VISCOUS FLUID FLOW

Second Edition

Frank M. White
University of Rhode Island

McGraw-Hill, Inc.
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 CONTENTS

Preface xiii
List of Symbols xvii

1 Preliminary Concepts 1
1-1 Historical Outline 1
1-2 Some Examples of Viscous-Flow Phenomena 4
1-3 Properties of a Fluid 15
1-4 Boundary Conditions for Viscous-Flow Problems 45
Summary 55
Problems 55

2 Fundamental Equations of Compressible Viscous Flow 59

2-1 Introduction 59
2-2 Classification of the Fundamental Equations 59
2-3 Conservation of Mass: The Equation of Continuity 61
2-4 Conservation of Momentum: The Navier-Stokes Equations 62
2-5 The Energy Equation (First Law of Thermodynamics) 69
2-6 Boundary Conditions for Viscous Heat-Conducting Flow 74
2-7 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems 75
2-8 Mathematical Character of the Basic Equations 77
2-9 Dimensionless Parameters in Vicous Flow 81
2-10 Vorticity Considerations in Incompressible Viscous Flow 89
2-11 Two-Dimensional Considerations: The Stream Function 91
.2-12 Noninertial Coordinate Systems 95
2-13 Control-Volume Formulations 96
Summary 100
Problems 100

ix
A CONTENTS

3 Solutions of t h e Newtonian Viscous-Flow Equations 104

3-1 Introduction and Classification of Solutions 104
3-2 Couette Flows 106
3-3 Poiseuille Flow through Ducts 114
3-4 Unsteady Duct Flows 132
3-5 Unsteady Flows with Moving Boundaries 137
3-6 Asymptotic Suction Flows 143
3-7 Wind-Driven Flows: The Ekman Drift i 149
3-8 Similarity Solutions 152
3-9 Low Reynolds Number: Linearized Creeping Motion 173
3-10 Digital-Computer Solutions 190
Summary 210
Problems 211

4 Laminar Boundary Layers 218

4-1 Introduction 218
4-2 The Laminar-Boundary-Layer Equations 227
4-3 Similarity Solutions for Steady Two-Dimensional Flow 233
4-4 Free-Shear Flows 254
4-5 Other Analytic Two-Dimensional Solutions 260
4-6 Approximate Integral Methods 264
4-7 Digital-Computer Solutions 275
4-8 Thermal-Boundary-Layer Calculations '" 282
4-9 Flow in the Inlet of Ducts 291
4-10 Rotationally Symmetric Boundary Layers 293
4-11 Asymptotic Expansions and Triple-Deck Theory 304
4-12 Three-Dimensional Laminar Boundary Layers 311
4-13 Free-Convection Boundary Layers 322
Summary 329
Problems 329

5 The Stability of Laminar Flows 335

5-1 Introduction: The Concept of Small-Disturbance Stability 335
5-2 Linearized Stability of Parallel Viscous Flows 341
5-3 Parametric Effects in the Linear Stability Theory 355
5-4 Transition to Turbulence 369
5-5 Engineering Prediction of Transition 375
Summary 391
Problems 392

6 Incompressible Turbulent Mean Flow 394

6-1 Physical and Mathematical Description of Turbulence 394
6-2 The Reynolds Equations of Turbulent Motion 402
6-3 The Two-Dimensional Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Equations 407
CONTENTS XI

6-4 Velocity Profiles: The Inner, Outer, and Overlap Layers 411
6-5 Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Channels 421
6-6 The Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Plate 429
6-7 Turbulence Modeling in Two-Dimensional Flow 437
6-8 Analysis of Turbulent Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 449
6-9 Free Turbulence: Jets, Wakes, and Mixing Layers 470
6-10 Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer 481
Summary 494
Problems 495

7 Compressible-Boundary-Layer Flow 500

7-1 Introduction: The Compressible-Boundary-Layer Equations 500
7-2 Similarity Solutions for Compressible Laminar Flow 504
7-3 Solutions for Flat-Plate and Stagnation-Point Flow 508
7-4 Compressible Laminar Boundary Layers under Arbitrary Conditions 520
7-5 Special Topics in Compressible Laminar Flow 534
7-6 The Compressible-Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Equations 539
7-7 The Law of the Wall for Compressible Turbulent Flow 543
7-8 Compressible Turbulent Flow past a Flat Plate 549
7-9 Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradient 557
Summary 561
Problems 562

Appendixes 565
A Transport Properties of Various Newtonian Fluids 565
B Equations of Motion of Incompressible Newtonian Fluids
in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 574
C A Runge-Kutta Subroutine for N Simultaneous Differential Equations 578

Bibliography 583
Index 605