Existence of Fourier Transformers:

The Fourier Transform does not exist for all aperiodic functions. The condition for a function
x (t) to have Fourier Transform, called Dirichlets conditions are:

1. x ( t ) is absolutely integrable over the interval - to + ,that is

|x (t)|dt <

2. x (t ) has a finite number of discontinuities in every finite time interval. Further, each
of these discontinuities must be finite.
3. x ( t ) has a finite number of maxima and minima in every finite time interval.

Almost all the signals that we come across in physical problems satisfy all the above
conditions except possibly the absolute integrability condition.

Dirichlets condition is a sufficient condition but not necessary condition. This means,
Fourier Transform will definitely exist for functions which satisfy these conditions. On the
other hand, in some cases , Fourier Transform can be found with the use of impulses even for
functions like step function, sinusoidal function,etc.which do not satisfy the convergence
condition .

5.5. FOURIER TRANSFORMS OF STANDARD SIGNALS

5.5.1. Impulse Function ( t )

Given x ( t )= ( t ) ,

{
( t )= 1 for t=0
0 for t 0

Then

X ( ) = x ( t ) e dt= ( t ) e jt dt
jt

F [ ( t ) ] =1 ( t ) 1
Hence , the Fourier Transform of a unit impulse function is unity.

|X ( )|=1 for all

X ( )=0 for all

FIGURES 5.2 PAGE NO :252

Similarly,

F [ ( tt o ) ]= ( tt o ) e jt dt=e jt i . e . (tt o ) e j t
0 o

at
5.5.2 Single Sided Real exponential function e u (t)

Given {
x ( t )=eat u ( t ) , u(t)= 1 for t 0
0 for t <0

Then

X ( )= x ( t ) e dt= eat u ( t ) e jt dt
jt

e dt= e(a + j)t dt=[]
at jt
e
0 0
5.5.6 Signum Function sgn ( t ) :

The signum function is denoted by sgn ( t ) and is defined by

{
sgn ( t )= 1 for t >0
1 for t< 0

This function is not absolutely integrable.So we cannot directly find its Fourier transform.
a|t|
Therfore,Let us consider the function e sgn(t ) and substitute the limit a 0 to obtain

the above sgn ( t ) .

Given
a|t| at at
x ( t )=sgn ( t ) = e sgn ( t )= [e u ( t ) e u (t ) ]
a 0 a0

[ eat u ( t ) e at u (t ) ]e jt dt
a 0

X ( )=F [ sgn ( t ) ] =

at jt
e e u (t ) dt

at jt
e e u ( t ) dt



<
a 0
 ( a j ) t
e dt
0

e ( a + j ) t
dt =
0

e (a j )t dt
0

e ( a+ j ) t
dt
0



a<
0

[ ]]

< {
a0
e(a + j) t

e(a j)t
( a+ j ) 0 ( a j ) ] [ 0
}

1 1
< [ ]
a0 a+ j a j

1 1 2
=
j j j

2
F [ sgn ( t ) ]=
j

2
sgn (t)
Or j

2 0
| X ()|= X ( ) =
2
for <
2 ()
for >0

FIGURES FROM 257

5.5.7. Unit Step Function u ( t ) :

The unit step function is defined by

{
u ( t ) = 1 for t 0
0 for t 0
Since the unit step function is not absolutely integrable,we cannot directly find its Fourier
transform. So express the unit step function in terms of signum function as :

1 1
u ( t ) = + sgn (t)
2 2

1
x ( t )=u ( t )= [1+sgn (t ) ]
2

Given
X ( )=F [ u ( t ) ]=F {12 [ 1+ sgn ( t ) ] }
1

2
{ F [ 1 ] + F [ sgn ( t ) ] }

We know that

2
F [ 1 ] =2 ( )F [ sgn ( t ) ] =
j

F [u ( t ) ]=
1
2 [
2 ( ) +
2
j ]
= ( )+
1
j

1
u ( t ) ( )+
Or j

| X ( )|= at =0 a nd isequal 0 at == .

FIGURES FROM 258

5.5.8 Rectangular pulse(Gate Pulse)
( t )rect ( t ) :

Consider a rectangular pulse as shown in figure .This is called as unit gate function and is
defined as :

FIGURES

{
t t
x ( t )=rect () ()
= = 1 for |t| 2

0 otheriwse

X ( )=F
[ ( )] t

=

t jt

e dt ()
/2 /2

( 1) e
/2
jt
dt= [ ]
e jt
j / 2

e
j (2 )e j( 2 )

j

j ( 2 ) j ( 2 )
e e
[ ]
2j

2 ()

[ ]
sin ( 2 )

( )
2

sinc ( 2 )
 Sa ( 2 )
F
[ ( t )]=sinc ( 2 ) ,that is

rect ( t )= ( t ) sinc ( 2 )
FIGURES FROM 259
The amplitude spectrum is obtained as follows:

At
=0, sinc ( 2 )=1 .Therefore , |X ()|at =0 is equal . At ( 2 )= n , i.e. at

2 n
=

, n=1,2, , sinc
2 ( )
=0

{

X ( )=
(
0if sinc
2 ) >0

The phase spectrum is : if sinc ( )<0
2

The amplitude response between the first two zero crossings is known as main lobe and the

portions of the response for

< ( 2 )>( 2 ) are known as side lobes. From the

amplitude spectrum , we can find that majority of energy of the signal is contained in the main

lobe. The first zero crossing occurs at

= ( 2 )at f =( 1 ) Hz . As the width of the

rectangular pulse is made longer , the main lobe becomes narrower. The phase spectrum is odd
function of .If amplitude spectrum is positive, then phase is zero,and if the amplitude

spectrum is negative ,then the phase is .

5.5.9.Traingular Pulse

Consider the triangular pulse as shown in figure. It is defined as

FIGURES FROM 260

{
1 t
/2 2 ( )( 2)
t+ = 1+2 for <t <0

x ( t )= (t )= 1 t = 12 t for 0< t<

2 ( )( ) 2
2
0 elesewhere

i.e as

{
2|t |
t
x ( t )= ()

= 1 for|t |< 2
0 otherwise

X ( )=F [ x ( t ) ]=F
[ ( )] ( )
t

=

t jt

e dt
 0 /2
2 t jt 2 t jt
( 1+
)
e dt + 1

e dt ( )
/2 0

/2 /2
2 t jt 2 t jt

0
( 1+
)
e dt + 1
0 (
e dt )
/2 /2 /2
jt 2t 2t
e dt e jt dt + e jt dt e jt dt
0 0 0
/2

0

/2 /2
2
[ e jt + e jt ] dt t [ e jt +e jt ] dt
0 0

/2 /2
2
2 cost dt 2t cost dt
0 0

t sin


/2
2
sin t
0 [ 4

]