be cement mortars, lime
crete blocks. Among these there are mortars and synthetic adhesives. Earth
several varieties depending on the is also used as mortar in some parts of
materials and system of laying the the world.
masonry units. Some of the more Load bearing masonry by its na-
ture, is a time consuming construction
technique. Laying brick after brick,
course upon course is a tedious pro-
cess. The advent of panelized systems,
load bearing masonry began to lose
favor with home builders in the indus-
trialized world. Advancements such
as quick setting mortars have helped
quicken the process.
Attempts to mechanize the ma-
sonry process by using brick laying ro-
Builders line English Monthly | April 2017 | 52