Vicky PDF

SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
[Educational Service : SNR Sons Charitable Trust]

[Autonomous Institution, Accredited by NAAC with A Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001-2008 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
VATTAMALAIPALAYAM, N.G.G.O. COLONY POST, COIMBATORE 641 022.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MINI-PROJECT REPORT
ON
VISITORS COUNTERS USING CD4026
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
D Vignesh (1403148),
S Sriram (1403159),
K Kuttiraj (1403165),
M Ajith Kumar (1303165)

MINI-PROJECT REPORT
ON
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
D Vignesh (1403148),
S Sriram (1403159),
K Kuttiraj (1403165),
M Ajith Kumar (1303165)

MINI-PROJECT REPORT
ON
BATCH NUMBER 16
This project is prepared by

D Vignesh (1403148), S Sriram (1403159),
K Kuttiraj (1403165), M Ajith Kumar (1303165)
CLASS: III YEAR, B.E(EEE) SECTION: B SEMESTER: V
Submitted for the Project demo session held on 13/10/2016
Mini-project In-charge
Ragavapriya.R.K,
Assistant Professor,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,
Vattamalaipalayam,
Coimbatore 641022.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We put forth our hearts and souls to thank the ALMIGHTY for being with
us through our achievements and success. We would like to express our immeasurable thanks to our
esteemed and Honorable Trustee Sri R.VIJAY KUMHAR, B.E.,MS.,MBA and Joint Managing
Trustee Sri D.LAKSHMI NARAYANANA SWAMY, B.Tech.,MBA for giving us the chance to be
a part of this elite team at Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore.
We convey our deepest gratitude and thanks to our Director (Academics)

Dr.A.EBENEZER JEYAKUMAR,M.E., Ph.D., SNR Sons Charitable Trust, Coimbatore for giving
us the opportunity to do this project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our beloved Principal

Dr.N.R.ALAMELU,M.E.,Ph.D., for the facilities provided to complete this in-plant training.
We take the privilege to thank the Head of the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Dr.S.U.PRABHA., M.E., Ph.D., for her encouragement and consistent
support.
We wish to convey our special thanks to our Academic Coordinator

Ms.G.RANJITHAM.,M.E., Assistant Professor/EEE and Tutors Mr.K.HARIKRISHNAN,M.E.,
Mr.DHAHA ROOHULLA, M.E., Ms.R.R.RUBIA GANDHI, M.E., for their support, timely help
and valuable suggestions for the completion of the Non-Essential Academic course.
We would like to express our utmost gratitude to the MINI-PROJECT on

the topic of VISITORS COUNTERS USING CD4026, for providing an opportunity for us to
engage in the project. Throughout this project, we were fortunate to be helped with their guidance.
ABSTRACT
Visitor counter is based on popularly known 4026 decade counter and divider
IC with 7 segment displays to display the number of visitors. Presented here is a simple and
inexpensive visitor counter circuit that you can build easily. Visitor counters available in the
market are generally expensive and are based on microcontroller, which are difficult to
program counter which counts the number of visitors entering or exiting an auditorium or any
other place where you have installed this circuit at the gates. On receiving an interrupt from
light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors, the circuit increments the count and shows it on a 7-
segment display.
Here is a this circuit comprising a transmitter and a receiver can count up to 99

visitors automatically. It is built around CD4026 (decade counter and 7-segment driver in
same IC package). With these units installed at the entrance and exit gates, you can calculate
the number of visitors present in the room by subtracting the count at the exit gate from the
count at the entrance gate. The system should be installed on a door such that only one person
can cross through at a time, interrupting the light falling on the LDR sensor.
CONTENT
SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1. List of figures iii
2. Chapter-I Visitors counter using CD4026 01
1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Block diagram 01
1.3 Components list 02
3. Chapter-II Description 03
2.1 555 Timer IC 03
2.1.1 Pin configuration 03
2.1.2 Basic concepts 04
2.1.3 Function of different pins 04
2.2 Centre tapped transformer 05
2.2.1 Overview 05
2.2.2 Working principle 06
2.2.3 Construction 06
2.2.4 Centre tapped transformer 06
2.2.6 Working 06
2.3 4000 series 07
2.3.1 Overview 07
2.3.2 Design consideration 08
2.3.3 Examples 09
2.4 Resistor 10
2.4.1 Overview 10
2.4.2 Series and parallel resistors 11
2.4.3 Power dissipation 11
2.4.4 Resistor colour coding 11
2.5 Diode 12
2.5.1 Overview 12
2.5.2 Symbol of diode 12
2.5.3 Working principle of diode 12
[i]
2.6 Light Emitting diode 14
2.6.1 Overview 14
2.6.2 Working principle of LED 14
2.6.3 Application of LED 15
2.7 Seven Segment Display 16
2.7.1 Overview 16
2.7.2 Displaying letters 16
2.7.3 Advantage and disadvantage 17
2.8 7805IC Voltage Regulator 18
2.8.1 Overview 18
2.8.2 Description 18
2.9 Capacitor 20
2.9.1 Basic 20
2.9.2 Types of capacitors 21
2.9.2.1 Electrolytic capacitor 21
2.9.2.2 Mica capacitor 21
2.9.2.3 Paper capacitor 21
2.9.2.4 Ceramic capacitor 21
2.9.2.5 Trimmer capacitor 22
2.9.2.6 Batteries and connectors 22
4. Chapter-III working of visitors counter 23
5. Conclusion 25
6. References 25
7. Datasheets 26
[ii]
LIST OF FIGURES
SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1. Pin configuration of 555 timer 3
2. Block diagram of 555 timer 4
3. Centre tapped diagram 6
4. Pin configuration of CD4026 7
5. Buffered CMOS Two- i/o NOR gate 8
6. Unbuffered CMOS Two- i/o NOR gate 9
7. Series and parallel resistors 10
8. Resistors connected in parallel 10
9. Diode 12
10. Light Emitting Diode 14
11. Pin configuration of single digit seven segment display 16
12. Regulated power supply device 18
13. Pin configuration of 7805 19
14. capacitors 20
15. Battery pin holder 22
16. Circuit diagram of IR transmitter circuit 23
17. Receiver unit with 7-segment displays for the visitors counter 24
[iii]
VISITORS COUNTER USING CD4026
INTRODUCTION:
Visitor counter is based on popularly known 4026 decade counter and

divider IC with 7 segment displays to display the number of visitors. In this circuit we are
using LDR as a sensor for sensing the visitors with few more components. CD4033 is a
Johnson counter IC commonly used in digital display. It contains 5 stage Johnson decade
counter with decoder which converts the Johnson code to 7 segment decoded output. It means
it will convert the input into numeric display which can be seen on 7 segment display or with
the help of LED's. It can be used for displaying analogue value, such as temperature with pic-
microcontroller, and can be used for counting objects. In this, counter will advance on
receiving a high at its clock pin (pin 1).
LDR is a device whose sensitivity depends upon the intensity of light falling
on it. The resistance of LDR decreases when intensity of light falling on it increases and vice
versa (resistance increases when intensity of light falling on it decreases). In dark or absence
of light, LDR exhibits a resistance in the range of mega ohms which decreases too few
hundred ohms in presence of bright light. This phenomenon can be measured with the help of
multi-meter. For this you can keep your multi-meter in ohm or resistor measurement region.
We are utilizing this property of LDR to act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be
obtained with varying light. In this circuit amount of light is vary because of the shadow of
the visitor which falls on LDR. So care should be taken while mounting the LDR.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
[1]
COMPONENTS LIST:
NAME QUANTITY PRICE

16*2 LCD Display 1 130
IC7805, 5V regulator 1
NE555 timer 1
CD4026 decade counter and 2
7-segment driver
Seven segment display 2 16
IR LED 5mm 1
TSOP1738 IR receiver 1 60
IN4007 rectifier diode 2 2
Resistors , K, K 6 3
1000f, 25V electrolytic 1 2
0.1f ceramic 2 4
0.001f ceramic 1 2
47f, 16V electrolytic 1 2
230V AC primary to 1 80
12V-0-12V, 0.5V
secondary transformer
2-pin plug for AC mains 1 20
2-pin connector terminal 2 5
Tactile switch 1 10
Total
[2]
555 TIMER IC:
IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles but

what is not known to most of the people is the internal circuitry of the IC and the function of
various pins present there in the IC. Let me tell you a fact about why 555 timer is called so,
the timer got its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistor in series employed in the internal
circuit of the IC.
IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and is

used in various electronic circuits for its robust and stable properties. It works as square-wave
form generator with duty cycle varying from 50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also provide
time delay in circuits. The 555 timer got its name from the three 5k ohm resistor connected in
a voltage-divider pattern which is shown in the figure below. A simplified diagram of the
internal circuit is given below for better understanding as the full internal circuit consists of
over more than 16 resistors, 20 transistors, 2 diodes, a flip-flop and many other circuit
components.
The 555 timer comes as 8 pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) device.
There is also a 556 dual version of 555 timer which consists of two complete 555 timers in 14
DIP and a 558 quadruple timer which is consisting of four 555 timer in one IC and is
available as a 16 pin DIP in the market.
Pin Configuration:
[3]
Basics Concepts:
Comparator: The Comparator are the basic electronic component which compares the
two input voltages i.e. between the inverting (-) and the non-inverting (+) input and if the
non-inverting input is more than the inverting input then the output of the comparator is high.
Also the input resistance of an ideal comparator is infinite.
Voltage Divider: As we know that the input resistance of the comparators is infinite
hence the input voltage is divided equally between the three resistors. The value being Vin/3
across each resistor.
Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digital-electronics. The output (Q) of the

flip/flop is high if the input at S terminal is high and R is at Low and the output (Q) is
low when the input at S is low and at R is high.
Function of different Pins:-
1. Ground: This pin is used to provide a zero voltage rail to the Integrated circuit to divide
the supply potential between the three resistors shown in the diagram.
2. Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator is
Vin/3, so if the trigger input is used to set the output of the F/F to high state by applying a
voltage equal to or less than Vin/3 or any negative pulse, as the voltage at the non-inverting
end of the comparator is Vin/3.
[4]
3. Output: It is the output pin of the IC, connected to the Q (Q-bar) of the F/F with an
inverter in between as show in the figure.
4. Reset: This pin is used to reset the output of the F/F regardless of the initial condition
of the F/F and also it is an active low Pin so it connected to high state to avoid any noise
interference, unless a reset operation is required. So most of the time it is connected to the
Supply voltage as shown in the figure.
5. Control Voltage: As we can see that the pin 5 is connected to the inverting input having
a voltage level of (2/3) Vin. It is used to override the inverting voltage to change the width of
the output signal irrespective of the RC timing network.
6. Threshold: The pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the first comparator. The
output of the comparator will be high when the threshold voltage will be more than (2/3)
Vin thus resetting the output (Q) of the F/F from high to low.
7. Discharge: This pin is used to discharge the timing capacitors (capacitors involved in
the external circuit to make the IC behave as a square wave generator) to ground when the
output of Pin 3 is switched to low.
8. Supply: This pin is used to provide the IC with the supply voltage for the functioning
and carrying of the different operations to be fulfilled with the 555 timer.
Uses:-
The IC 55 timer is used in many circuits, for example One-shot pulse generator in
Monostable mode as an Oscillator in Astable Mode or in Bistable mode to produce a flip/flop
type action. It is also used in many types of other circuit for achievement of various purposes
for instance Pulse Amplitude Modulatin (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) etc.
CENTRE TAPPED TRANSFORMER:
OVERVIEW:
In electronics, a center tap (CT) is a contact made to a point halfway along a

winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer.
Taps are sometimes used on inductors for the coupling of signals, and may not necessarily be
at the half-way point, but rather, closer to one end. A common application of this is in
the Hartley oscillator. Inductors with taps also permit the transformation of the amplitude
of alternating current (AC) voltages for the purpose of power conversion, in which case, they
are referred to as autotransformers, since there is only one winding. An example of an
autotransformer is an automobile ignition coil. Potentiometer tapping provides one or more
connections along the device's element, along with the usual connections at each of the two
ends of the element, and the slider connection. Potentiometer taps allow for circuit functions
that would otherwise not be available with the usual construction of just the two end
connections and one slider connection.
[5]
Working Principle of a Centre Tapped Transformer
A Centre Tapped transformer works in more or less the same way as a usual
transformer. The difference lies in just the fact that its secondary winding is divided into two
parts, so two individual voltages can be acquired across the two line ends.
The internal process is the same, which is when an alternating current is

supplied to the primary winding of the transformer it creates a magnetic flux in the core, and
when the secondary winding is brought near, an alternating magnetic flux is also induced in
the secondary winding as the flux flows through the ferromagnetic iron core and changes its
direction with each and every cycle of the alternating current. In this way an alternating
current also flows through the two halves of the secondary winding of the transformer and
flows to the external circuit.
Construction
When an additional wire is connected

across the exact middle point of the secondary winding
of a transformer, it is called a center tapped transformer.
The wire is adjusted such that it falls in the exact middle
point of the secondary winding and is thus at zero volts,
forming the neutral point for the winding. This is called
the center tap and this thing allows the transformer to
provide two separate output voltages which are equal in
magnitude, but opposite in polarity to each other. In this
way, we can also use a number of turn ratios from such
a transformer.
Centre Tapped Transformer
As it can be seen from the figure that this type of configurations gives us two
phases through the two parts of the secondary coil, and a total of three wires, in which the
middle one, the center tapped wire is the neutral one. So this center tapped configuration is
also known as a two phase- three wire transformer system.
In this way, half the voltage appears across one half of the phase, that is from
line 1 to neutral, and the other half of the voltage appears across the next phase, that is from
neutral to Line 2. If the load is connected directly between line 1 and line 2, then we get the
total voltage, that is, the sum of the two voltages. This way, we can get more amperes of
current at the same voltage.
Working of this transformer
The two voltages, between line 1 and neutral and between neutral and line 2
can be named as VA and VB respectively. Then the mathematical relation of these two
voltages shows that they are dependent upon the primary voltage as well as the turn ration of
the transformer.
[6]
VA = (NA / NP) * VP
VB = (NB / NP) * VP
One thing that should be noted here is that both the outputs VA and VB
respectively are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, which means that they are 180
degrees out of phase with each other. For this purpose, we also use a full wave rectifier with a
center tapped transformer, to make both the voltages in phase with each other.
Difference between a Normal and a Center Tapped Transformer
The primary difference that is evident here is that a normal transformer

provides you with only one voltage, for example, say 240 V. But a center tapped transformer
will provide you with two voltages each of 240/ 2 i.e. 120 V, so that we can drive two
independent circuits.
4000 SERIES:
OVERVIEW:
The 4000 series is a family of industry-

standard integrated circuits (ICs) which implement a
variety of logic functions usingComplementary Metal
OxideSemiconductor (CMOS) technology, which were
introduced in 1968 and are still in use today. Almost
all IC manufacturers active during the era fabricated
chips from this series. RCA sometimes advertised the
line as COSMOS, standing for COmplementary
Symmetry Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. The naming
system followed the RCA convention of CA for
analog, CD for digital, but did not relate to the Texas Instruments SN7400 series numbering
scheme.
4000 series parts have the advantage of lower power consumption, wider range of
supply voltages (3 V to 15 V), and simpler circuitdesign due to the vastly increased fanout.
However their slower speed (initially about 1 MHz operation, compared with bipolar TTL's
10 MHz) limits their applications to static or low-speed designs. New fabrication technology
has largely overcome the speed problems, while retaining backward compatibility with most
circuit designs. Although all semiconductors can be damaged byelectrostatic discharge, the
high impedance of CMOS inputs makes them more susceptible than bipolar transistor-
based TTL devices. Eventually, the advantages of CMOS (especially the later 74HC series)
phased out the older TTL chips, but at the same time ever increasing LSI techniques phased
out the modular chip approach to design. The 4000 series also contains many chips with a
considerably higher level of integration than most basic logic chips, including fully integrated
7-segment display counters, walking ring counters, and full adders.
[7]
Design considerations
The original 4000 series was available with either unbuffered or buffered inputs and
outputs. The buffered outputs can source or sink more current than the unbuffered outputs,
eliminating the need for discrete switching transistors in some designs. The buffered versions
also have faster output switching times, as the signal rise time of the buffered output stage is
faster than that of an unbuffered device. However the overall propagation delay through the
buffered versions is higher due to the additional circuitry.[5][6] The buffered devices are more
susceptible to output oscillation with slow-changing inputs. Designers must evaluate the
choice of buffered or unbuffered parts according to the nature of the circuit in which the
devices are being used. The additional input and output gates on the buffered parts also make
them marginally less susceptible to damage byelectrostatic discharge (ESD).
Although the original designation for unbuffered and buffered parts was the addition
of an 'A' or 'B' suffix to the part code (e.g.: 4000A = unbuffered, 4000B = buffered), some
manufacturers (e.g.: Texas Instruments) later changed to using UB (unbuffered) and B
(buffered) suffixes (e.g.: 4000UB and 4000B).
The diagrams below show the construction differences between a simple buffered and
unbuffered CMOS NOR logic gate. Note that the logic gate at the core of the buffered part is
actually a NAND gate, but the overall function of the complete circuit is a NOR gate due to the
logic inversions performed by the buffers. (A negated NAND with negated inputs becomes a
NOR as defined by De Morgan's laws in Boolean Algebra). The clamping diodes on the inputs
are to offer some protection against ESD.
BUFFERED CMOS TWO-I/O NOR GATE
[8]
UNBUFFERED CMOS TWO-I/O NOR GATE
The 4000 series permits the use of "cookbook" design, where standard circuit
elements can be created, shared, and connected to other circuits with few, if any, connection
difficulties. This greatly speeds the design of new hardware by reusing standard approaches
to circuit design. In contrast, TTL circuits, while similarly modular, often require much more
careful interfacing, since the limited fanout (and fan-in) require that the loading of each output
be carefully considered. (Some later TTL families, like 74LS reduce this problem with fanouts
of 20.) It is also much easier to prototype LSI designs using the 4000 series and get repeatable
and transferable results when moving to the more integrated design.
Some care needs to be taken with the design of circuits using CMOS chips. Many
parts offer multiple logic gates in a single package and it is common to not need all of them.
An engineer who forgets to 'tie off' (connect the unused gate inputs to VSS or VDD) may find
the chip draws excessive current. The problem is caused by biasing in each gate. With the
inputs disconnected, the gates may be biased into a mode where the outputs are partially
conducting; this leaves the output buffer drawing a great deal of current since it is not fully
on or off, creating a low resistance current path between the power supply rails.
Example common 4000 series chips
4001 - Quad 2-input NOR gate

4008 - 4-bit full adder
[9]
4010 - Hex non-inverting buffer
4011 - Quad 2-input NAND gate
4017 - Decade counter / walking ring counter
4026 - 7-segment LED counter
4071 - Quad 2-input OR gate
4081 - Quad 2-input AND gate
RESISTOR:
OVERVIEW:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only
change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for
heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical

networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical
resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors
are also implemented within integrated circuits. The electrical function of a resistor is
specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of
more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within
the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
Series and parallel resistors
The total resistance of

resistors connected in series is
the sum of their individual
resistance values.
The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistors.
For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in

parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and a 15 ohm resistor
produces 1/1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15 ohms of resistance,
or 30/11 = 2.727 ohms.
A resistor network that is a combination of

parallel and series connections can be broken up into
smaller parts that are either one or the other. Some
[10]
complex networks of resistors cannot be resolved in this manner, requiring more
sophisticated circuit analysis. Generally, the Y- transform, or matrix methods can be used to
solve such problems.
Power dissipation
At any instant, the power P (watts) consumed by a resistor of
resistance R (ohms) is calculated as: where V (volts) is the voltage across the resistor
andI (amps) is the current flowing through it. Using Ohm's law, the two other forms can be
derived. This power is converted into heat which must be dissipated by the resistor's package
before its temperature rises excessively. Resistors are rated according to their maximum
power dissipation. Discrete resistors in solid-state electronic systems are typically rated as
1/10, 1/8, or 1/4 watt. They usually absorb much less than a watt of electrical power and
require little attention to their power rating.
Resistors required to dissipate substantial amounts of power, particularly used
in power supplies, power conversion circuits, and power amplifiers, are generally referred to
as power resistors; this designation is loosely applied to resistors with power ratings of 1 watt
or greater. Power resistors are physically larger and may not use the preferred values, color
codes, and external packages described below. If the average power dissipated by a resistor is
more than its power rating, damage to the resistor may occur, permanently altering its
resistance; this is distinct from the reversible change in resistance due to its temperature
coefficient when it warms. Excessive power dissipation may raise the temperature of the
resistor to a point where it can burn the circuit board or adjacent components, or even cause a
fire. There are flameproof resistors that fail (open circuit) before they overheat dangerously.
Since poor air circulation, high altitude, or high operating temperatures may
occur, resistors may be specified with higher rated dissipation than is experienced in service.
All resistors have a maximum voltage rating; this may limit the power dissipation for higher
resistance values.
Resistor colour coding:
[11]
DIODE:
OVERVIEW:
A diode is a device which only allows unidirectional flow of current if
operated within a rated specified voltage level. A diode only blocks current in the reverse
direction while the reverse voltage is within a limited range otherwise reverse barrier breaks
and the voltage at which this breakdown occurs is called reverse breakdown voltage. The
diode acts as a valve in the electronic and electrical circuit. A P-N junction is the simplest
form of the diode which behaves as ideally short circuit when it is in forward biased and
behaves as ideally open circuit when it is in the reverse biased. Beside simple PN junction
diodes, there are different types of diodes although the fundamental principle is more or less
same. So a particular arrangement of diodes can convert AC to pulsating DC, and hence, it is
sometimes also called as a rectifier. The name diode is derived from "di-ode" which means a
device having two electrodes.
Symbol of Diode
The symbol of a diode is shown below, the arrowhead points in the direction
of conventional current flow. A
simple PN junction diode can be
created by doping donor impurity
in one portion and acceptor
impurity in other portion of a
silicon or germanium crystal
block. These make a p n junction
at the middle portion of the block
beside which one portion is p type (which is doped by trivalent or acceptor impurity) and
other portion is n type (which is doped by pentavalent or donor impurity). It can also be
formed by joining a p-type (intrinsic semiconductor doped with a trivalent impurity) and n-
type semiconductor (intrinsic semiconductor doped with a pentavalent impurity) together
with a special fabrication technique such that a p-n junction is formed. Hence, it is a device
with two elements, the p-type forms anode and the n-type forms the cathode. These terminals
are brought out to make the external connections.
Working Principle of Diode

The n side will have a large number of electrons and very few holes (due to
thermal excitation) whereas the p side will have a high concentration of holes and very few
electrons. Due to this, a process called diffusion takes place. In this process free electrons
from the n side will diffuse (spread) into the p side and combine with holes present there,
leaving a positive immobile (not moveable) ion in the n side. Hence, few atoms on the p side
are converted into negative ions. Similarly, few atoms on the n-side will get converted to
positive ions. Due to this large number of positive ions and negative ions will accumulate on
the n-side and p-side respectively. This region so formed is called as depletion region. Due to
the presence of these positive and negative ions a static electric field called as "barrier
potential" is created across the p-n junction of the diode. It is called as "barrier potential"
[12]
because it acts as a barrier and opposes
the further migration of holes and
electrons across the junction.
In a PN junction diode when the

forward voltage is applied i.e. positive
terminal of a source is connected to the
p-type side, and the negative terminal of
the source is connected to the n-type
side, the diode is said to be in forward
biased condition. We know that there is
a barrier potential across the junction.
This barrier potential is directed in the opposite of the forward applied voltage. So a diode
can only allow current to flow in the forward direction when forward applied voltage is more
than barrier potential of the junction. This voltage is called forward biased voltage. For
silicon diode, it is 0.7 volts. For germanium diode, it is 0.3 volts. When forward applied
voltage is more than this forward biased voltage, there will be forward current in the diode,
and the diode will become short
circuited. Hence, there will be no more
voltage drop across the diode beyond this
forward biased voltage, and forward
current is only limited by the external
resistance connected in series with the
diode. Thus, if forward applied voltage
increases from zero, the diode will start
conducting only after this voltage reaches
just above the barrier potential or forward
biased voltage of the junction. The time
taken by this input voltage to reach that value or in other words the time taken by this input
voltage to overcome the forward biased voltage is called recovery time. Now if the diode is
reverse biased i.e. positive terminal of the source is connected to the n-type end, and the
negative terminal of the source is connected to the p-type end of the diode, there will be no
current through the diode except reverse saturation current. This is because at the reverse
biased condition the depilation layer of the
junction becomes wider with increasing
reverse biased voltage. Although there is a
tiny current flowing from n-type end to p-
type end in the diode due to minority
carriers. This tiny current is called reverse
saturation current. Minority carriers are
mainly thermally generated electrons and
holes in p-type semiconductor and n-type
semiconductor respectively. Now if reverse
applied voltage across the diode is
[13]
continually increased, then after certain applied voltage the depletion layer will destroy which
will cause a huge reverse current to flow through the diode. If this current is not externally
limited and it reaches beyond the safe value, the diode may be permanently destroyed. This is
because, as the magnitude of the reverse voltage increases, the kinetic energy of the minority
charge carriers also increases. These fast moving electrons collide with the other atoms in the
device to knock-off some more electrons from them. The electrons so released further release
much more electrons from the atoms by breaking the covalent bonds. This process is termed
as carrier multiplication and leads to a considerable increase in the flow of current through
the p-n junction. The associated phenomenon is called Avalanche Breakdown.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:

OVERVIEW:
The pn junction diode, which is specially doped and made of special type of
semiconductor, emits light when it is forward biased is called light emitting diode.
Working principle of light emitting diode

To understand the working principle of
light emitting diode, we first have to understand a basic
of quantum theory. According to this theory, when an
electron comes down from its higher energy level to
lower energy level, it emits energy in form of a photon.
The energy of this photon is equal to the energy gap
between these two energy levels. When a pn junction
diode is forward biased, current flows through the diode.
Flow of current through the semiconductor is caused by
both flow of free electrons in opposite direction of
current and flow of holes in the direction of current.
Hence during flow of these charge carriers, there will be
recombinations. Recombination mean electrons in condition band jump down to the valence
band. During this jump electron will emit electromagnetic energy in form of photons whose
energy is equal to forbidden energy gap E.g. Again according to quantum theory, energy of a
photon is the product of frequency of electromagnetic radiation and Planck constant.
Where h is Planck constant. Again velocity of electromagnetic

radiation is fixed and it is equal to the speed of light i.e. c. The frequency of radiation f is
related to velocity of light as f = c / . Where is wavelength of the electromagnetic
radiation. Hence from equation (1) so we have seen that wavelength of

electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to the forbidden energy gap. In normal
silicon, germanium semiconductor this forbidden energy gaps between condition and valence
band are such that entire radiation of electromagnetic wave during recombination is in the
form of inferred radiation. The wavelengths of the inferred are out of our visible range so we
cannot see it. Inferred electromagnetic radiation is nothing but heat. This is because, silicon
[14]
and germanium semiconductor are not
direct gap semiconductor rather these are
indirect gap semiconductor. In indirect
gap semiconductor the maximum energy
level of valence band and minimum
energy level of conduction band do not
occur at same momenta of electrons.
Hence during recombination of electrons
and holes that is migration of electrons
from conduction band to valence band the
momentum of electrons would be
changed. The photons originated from these electrons will be mostly utilized for the electron
momentum. In direct gap semiconductor the maximum of valence band and minimum of
conduction band occur at same electron momenta. Hence, there will be no change of
momentum of electrons during migration from conduction band to valence band so the
photons originated due that migration have not to provide momentum to electrons. As a
result, the photons are emitted from the surface of semiconductor crystal. There are some
special types of specially alloyed direct energy gap semiconductors whose energy gap
between condition and valence band are such that the electromagnetic radiation emitted
during recombination has wavelengths within our visible range. That means in these special
semiconductors when recombination between electrons and holes occur, there will be
emissions of light. This is how a light emitting diode works.
The wave length of output optical signals depends upon the band gap energy. The output
wave length can be engineered within certain limits by using compound semiconductors, so
that a particular colour can be observed, provided the output is in visible range.
Application of LED or Light Emitting Diode

Today almost everywhere LEDs lights are used and the application of LED is
huge. First we are going to see through the list, then we will categorize the application of
these.
In motorcycle and bicycle lights.

In traffic lights and signals.
In message displaying boards.
In light bulbs and many more.
Now, practically if we sit to list all the applications it will be a non-ending list. So, here we
are classifying the use in to some parts.
1. Indicators and Signs:- These are mainly used in traffic signals, exit signs, light weight
message, displaying box etc
2. Lighting:- Light Emitting Diode lamps have become highly popular and as the energy
consumption is very low for them, they are also being made by LED s. In 2001, the
Italian village Torraca was the first place to convert all its lighting to LED. In television
and computer/laptop displaying, LEDs are used.
[15]
3. Non Visual Application:- Communication, sensor are the main area of non-visual
application of LEDs.
SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY
4.1 OVERVIEW:-
A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form

of electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more
complex dot matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks,
electronic meters, basic calculators, and other
electronic devices that display numerical
information.
Seven-segment displays may use a
liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting
diode (LED) for each segment, or other light-
generating or controlling techniques such as
cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum
fluorescent, incandescent filaments, and
others.
In a simple LED package, typically all
of the cathodes (negative terminals) or all of
the anodes (positive terminals) of the segment
LEDs are connected and brought out to a
common pin; this is referred to as a "common
cathode" or "common anode" device.
A single byte can encode the full state
of a 7-segment-display. The most popular bit
encodings are gfedcba and abcdefg, where
each letter represents a particular segment in
the display. In the gfedcba representation, a
byte value of 0x06 would (in a common-
anode circuit) turn on segments 'c' and 'b',
which would display a '1'.
Displaying letters:-
LED-based 7 segment display which cycles through the common
glyphs of the ten decimal numerals and the six hexadecimal "letter digits" (A, b, C, d, E, F).
Hexadecimal digits can be displayed on seven-segment displays. A combination of uppercase
and lowercase letters is used for AF; this is done to obtain a unique, unambiguous shape for
each hexadecimal digit (otherwise, a capital D would look identical to an 0/O and a capital B
would look identical to an 8). Also the digit 6 must be displayed with the top bar lit to avoid
ambiguity with the letter b.
[16]
Hexadecimal encodings for displaying the digits 0 to F
Digit gfedcba abcdefg a b c d e f g
0 03F 07E on on on on on on off
1 006 030 off on on off off off off
2 05B 06D on on off on on off on
3 04F 079 on on on on off off on
4 066 033 off on on off off on on
5 06D 05B on off on on off on on
6 07D 05F on off on on on on on
7 007 070 on on on off off off off
8 07F 07F on on on on on on on
9 06F 07B on on on on off on on
A 077 077 on on on off on on on
b 07C 01F off off on on on on on
C 039 04E on off off on on on off
d 05E 03D off on on on on off on
E 079 04F on off off on on on on
F 071 047 on off off off on on on
4.4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:-
The seven segment displays are common and have been for quite some
time. The LED display seven segment have become very popular in the electronic, mainly
due to its low power consumption, ease of production and profitability.
(i).Cost:-
The light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are very cheap. Diodes are one of the simplest
electric components and are extremely easy to do. On a visit to the local electronics store you
will notice packs hundreds of LEDs that can be purchased for just a few dollars.
(ii).Ease:-
The seven segment displays are very simple electronic circuits. These
circuit comprises four input conductors; chip a BCD (Binary Coded Decimal - Binary Coded
Decimal), which contains the logical safe drivers translate seven four binary signals, or
integrated circuit chip; and seven segment display. Most of these displays are capable of
displaying all 16 hexadecimal values (from 1 to 9 and A to F).
(iii).Reliability:-
Since seven segment circuit is so simple, there is a small risk
that the circuit malfunction due to component failure. Screens seven-segment LEDs are used
in a wide range of environments, from very hot to well below freezing. As no liquid inside
the unit to freeze, as there is in the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display - LCD display) screens, one
screen LEDs can operate at very low temperatures.
(iv).Limitations:-
Most seven segment displays only shows 16 hexadecimal characters.
Some can only display numbers from 0 to 9. Although there is LED technology to display
more than that, these screens are limited to the possible binary combinations of the four input
[17]
conductors, for a total of 16. The integrated circuit technology can increase this, but there are
still a limited number of combinations for the seven segments in the display.
7805 IC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

OVERVIEW:
A regulated power supply is very much essential for several electronic devices
due to the semiconductor material employed in them have a fixed rate of current as well as
voltage. The device may get damaged if there is any deviation from the fixed rate. The AC
power supply gets converted into constant DC by this circuit. By the help of a voltage
regulator DC, unregulated output will be fixed to a constant voltage. The circuit is made up of
linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors and resistors with bridge rectifier made up
from diodes. From giving an unchanging voltage supply to building confident that output
reaches uninterrupted to the appliance, the diodes along with capacitors handle elevated
efficient signal conveyal.
Description:
As we have previously talked about that regulated power supply is a device
that mechanized on DC voltages and also it can uphold its output accurately at a fixed voltage
all the time although if there is a significant alteration in the DC input voltage.
ICs regulator is mainly used in the circuit to maintain the exact voltage which
is followed by the power supply. A regulator is mainly employed with the capacitor
connected in parallel to the input terminal and the output terminal of the IC regulator. For the
checking of gigantic alterations in the input as well as in the output filter, capacitors are used.
While the bypass capacitors are used to check the small period spikes on the input and output
level. Bypass capacitors are mainly of small values that are used to bypass the small period
pulses straight into the Earth.
A circuit diagram having regulator IC and all the above discussed components
arrangement revealed in the figure below.
Regulated Power Supply Circuit

The working of the components coupled in the circuit above is revealed in the following
table:
[18]
COMPONENT FUNCTION
C1 This capacitor is known as bypass capacitor and is employed to bypass
extremely tiny duration spikes to the ground with no distress the other
components.
C2 C2 is the filter capacitor employed to steady the slow changes in the
voltage applied at the input of the circuit. Escalating the value of the
capacitor amplify the stabilization as well as the declining value of the
capacitor reduces the stabilization. Moreover this capacitor is not alone
capable to ensure very constricted period spikes emerge at the input.
C3 C3 is known as a filter capacitor employed in the circuit to steady the
slow alterations in the output voltage. Raising the value of the
capacitor enlarges the stabilization furthermore declining the value of
the capacitor declined the stabilization. Moreover this capacitor is not
alone capable to ensure very fine duration spikes happen at the output.
C4 C4 is known as bypass capacitor and worked to bypass very small
period spikes to the earth with no influence the other components.
U1 U1 is the IC with positive DC and it upholds the output voltage steady
exactly at a constant value even although there are major deviation in
the input voltage.
As we have made the whole circuit till now to be operated on the 5V DC
supply, so we have to use an IC regulator for 5V DC. And the most generally used IC
regulators get into the market for 5V DC regulation use is 7805. So we are connecting the
similar IC in the circuit as U1.
IC 7805 is a DC regulated IC of 5V. This IC is very flexible and is widely
employed in all types of circuit like a voltage regulator. It is a three terminal device and
mainly called input , output and ground. Pin diagram of the IC 7805 is shown in the diagram
below. The pin explanation of the 7805 is described in the following table:
PIN NO. PIN DESCRIPTION

1 Input In this pin of the IC positive unregulated voltage is given in regulation.
2 Ground In this pin where the ground is given. This pin is neutral for equally the
input and output.
3 Output The output of the regulated 5V volt is taken out at this pin of the IC
regulator.
In the circuit diagram C2 as well as C3 are filter

capacitor while bypass capacitors are the C1 and C4. The
electrolytic polarized capacitors are employed for this purpose.
For the purpose of filter capacitors normally 10mfd value of
the capacitors used and in these projects we also used 100mfd
value of the capacitor. While in all kinds of circuit the value of
bypass capacitor is 0.1mfd and in generally un-polarized
mainly disc capacitors employed for this purpose.
[19]
Currently we have the circuit for the 5V DC positive regulation and we are
also familiar with the component values used in the circuit. In the table below we have
mentioned the value in detail of all the components used in the circuit of 5V DC positive
regulator.
SNO COMPONENT TYPE VALUE
1 C1 Capacitor 0.1 mfd

2 C2 Capacitor 1000 mfd
3 C3 Capacitor 1000 mfd
4 C4 Capacitor 0.1 mfd
5 U1 Positive dc regulator 7805
CAPACITORS:
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists
across the conductors, an electric field is present in the
dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical
force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when
there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor,
hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,

capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of
the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between
the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The
conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an
electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.
BASIC
Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the

capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a
dielectric. The dielectric can be air, paper, plastic or anything else that does
not conduct electricity and keeps the plates from touching each other. You
can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece
of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage
capacity, but it will work. In an electronic circuit, a capacitor is shown like this:
[20]
When you connect a capacitor to a battery, heres what happens:
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the negative terminal of the battery accepts
electrons that the battery is producing.
The plate on the capacitor that attaches to the positive terminal of the battery loses electrons
to the battery.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS:
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting
liquid as one of its plates with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types. They are
often referred to in electronics usage simply as "electrolytics". They are valuable in relatively
high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply
filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations in
rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should
be conducted but DC should not.Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance,
allowing filters made with them to have very low corner frequencies.
MICA CAPACITOR
Mica capacitors are high precision high stability high reliability capacitors.
They are available in small values, and are mostly used at high frequencies.
PAPER CAPACITOR
Common in antique radio equipment, paper dielectric and aluminum foil

layers rolled into a cylinder and sealed with wax. Low values up to a few F, working
voltage up to several hundred volts, oil-impregnated bathtub types to 5 kV used for motor
starting and high-voltage power supplies, and up to 25 kV for large oil-impregnated energy
discharge types.
CERAMIC CAPACITOR
The main differences between ceramic dielectric types are the temperature
coefficient of capacitance, and the dielectric loss. C0G and NP0 (negative-positive-zero, i.e.
[21]
0) dielectrics have the lowest losses, and are used in filters, as timing elements, and for
balancing crystal oscillators. Ceramic capacitors tend to have low inductance because of their
small size. NP0 refers to the shape of the capacitor's temperature coefficient graph (how
much the capacitance changes with temperature). NP0 means that the graph is flat and the
device is not affected by temperature changes.
TRIMMER CAPACITOR
These capacitors have a rotating plate (which can be rotated to change the capacitance)
separated from a fixed plate by a dielectric medium. Typically values range from 5 pF to 60
pF.
BATTERIES AND CONNECTORS:
A nine-volt battery, sometimes referred to

by its original designation as a PP3 battery is used
here, the battery has both the positive and negative
terminals on one end. The negative terminal is
fashioned into a snap fitting which mechanically
and electrically connects to a mating terminal on
the power connector. The power connector has a
similar snap fitting on its positive terminal which
mates to the battery. This makes battery
polarization obvious since mechanical connection
is only possible in one configuration. The clips on
the 9-volt battery can be used to connect several 9-
volt batteries in series. Inside a PP3 there are six cells,
either cylindrical alkaline or flat carbon-zinc type,
connected in series. Some brands use welded tabs
internally to attach to the cells, others press foil strips
against the ends of the cells. Finally we will connect this
assembly with a 9 volts PP3 dry battery, we find it
experimentally that RTC will work with low voltage
supplies. As mentions in the circuit diagram we connect
it to the appropriate space.
WORKING OF VISITORS COUNTER:
Circuit and working:
The circuit diagram of the infrared (IR) transmitter unit for the visitors counter is
shown in Fig. 1. It comprises transformer X1, IN4007 rectifier diodes D1 and D2,1000F
(25V) filter capacitor C1, 7805 (5V) voltage regulator IC1, NE555 timer IC2, IR LED
(LED1) And some other components. The transmitter generates 38 KHz carrier frequency.
[22]
The receiver unit with 7-segment displays is shown in Fig. 2. It comprises two
CD4026 ICs (IC3 and IC4), reset switch S1, two 7-segment common-cathode displays DIS1
and DIS2, TSOP1738 IR receiver RX1 and a few other components.
Power supply for the circuit(s) is made up of transformer X1 that steps down 230V
AC mains supply, full-wave rectifiers comprising diodes D1 and D2, filtering capacitor C1
and 7805 regulator IC1 to maintain a constant 5V DC is used by the transmitter and also fed
to the receiver section by connecting CON2 to CON3.Decade counter IC CD4026 or CD4033
(whichever is available) can used as counter-cum-display driver.
As this project is designed for a 2-digit counter, it counts up to 99 only. The counter
uses two 7segments. Commoncathode display (LT543). For ones position it uses a CD4026
[23]
(IC3) and a 7-segment common-cathode display LT543 (DIS1). For tens position it uses
another CD4026 (IC4) and another similar 7-segment display (DIS2).
The IR transmitter circuit is designed for commercial application. Its NE555 timer
can be wired as a one-shot or Astable Multivibrator. In this circuit it is configured in astable
mode. For that, we use fixed 22K resistor R1, 10K potentiometer VR1 and 0.001F capacitor
C3 for generating exact 38 KHz carrier frequency.
The formula for the frequency is given by f=1.44/(R1+2VR1)C3. You can vary VR1
to get the exact frequency. The IR LED connected to output pin (PIN3) of IC2 transmits these
frequency pulses (IR beams), which are received by the TSOP1738 IR receiver (RX1).
When you interrupt the frequency pulses, immediately the IR receiver (TSOP1738)
generates a clock pulse, which is fed to decade counter IC3 at its pin 1 (CLK).
To count each clock pulse the output of IC3 is fed to the 7-segment display. Which
display equivalent clock pulse in digital format. After leading edge of ever tenth clock pulse
it simply resets the count to zero position. The carry output from pin 5 of ICs is fed to pin 1
(CLK) of IC4. This increases the number displayed in tens display by one.
This way the process continues to display up to 99. After 99 the counter simply resets
to 00. To reset the display at any time press reset switch S1. To increase the circuits
capacitor to count up to 999, simply add another CD4026 IC and a 7-segment display in a
similar fashion.
CONCLUSION:
We just took up this project as we were interested in electronics and wanted to learn
about it. Through this project, we learnt a lot about the functioning and use of different
electronic components and their applications in real life. We were able to correlate what we
studied in our course to real life.
Also this is very simple and effective idea which can be used in many places like
hostel and hotel rooms to save energy.
REFERENCES
1. www.electronicshub.com
2. www.efymag.com
3. www.engineersgarage.com
4. www.electrical4u.com
5. www.wikipedia.com
[24]
www.fairchildsemi.com
LM 5 5 5 /N E5 5 5 /SA5 5 5
Single T im e r
Features Description
High Current Drive Capability (200mA) The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable controller
Adjustable Duty Cycle capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With
Temperature Stability of 0.005%/C monostable operation, the time delay is controlled by one
Timing From Sec to Hours external resistor and one capacitor. With astable operation,
Turn off Time Less Than 2Sec the frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with
two external resistors and one capacitor.
Applications 8-DIP
Precision Timing
Pulse Generation
Time Delay Generation
1
Sequential Timing
8-SOP
Internal Block Diagram
R R R
GND 1 8 Vcc
Comp. Discharging Tr.

Trigger 2 7 Discharge
OutPut
Output 3
Stage F/F 6 Threshold
Comp.
Reset 4 5
Control
Vref Voltage
Rev. 1.0.2
2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
LM555/NE555/SA555
Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = 25C)

Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Supply Voltage VCC 16 V
Lead Temperature (Soldering 10sec) TLEAD 300 C
Power Dissipation PD 600 mW
Operating Temperature Range
LM555/NE555 0 ~ +70
TOPR C
SA555 -40 ~ +85
Storage Temperature Range TSTG -65 ~ +150 C
2
LM555/NE555/SA555
Electrical Characteristics
(TA = 25C, VCC = 5 ~ 15V, unless otherwise specified)
Parameter Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit

Supply Voltage VCC - 4.5 - 16 V
VCC = 5V, RL = - 3 6 mA
Supply Current *1(Low Stable) ICC
VCC = 15V, RL = - 7.5 15 mA
Timing Error *2 (Monostable)

Initial Accuracy
ACCUR - 1.0 3.0 %
Drift with Temperature RA = 1k to100k
t/T 50 ppm/C
Drift with Supply Voltage C = 0.1F
t/VCC 0.1 0.5 %/V
Timing Error *2(Astable)

-
Intial Accuracy ACCUR RA = 1k to 100k 2.25 - %
Drift with Temperature t/T C = 0.1F 150 ppm/C
Drift with Supply Voltage t/VCC 0.3 %/V
VCC = 15V 9.0 10.0 11.0 V
Control Voltage VC
VCC = 5V 2.6 3.33 4.0 V
VCC = 15V - 10.0 - V
Threshold Voltage VTH
VCC = 5V - 3.33 - V
Threshold Current *3 ITH - - 0.1 0.25 A
VCC = 5V 1.1 1.67 2.2 V
Trigger Voltage VTR
VCC = 15V 4.5 5 5.6 V
Trigger Current ITR VTR = 0V 0.01 2.0 A
Reset Voltage VRST - 0.4 0.7 1.0 V
Reset Current IRST - 0.1 0.4 mA
VCC = 15V
ISINK = 10mA - 0.06 0.25 V
Low Output Voltage VOL ISINK = 50mA 0.3 0.75 V
VCC = 5V
- 0.05 0.35 V
ISINK = 5mA
VCC = 15V
ISOURCE = 200mA 12.5 - V
High Output Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 100mA 12.75 13.3 V
VCC = 5V
2.75 3.3 - V
ISOURCE = 100mA
Rise Time of Output tR - - 100 - ns
Fall Time of Output tF - - 100 - ns
Discharge Leakage Current ILKG - - 20 100 nA
Notes:
1. Supply current when output is high is typically 1mA less at VCC = 5V
2. Tested at VCC = 5.0V and VCC = 15V
3. This will determine maximum value of RA + RB for 15V operation, the max. total R = 20M, and for 5V operation the max.
total R = 6.7M
3
LM555/NE555/SA555
Application Information
Table 1 below is the basic operating table of 555 timer:
Table 1. Basic Operating Table

Threshold Voltage Trigger Voltage Discharging Tr.
Reset(PIN 4) Output(PIN 3)
(Vth)(PIN 6) (Vtr)(PIN 2) (PIN 7)
Don't care Don't care Low Low ON
Vth > 2Vcc / 3 Vth > 2Vcc / 3 High Low ON
Vcc / 3 < Vth < 2 Vcc / 3 Vcc / 3 < Vth < 2 Vcc / 3 High - -
Vth < Vcc / 3 Vth < Vcc / 3 High High OFF
When the low signal input is applied to the reset terminal, the timer output remains low regardless of the threshold voltage or
the trigger voltage. Only when the high signal is applied to the reset terminal, timer's output changes according to threshold
voltage and trigger voltage.
When the threshold voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage while the timer output is high, the timer's internal discharge Tr.
turns on, lowering the threshold voltage to below 1/3 of the supply voltage. During this time, the timer output is maintained
low. Later, if a low signal is applied to the trigger voltage so that it becomes 1/3 of the supply voltage, the timer's internal
discharge Tr. turns off, increasing the threshold voltage and driving the timer output again at high.
1. Monostable Operation
+Vcc
2
10
4 8 RA
RESET Vcc 10
1
k
Trigger

k
DISCH 7
M
0k

=1
1M
10
10
10
A
R
2
Capacitance(uF)
TRIG 10
0
THRES 6
-1
10
3 OUT C1
CONT 5 10
-2
GND
RL 1 C2
-3
10
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Time Delay(s)
Figure 1. Monoatable Circuit Figure 2. Resistance and Capacitance vs.

Time delay(td)
Figure 3. Waveforms of Monostable Operation
4
LM555/NE555/SA555
Figure 1 illustrates a monostable circuit. In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever the trigger voltage falls
below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the timer output is low, the timer's
internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the timer output to become high by charging the external capacitor
C1and setting the flip-flop output at the same time.
The voltage across the external capacitor C1, VC1 increases exponentially with the time constant t=RA*C and reaches 2Vcc/3
at td=1.1RA*C. Hence, capacitor C1 is charged through resistor RA. The greater the time constant RAC, the longer it takes
for the VC1 to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the time constant RAC controls the output pulse width.
When the applied voltage to the capacitor C1 reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the flip-flop,
turning the discharging Tr. on. At this time, C1 begins to discharge and the timer output converts to low.
In this way, the timer operating in monostable repeats the above process. Figure 2 shows the time constant relationship based
on RA and C. Figure 3 shows the general waveforms during monostable operation.
It must be noted that, for normal operation, the trigger pulse voltage needs to maintain a minimum of Vcc/3 before the timer
output turns low. That is, although the output remains unaffected even if a different trigger pulse is applied while the output is
high, it may be affected and the waveform not operate properly if the trigger pulse voltage at the end of the output pulse
remains at below Vcc/3. Figure 4 shows such timer output abnormality.
Figure 4. Waveforms of Monostable Operation (abnormal)
2. Astable Operation
+Vcc
100
RA (RA+2RB)
4 8 10
1k
RESET Vcc
10
7
Capacitance(uF)
DISCH 1
10
2 TRIG
0k
RB
1M
THRES 6
0.1
10
M
3 OUT C1 0.01
CONT 5
GND
RL 1 C2 1E-3
100m 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k
Frequency(Hz)
Figure 5. Astable Circuit Figure 6. Capacitance and Resistance vs. Frequency
5
LM555/NE555/SA555
Figure 7. Waveforms of Astable Operation
An astable timer operation is achieved by adding resistor RB to Figure 1 and configuring as shown on Figure 5. In astable
operation, the trigger terminal and the threshold terminal are connected so that a self-trigger is formed, operating as a multi
vibrator. When the timer output is high, its internal discharging Tr. turns off and the VC1 increases by exponential
function with the time constant (RA+RB)*C.
When the VC1, or the threshold voltage, reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high,
resetting the F/F and causing the timer output to become low. This in turn turns on the discharging Tr. and the C1 discharges
through the discharging channel formed by RB and the discharging Tr. When the VC1 falls below Vcc/3, the comparator
output on the trigger terminal becomes high and the timer output becomes high again. The discharging Tr. turns off and the
VC1 rises again.
In the above process, the section where the timer output is high is the time it takes for the VC1 to rise from Vcc/3 to 2Vcc/3,
and the section where the timer output is low is the time it takes for the VC1 to drop from 2Vcc/3 to Vcc/3. When timer output
is high, the equivalent circuit for charging capacitor C1 is as follows:
RA RB
Vcc C1 Vc1(0-)=Vcc/3
dv c1 V cc V ( 0- )
C ------------- = ------------------------------- (1)
1 dt RA + RB
V ( 0+ ) = V 3 (2)
C1 CC
t
- ------------------------------------
( R + R )C1
2 A B
V C1 ( t ) = V CC 1 --- e (3)
3

Since the duration of the timer output high state(tH) is the amount of time it takes for the VC1(t) to reach 2Vcc/3,
6
LM555/NE555/SA555
t
- ------------------------------------
H
2 2 ( R A + R B )C1
V ( t ) = --- V =V 1 --- e (4)
C1 3 CC CC 3

t = C ( R + R )In2 = 0.693 ( R + R )C (5)
H 1 A B A B 1
The equivalent circuit for discharging capacitor C1 when timer output is low as follows:
RB
C1 VC1(0-)=2Vcc/3 RD
dv 1
C1
C 1 -------------- + ----------------------- V C1 = 0 (6)
dt R +R
A B
t
- -------------------------------------
2 ( R A + R D )C1
V C1 ( t ) = --- V (7)
3 CC e
Since the duration of the timer output low state(tL) is the amount of time it takes for the VC1(t) to reach Vcc/3,
tL
- ------------------------------------
( R A + R D )C1
-
1 2
--- V --
-
= V (8)
3 CC 3 CC e
t = C ( R + R )In2 = 0.693 ( R + R )C (9)
L 1 B D B D 1
Since RD is normally RB>>RD although related to the size of discharging Tr.,
tL=0.693RBC1 (10)
Consequently, if the timer operates in astable, the period is the same with
'T=tH+tL=0.693(RA+RB)C1+0.693RBC1=0.693(RA+2RB)C1' because the period is the sum of the charge time and discharge
time. And since frequency is the reciprocal of the period, the following applies.
1 1.44
frequency, f = --- = ---------------------------------------- ( 11 )
T ( R + 2R )C
A B 1
3. Frequency divider
By adjusting the length of the timing cycle, the basic circuit of Figure 1 can be made to operate as a frequency divider. Figure
8. illustrates a divide-by-three circuit that makes use of the fact that retriggering cannot occur during the timing cycle.
7
LM555/NE555/SA555
Figure 8. Waveforms of Frequency Divider Operation
4. Pulse Width Modulation

The timer output waveform may be changed by modulating the control voltage applied to the timer's pin 5 and changing the
reference of the timer's internal comparators. Figure 9. illustrates the pulse width modulation circuit.
When the continuous trigger pulse train is applied in the monostable mode, the timer output width is modulated according to
the signal applied to the control terminal. Sine wave as well as other waveforms may be applied as a signal to the control
terminal. Figure 10 shows an example of pulse width modulation waveform.
+Vcc
RA
4 8
RESET Vcc
7
Trigger DISCH
2 TRIG
6
THRES
Output
3 OUT
Input
GND
CONT 5 C
1
Figure 9. Circuit for Pulse Width Modulation Figure 10. Waveforms of Pulse Width Modulation
5. Pulse Position Modulation

If the modulating signal is applied to the control terminal while the timer is connected for astable operation as in Figure 11, the
timer becomes a pulse position modulator.
In the pulse position modulator, the reference of the timer's internal comparators is modulated which in turn modulates the
timer output according to the modulation signal applied to the control terminal.
Figure 12 illustrates a sine wave for modulation signal and the resulting output pulse position modulation : however, any wave
shape could be used.
8
LM555/NE555/SA555
+Vcc
RA
4 8
RESET Vcc
7
DISCH
2 TRIG
RB
6
THRES
Output
3 OUT
Modulation
GND
CONT 5 C
1
Figure 11. Circuit for Pulse Position Modulation Figure 12. Waveforms of pulse position modulation
6. Linear Ramp
When the pull-up resistor RA in the monostable circuit shown in Figure 1 is replaced with constant current source, the VC1
increases linearly, generating a linear ramp. Figure 13 shows the linear ramp generating circuit and Figure 14 illustrates the
generated linear ramp waveforms.
+Vcc
RE R1
4 8
RESET Vcc
DISCH 7
2 TRIG Q1
THRES 6 R2
Output
3 OUT C1
CONT 5
GND
1 C2
Figure 13. Circuit for Linear Ramp Figure 14. Waveforms of Linear Ramp
In Figure 13, current source is created by PNP transistor Q1 and resistor R1, R2, and RE.
V V
I CC E-
= -------------------------- ( 12 )
C R
E
Here, V
E is
R2
V = V + ---------------------- V ( 13 )
E BE R 1 + R 2 CC
For example, if Vcc=15V, RE=20k, R1=5kW, R2=10k, and VBE=0.7V,

VE=0.7V+10V=10.7V
Ic=(15-10.7)/20k=0.215mA
9
LM555/NE555/SA555
When the trigger is started in a timer configured as shown in Figure 13, the current flowing to capacitor C1 becomes a constant
current generated by PNP transistor and resistors.
Hence, the VC is a linear ramp function as shown in Figure 14. The gradient S of the linear ramp function is defined as
follows:
Vp p
S = ---------------- ( 14 )
T
Here the Vp-p is the peak-to-peak voltage.
If the electric charge amount accumulated in the capacitor is divided by the capacitance, the VC comes out as follows:
V=Q/C (15)
The above equation divided on both sides by T gives us
V QT
---- = ------------ ( 16 )
T C
and may be simplified into the following equation.
S=I/C (17)
In other words, the gradient of the linear ramp function appearing across the capacitor can be obtained by using the constant
current flowing through the capacitor.
If the constant current flow through the capacitor is 0.215mA and the capacitance is 0.02uF, the gradient of the ramp function
at both ends of the capacitor is S = 0.215m/0.022u = 9.77V/ms.
10
LM555/NE555/SA555
Mechanical Dimensions
Package
Dimensions in millimeters
8-DIP
)
6.40 0.20
0.031
0.79
0.252 0.008
1.524 0.10
0.060 0.004
0.018 0.004
0.46 0.10
(
#1 #8
0.362 0.008
MAX
9.20 0.20
0.378
9.60
#4 #5
0.100
2.54
5.08 3.30 0.30
MAX 0.130 0.012
0.200
7.62
0.300 3.40 0.20 0.33
0.134 0.008 0.013 MIN
+0.10
0.25 0.05
+0.004
0.010 0.002
0~15
11
LM555/NE555/SA555
Mechanical Dimensions (Continued)

Package
Dimensions in millimeters
8-SOP
0.1~0.25
MIN
0.004~0.001
1.55 0.20
0.061 0.008
)
0.022
0.56
(
#1 #8
0.194 0.008
MAX
4.92 0.20
0.202
5.13
0.016 0.004
0.41 0.10
#4 #5
0.050
1.27
6.00 0.30 1.80
0.236 0.012 MAX
0.071
0.006 -0.002
0.15 -0.05
MAX0.004
MAX0.10
3.95 0.20
+0.004
+0.10
0.156 0.008
8
5.72
0~
0.225
0.50 0.20
0.020 0.008
12
LM555/NE555/SA555
Ordering Information
Product Number Package Operating Temperature
LM555CN 8-DIP
0 ~ +70C
LM555CM 8-SOP
NE555N 8-DIP
0 ~ +70C
NE555D 8-SOP
SA555 8-DIP
-40 ~ +85C
SA555D 8-SOP
13
LM555/NE555/SA555
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER
DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

FAIRCHILDS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES
OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component in any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, device or system whose failure to perform can be
or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
perform when properly used in accordance with device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be
reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of the
user.
www.fairchildsemi.com
7/16/02 0.0m 001

Stock#DSxxxxxxxx
2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
Data sheet acquired from Harris Semiconductor
SCHS031B Revised July 2003
Copyright 2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated

The CD4026B- and CD4033B-series types are
supplied in 16-lead dual-in-line plastic packages
(E suffix), 16-lead small-outline packages (NSR
suffix), and 16-lead thin shrink small-outline
packages (PW and PWR suffixes).
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 9-Aug-2005
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status (1) Package Package Pins Package Eco Plan (2) Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp (3)
Type Drawing Qty
CD4026BE ACTIVE PDIP N 16 25 Pb-Free CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC
(RoHS)
CD4026BEE4 ACTIVE PDIP N 16 25 Pb-Free CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC
(RoHS)
CD4026BNSR ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4026BNSRE4 ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4026BPW ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 90 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4026BPWE4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 90 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4026BPWR ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4026BPWRE4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4033BE ACTIVE PDIP N 16 25 Pb-Free CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC
(RoHS)
CD4033BEE4 ACTIVE PDIP N 16 25 Pb-Free CU NIPDAU Level-NC-NC-NC
(RoHS)
CD4033BNSR ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4033BNSRE4 ACTIVE SO NS 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4033BPW ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 90 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4033BPWE4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 90 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4033BPWR ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
CD4033BPWRE4 ACTIVE TSSOP PW 16 2000 Green (RoHS & CU NIPDAU Level-1-260C-UNLIM
no Sb/Br)
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in
a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS) or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check
http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements
for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered
at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame
retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder
temperature.
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com 9-Aug-2005
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is
provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the
accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to take
reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on
incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited
information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI
to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 2
MECHANICAL DATA
MTSS001C JANUARY 1995 REVISED FEBRUARY 1999
PW (R-PDSO-G**) PLASTIC SMALL-OUTLINE PACKAGE

14 PINS SHOWN
0,30
0,65 0,10 M
0,19
14 8
0,15 NOM
4,50 6,60
4,30 6,20
Gage Plane
0,25
1 7
0 8
A 0,75
0,50
Seating Plane
1,20 MAX 0,15 0,10

0,05
PINS **
8 14 16 20 24 28
DIM
A MAX 3,10 5,10 5,10 6,60 7,90 9,80
A MIN 2,90 4,90 4,90 6,40 7,70 9,60
4040064/F 01/97
NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in millimeters.

B. This drawing is subject to change without notice.
C. Body dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusion not to exceed 0,15.
D. Falls within JEDEC MO-153
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

IMPORTANT NOTICE
Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications,
enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue
any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing
orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TIs terms
and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.
TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TIs standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI
deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all
parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for
their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with customer products
and applications, customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.
TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any TI patent right,
copyright, mask work right, or other TI intellectual property right relating to any combination, machine, or process
in which TI products or services are used. Information published by TI regarding third-party products or services
does not constitute a license from TI to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof.
Use of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property
of the third party, or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.
Reproduction of information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without
alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties, conditions, limitations, and notices. Reproduction
of this information with alteration is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for
such altered documentation.
Resale of TI products or services with statements different from or beyond the parameters stated by TI for that
product or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the associated TI product or service and
is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for any such statements.
Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application
solutions:
Products Applications
Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Audio www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Automotive www.ti.com/automotive
DSP dsp.ti.com Broadband www.ti.com/broadband
Interface interface.ti.com Digital Control www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Logic logic.ti.com Military www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt power.ti.com Optical Networking www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security
Telephony www.ti.com/telephony
Video & Imaging www.ti.com/video
Wireless www.ti.com/wireless
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments

Post Office Box 655303 Dallas, Texas 75265

HDSP-550x, HDSP-552x, HDSP-560x, HDSP-562x,
HDSP-570x, HDSP-572x, HDSP-H15x, Series
14.2 mm (0.56 inch)
Seven Segment Displays
Data Sheet
Description Features
The 14.2 mm (0.56 inch) LED seven segment displays are Industry Standard Size
designed for viewing distances up to 7 metres (23 feet). Industry Standard Pinout
These devices use an industry standard size package and 15.24 mm (0.6 in.) DIP Leads on 2.54 mm (0.1 in.)
pinout. Both the numeric and 1 overflow devices feature Centers
a right hand decimal point. All devices are available as Choice of Colors
either common anode or common cathode. AlGaAs Red, High Efficiency Red, Yellow, Green
Applications Excellent Appearance
Evenly Lighted Segments
These displays are ideal for most applications. Pin for pin Mitered Corners on Segments
equivalent displays are also available in a low current Gray Package Gives Optimum Contrast
design. The low current displays are ideal for portable 50 Viewing Angle
applications. For additional information see the Low Design Flexibility
Current Seven Segment Displays data sheet. Common Anode or Common Cathode
Single and Dual Digits
Right Hand Decimal Point
1. Overflow Character
Categorized for Luminous Intensity
Yellow and Green Categorized for Color
Use of Like Categories Yields a Uniform Display
High Light Output
High Peak Current
Excellent for Long Digit String Multiplexing
Intensity and Color Selection Option
See Intensity and Color Selected Displays Data
Sheet
Sunlight Viewable AlGaAs
Devices
AlGaAs Red HER Yellow Green Package
HDSP-[1] HDSP-[1] HDSP- HDSP- Description Drawing
H151 5501 5701 5601 Common Anode Right Hand Decimal A
H153 5503 5703 5603 Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal B
H157 5507 5607 Common Anode 1. Overflow C
H158 5508 5608 Common Cathode 1. Overflow D
5521 5721 5621 Two Digit Common Anode Right Hand Decimal E
5523 5723 5623 Two Digit Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal F
Note:
1. These displays are recommended for high ambient light operation. Please refer to the HDSP-H10X/K12X AlGaAs and HDSP-555X HER data sheet
for low current operation.
Contrast Enhancement Mechanical
The objective of contrast enhancement is to provide Specially developed plastics are used to optimize the
good display readability in the end use ambient light. displays optical performance. These plastics restrict the
The concept is to employ both luminance and chromi- solvents that may be used for cleaning. Only mixtures of
nance contrast techniques to enhance the readability. Freon (F113) and alcohol should be used for vapor clean-
This is accomplished by having the OFF dots blend into ing processes. Total immersion time in the vapors is two
the display background and the ON dots stand out vividly minutes. Some suggested mixtures are Freon TE, Arklone
against this same background. Therefore, these display A or K, or Genesolv DI-15 or DE-15. A 60C (140F) water
devices are assembled with a gray package and matching cleaning process may also be used. This process includes
encapsulating epoxy in the dots. a neutralizer rinse (3% ammonia solution or equivalent),
a surfactant rinse (1% detergent solution or equivalent),
Contrast enhancement may be achieved by using one of a water rinse, and a thorough air dry. Room temperature
the following suggested filters: cleaning may be done with Freon T-E35 or T-P35, Ethanol,
Isopropanol, or water with a mild detergent.
Standard Red and AlGaAs Red (HDSP-5300/H150) Cleaning agents from the ketone family (acetone, methyl
Panelgraphic RUBY RED 60 ethyl ketone, etc.) and from the chlorinated hydrocarbon
SGL-Homalite H100-1605 RED family (methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, carbon tet-
3M Louvered Filter R6610 RED or N0210 GRAY rachloride, etc.) are not recommended for cleaning LED
parts. All of these various solvents attack or dissolve the
HER (HDSP-5500) encapsulating epoxies used to form the package of plastic
Panelgraphic SCARLET RED 60 LED parts.
SGL-Homalite H100-1670 RED or H100-1250 GRAY
3M Louvered Filter R6610 RED or N0210 GRAY
Yellow (HDSP-5700)
Panelgraphic YELLOW 27 or GRAY 10
SGL-Homalite H100-1720 AMBER or H100-1250 GRAY
3M Louvered Filter A5910 AMBER or N0210 GRAY
Green (HDSP-5600)
Panelgraphic GREEN 48
SGL-Homalite H100-1440 GREEN or H100-1250 GRAY
3M Louvered Filter YG6610 RED or N0210 GRAY
For further information on contrast enhancement please

see Application Note 1015.
2
Part Numbering System
5082 -X XX X-X X X XX
HDSP-X XX X-X X X XX
Mechanical Options[1]
00: No Mechanical Option
Color Bin Options[1,2]

0: No Color Bin Limitation
Maximum Intensity Bin[1,2]

0: No Maximum Intensity Bin Limitation
Minimum Intensity Bin[1,2]

0: No Minimum Intensity Bin Limitation
Device Configuration/Color[1]
1: Common Anode
3: Common Cathode
Device Specific Configuration[1]

Refer to Respective Datasheet
Package[1]
H: 14.2 mm (0.56 inch) Single Digit Seven Segment Display
Notes:
1. For codes not listed in the figure above, please refer to the respective datasheet or contact your nearest Avago rep-
resentative for details.
2. Bin options refer to shippable bins for a part number. Color and Intensity Bins are typically restricted to 1 bin per
tube (exceptions may apply). Please refer to respective datasheet for specific bin limit information.
3
Package Dimensions
FUNCTION
PIN A B C D E F
1 CATHODE e ANODE e CATHODE c ANODE c E CATHODE NO. 1 E ANODE NO. 1
2 CATHODE d ANODE d ANODE c, d CATHODE c, d D CATHODE NO. 1 D ANODE NO. 1
3 ANODE[3] CATHODE[4] CATHODE b ANODE b C CATHODE NO. 1 C ANODE NO. 1
4 CATHODE c ANODE c ANODE a, b, DP CATHODE a, b, DP DP CATHODE NO. 1 DP ANODE NO. 1
5 CATHODE DP ANODE DP CATHOPDE DP ANODE DE E CATHODE NO. 2 E ANODE NO. 2
6 CATHODE b ANODE b CATHODE a ANODE a D CATHODE NO. 2 D ANODE NO. 2
7 CATHODE a ANODE a ANODE a, b, DP CATHODE a, b, DP G CATHODE NO. 2 G ANODE NO. 2
8 ANODE[3] CATHODE[4] ANODE c, d CATHODE c, d C CATHODE NO. 2 C ANODE NO. 2
9 CATHODE f ANODE f CATHODE d ANODE d DP CATHODE NO. 2 DP ANODE NO. 2
10 CATHODE g ANODE g NO PIN NO PIN B CATHODE NO. 2 B ANODE NO. 2
11 A CATHODE NO. 2 A ANODE NO. 2
12 F CATHODE NO. 2 F ANODE NO. 2
13 DIGIT NO. 2 ANODE DIGIT NO. 2 CATHODE
14 DIGIT NO. 1 ANODE DIGIT NO. 1 CATHODE
15 B CATHODE NO. 1 B ANODE NO. 1
16 A CATHODE NO. 1 A ANODE NO. 1
17 G CATHODE NO. 1 G ANODE NO. 1
18 F CATHODE NO. 1 F ANODE NO. 1
NOTES:
1. ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES (INCHES).
2. ALL UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS ARE FOR REFERENCE ONLY.
3. REDUNDANT ANODES.
4. REDUNDANT CATHODES.
5. FOR HDSP-5600/-5700 SERIES PRODUCT ONLY.
4
Internal Circuit Diagram
Absolute Maximum Ratings

AlGaAs Red HER Yellow Green
HDSP-H150 HDSP-5500 HDSP-5700 HDSP-5600
Description Series Series Series Series Units
Average Power per Segment or DP 96 105 80 105 mW
[1] [3] [5] [7]
Peak Forward Current per Segment or DP 160 90 60 90 mA
DC Forward Current per Segment or DP 40[2] 30[4] 20[6] 3018]
Operating Temperature Range -20 to +100[9] -40 to +100 C
Storage Temperature Range -55 to +100 C
Reverse Voltage* per Segment or DP 3.0 V
Wavesoldering Temperature for 3 Seconds 250 C
(1.60 mm [0.063 in.] below body)
* Reverse Voltage is for LED testing purpose and not recommended to be used as application condition.
Notes:
1. See Figure 2 to establish pulsed conditions.
2. Derate above 46C at 0.54 mA/C.
5 See Figure 8 to establish pulsed conditions.
9. For operation below -20C, contact your local Avago components sales office or an authorized distributor.
5
Electrical/Optical Characteristics at TA = 25C
AlGaAs Red
Device
Series
HDSP- Parameter Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Units Test Conditions
[1,2,5]
Luminous Intensity/Segment IV 9.1 16.0 mcd IF = 20 mA
(Digit Average)
1.8 IF = 20 mA
Forward Voltage/Segment or DP VF V
2.0 3.0 IF = 100 mA
H15X
Peak Wavelength lPEAK 645 nm
Dominant Wavelength [3]
ld 637 nm
[4]
Reverse Voltage/Segment or DP VR 3.0 15 V IR = 100 A
Temperature Coefficient of VF/C -2 mV/C
VF /Segment or DP
Thermal Resistance LED Junction- RqJ-Pin 400 C/W/
to-Pin Seg
High Efficiency Red

Device
Series
900 2800 IF = 10 mA
Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2,6] IV cd
(Digit Average) 3700 IF = 60 mA Peak:
1 of 6 df
Forward Voltage/Segment or DP VF 2.1 2.5 V IF = 20 mA
55XX
Dominant Wavelength [3]
ld 626 nm
[4]
VF /Segment or DP
to-Pin Seg
6
Yellow
Device
Series
600 1800 IF = 10 mA
Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2] IV cd
(Digit Average) 2750 IF = 60 mA Peak:
1 of 6 df
57XX
Dominant Wavelength [3,7]
ld 581.5 586 592.5 nm
[4]
VF /Segment or DP
to-Pin Seg
High Performance Green

Device
Series
900 2500 IF = 10 mA
Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2] IV cd
(Digit Average)` 3100 IF = 60 mA Peak:
1 of 6 df
56XX
Dominant Wavelength [3,7]
ld 571 577 nm
[4]
Temperature Coefficient of VF /C -2 mV/C
VF /Segment or DP
to-Pin Seg
Notes:
1. Device case temperature is 25C prior to the intensity measurement.
2. The digits are categorized for luminous intensity. The intensity category is designated by a letter on the side of the package.
3. The dominant wavelength, ld, is derived from the CIE chromaticity diagram and is that single wavelength which defines the color of the device.
4. Typical specification for reference only. Do not exceed absolute maximum ratings.
5. For low current operation, the AlGaAs HDSP-H10X series displays are recommended. They are tested at 1 mA dc/segment and are pin for pin
compatible with the HDSP-H15X series.
6. For low current operation, the HER HDSP-555X series displays are recommended. They are tested at 2 mA dc/segment and are pin for pin com-
patible with the HDSP-550X series.
7. The Yellow (HDSP-5700) and Green (HDSP-5600) displays are categorized for dominant wavelength. The category is designated by a number
adjacent to the luminous intensity category letter.
7
AlGaAs Red
Figure 1. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. Pulse Figure 2. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. Pulse
Duration AlGaAs Red.
Duration Red.
IDC MAX. MAXIMUM DC CURRENT PER SEGMENT mA
50 160
RJ-A = 770 C/W IF FORWARD CURRENT PER SEGMENT mA
45
AlGaAs RED 140
40
120
35
AlGaAs RED
30 100
25 80
20
60
15
10 40
5 20
0 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
TA AMBIENT TEMPERATURE C VF FORWARD VOLTAGE V
Figure 3. Maximum Allowable DC Current vs. Ambient Temperature. Figure 4. Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage.
2.00 1.4
PEAK NORMALIZED RELATIVE EFFICIENCY
1.75
RELATIVE LUMINOUS INTENSITY
(NORMALIZED TO 1 AT 20 mA)
1.50 1.2
1.25
1.00 1.0
AlGaAs RED
0.75
AlGaAs RED
0.50 0.8
0.25
0 0.6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.5 5.0 50.0 150.0
IF FORWARD CURRENT PER SEGMENT mA IPEAK PEAK FORWARD CURRENT

PER SEGMENT mA
Figure 5. Relative Luminous Intensity vs. DC Forward Current. Figure 6. Relative Efficiency (Luminous Intensity per
Unit Current) vs. Peak Current.
8
HER, Yellow, Green
Figure 7. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. Pulse Duration HER Figure 8. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. Pulse Duration Yel-
low.
Figure 9. Maximum Tolerable Peak Current vs. Figure 10. Maximum Allowable DC Current vs. Ambient
Pulse Duration Green. Temperature.
90 1.6
(NORMALIZED TO 1 AT 10 mA PER SEGMENT)
IF FORWARD CURRENT PER SEGMENT mA
4.0 YELLOW SERIES

GREEN SERIES
80 1.5
3.5
RELATIVE LUMINOUS INTENSITY
HER SERIES,
1.4
hV RELATIVE EFFICIENCY
70 ORANGE SERIES
(NORMALIZED AT 10 mA)
3.0
1.3
60
2.5 GREEN SERIES
YELLOW SERIES 1.2
50
HER SERIES, 2.0 1.1
40 ORANGE HER, YELLOW,
SERIES 1.5 GREEN 1.0
30
0.9
1.0
20 0.8
0.5
10 0.7
0
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.6
1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
IF DC FORWARD CURRENT mA
VF FORWARD VOLTAGE V IPEAK PEAK FORWARD CURRENT
PER SEGMENT mA
Figure 11. Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage. Figure 12. Relative Luminous Intensity vs. DC Figure 13. Relative Efficiency (Luminous Inten-
Forward Current. sity per Unit Current) vs. Peak Current.
9
Electrical/Optical Yellow
For more information on electrical/optical characteristics, HDSP-570x/572x
please see Application Note 1005. IV Bin Category Min. Max.
D 0.61 1.11
Contrast Enhancement
E 0.91 1.67
For information on contrast enhancement please see Ap-
F 1.37 2.51
plication Note 1015.
G 2.05 3.76
Soldering/Cleaning
H 3.08 5.64
Cleaning agents from the ketone family (acetone, methyl I 4.62 8.64
ethyl ketone, etc.) and from the chlorinated hydrocarbon
J 6.93 12.70
family (methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, carbon
tetrachloride, etc.) are not recommended for cleaning LED K 10.39 19.04
parts. All of these various solvents attack or dissolve the
encapsulating epoxies used to form the package of plastic Green
LED parts.
HDSP-560x/562x
For information on soldering LEDs please refer to Ap- IV Bin Category Min. Max.
plication Note 1027.
E 0.91 1.67
F 1.37 2.51
Intensity Bin Limits (mcd) G 2.05 3.76
AlGaAs Red H 3.08 5.64
HDSP-H15x I 4.61 8.46
IV Bin Category Min. Max.
K 9.20 16.90
L 13.80 25.30 Color Categories
M 20.70 38.00
N 31.10 56.90 Dominant Wavelength (nm)
O 46.60 85.40 Color Bin Min. Max.
Yellow 1 581.50 585.00
HER 3 584.00 587.50
HDSP-550x/552x 2 586.50 590.00
IV Bin Category Min. Max. 4 589.00 592.50
E 0.91 1.67 Green 2 573.00 577.00
F 1.37 2.51 3 570.00 574.00
G 2.05 3.76 4 567.00 571.00
H 3.08 5.64 5 564.00 568.00
I 4.62 8.64
Note:
J 6.93 12.70 All categories are established for classification of products. Products
may not be available in all categories. Please contact your Avago repre-
K 10.39 19.04 sentatives for further clarification/information.
For product information and a complete list of distributors, please go to our web site: www.avagotech.com
Avago, Avago Technologies, and the A logo are trademarks of Avago Technologies in the United States and other countries.
Data subject to change. Copyright 2005-2015 Avago Technologies. All rights reserved. Obsoletes 5988-4273EN
AV02-1107EN - May 26, 2015
A7800 SERIES
POSITIVE-VOLTAGE REGULATORS
SLVS056J MAY 1976 REVISED MAY 2003
D 3-Terminal Regulators D High Power-Dissipation Capability

D Output Current up to 1.5 A D Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting
D Internal Thermal-Overload Protection D Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation
KC (TO-220) PACKAGE KTE PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW) (TOP VIEW)
COMMON
OUTPUT
COMMON
COMMON OUTPUT
INPUT
COMMON
KCS (TO-220) PACKAGE INPUT
(TOP VIEW)
COMMON
OUTPUT
COMMON
INPUT
description/ordering information
This series of fixed-voltage integrated-circuit voltage regulators is designed for a wide range of applications.
These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with
single-point regulation. Each of these regulators can deliver up to 1.5 A of output current. The internal
current-limiting and thermal-shutdown features of these regulators essentially make them immune to overload.
In addition to use as fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain
adjustable output voltages and currents, and also can be used as the power-pass element in precision
regulators.
ORDERING INFORMATION
VO(NOM) ORDERABLE TOP-SIDE
TJ PACKAGE
(V) PART NUMBER MARKING
POWER-FLEX (KTE) Reel of 2000 A7805CKTER A7805C
5 TO-220 (KC) Tube of 50 A7805CKC
A7805C
TO-220, short shoulder (KCS) Tube of 20 A7805CKCS
A7808C
10
TO-220 (KC) Tube of 50 A7810CKC A7810C
0C to 125C
A7812C
A7815C
24
TO-220 (KC) Tube of 50
A7824C A7824CKC
Package drawings, standard packing quantities, thermal data, symbolization, and PCB design guidelines are available at
www.ti.com/sc/package.
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright 2003, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1

A7800 SERIES
schematic
INPUT
OUTPUT
COMMON
absolute maximum ratings over virtual junction temperature range (unless otherwise noted)
Input voltage, VI: A7824C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 V
All others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 V
Operating virtual junction temperature, TJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150C
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260C
Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65C to 150C
Stresses beyond those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under recommended operating conditions is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
package thermal data (see Note 1)

PACKAGE BOARD JC JA
POWER-FLEX (KTE) High K, JESD 51-5 3C/W 23C/W
TO-220 (KC/KCS) High K, JESD 51-5 3C/W 19C/W
NOTE 1: Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), JA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient
temperature is PD = (TJ(max) TA)/JA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150C can affect reliability.
2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

A7800 SERIES
recommended operating conditions

MIN MAX UNIT
A7805C 7 25
A7808C 10.5 25
A7810C 12.5 28
VI Input voltage V
A7812C 14.5 30
A7815C 17.5 30
A7824C 27 38
IO Output current 1.5 A
TJ Operating virtual junction temperature A7800C series 0 125 C
electrical characteristics at specified virtual junction temperature, VI = 10 V, IO = 500 mA (unless

otherwise noted)
A7805C
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS TJ UNIT
MIN TYP MAX
IO = 5 mA to 1 A,, VI = 7 V to 20 V,, 25C 4.8 5 5.2
Output voltage V
PD 15 W 0C to 125C 4.75 5.25
VI = 7 V to 25 V 3 100
Input voltage regulation 25C mV
VI = 8 V to 12 V 1 50
Ripple rejection VI = 8 V to 18 V, f = 120 Hz 0C to 125C 62 78 dB
IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 15 100
Output voltage regulation 25C mV
IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 5 50
Output resistance f = 1 kHz 0C to 125C 0.017
Temperature coefficient of output voltage IO = 5 mA 0C to 125C 1.1 mV/C
Output noise voltage f = 10 Hz to 100 kHz 25C 40 V
Dropout voltage IO = 1 A 25C 2 V
Bias current 25C 4.2 8 mA
VI = 7 V to 25 V 1.3
Bias current change 0C to
t 125C mA
IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5
Short-circuit output current 25C 750 mA
Peak output current 25C 2.2 A
Pulse-testing techniques maintain the junction temperature as close to the ambient temperature as possible. Thermal effects must be taken into
account separately. All characteristics are measured with a 0.33-F capacitor across the input and a 0.1-F capacitor across the output.

A7800 SERIES

otherwise noted)
A7808C
MIN TYP MAX
IO = 5 mA to 1 A,, VI = 10.5 V to 23 V,, 25C 7.7 8 8.3
Output voltage V
PD 15 W 0C to 125C 7.6 8.4
VI = 10.5 V to 25 V 6 160
VI = 11 V to 17 V 2 80
Ripple rejection VI = 11.5 V to 21.5 V, f = 120 Hz 0C to 125C 55 72 dB
IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 160
IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 80
VI = 10.5 V to 25 V 1
Bias current change 0C to 125C mA
IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5

otherwise noted)
A7810C
MIN TYP MAX
IO = 5 mA to 1 A,, VI = 12.5 V to 25 V,, 25C 9.6 10 10.4
Output voltage V
PD 15 W 0C to 125C 9.5 10 10.5
VI = 12.5 V to 28 V 7 200
VI = 14 V to 20 V 2 100
IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 200
IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 100
Temperature coefficient of output voltage IO = 5 mA 0C to 125C 1 mV/C
VI = 12.5 V to 28 V 1
IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5

A7800 SERIES

otherwise noted)
A7812C
MIN TYP MAX
IO = 5 mA to 1 A,, VI = 14.5 V to 27 V,, 25C 11.5 12 12.5
Output voltage V
PD 15 W 0C to 125C 11.4 12.6
VI = 14.5 V to 30 V 10 240
VI = 16 V to 22 V 3 120
IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 240
IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 120
VI = 14.5 V to 30 V 1
Bias current change 0C to
t 125C mA
IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5

otherwise noted)
A7815C
MIN TYP MAX
IO = 5 mA to 1 A,, VI = 17.5 V to 30 V,, 25C 14.4 15 15.6
Output voltage V
PD 15 W 0C to 125C 14.25 15.75
VI = 17.5 V to 30 V 11 300
VI = 20 V to 26 V 3 150
Ripple rejection VI = 18.5 V to 28.5 V, f = 120 Hz 0C to 125C 54 70 dB
IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 300
IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 150
VI = 17.5 V to 30 V 1
IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5

A7800 SERIES

otherwise noted)
A7824C
MIN TYP MAX
IO = 5 mA to 1 A,, VI = 27 V to 38 V,, 25C 23 24 25
Output voltage V
PD 15 W 0C to 125C 22.8 25.2
VI = 27 V to 38 V 18 480
VI = 30 V to 36 V 6 240
IO = 5 mA to 1.5 A 12 480
IO = 250 mA to 750 mA 4 240
VI = 27 V to 38 V 1
IO = 5 mA to 1 A 0.5

A7800 SERIES
APPLICATION INFORMATION
+V A78xx +VO
0.33 F 0.1 F
Figure 1. Fixed-Output Regulator
IN OUT
+ A78xx G
VI IL
COM
VO
Figure 2. Positive Regulator in Negative Configuration (VI Must Float)
Input A78xx Output
R1
IO
0.33 F 0.1 F
R2
VO +V )
xx )
NOTE A: The following formula is used when Vxx is the nominal output voltage (output to common) of the fixed regulator:
V xx
R1
I Q R2
Figure 3. Adjustable-Output Regulator
Input A78xx
R1
0.33 F VO(Reg)
Output
IO
IO = (VO/R1) + IO Bias Current
Figure 4. Current Regulator

A7800 SERIES
APPLICATION INFORMATION
1N4001
20-V Input A7815C VO = 15 V
0.33 F 0.1 F 1N4001
2 F 1 F 0.1 F
1N4001
20-V Input A7915C VO = 15 V
1N4001
Figure 5. Regulated Dual Supply
operation with a load common to a voltage of opposite polarity

In many cases, a regulator powers a load that is not connected to ground but, instead, is connected to a voltage
source of opposite polarity (e.g., operational amplifiers, level-shifting circuits, etc.). In these cases, a clamp
diode should be connected to the regulator output as shown in Figure 6. This protects the regulator from output
polarity reversals during startup and short-circuit operation.
+VI A78xx +VO

1N4001
or
Equivalent
VO
Figure 6. Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit
reverse-bias protection
Occasionally, the input voltage to the regulator can collapse faster than the output voltage. This can occur, for
example, when the input supply is crowbarred during an output overvoltage condition. If the output voltage is
greater than approximately 7 V, the emitter-base junction of the series-pass element (internal or external) could
break down and be damaged. To prevent this, a diode shunt can be used as shown in Figure 7.
VI A78xx +VO
Figure 7. Reverse-Bias-Protection Circuit

MECHANICAL DATA
MPFM001E OCTOBER 1994 REVISED JANUARY 2001
KTE (R-PSFM-G3) PowerFLEX PLASTIC FLANGE-MOUNT
0.375 (9,52) 0.080 (2,03)

0.365 (9,27) 0.070 (1,78)
0.360 (9,14) 0.050 (1,27)
0.350 (8,89) 0.040 (1,02)
0.220 (5,59) 0.010 (0,25) NOM
NOM
Thermal Tab
(See Note C)
0.360 (9,14)
0.295 (7,49)
0.350 (8,89)
NOM
0.320 (8,13)
0.420 (10,67)
0.310 (7,87)
0.410 (10,41)
1 3
0.025 (0,63)
Seating Plane
0.031 (0,79)
0.004 (0,10)
0.100 (2,54) 0.010 (0,25) M
0.005 (0,13)
0.200 (5,08)
0.001 (0,03)
0.041 (1,04)
0.010 (0,25) 0.031 (0,79)
NOM
Gage Plane
3 6
0.010 (0,25)
4073375/F 12/00
NOTES: A. All linear dimensions are in inches (millimeters).

B. This drawing is subject to change without notice.
C. The center lead is in electrical contact with the thermal tab.
D. Dimensions do not include mold protrusions, not to exceed 0.006 (0,15).
E. Falls within JEDEC MO-169
PowerFLEX is a trademark of Texas Instruments.

IMPORTANT NOTICE
Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications,
enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue
any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing
orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TIs terms
and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.
TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TIs standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI
deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all
parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for
their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with customer products
and applications, customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.
TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any TI patent right,
copyright, mask work right, or other TI intellectual property right relating to any combination, machine, or process
in which TI products or services are used. Information published by TI regarding third-party products or services
does not constitute a license from TI to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof.
Use of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property
of the third party, or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.
Reproduction of information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without
alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties, conditions, limitations, and notices. Reproduction
of this information with alteration is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for
such altered documentation.
Resale of TI products or services with statements different from or beyond the parameters stated by TI for that
product or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the associated TI product or service and
is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for any such statements.
Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application
solutions:
Products Applications
Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Audio www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Automotive www.ti.com/automotive
DSP dsp.ti.com Broadband www.ti.com/broadband
Interface interface.ti.com Digital Control www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Logic logic.ti.com Military www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt power.ti.com Optical Networking www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security
Telephony www.ti.com/telephony
Video & Imaging www.ti.com/video
Wireless www.ti.com/wireless
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments

Post Office Box 655303 Dallas, Texas 75265

TSOP17..
Vishay Semiconductors
Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems

Available types for different carrier frequencies
Type fo Type fo
TSOP1730 30 kHz TSOP1733 33 kHz
TSOP1736 36 kHz TSOP1737 36.7 kHz
TSOP1738 38 kHz TSOP1740 40 kHz
TSOP1756 56 kHz
Description
The TSOP17.. series are miniaturized receivers for
infrared remote control systems. PIN diode and
preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy
package is designed as IR filter.
The demodulated output signal can directly be
decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP17.. is the
standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting
all major transmission codes.
GND
VS OUT
94 8691
Features
D Photo detector and preamplifier in one package D Low power consumption
D Internal filter for PCM frequency D High immunity against ambient light
D Improved shielding against electrical field D Continuous data transmission possible
disturbance (up to 2400 bps)
D TTL and CMOS compatibility D Suitable burst length 10 cycles/burst
D Output active low
Block Diagram
2
VS
Input Control
Circuit
80 k W
3
OUT
PIN
Band Demodu-
AGC Pass lator
1
GND
94 8136
Document Number 82030 www.vishay.com

Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01 1 (7)
TSOP17..
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Tamb = 25_C
Parameter Test Conditions Symbol Value Unit
Supply Voltage (Pin 2) VS 0.3...6.0 V
Supply Current (Pin 2) IS 5 mA
Output Voltage (Pin 3) VO 0.3...6.0 V
Output Current (Pin 3) IO 5 mA
Junction Temperature Tj 100 C
Storage Temperature Range Tstg 25...+85 C
Operating Temperature Range Tamb 25...+85 C
Power Consumption (Tamb x 85 C) Ptot 50 mW
Soldering Temperature tx 10 s, 1 mm from case Tsd 260 C
Basic Characteristics
Tamb = 25_C
Parameter Test Conditions Symbol Min Typ Max Unit
Supply
y Current ((Pin 2)) VS = 5 V, Ev = 0 ISD 0.4 0.6 1.5 mA
VS = 5 V, Ev = 40 klx, sunlight ISH 1.0 mA
Supply Voltage (Pin 2) VS 4.5 5.5 V
Transmission Distance Ev = 0, test signal see fig.7, d 35 m
IR diode TSAL6200, IF = 400 mA
Output Voltage Low (Pin 3) IOSL = 0.5 mA,Ee = 0.7 mW/m2, VOSL 250 mV
f = fo, tp/T = 0.4
Irradiance (30 40 kHz) Pulse width tolerance: Ee min 0.35 0.5 mW/m2
tpi 5/fo < tpo < tpi + 6/fo,
test signal (see fig.7)
Irradiance (56 kHz) Pulse width tolerance: Ee min 0.4 0.6 mW/m2
tpi 5/fo < tpo < tpi + 6/fo,
test signal (see fig.7)
Irradiance tpi 5/fo < tpo < tpi + 6/fo Ee max 30 W/m2
Directivity Angle of half transmission distance 1/2 45 deg
Application Circuit
100 W *) +5V
2
TSOP17.. m
4.7 F *)
>10 kW
optional
TSAL62..
3
Out mC
**)
1 GND
96 12108
*) recommended to suppress power supply disturbances

**) The output voltage should not be hold continuously at a voltage below 3.3V by the external circuit.
www.vishay.com Document Number 82030

2 (7) Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01
TSOP17..
Suitable Data Format
The circuit of the TSOP17.. is designed in that way that Some examples for suitable data format are:
unexpected output pulses due to noise or disturbance NEC Code, Toshiba Micom Format, Sharp Code, RC5
signals are avoided. A bandpassfilter, an integrator Code, RC6 Code, R2000 Code, Sony Format
stage and an automatic gain control are used to (SIRCS).
suppress such disturbances.
The distinguishing mark between data signal and When a disturbance signal is applied to the TSOP17..
disturbance signal are carrier frequency, burst length it can still receive the data signal. However the
and duty cycle. sensitivity is reduced to that level that no unexpected
The data signal should fullfill the following condition: pulses will occure.
Carrier frequency should be close to center
frequency of the bandpass (e.g. 38kHz). Some examples for such disturbance signals which
are suppressed by the TSOP17.. are:
Burst length should be 10 cycles/burst or longer.
After each burst which is between 10 cycles and 70 DC light (e.g. from tungsten bulb or sunlight)
cycles a gap time of at least 14 cycles is neccessary.
For each burst which is longer than 1.8ms a Continuous signal at 38kHz or at any other
corresponding gap time is necessary at some time in frequency
the data stream. This gap time should have at least
same length as the burst.
Signals from fluorescent lamps with electronic
Up to 1400 short bursts per second can be received ballast (an example of the signal modulation is in the
continuously. figure below).
0 5 10 15 20
time [ms]
IR Signal from Fluorescent Lamp with low Modulation

Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01 3 (7)
TSOP17..
Typical Characteristics (Tamb = 25_C unless otherwise specified)
1.0
Ee min Threshold Irradiance ( mW/m2 )

2.0
/e E Rel. Responsitivity
0.8 f ( E ) = f0
1.6
0.6
1.2
0.4
0.8
0.2
"5%
min
f = f0 0.4
eE
Df ( 3 dB ) = f0 / 10
0.0 0.0
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
94 8143 f / f0 Relative Frequency 94 8147 E Field Strength of Disturbance ( kV / m )
Figure 1. Frequency Dependence of Responsivity Figure 4. Sensitivity vs. Electric Field Disturbances
1.0 10
Ee min Threshold Irradiance ( mW/m2 )
0.9 f = f0
tpo Output Pulse Length (ms)
0.8 1 kHz
0.7 Input burst duration
0.6 10 kHz
0.5 1
l = 950 nm,
0.4 optical test signal, fig.7
0.3
0.2 100 Hz
0.1
0 0.1
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
96 12110 Ee Irradiance ( mW/m2 ) 94 9106 DVs RMS AC Voltage on DC Supply Voltage ( mV )
Figure 2. Sensitivity in Dark Ambient Figure 5. Sensitivity vs. Supply Voltage Disturbances
5.0 1.0
E e min Threshold Irradiance (mW/m2 )
E e min Threshold Irradiance (mW/m2 )
^
4.5 Correlation with ambient light sources 0.9
( Disturbance effect ) : 10W/m2 1.4 klx
4.0 ( Stand.illum.A, T = 2855 K ) 8.2 klx^ 0.8
Sensitivity in dark ambient
3.5 ( Daylight, T = 5900 K ) 0.7

3.0 0.6
2.5 0.5
2.0 0.4
Ambient, l = 950 nm
1.5 0.3
1.0 0.2
0.5 0.1
0 0
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
96 12111 E DC Irradiance (W/m2) 96 12112 Tamb Ambient Temperature ( C )
Figure 3. Sensitivity in Bright Ambient Figure 6. Sensitivity vs. Ambient Temperature

4 (7) Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01
TSOP17..
Optical Test Signal
Ee (IR diode TSAL6200, IF = 0.4 A, 30 pulses, f = f0, T = 10 ms) 1.0
T on ,Toff Output Pulse Length (ms)

0.9
0.8
Ton
t 0.7
tpi * 0.6
0.5
T
* tpi w 10/fo is recommended for optimal function 0.4 Toff
0.3
Output Signal 16110 0.2 l = 950 nm,
VO optical test signal, fig.8
1) 0.1
"
VOH 7/f0 < td < 15/f0
2) tpo = tpi 6/f0 0
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 10000.0
VOL
t 96 12114 Ee Irradiance (mW/m2)
td1 ) tpo2
)
Figure 7. Output Function Figure 10. Output Pulse Diagram
Optical Test Signal
Ee 1.0
0.9
Vs = 5 V
0.8
I s Supply Current ( mA )
t 0.7
600 ms 600 ms
0.6
T = 60 ms 0.5
0.4
94 8134
0.3
Output Signal, ( see Fig.10 ) 0.2
VO
0.1
VOH
0
VOL 30 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Ton Toff t 96 12115 Tamb Ambient Temperature ( C )
Figure 8. Output Function Figure 11. Supply Current vs. Ambient Temperature
0.9 1.2
S ( l ) rel Relative Spectral Sensitivity
0.8
1.0
0.7
Envelope Duty Cycle
0.6 0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.3 0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 750 850 950 1050 1150
16155 Burstlength [number of cycles/burst] 94 8408 l Wavelength ( nm )
Figure 9. Max. Envelope Duty Cycle vs. Burstlength Figure 12. Relative Spectral Sensitivity vs. Wavelength

Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01 5 (7)
TSOP17..
0 10 20 0 10 20
30 30
40 40
1.0 1.0
0.9 50 0.9 50
0.8 60 0.8 60
70 70
0.7 0.7
80 80
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
95 11339p2 drel Relative Transmission Distance 95 11340p2 drel Relative Transmission Distance
Figure 13. Vertical Directivity y Figure 14. Horizontal Directivity x
Dimensions in mm
96 12116

6 (7) Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01
TSOP17..
Ozone Depleting Substances Policy Statement
It is the policy of Vishay Semiconductor GmbH to
1. Meet all present and future national and international statutory requirements.
2. Regularly and continuously improve the performance of our products, processes, distribution and operating
systems with respect to their impact on the health and safety of our employees and the public, as well as their
impact on the environment.
It is particular concern to control or eliminate releases of those substances into the atmosphere which are known as
ozone depleting substances ( ODSs ).
The Montreal Protocol ( 1987 ) and its London Amendments ( 1990 ) intend to severely restrict the use of ODSs and
forbid their use within the next ten years. Various national and international initiatives are pressing for an earlier ban
on these substances.
Vishay Semiconductor GmbH has been able to use its policy of continuous improvements to eliminate the use of
ODSs listed in the following documents.
1. Annex A, B and list of transitional substances of the Montreal Protocol and the London Amendments respectively
2 . Class I and II ozone depleting substances in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 by the Environmental
Protection Agency ( EPA ) in the USA
3. Council Decision 88/540/EEC and 91/690/EEC Annex A, B and C ( transitional substances ) respectively.
Vishay Semiconductor GmbH can certify that our semiconductors are not manufactured with ozone depleting
substances and do not contain such substances.
We reserve the right to make changes to improve technical design and may do so without further notice.
Parameters can vary in different applications. All operating parameters must be validated for each customer application
by the customer. Should the buyer use Vishay-Semiconductors products for any unintended or unauthorized application, the
buyer shall indemnify Vishay-Semiconductors against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, arising out of, directly or
indirectly, any claim of personal damage, injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use.
Vishay Semiconductor GmbH, P.O.B. 3535, D-74025 Heilbronn, Germany

Telephone: 49 ( 0 ) 7131 67 2831, Fax number: 49 ( 0 ) 7131 67 2423

Rev. 10, 02-Apr-01 7 (7)

Vicky PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Vicky PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[Educational Service : SNR Sons Charitable Trust]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISITORS COUNTERS USING CD4026

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISITORS COUNTERS USING CD4026

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

This project is prepared by

CLASS: III YEAR, B.E(EEE) SECTION: B SEMESTER: V

Submitted for the Project demo session held on 13/10/2016

We convey our deepest gratitude and thanks to our Director (Academics)

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our beloved Principal

We wish to convey our special thanks to our Academic Coordinator

We would like to express our utmost gratitude to the MINI-PROJECT on

Here is a this circuit comprising a transmitter and a receiver can count up to 99

SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO

SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO

Visitor counter is based on popularly known 4026 decade counter and

NAME QUANTITY PRICE

IC 555 timer is a well-known component in the electronic circles but

IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and is

Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digital-electronics. The output (Q) of the

Function of different Pins:-

CENTRE TAPPED TRANSFORMER:

In electronics, a center tap (CT) is a contact made to a point halfway along a

The internal process is the same, which is when an alternating current is

When an additional wire is connected

Centre Tapped Transformer

Working of this transformer

Difference between a Normal and a Center Tapped Transformer

The primary difference that is evident here is that a normal transformer

The 4000 series is a family of industry-

BUFFERED CMOS TWO-I/O NOR GATE

Example common 4000 series chips

4001 - Quad 2-input NOR gate

Resistors are common elements of electrical

Series and parallel resistors

The total resistance of

The total resistance of resistors connected in parallel is the reciprocal of the

For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in

A resistor network that is a combination of

Working Principle of Diode

In a PN junction diode when the

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:

Working principle of light emitting diode

Where h is Planck constant. Again velocity of electromagnetic

radiation. Hence from equation (1) so we have seen that wavelength of

Application of LED or Light Emitting Diode

In motorcycle and bicycle lights.

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

A seven-segment display (SSD), or seven-segment indicator, is a form

4.4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:-

7805 IC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Regulated Power Supply Circuit

PIN NO. PIN DESCRIPTION

In the circuit diagram C2 as well as C3 are filter

1 C1 Capacitor 0.1 mfd

5 U1 Positive dc regulator 7805

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,

Like a battery, a capacitor has two terminals. Inside the

Common in antique radio equipment, paper dielectric and aluminum foil