NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION

LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES DIVISION

SHOTGUN HANDLING TECHNIQUES

CONTENTS:

A. General Overview 3

B. Safe Handling 3

C. Cruiser Carry Conditions 5

D. Chambering 10

E. Reloading 11

F. Malfunctions & Immediate Action 16

G. Photographs: Slinging, Unslinging, Transitions 19

Edition 6.1 Copyright 2006 by NRA

 Shotgun Handling Techniques

A. GENERAL OVERVIEW
The shotgun is one of the most infrequently used items of emergency
equipment, but when required, the officer must possess the skills to use it
safely and effectively.
Firearm Instructors must ensure that shotgun techniques are trained-in
through repetition. Officers must have thorough knowledge concerning use
and deployment of the law enforcement shotgun and have the proper skills and
abilities to effectively use their shotgun. This includes being proficient in
loading, unloading, reloading, shotgun firing positions, exchanging shell
types, transition drills, and clearing stoppages.
In short, shotgun training must be designed to produce the same level of
proficiency and knowledge as handgun training.

B. SAFE HANDLING
While there are major system differences between
pump action and semi-automatic shotguns, many
basic functions are similar. These include trigger
use, safety button use, magazine tube operation,
chambering or extracting rounds, sighting
methods, etc.
Additionally, there are a number of system
differences in regards to the release and operation
of the shell carrier, the device that carries a round
from the magazine tube up into the chamber area.
We will describe the general handling features for This shooter tactically reloaded his
shotgun while keeping his finger off the
the standard law enforcement pump shotgun.
trigger, his muzzle back from the
While described for the pump action shotgun, the forward edge of cover, while keeping an
semi-automatic shotgun mechanism is very eye on the threat. His partner covered
similar. the threat area after he communicated he
The main difference is the use of the bolt handle was reloading.
to cycle the action when manually chambering or
extracting a shell from the chamber instead of using the forearm to cycle the
action of the pump action shotgun.
Check with the manufacturers owners manual for the recommended loading,
unloading, handling, and firing instructions for the particular shotgun you are
using.

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1. General Safety Practices:

a. Action Open & the Chamber, Receiver, & Magazine Tube Empty: Open the
action and verify that the chamber, receiver, and magazine tube are empty. Check
both visually and physically.
b. Safety "On": Make sure the safety is "on" if the mechanism allows.
c. Sling Muzzle Down: Sling on Support Side with the muzzle DOWN
d. Two Safety Checks: Trigger Finger is kept out of the trigger guard and held
straight along the receiver, and Muzzle Discipline, pointing in the safest direction
possible.
e. Controlled Loading, Unloading, Checking Position:
These positions are used to load, unload, and check
the shotgun.
1) Shoulder Ready Position: The shotguns butt is
in the shoulder with the barrel angled down
approximately 45 degrees and the muzzle is
pointed in the safest direction. This is an excellent
position for reloading and clearing stoppages, Shoulder Ready
among other tasks.
2) High Tuck: The butt can also be dismounted and
the stock placed under the armpit with the barrel
still angled down for a stronger position to
perform the tasks.
Notes:
Safe Loading Areas ?: There are relatively few
safe impact zones in the urban environment. An
alternative to the above positions is muzzle High Tuck
up where the shooting hand holds the shotgun
vertically in front of the body, with the muzzle
pointing up and well above the head. This position can be used for loading
or unloading in locations where muzzle down is impractical.
f. Safe Movement: Officers must be taught how to
move safely on a range and on the street. Officers
may move with the shotgun in a shoulder ready
position with the muzzle pointed down to the
ground, or in a safety circle position.

The lead officer on the right has the shotgun

in a shoulder ready position, and his partner
moves behind him in a safety circle position.

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C. CRUISER CARRY CONDITIONS

The procedures discussed here are for types of Pump Action
Shotguns, which are commonly found in the law enforcement field.
There are a number of shotgun action types, both pump action and
semi-automatic, with different design features. Depending on your
shotgun's mechanism, these procedures may not be correct.
In all cases, you must consult the manufacturer's owners manual
and any other manufacturer training information for their
recommendations.
1. Generally Accepted Cruiser Carry Conditions:
Two types of "cruiser" conditions exist with the pump and semi-
automatic shotguns. They are referred to as:
a. Cruiser Safe Condition
Safety is ON, Chamber is Empty, Action is Closed and Locked (bolt
forward and hammer cocked) and Magazine Tube is Loaded.
Two steps required to chamber a round: with the Safety ON, press the
Action Release and rack the Fore-end.
b. Cruiser Ready Condition
Safety is ON, Chamber is Empty, Action is Closed and Unlocked (bolt
forward and trigger pulled to drop the hammer) and Magazine Tube
Loaded.
One step required to chamber a round; with the Safety ON, rack the
Fore-end.
Notes:
Choose one system for your department. Select either the
Cruiser Safe or Cruiser Ready Condition, and train your
personnel thoroughly.
You must understand the mechanical functions that are
being performed and the procedures for safely loading,
unloading and returning the shotgun to the condition you
are using.
2. Cruiser Safe Condition: The following techniques are used for
the loading, unloading, and returning to Cruiser Safe Condition.
a. Loading to Cruiser Safe Condition: Take the following
steps to place a shotgun in the Cruiser Safe Condition.

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1) Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that

the Safety is On and remember Trigger Finger and
Muzzle Discipline.
NOTE: Push the Safety On - It is recommended that the
safety always be On unless use is imminent
During all NRA schools the Safety must be On
and used throughout the school
2) Unload: Unload the shotgun or make sure it is Unloaded by
checking both Visually and Physically.
3) Close Action: Bring the bolt forward slowly to close the action.
Ensure the chamber is empty by watching as the bolt goes forward.
4) Fill Magazine: Insert the proper shells into the magazine tube until
it is fully loaded. Make sure that each shell is pushed fully past the
Shell Stops and into the magazine tube.
Some departments load one less round than the magazine tube
holds. This allows officers to switch one type of shell for another
without having to first remove one round from the full magazine
tube.
b. Returning to Cruiser Safe Condition: If the shotgun was deployed
and a round was loaded in the chamber, return it to the Cruiser Safe
Condition before placing it back in a police vehicle by following these
steps:
1) Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that the Safety is
On and remember Trigger Finger and Muzzle Discipline.
2) Ease the Action Open: Release the action and ease the slide back
slowly to open the bolt. Remove the round from the chamber and
the round from the shell Carrier if one has been released from the
Magazine Tube. Visually check the chamber and receiver area for
any rounds.
3) Close Action: Close the bolt slowly and watch to make sure a
round is not fed into the empty chamber.
4) Reload Magazine Tube: Reinsert any shells you removed from the
shotgun into the magazine tube.
5) Chamber Recheck: Ease the slide back to open the bolt slightly so
that you can Visually and Physically check that a round is not
chambered. Then close the bolt, watching to see that the bolt closes
on an empty chamber.

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c. Unloading from Cruiser Safe Condition: Follow these

steps for fully unloading a pump action or semi-automatic
shotgun loaded in the Cruiser Safe Condition that does not
have a round loaded in the chamber.
1) Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that
the Safety is On and remember Trigger Finger and
Muzzle Discipline.
2) Release Action - Pull Slide Back - Check Empty
Chamber: Slowly open the bolt to make sure that the
chamber is empty.
3) Unload the Magazine: Depending on the operating
system, leave the action open or close it and push the
Shell Carrier up into the receiver. Then use your fingers
to depress the Shell Stop(s) and catch each shell as it
comes out of the Magazine Tube. Unload one shell at a
time, secure it and go for the next shell, until the
magazine tube is empty.
You should not unload the magazine Tube by repeatedly
racking the action. By doing so, you have no control of
where the rounds fall, rounds may be damaged and there
is a remote chance that a round will fall primer down on
an object which will ignite the primer and cause the
round to go off.
4) Visually & Physically Check: Check the Chamber,
Receiver and Magazine Tube to ensure that there are no
rounds in the shotgun.
5) Secure the Unloaded Shotgun: Secure the Unloaded
Shotgun in a safe and secure location.
3. Cruiser Ready Condition: The following techniques are used
for the loading, unloading and returning to Cruiser Ready
Condition.
a. Loading to Cruiser Ready Condition:
1) Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that
the Safety is On and remember Trigger Finger and
Muzzle Discipline.
2) Unload: Unload the shotgun or make sure it is unloaded
both Visually and Physically.

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3) Close Action: Bring the bolt forward slowly to close the

action. Make sure that the chamber is empty by
watching as the bolt goes forward.
4) Drop Hammer: Ensuring that the muzzle is still in a
safe direction, push the safety to the Off position and
press the trigger.
The hammer will fall, which will Unlock a pump
shotgun's action so it is ready to instantly chamber a shell.
This will not be required on some shotgun types.
5) Safety On: It is recommended that the Safety always be
On for extra safety. During all NRA schools the Safety
must be On and used throughout the school
Press the safety back to the On position. Some shotguns
will not allow you to have the Safety On when the
hammer is down and action unlocked. For these weapons
Cruiser Safe Condition is recommended.
6) Fill Magazine: Insert rounds into the magazine
tube until fully loaded. Make sure that each shell is
pushed fully past the Shell Stops and into the
magazine tube.
Some departments load one less round than the
magazine tube holds. This allows officers to switch
one type of shell for another without having to first
remove one round from the full magazine tube. Loading is accomplished
b. Unloading from Cruiser Ready Condition: with the support hand

1) Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that

the Safety is On and remember Trigger Finger and
Muzzle Discipline.
2) Pull Slide Back and Check Empty Chamber: Slowly
open the bolt to make sure that the chamber is empty.
3) Unload the Magazine: Depending on the operating
system, leave the action open or close it and push the
Shell Carrier up into the receiver. Then use your fingers
to depress the Shell Stop(s) and catch each shell as it
comes out of the Magazine Tube. Unload one shell at a
time, secure it and go for the next shell, until the
magazine tube is empty.

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You should not unload the magazine Tube by repeatedly racking

the action. By doing so, you have no control of where the
rounds fall, rounds may be damaged and there is a remote
chance that a round will fall primer down on an object which
will ignite the primer and cause the round to explode.
4) Visually & Physically Check: Check the Chamber, Receiver
and Magazine Tube to ensure that there are no rounds in the
shotgun.
5) Secure the Unloaded Shotgun: Secure the Unloaded Shotgun
in a safe and secure location.
c. Return to Cruiser Ready Condition: With a shell chambered and
the situation clear, you can now return the shotgun to the Cruiser
Ready Condition.
1) Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that the Safety
is On and remember Trigger Finger and Muzzle Discipline.
2) Ease the Action Open: Release the action and ease the slide
back slowly to open the bolt. Remove the round from the
chamber and the round from the shell Carrier if one has been
released from the Magazine Tube. Visually check the chamber
and receiver area for any rounds.
3) Close Action: Bring the bolt forward slowly to close the action.
Make sure that the chamber is empty by watching as the bolt
goes forward.
4) Reload Magazine Tube: Reinsert any shells you removed from
the shotgun into the magazine tube.
5) Chamber Recheck: Ease the slide back to open the bolt slightly
so that you can Visually and Physically check that a round is not
chambered. Then close the bolt, watching to see that the bolt
closes on an empty chamber.
6) Drop Hammer: Ensuring that the muzzle is still in a safe
direction, push the safety to the Off position and press the trigger.
The hammer will fall, which will Unlock a pump shotgun's action
so it is ready to instantly chamber a shell. This will not be
required on some shotgun types. Reset the safety to on, and
visually check.
The shotgun has been returned to the Cruiser Ready Condition.

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NOTES:
Over 99% of the time shotguns are removed from cruisers,
they are not fired. Firearm Instructors must ensure that
officers are fully trained and efficient in returning their
shotgun to Cruiser Safe or Cruiser Ready Condition. An
excellent training method is to use dummy rounds and dry
practice the techniques thoroughly.
When returning to Cruiser Ready Condition after having
chambering a round, officers must be extremely careful to
ensure the hammer is dropped on an empty chamber to unlock
the action. Be sure to reset the safety to the on position.

CRUISER SAFE CRUISER READY

Safety ON Safety ON

Chamber is Empty Chamber is Empty

Action is Closed and LOCKED Action is Closed and UNLOCKED

Magazine Tube is Loaded Magazine Tube is Loaded

TO CHAMBER A ROUND
Press Action Release
& Just Rack
Rack

D. CHAMBERING
1. Chamber When Deployed: Like your Duty Handgun, once it is
removed from the cruiser, the shotgun should be fully loaded
with a round in the chamber. There may be times when an
officer does not wish to immediately chamber a round, such as
while standing by a Command Post awaiting assignment, but at
all other times the weapon should be loaded and ready to fire if
necessary.
Instructors should be aware that some schools of thought
believe that a round should not be chambered until actual firing
of the shotgun is imminent. This is based partially on increasing
safety and the idea that adversaries can be psychologically
scared into compliance when they hear the aggressive

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racking of the slide. However, since action is faster than

reaction, officers place their lives at great risk because they
cannot physically chamber a round and fire it accurately before
an adversary fires his weapon at the officer. This practice also
assumes that an adversary knows what the sound of a racking
slide is and that they fear an officer with a pump shotgun.
2. Safety Status Check: Always double check and make sure that
the Safety is On when removing the shotgun from the cruiser for
deployment, unless you are instantly going to fire.
The shotgun should be carried with the Safety On, but ready to
be instantly pushed Off. For right-handed shooters the Trigger
Finger tip rests on the safety button.
For left handed shooters, the Shooting Hands finger slips
around and under the trigger guard, with the middle or ring
finger tip resting on the safety button. Once the safety is pushed
off, the hand instantly slips back into position. Left handed
shooters must be extremely careful to keep their fingers out of
the trigger guard as the hand slips around and back when
manipulating the safety button. .
3. Chamber with Authority: When chambering a pump action
shotgun rack the slide forcefully. If not a stoppage, failure to
feed, or failure to eject condition may develop.

E. RELOADING
Reload the shotgun whenever the situation allows. Ideally,
ammunition will be replenished during a lull in the action and
behind cover, if available. The Shooting Hand controls the shotgun,
while the Support Hand handles and loads the rounds.
During reloading you must keep your eyes on the threat(s). The
shotgun can be held in either a firing position or lowered to a ready
position with the butt still in the shoulder. You can also lower the
shotgun and place the stock under the armpit to bring the shotgun
into the body and increase control (this method aids smaller
shooters in gaining leverage of the shotgun while loading).
1. Empty Gun Ejection Port Reloading:
a. Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun, ensure that the
Safety is On and remember Trigger Finger and Muzzle
Discipline.

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b. Open Action: The bolt is opened when empty. For a pump

action shotgun the slide is pulled back opening the action. The
bolt on semi-automatic shotguns should lock open when empty.
c. Cradle Round in Support Hand:
1) Right Handed: Round cupped in Support Hand fingers
with brass end either to the front or rear.
2) Left Handed: Round cupped in Support Hand fingers
with brass end on index finger (touch index).
d. Insert Round into Ejection Port:
1) Right Handed Shooter: It depends on how the round is
positioned in the hand. The hand can either go under or
over the receiver and slaps the round into the ejection port.
If the brass end is touching the little finger, the Support
Hand goes under the receiver and rolls the shell into the
ejection port. If the brass end is touching the thumb, the
Support Hand goes over top of the receiver and rolls it
into the ejection port while the strong hand cants the
shotgun so that the ejection port is angled up.

2) Left Handed Shooter: The round is

cupped in the Support Hand with the
brass end toward the thumb. The hand
goes to the receiver's side and lays the
round into the ejection port.

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e. Close Action: The Action is closed to chamber the round

and the shotgun is ready to fire if necessary. If firing is not
immediately necessary, load the magazine tube.
f. Load Magazine: Once a round is inserted into the chamber
the magazine should be fully loaded if ammunition is
available.
2. Tactical Reloading: During a Tactical Reload,
the Shotgun is held in a shoulder mounted
firing position by the strong hand while the
support hand loads additional rounds into the
magazine tube. With the shotgun kept in a
firing position, it can be fired at any point
during the loading process.
a. Two Safety Checks: Control the Shotgun,
ensure that the Safety is On and remember
Trigger Finger and Muzzle Discipline.
b. Grip the Round: The round is picked up and
held between the support hands thumb and
first two fingers with the crimp end pointing
straight forward.
c. Insert Round into Magazine: The round's
crimp end is started into the loading port and This shooter maintains his stock
position and continues to view
pushes up the carrier as the thumb repositions
the threat area while performing
against the shell's base end, with two fingers a tactical reload.
holding the shell's body in the loading port.

The thumb pushes the shell into the

magazine tube, making sure it goes all
the way into the magazine tube before
being released. Continue loading as
many rounds as necessary until the
magazine is full.

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3. Selective Loading:
There are times when you may need to change the type of round
you are firing under tactical conditions. For instance, due to
distance changes or a suspect using cover, you may wish to
change from Buckshot to Slugs. To do this quickly, the shotgun
cannot be unloaded and reloaded in the standard manner.
As mentioned in the previous sections, some agencies load
down by one round when filling magazine tubes to allow quick
loading of individual selected new rounds. It must be
remembered, however, that if you have a standard magazine
tube holding 4 rounds, downloading to 3 shells reduces available
ammunition by 25%.
a. Magazine Tube not Loaded to Capacity:
1) Insert New Shell into Magazine Tube
2) Open the Action: Release the action and open the bolt if
another shell is already chambered. This will not be
necessary if the shotgun was in Cruiser Ready Condition
(action UNLOCKED and the chamber empty). Close the
Action to chamber the selected round.
3) Insert Additional New Rounds: If you have loaded one
round of a particular type, you will probably need two.
To be ready you should place another new round into the
magazine tube.
b. Magazine Tube Fully Loaded:
1) Cycle the action and insert the selected round into the
magazine tube. Cycle the action a second time to
chamber the selected round. If the chamber was loaded
in the beginning, two unwanted rounds will be ejected in
the process of chambering the selected round.

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Options for Carrying Shotgun Ammunition

On the Gun: Various shell carriers are available for permanent
mounting or attaching with Velcro.

Duty Belt Clip On

This clip-on two-shell This six-shell

carrier can be kept in the carrier can be kept
cruiser and deployed with in the cruiser and
the shotgun. It is clipped on the belt
particularly useful for when the shotgun
carrying a cartridge is deployed.
different from what is
loaded in the shotgun for
select loading.

Belt or Sling Carrier

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F. MALFUNCTIONS & IMMEDIATE ACTION

1. Common Malfunctions: While a shooter may encounter a malfunction
caused by a mechanical breakdown, most malfunctions are caused by
operator error. The most common malfunctions are listed below.
a. Failure to Release Safety: This is the most common reason a shotgun
fails to fire.
b. No Round Chambered: Second most common.
c. Short Stroking: Failure to rack a pump's slide aggressively all the way
to the rear and back forward.
d. Round Loaded Backwards: Shooter loads a round into the Magazine
or open ejection port backwards. In the case of the Magazine, the
weapon may have to be dismantled to remove the round.
e. Round Not Retained by Shell Stops: This occurs when the shooter
has failed to fully insert the round in the magazine tube past the Shell
Stops. The Shell Stops retain the rounds in the magazine tube and
control when a round is released for loading. If a round backs out of
the magazine tube it can become lodged between the Locking Slide and
Shell Carrier.
NOTE:
Flextab Kit: All newer Remington 870 shotguns come
equipped with the Remington Flextab Kit. This system
helps prevent feed jams by eliminating double feeds
onto the Shell Carrier. If two rounds do make it onto
the Shell Carrier, simply rack the action.
You can tell whether a Remington 870 Shotgun has a
Flextab Kit by looking at the Shell Carrier. If the
carrier has a U shaped cut out in its center it has the
Flextab Kit. You can add a Flextab Kit to older
shotguns by contacting the Remington Arms Company
at: 870 Remington Drive, P.O. Box 700, Madison,
NC 27025 / 1-800-243-9700 / E-mail: info@remington.com.
To clear a double feed on a shotgun without a Flextab Kit you must
hold in the Action Release lever while applying rearward pressure
on the fore-end and at the same time slam the butt stock down on the
ground to open the action. While doing this you must be extremely
careful about muzzle control and trigger control. It is best to kneel
down and bend forward and away from the muzzle. You can then
slam the butt stock onto the ground while pulling the fore-end back.

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2. Immediate Action Procedures:

Should you have a malfunction
during a lethal encounter your first
action should be to transition to
your handgun immediately.
If no other firearm is available then
you will have to take Immediate
Action to clear the malfunction.
You should also consider moving to
a position of Cover and then take
Immediate Action. If in a close
quarters attack however, you should
use whatever you can to protect
yourself and aggressively attack
your adversary.
a. First Immediate Action Step: Push the Safety
Off. If it was on, assess the need to fire. The first and second
b. Second Immediate Action Step: Cycle the steps take care of the
Action and assess the need to fire again. most common
c. Third Immediate Action Step: Open Action, malfunctions: failure
Look, Clear & Chamber: Open the Action and to have a round in the
look inside in order to determine what the chamber and failing to
problem is. Clear anything from the receiver, take the safety Off.
such as cases that did not fully eject, rounds in
backwards, and double fed rounds. Cycle the
action to load another round and assess the need
to fire again.

If a malfunction occurs within approximately 15 yards of the threat,

TRANSITION TO YOUR HANDGUN

Beyond this distance, move to cover and fix the problem.

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3. Incapacitation Training: Your officers should be taught how

to work their shotguns one-handed. This is important for
situations in which they are incapacitated, and cant access their
handgun or they are out of handgun ammunition.

If the officer is seated behind cover, the shotgun can be Students need to have the confidence to
braced against the chest and the foot while it is loaded, handle the shotgun under difficult
cleared, or the action is worked conditions. This student is dry practicing
one-handed loading and firing techniques.

Similar to the patrol rifle above, a shotgun can be braced

against a tree or other object to allow one-hand manipulation.

SAFETY REMINDER: Be very certain that all firearms are empty, that all students have
removed ALL live ammunition from their magazines and their person (double check) and the
training area, and that only colored training safety rounds are used for practicing these drills.

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Shotgun Slinging / Muzzle Up

Activate Safety. Support Hand grasps

Maintain Trigger sling at base of sling
Finger and Muzzle swivel.
Discipline.

Shooting Hand Shotgun is rolled onto

lowers shotgun to a shoulder using sling.
vertical position. Support Hand controls
Support Arm rotates shotgun by holding sling.
shotgun to place
elbow between sling
and receiver.

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Shotgun Slinging / Muzzle Down

Activate Safety. Support Hand grasps sling firmly

at the butt stock swivel.
Maintain Trigger Finger and
Muzzle Discipline.

Shooting Hand lowers Support Arm is rotated Support Hand

shotgun to release bringing elbow slides down to fore
control to Support Hand. between receiver and end to maintain
sling. control of the
shotgun.

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Shotgun Unslinging

From carry Support Arm rotates Shooting Hand

position, maintain
trigger finger and
muzzle discipline.
shotgun up and grasps the grip
across body, bringing while Support Hand
the muzzle up and continues to rotate
towards the threat. and raise the
shotgun.

With the muzzle An aggressive locked-in

pointed at the threat, stance is now assumed.
the shotgun is now in
position to be
mounted.

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Transition / Muzzle Up
To transition from a long Immediately release the grip
gun to a handgun, keep on the shotgun and move to
eyes focused on the draw the handgun.
threat. Pull the shotgun out of the
shoulder pocket, allowing the
butt to fall.
Transition / Muzzle Down
To transition from a long Shooting Hand moves to
gun to a handgun, keep draw handgun.
eyes focused on the threat. Support Hand lowers the
muzzle.
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Draw handgun.
Support Hand rotates
shotgun against the
body, keeping barrel
away from the face.
Handgun is brought on
target.
Support Arm is rotated
down and to the side of
the body.