Creep of plain

and structural
concrete
A. M. Neville
Principal and Vie-Chancellor, Uni\,e ity of Du.dee, Scotland

W. H. Dilger
Profe$or of Cilil Enginftring, UnireBily of Cal-qary. Can.da

J. J. Brooks
lecruEr iD Civll EiCr.eeiiC, Unllctrily oI Leds, England

>r>
ITI
ITT
Construction Press
-
London and New York
Lonoan C rouD Limired
Lo,;mrn Hour. Bumr Mill, EJd
's
EssexCM20IE, England
Ase.idt 4 C.npatiet throushort the w.tU
Ptblished i the U nite,l States al Aherna
bt LoharunInt.,Nat Yark

O A. M. Ncville l98l
{ l flsh \ rcse ed, no pr o rhtr publcanon ma\ be
{ored n r Lerne!rl nrem or rransm I ed
'enr.d,reJ
in 3nr Lfm or bv r.vmeans, electo nic. mechanic a1,
nt,uoconr ng, r;cor,img u orhcr wse. qrthour the
o.o. *,irr." p.,.itt ,noflhe Puhlnhe^

British Librar, Catalognins in Publicliion D!r'

Crccp rlplain and slNctumlcorfcte

I lnle ll. Dngr, W H

620.f3613 TA440
ISBN 0 86095 8:14 5

Librzry of Consrss Cai oging tu Plhlicaiion Dai!

creep urllarn JnLl \tructurrl !oncrct.

In(ludc\ brbIosraphrcJl'eferco.c\ dnd inde\cs
I ConcElc Creep I Dilger. W H.
(WalrerH) 11. Brooks.J ., IIl. Tirle.
TA440Nl8l 1981 6201'3611 82 8017
rsRN 0 36095 814 5 AACR2

Prinred r Srnedf!re hY
K\.do Shns Gun!. Pr nrislndu{ne\ PleLrd

il,*r:,Lixll"m;r'*:'"
Preface
*..1 $rite a book on creep of concreie? An answer to
::i! question mighl well stari by pointing oui the
rpnrla.ce of concrere as a slruclural matc al. used in
:r:1 country ol the world, in the oceans. underground.
.:i in ! irluaLl], every type ol construction. Moreover, the
r-.npl.\it! ol strucrures and their size have continued to
r.:.aie. and this has resulted in a greater imporlance oi
.:-'..t',1 characrerislic' "ao in more !eriour cun
=quences
ol thcir deformation. Thus, designers and
-,r!rneers need to know thc creep properties of concrete
:iJmusi be able to lake them inlo accountinthe analysis
:i thcir structures. Afier all. thc cnd product of an
:.,gineer's cndeavours is a structure whose slrength must
- adequatc, bur nol wastefully excessive. whosc dura
r,1r] should be commensurate with the conditions of
.\posure, and whosc servicability should ensure fitness
:.r the purpose. Consideration of creep is a part of a
riiional approach to satisfying these criteria.
But there is also another reason why we are interested
n creep. Dcformarion characteristics of matcrials are an
:iiential lealure of their properties, and a vital element in
ihe knowledge of iheir behaviour. Since we use concrete
i.r ir tensively, ii is only righ 1 that we should learn to know
iI better, and an understanding of creep and of the
'rnderlying phenomena is essenlial in this respect.
This is why the prcsenl book discusses the vanous
theories of creep and reviews ihem against the back
ground o[ obscrved inffuences and factors.
All this, togelher with a description o[ tcsting tech-
niques, h used to buiid up the mcthods ol predlction of
creep of vaious concretes under diferent conditions ol
exposure. Finally, we present an extensive range of
analytical techniqucs lobeused in the d esign of struclural
elements and of struclures.
Thc book. while obviously represniing lhe rpproach
and point ol view of its authors. reflecls the research and
work on creep on a world wide bxsis. Hopefully, therc-
fore, our book will provc ol use lo engineers and research
workers ali over thc world. ln this respect, we have made
things easier by using the inlemational sysiem of uni!s,
S.L, and, luckily, our language, English, is the inter-
national technical language.
Creep is ot a beautiful word but wc have becomefond
of ir after years of association. Alter all, ii is the subject
that matle.s: crecp is important and this is why we have
wriuen these 184 pages.
Dundee. Novcmbcr 1982
 Conlents

Chapter 5 lntluence
on creep ot strenqth, stress,
waler/cemenl ralio, age and size 51
Actnowledgements x S!rcss/strength ratio 5l
Watcr/cemeDt ratio 56
Notalion ri Age at application of load 57
Shape, size and isotropy of specimcn 6l
Revibration ol concrcte 6,1
Chapter 1 lntroduction 't
Referenccs 67
H::rorical no!e 1
a-.n.rele as a non elasric structurai material 4 Chapler 6 lnlluence ol humidily on creep 69
: rrnure of concrctc and ol hydraled cemenl paste Relarive humidity ol storage: rnoisi curcd
R:;3rences 6
Drying crecp and shrinkagc 72
Chapier 2 Classitication ot deformations 8 Relative humidity of storage: dry cured concrere 7:l
Deinilion of terms used 8
Wclring crcep 77
Creep E Eflect of wind 77
Creep recovery 10
Carbonation 78
Instanlaneousslrain l0 Alle.nating humidiry 78
Relaxation 11 Influencc of other environmenls 81
Relerences 84
Concretc as a composite marcrial I 1
Ttpes ol deformalion 13 Chaple. T lnlluence of temperature and curing
R.ie.ences l6 on creep 87
Inllucnce ol temperature on elastici!y 87
Chapter 3 lnlluence ot cement and admixlures lnflucnce ol temperarurc on basic crcep 87
on creep '17 Inllucnce oi temperatLrrc on total c.eep 94
Composilion and rype of portland ccment t7 Creep at freezing temperatures 98
Hrgh alumina cemenr 23 Influencc ol slrcss and strength at virious
lrneness ol ccmenr 25 tempcratures 9lj
R.sin. polymcr and polymer impregnarcd concrcres Prcdiction of basic and total crecp ai elevated
{ir entrainmenr 28 lemperatu.c 99
Plasticizing and superplasticiziDg admixtures 19 Creep under varying temperarure I00
Plasricizers 29 I,rfl rent.ul rreart.r',nSand"uloct,rUng t,,o
superplasticizcrs 3l Inlluence of illadr.rrion l0r
Reicrerces 109
Gencral 35
Chapler 8 Creep under diflerent states ot
stress 11'1
Clrcep in lcnsion ll I
Chapter 4 lnlluence ot aggregate on creep 38 Crecp in torsion 118
Inlluence oftype olaggregarc 38 Creep in bond 119
Obscrvalions on innuence ol aggregate contcnt 40 Laterxl creep and crcep Poisson's ratio in uniaxial
Creep as a function ol rhe contenr and modulus oi compression 120
elasticiry of the aggrcgate .10 Crecp and creep Poisson\ rario undcr multiaxial
Composite models for crccp 42 stress 122
Influence ol othcr properlics of agg.cgate 44 Creep under altcrnating loading i28
Reinlorced ccment composites 47 Creep under very high stresses 135
Concludins ren1a.ks 49 Influence of gradienl oi strain 136
 r' l9l3 199
3. American ConcI'Ie In!tLuL!:1\Cl
Chapler 9 Creep recovery .139 CreeP 199
Pr n!rpl( ol suPerP.srtr(rn -r
F
sh,,nlape luo .,,rr' I!r'
.,-. -!1).,
4 Bazant dnd Panula s
mndir
i .l J.,.,i:^::i):li,r.']i...,n,,r "u.'''.,'''" Shrinkage 2r')0
Basic creep 201
uu.iJi,r t:tl Total.reeP 201
l'r/lj^ rrrr
\ge 15i 5 Concrete Socicly ICS)'
rrrn. ,trr.' r r ,_: ,.)
or. 5r'rr o. Pr^Posed modihcJtron -rrl
, ..." ;.,"'.,' under Jiller(nL naLes ri' Creeo 202
nec,"eraSr. and rrrec"terrble
!reep Shrr;lase 201
..mDar rs'tn ol Predictro
F,naic"mmerts 105
theories ol
chaDter'!0 Mechanisms and Rcterences 206
creep 158
\le.hrnr\m\ 158 predictionirr*;;::ij',.
\l-.hanilJl dclormation theory
Lio
chaprer 13
stress zur
i,.":ll;Il'..."'.i"' '' 6o"Louths61'e' r5q relaxation ol
tL.rtr! afterefftcr theone!
' * '*o'
'o-
\.lL.l solLrlron th!or\ l6() 'i q"ii":'."'p'".'r"J'nc
X.".li,:';;:Il:i:: n'"'-',ncrho!'
.'rr'{
se.nJsc theorY 161
i'n
rPr- r-e'hod
.,#i;"". *-"t'". "..l:::,,.:6,' ,".
,:.
p"'.ir.le mcchanl.m ot a'tion ol comr\LuL(
i'll" ^ ir'*
i;"::i::i; 'errr'o
5';;';.rhou rD re'hoJ 2rI
M;rhod oi \uPerPos'tron /
r-.
Citer, hlPorhe'e' roo - -
RLsler\ h!P!thess to/
" ";")"'i"J"" ts 'rc'hrd' 'r4
Ruelz!hlPothe'ii l6q - Relerences 214
arlo\anis h\ Pothe\i\ loq
A.tr\ratton tnrtg) afProach
lnY .,, damping 216
t'r moclels and
Fel,lman and Setcda ' h!Pothe\rs Chapter 14 Rheotogicsl
ftenrent\ of the^lugrc,rl mooLs 'LU
l(hars h) Porhesr\ 174
-
I ro Basic modls 216
Powera h\ fnthcs!\ 2lq
Razanfs analysis 17? Mode ts lor o'ncret!
178 l]\elulne$ ol rheologLtrl m'oeLi -'"
Concludhg remarks
Rlerences 179 D.lmPrng 2lq
Damrrng Jnd crecp ol c"ncreL( 'J!
ch"er", 11 p."di:tj;:;l,LT1:[0",,';;'"''""" Relerences 232

('rcef ttmc e\Pr<'sruns-^ l8l ol creep 233

Chapterl5 Apparatus tor^measurement
Po$cr etpreqsron t'2 -- C.more";or 'Pfx''1ru' -'r -
1'2 I
Lugcrilhmr! erPre\sron
FrDonenLrdle\!retsron L''
lppr'.r,' t"' drflc'(nl 'rJt(r ol 'lre*
Ix i--^ Medsurmnt 01 Lreep -+u
HvPcrbolrc e\PLe\sron r4r.
Control ol ambrnl c^ndrt!on5 iqr
Shrinkagc trme 'xPressrl)": '"'.", AS'lM method ol test lor c'eP
Lol
Flalti. strain trme e{pres\runr^ References 245
Fffrct oi rrre of luading lrr
APe dcDendenc' 181
A..;ra(\ ol Prtdrctron l8l ol creep analysis ol
Rclerences 189
' r 16 Methods
chaoter 246
rlrucural members
rl'\'4 n', hou'. )47
tr*,''' rn"ii'r''' ''it'"d ro
1' G:1]:,1:l:rr:ffi "J,li.'"fi R,re ,,r .'ecP mel\od {R( mcrnoor'ao
ch aeter
:1,*' il,i'.1, ir* o' mcrhnlr'
)<r )<)
comDosition and "'r-*
l'1"'"'"'l o'""'"e'' merhoo rlD mLrhoJrcurve' 1J-
crreo
PhY;lcalcondltions
191
i].,""i.,"-"r'"*'p"'i""1b)or \irgrn
n'erhod 'tl
U.|..",';;;" nrD ''eo
, , , ,n. ,,, ',.lli"uJ-i".iin-' ri]'ftrh"d' B"'llP lq'erreeD
\,1J,ho{1. ol P'eor'rron ]"'
I Lomrre EuroPi"n du Blon LILD'" r" ' u

Crcep 191 il''*'li".l' '''*' '"'"n'rrnc'l

Shrrnkrse lol lunction 259
' t iutoFeen "de]
ll tq /r Le+
!_inal comments 262
i ^mrle
reep 1q4 Refcrences 262
Shrrnl'ase 1el
Chapler 17 Creep analysis ot uncracked reintorced Cortinuous structure wlth dlflerent creep
6nd preslressed concrete members 264 properties :108
C:oss-section $ith lwo layers of steel subjected to a Continuous slruclure buih in stages 309
.uslained load 264 Srructure built in three srages 309
Slresric! and strains due to shrinkage 266 Structure buiit in more than three stages 314
Total tinlc'dependcnt cllccts duc to crccp and I ll\'cl' ^t shrinkagc rn i"r{" l) rnderil.rrd e
rhrinkage 267 structures 316
Slmmeirical reiniorccmcnt 268 Enccl oi reiniorcemcnl on redist.ibullon ol lorces ll7
One laycr of slecl 270 Contlnuous composite structures 318
\\ial strain 270 Time-dependent forces induccd by scttlcmcnt oi
Crn ature 271 supports of a continuous beam 118
Drflection 274 Instanlancous ditrerential settlement in a
Si.p'b\'slep anaiysis of crccp and shrinkage rwo-span beam 319
problems 275 lnsr"nraneoui diTc-cnlrd !err'en'enr rn J r-r'mec
P:estressedconcrete 275 statically indclerminate system 319
R.laralio! of stccl 276 Diflerenlial sctllement occurring at the sam ratc as
G:neral case ol a bcam uilh two layers ol tendons 277 crccp 320
Loss of prestress wilh one layer of steel 278 Dillcrentjal settlement lollowing any time-consolidation
\lulti-stage prestressing 281 curve l2l
D.formation ol prestressed concrele mcmbers with one Difierential settlement progrcssing al a standard rale of
layer of sreel 282 consolidation 322
Time-dependent analysis using creep-transformed References 327
section properties 283
Deformations 285 Chapler 20 Time-dependenl clelormalions ol
Relerenccs 286 reinlorced concrele struclures 328
Flexural deflection of beams and onc-way slabs 128
Chapter 18 Creep design ol composite Initial deflection of cracked bcam 328
members 287 Long-termdeflction 130
Composite steel concrete member 287 Dcllction duc to crecp 310
Negligible flexural rigidlty of the deck 289 Deflection due to shrinkage 333
Delormations 289 Comparison ol calculated values with test resuit
Efccts of shrinkage and creep in a composite ol Washa and Fluck 334
precast cast'ir silu struclurc 289 Bcam subj.-cted to variable load or 10 diffcrenlial
Case l: Flexural rigidities of deck slab and of scttlement 135
reinlorcemenrneglected 291 Deflcction of a two-\r,ay slab ll7
Casc 2: Reinforcemenl neglecied 293 Inilialdeflection ll8
Case l: Reiniorccmcnt and rjgidity of deck Time dcpendcnl deffection 3J8
neglcclcd 294 Delleclion due to shear 140
Example and comparison wirh experiments 294 Initial deflection 342
Creep transformed section nethod 297 Empiricalmodiiication 342
Application to steel concrete composite girders 102 Long{erm shear deilection 3,12
References 102 Deformalion due to torsion 343
Post-cracking stitrness in pure torsion 344
Chapter 19 Tlme-dependent lorces in continuous Empirical modifications of the expression for
concreleslruclures 304 post-crackingstifiness 345
Two-span conlinuous beanr with same concrete Effect of creep and shrinkage on to.sional sitlTress 346
propertiesthroughoul 105 Combined torsion. bendjng and sicar 347
Two-span continuous beam wilh dincrcnt creep Long columns 147
properties ill the two spans 305 Concludins remark 349
Two-span continuous beam built in two stages 105 References 149
Two-span beam madc continuous by a cast-in-situ
joint 306 Name index 352
Slructure wirh bounda.y conditions changed at two
difierent ases 307 Subiect hdex 357
Acknowledgements

A book written by three people requires a great deal of

careful checking matching and arrangement to ensure
uniformity of layout an4 above all, of notation. This has
been successfully achieved by Dr D. K. Harison and
Miss C. Gren who most ably took charge ofmakjng the
manuscript ofthe book ready for the publjsher. For this
we are most grateful to them.
Miss M. Fox managed to decipher the handwriting as
well as the mathematical lormulae of the three authors
and produce an excellent typescript. Her efrort is geatly
appreciated, as is Mr R. J. Philips's assistance in proof-
reading. Mrs V. M. Senn gave considerable help in
the preparation of the book, and this is gratefully
acknowledged.
While writing his co tribution to the book, one of the
authors (W. H. D.) held a Killam Resident Fellowship of
the University ofcalgary; for this he is very grateful.
 Notation

1. : cross-sectional area olconcrete /". : modulus ofruprure ofconcrete

{,: area oftransformed section f, - compressive strength olconcrete cubcs
1: = area of creep lransformed section ,t"r : compressivc strength olconcrete cylindcrs
l. : sross area ofconcrete ,j = flexibility cocfiicient
l, : c.oss-sectional arca ofsteel in tension ,s : ultimate strcngth ofpresrrcssing steel
i. = cross'sectional a.ca ofsteel in conpression G : shear modulus
1. , : cross-sectional area of stirrups in ore vertical g : fractional volume ofaggregatc
plane or of one laye. ofinclined slirrups or benrup fl, : line-delay laclor (see Table 12.3)
I : relative humidity
.1. , : cross-seclional area of shear rcinlorcement cross- /h : notional thickness oi a strucrurat member ([12.j 5])
ing a given inclined section ,1, : effective thickness of a tructural mem bcr (Table i)
s 5.
1" : seoond moment of area ofnct uncracked scction
.r. = deflection on application ofload /. .eroqd monent ol uted ot l-an.rutmed.e(llon
r : shear deflection 1: : second m oflent of area ofcreep{ransformed section
.,, rrrr(-depenoen, Llrlecrion al a gre.l ponr n d /" : effective second moment ofarea olsectto!
I" : second moment of arca ofgross section
n = wldth of section .I" : second moment ola.ca ofsteel
l!" - width olweb 1, : lmp.ovcd Dischinger (Mcthod)
C : .,e : speci6c creep i - middle ofinterval of time a1 which stress or strain is
( lr. ro) : speciiic creep at lime , under a constant stress
irst applied at time to / : middle ol inrerval of time ar which an incremenl ot
C(t. t') : specific creep at time . unde. a constant stress stress is applied
applied at lime ,' K, : deflection coeflicienl (Fig 7.8)
K"h : shrinkage curvature goefficient of a cracked rc-
inforced concrcte member
.d : drying crcep (", : stilTness coefiiciert (119.101.l)
.,r:C:specinccreep Kd : creep dcflection coemcient
., : creep under unianial compression
.. : limitinC or ultimaie creep It f5 : CEB FIP creep coemcients (s", p. 191 192)
D : displacemcnt 1.,t. = CEB-FIP shrinkage coemcients (see p. 194)
d = effective depth olseciion Li :I; ACI creep coemcients (se? p. 199)
/ - deplh ofcomp.ession steel ll ti :.. ACI shrinkage coefficients (ree p. 200)
, = modulus ofelasticily ofconcretc l'i : BMant and Panula s shrinkage coefficient (ser7 p. 200)
E' : fctitious modulus olelasticity oiconcrete lr : torsional stinness coeflicient
l. : modulus olelasticiiy ofaggregate k,: (.y 4)lv
t" : slrstaired or ellecrive modulus of elasticity oi con- l" : ratio oldepth olneutral axis to rhc clTecrive deprh of
crete ar time i since first :rpplication of load
Eo = E(.0) : nodulus of elastlcity ol concrcte at 6rst L. : ratio oflever arm to the elTcctive deplh oi the beam
applicalion ol load I : span
fp" = modulus oielasticitv ofthe prestressing sreet l. : effectivc span
L" = nrodulus ofelaslicity olstccl
:
I(l) modulus ofelasticiry ol concrete a1 age I M* : momcnt due to force in sreel corresponding ro free
:
(El), Sexural rieiditv of uncracked section shrinkagc, unrestrained creep and reduced re-
:
(E1): flexural rigidity offully cracked sectlon
rM : ElTeclive Modulus (Merhod) M"" : cracking moment
: moment at time at first applicarion ol load
,\4o
I .ldlicall) inde( rmrnare, redLnddnl/,orce or reacrion M. : moment due to unit iorce
l: = compressive strength ofconc.elc My : momcnt at yield olstccl
 : shear straln
'),

!"' normal lorce r1 \teel tonc'pond:ng

ro tuee = damPrng or \ertlemrnt ^.
6 -
unresrraineo crecp ard reduced
re- A : chance (s. lootnote P ]o)l
';;r';k;;.
strarn al tlme I
: .ir."] io'"" * tirne offirst applicalion orload
rv,, '(r):
{ : dela\ed elastiL strarn
- ralio
, = modular
',lii
,' ,rii," t rPc ad,t''co rodur'r rarr^
..: stram duc to floq
(t17 ot rnirrar roaJ
-" - .,,]i':'.ii", ,' ,t"e 'r
lq (a)l ) rpprrcar'on
," - ."a",rt rl,'" lrme il h-'r Jpplrcalron ol lodd
" t, : strain in sleel
P" :
inltial ore\trest
t"h= shrinkage
p"- - p e'L,i* rrrcr at' ro*es hd\e ra\en pla(e
r. = strain in unia{ial compressron
Ai- : ultimate loss olPrestress 0^ : absolule tcmperalure
iuncrion tot r 8r\en creep'Jnc ion /M : mDdulus of \i(o\rl)
ii,, ,]-- /,: :Por(son s ratro s rat
"..'l'i""
o(r,r')
x-- creep l\'rsson
:
; " ,;1;;;,;:.--;;,,",d,dred
RC Rate ofCrcep (Melhod) or ren'ion 'ree'ro rrn' or
Rlo = Rate ol Flow (Melhod)
:
/ creop recovery p' :
."",io area ol compression stecl to
s = stirrup spacing "i**","";"nal
that of concrete
T= torsion pr: totsl\leel ariia rcrio
TB : Trost Baant (Merhodl p, : \hear rcrnfurcemenL area ratro
il - ,",.,"*r .n"..,, 't 'iornirrron Lrl nr'r r'acl p. : ten\ion steel area ratr" rn \teD
4 : yrelLt moment in rorsion
r : joe ol concrete Irme
dlrl = stres.r ut timt r
^r ollodd '\dndhlel
I - "ig.-^,
"* ql q) ha' ;"; -.i,.- i;."".-.,.: ar rhe lercl orrncrendondue u
i. "'.""i*"
rlr,,.r, "',ppl'cdr;on
or per cenr of 'errlemenr
,nirial ore\ir(s
'i,,,i"1,1,.'"-'i"n
Trn uppltc" ion or lurd ,,,, . or're(r't rder 'or"r'n '''"'nl
, - ^""-rg.",.*.,.'. ", u' on'er ol t"rrnkase d;(r) : reduc(d r(la\3tion iIl]'9lll
il", "i
.on.'''' d.: srrrss rn steel
al : stress in ct,mpres!on sree
I/" : shear lorce carried by concrete ;. :;, 1. .,i.1 6611.'"pnndrrg ro rree 'h inkJPe'
r. : shsar stress in concretc untt\trarncd c cep 'nJ 'eJuceu reld\xrron
r : deolh of neutral x\ls :
d.. initial Preslress in steel
, : drstance trom .entrordal axi*
";i.;;;:..i''..,',,,\e r rromcerrroroxrr\i'orner
o",= 0.1 Per ceDl Proof stress
i d,.d,. tr. : pnnlrPal \ttcsse\ r' re rt the
concrete scciion
rn hvel I lro'n cenrrorddl 3\it ol
I" n", i ... '; ."".,.'.. ., 'r',." in con
r - a'',.".. "i'i*r i"'"r ir,. ,.naon a''' ro 'e'rdu,ll prerrre" and
t..1nsformed con'retc serrron
"" ;;;:"i'i;;, ir',cr I tron Lcarrot'rar u\i' ^r dead ",
load
,' . : \herrin!..tLcss
.r eeD_tranlformed concrele seLtron ('r'L'' 'L arnl
, . .*.0 ii,.r+,."", rr,'rn ^l( eeprorro concrPre
- ;,';:.:i'Lc.l'"'")er1'ronc(nrrordar/\r'oiner roideJ "r
' concrete seclion
i,iii:ii..p *"ri,.""t rr Lrme
2 lrom ceniroidal a{is ol
,; : ai""."" .i'ri"a in lavcr , " .-e.i.".n'r:i'"' rrcrio ol creep 'o e 1{:c 'rrrin\
lrdnsformcd concrete secilon reieired tu elasLic strarn at 28 da)i
;;',;;,; 'icel in lole : I om cenrroi'r"l d\r' or .,.,ti-.,..p cotllci(nr rrarro olclcep dr l'me lU
i
'" ., o-tran\[or
ee ", ed conLret< seciron
m
" elastrc sttain at 28 dtr)rl
,,- - ;,';..;i.,;,," " r( ren'ion 'reel rroF cen.ordar o - qrt -.i .'reep 'orilcrell rr rhe end o[ rr!
.rir ot sros5 se(lion '' '- nrcr\xl o' r|re ror ro"'l apfried a rhe
ce,r roidar a\r'
;,i:;;"r ;,,,.",.,en'ion nbre trom
middle of i1h inlerla1
" of net concrele scctlon ..t I ceep .oc{trc'em dr rhc 'no of
;ll'
-;i';.;;i;ii,;.'en'ior hbrer'omcenrroroara\i' a ,- ett- 'ou'r
,; intcr\d ol I mc lor aDplicd al rhe
ol transfolmed concrcte sectlon middle ofilh inter!al
,, = creeo loe{ncrcnt .rt infinite time
-.,..p,"".,;."
,:
". creeD reducti(,n coeflrcient
bl r. ur'tl'rrrrr u 'irre'rasedb\ a
deflecr;on L.0.l< li '
- ,.ai.,t." ,^.r"r,., rniU!. r
unit stress applied at age r'l
ll - i.u',,lon '.ur-,'on coerhciJnr 'rig r- al enP'h or o* : lun"tion ii time + 1 lor a stress incrment
i '",. J*ri;i ;*"** . u'rim"r( ', "re"p
aDolied rt
rL tjme'
nrcstrcssirs sleeL
ttlo.41l and Ilh 42]l
lf r2' ll 1= rgiirg.oeincrcnt
n -1,""".'"r-^ ',,*crrbre '
reen lr
 i(r): cu.vature at rime , p : initial prcstressing force
*o: elastic curvalure ps : prestressed steel
i.h : curvature due to shrinkase
Q - ratio ot Io* presrrc., due io creep and shnnkage ro
rfltral prestress sh : shrinkage
sP = specific
Subscripts T : total
u : unit or uniaxial
a = agregate

cr = cracking 0 = initial
d = delayed elastic .o : final (at infinite time)
e : effective
el : elastic
f: flow Supercc.ipts
d : gross
i = middle ofith irterval M = due to bendirg moment
i+1=endofithinterval N = due to normal force
* : referring to the creep{ransformed section
i - 1 : beginning oiith interval
j : middle ofjth inierval
j + 1: end ofjth interval
j - 1: beginning ofjth interval Sign conventlon
I: longitudinal tension and extension positive
sagging bending moment positive
ns : non-prestressed steel distance below neutral axis positive
Chapler 1
lntroduction
Strict dehnitions olthe,arious types ofdeformarion and
...o.idred phcroncra rn.cn.'rete qrll be gr,en rn
Chapler 2 but to introduce the topic olc.eep in a gcnc.al
say that a material shows creep il its
i.formation increases wlth tlme under a constant stress.
Creep is not quite synonymous with flow for. as Orowanl
poir rcd oLt. $e rhinl ot flo$ trhen rhe lus rorernins
rhe delo.mation is a furctional rclation bctwcen ratc of
srrain and stress, e.g. Newton's iaw oi viscosity. on the
oiher hand, when referring to creep, we assume that
there is. in the first instance. a relation bet,reen stress ard
slrain. such as Hookc's law or thc plastic strcss strain
.rr\e oI ducIle ralefl"15. cnd rn addrror lhere rr rlrarn
shose presence and magnitude are influenced by the
passage of time during which the applied stress acts.
Thus the stress strain relation is a funciion of time.
\eedless to say, there is no ciear-cut boundary between
On rhe above basrs, a number ofmaterials are subjecl
1o creep: slecl, but only at elvated temperatures. some
rocks, but only at high stresses. plastics, espccially
rhermoplastics, and of course concrete. But there are at
leasl two fundamental differences between concrete and
many othercommon structural materials. First, while,for
instance, steel, although a polycryslalline material, can
be consrdered macroscopically to bc homogcnous and
isotropic and therelore trcatcd according to the methods
of mechanics of continua, concrele, with ils ccmcnt gel,
crystailine products of hydration, water, unhydrated
cement. and aggregate is heterogeneous at virtually any
le!el olnhqer\atron. dnJ. qhen reintorcenenr r. pre.enr,
anisotropic as well.
The second difference ariscs from the lact that concrete.
a onc itmong lhe major .ruclurrl marerial.. i.
11anu
facturcd on site. This descriplion is broadly correcr even if
a workable mixture is brought on !o sjtc from a ready-mix
planl. Marufacture on sire may atlcct thc variability of
concrete and lhe stability ol ils properties. This is
particularly so sincc the properties ol conc.ete change
with time and arc greatly affected by temperature and
relalivc humidity, and therelore by the environment. In
lhis respect. concrete differs substantially from. say, steel,
uh"h r un"lected b) humidiry. pro\rded corro,ion..
prevenieq or by temperature wirhin the range lor con-
ventional slructures.
Lest it be rhought thal crccp represents only a small
slrain of litlle practical interesr, we should make it clar
right now lhat this is not so: a typical creep deformation
aiter a ycar undcr Ioad is two to thre times the defor-
malion on applicalion ol load-
Hlstorlcalnote
It may be unfashionable to include in a book an historical
rcvicw ol subjcct mattcrbut a lewnotes or the'discovery'
alrd carly obscrvatjons ofnon claslicity olconcrcte are ol
interest because ol the empirical wa), in which concreie
became a structural maierjal. We are not relerrjng to
concrete used in ancient times- when of course a math-
ematical approach to matc als afld structurs was non-
cxistcnt. but to lhc use ol coDcrcte from th ninetnth
century onward. Inillal dcsign was similar to that ofcast
iron and steel slructures in that elastic behaviour of
concrele was assumed.It is not certain, and possibly not
very important, who was the Iirst to report that concrete
does nor in fact behave elasticaliy- ln 1905, Woolson']
described the ability ol concrete in a steel iube to 'flow'
under a high axial stress. As far as behaviour under a
suslained load is concerncd, it was probably Hattr oi
Purdue University, USA who published the tirst data on
creep ol reinlorced concrele in the 1907 Procecdings ol
the American Socieiy for Testins Materials. He iested
200mm wide beams with an etreclive depth of 250mm,
made of 1:2:4 concrete. loaded at third-poinls, over a
span of 2.4 1o 3.6m. The percentage of longitudinal
rcinforocment varied betwen 0.75 and 1.50. The beams
werc loadcd al tlrc agc ol lwo months in an outdoor
location. Hal1 found the following incrcasc in dc0cction
under sDstiined load
lnilialnressinsteel Centedeflecdon
{MPa) immediarely alter days of sunained loading
loadins
(mn)
201 10 2.5
55.2 2.i 1.1
110.3 :1.8
204I 5.1 94
Hattmade no relcrcnce lo shrinkage ofconcrete, so that
theincrease in deffection oihis rcinforced concrete beams
presumably includes the shrinkage eflec1 as well as creep.
This does not detract from the value ol Hall's resulls
whose importarce lies ir the fact that they demonstrate
the presence of large non-elastic deformations under
sustained load: after two months. the instantaneous
defleclion approximately doubled. Hatt's commentr is
2 lntoductian
so ll q roLI', th.'\e re\u r. rnLcr rog'\.r. 'h.{ J 'on
.. o".i,.,rr il c^ncrer( D) uh.h rr \re,d. -1delhF
d.rion.l d.JJo rpplred lor "'ond'rne. ''r r'Dpl'd i
number of limes.' The Istter statcment applies to the
increase in deflection undcr repeatcd loading, a iact aLso
e.L-olshed o\ Hrll. prohu.ll beirre an)"ne el'J
enorher non e.a'rli detormdrion r" con.'ere' ''rink-
ase. was observcd even earlier but its structural sig
nin"once *"t .e"ogrirea only in 1911 when White.l in a
nnn.r ro lhc ATerr.Jn \L,cier! l^r len'19 \4"1e-'"1''
$rol\' ^. llrc\e\ dJ\e'oprIP due l' 'hrrnr"gc lr lhc
ensuine discussion. Humphrey5 said. 'If these stalemenls
were t; be taken in a strict sense I am alraid we should
all become descrters of concrcle. Fortunatcly. history
has nol born out his fears, probablv mainlv because
shrinkage strcsses can be relicved bv creep.
One of thc eariies! studies reporting timc dependent
delo(rr".'on ul borlt lo-deLl ard nor-londcLl concrcre '
thal ol McM illan,6 publishcd in 19I 5. The problem oi the
rcld ion oicreep lL, h- nk.rge hd' been urll' u' er( ' n"
rnd is olinlerest both from th theoretical point ofviv
and lor structural dcsign purposes
There are many names, in addition to those ol Hatt.
White and McMillan, in the history of the earlv ob-
ot cr in .n concrele. An e\.ell(11 re!ien war
prbl.l'ed in qri br oari. and Dtrrr'- and rt r' rot
'er\aLron'
p_op.,ed lo -cnedt l'.r nraL(riJl \erc Ho$(\e. one
paper. publishcd by SmilhB in the l9 17 Proceedings of rhe
Amer;can Concretc Institutc, deservs a special mention
lor hc showed tlral on removal of load concrcte under
gocs boih elastic and crccp recoveryi a part olhjs original
graph is reproduced ]n Fig. 1.1. Thus the broad formal of
deformalions of concrete subjecled to a sustaircd load
and subsequently unloadcd has become established.
I
,aaf
.,......-._..-.---l
L.,
**l /''
6
q I/ , -..
5oo'f.,'
V,;
9
T me since aPPlicai on ol load
rra.1.l. Resuhsolreepandcteprecorer) lestsmadein r917r
Likc all scicnlific and technical literature, the volu e
of wrilten material on crcep has been growing al an
increasing ratc. In 1967, thc American Concrete lnstitule
ouhlishei an Annotated Bihlia.tra v o Shtl kage and
'Crcep in Condete: This conlains 487 ilems, but in
addition 792 items are given in a non annotaied list bv
Lorman.ro ln 1972, a second volume ol "l'lnola'd
Bibliigraphvlt containing 271 references was published'
Further rescarch and technical papers on creep have
continued to be Dlentiful.
All thcse papcis deal with various aspects ofcreep. as an
observe<l properry ofthe malerialand as a problem in lhe
behaliou; ofitructures, as well as with hypotheses on the
mechanism of the phnomena involved' Manv ol rhe
conclusions contained in these papers are cmpirical and
thir valuc for practical applications is considerable' Bu1
for a real unde;sEnding ofthe naturc ofcreep, empjrical
knowledse musi be combined wiih a knowledge ol the
molecula-r an<i particLrlate behaviour of the hydrated
cement paste. The main dimcultyiics in ihe complxity of
concre6 from thc rheological point oi view as the
comoonerl! ol Lh. -nalerra ar bondeLi roPelhe'dL d
n,rmb.r or lercrs tron rhe n)nopoinr o thc ordcr ot
magnitude of observatio some ot this is con(i'lered in
ChdDter l.
rtc mo.L ,rkelr mcans oicorreldlrng lhe behariuur ot
concret- ort foi that matter, ol any matcrial, at the
djflerent lcvels is by the energv approach. The Ievels
usually considercd are empirical, phnomenological (en-
gincering), and molecular (theoretical or structural)' In the
firs! of thes, experimental results arc used to develop
empr-icdl equJrion.. Alrlorgh rhe merhod i' Lon\enicnr
ro pre'enl o:la. rl 8r\es no rnlo'malron dborl Ihe me(hd_
nism of lhe proccsses involved.
- days

Atrheorle e\r cme. rhe rheoretr(.irl.rppr.a(h a erpl.
lo re dle creen behd\'uur .o procecre\ JL rhe molecu a ior
atomic level. In thc case of merals, lhere has been some
success in explaining many mechanical properries from
molecular changes but for a matcrial that is neither
homogeneous nor isotropic at the tevet considered. the
use ofthis approach has not mct with much success.
The phenomcnotogical approach is inrermediate be,
tween the theoretical and empjdcal approaches, and
expresses the behaviour ol a materjat in lerms of a com-
bination of a number or .rmpte rlhJricat modet,. Some
ol rhe.e .re (on{der\d in ( hiprer J0 q,ren deJiing u,rh
the mechanism ol c.eep and again in Chapre. 14 in
connection with rheological modcls.
ln Chapters 3 to 7 will be considercd the facrors
influencing c.eep. Ihi, r, \eri $rde ronrc ds creep i.
\en(r'rre lo "
Jinon iny prope.tt ol hd-dened concrete.
Some of these in ll uences areminor, many are indirect and
.dn be a(counred lor b) nrher Dropertres olconcrete. our il
. rmporrdnt lhdt rhcJ drl oe ralrondtty cipldined. Ii rhj. ,S
done, there will be no need for studies ofapparent factors
in c.eep such as shape of aggregate particles or the
presence and extent ofhoneycombing. On the latrer. ior
instancc, Jones er al.r, observed thai honeycombing
.nc-ea\es\lre:\c\on t1e\urroundingconc-cleand rhele-
fore incrca.es r re(p,l-ig. I 2r. Thd,. ir i. rhe magni.ude oi
the applied siress that is the real factor. lt can be addcd
lhat honeycombing also increases the exposed surlace
dnd lhrs $ould rncrecse rhe creeD under cr,ndi ,on.
"-ed.
ot drl ing.
In a more general vein, Jones ?/ alt, commenled that
almosi any procedure considered a bad construction
praclice will have an adverse cBect on creep. This
approach is not particularly enlighrcning, and probably
6
a
.9
100 150
rime under
Fig.1.2 Innrelce ol honeymmbi.g on rimldelolnadon of concrete: cemenl content
:,1 days.r:
age al application of Ioad
Histoticntnate 3
mcans no morc than thal weak concrete will, under given
conditjons and stresses, creep more than a stronger
concrete. It is preferable to considcr the signincant
properties ofconcrete ore at a time, as far as possible, bur
i1 is necessary to admit that this is rarety fcasible in an
e\perimenral dpproa.'h'mdry \J rube. ire corarranr
Thus. changing one property of concrete s,ill change al
least one other. For exampie, a change in the water/
cement ratio is accompanied by a change eirher in the
content oflhc cement pastein rhe mix orin workability, or
in both.
To make a consideration oinumerous infiucnces more
traclable it is proposcd ro divide them into rwo broad
calegories: intrinsic and environmenlal. The larter deats
wirh the influcnce of the sDrrounding medi um on concrete
while under load. above all moisture erchange and
temperature, and wiil be considercd in Chapters 6 and 7.
Chapters 3 to 5 arc corcerned uith the propertics ofthe
ingredients ofa concrete mix, their proportions, and also
with the influence ofthe applied stress.
Before discussing rhe various factors in dctail it shoutd
be rade clear rhJl man) o, rhem are ot pnrar) rm-
portance as far as the magnitude ofcreep is concerned and
do not merely represent a modifying efecl. As a result, rhc
rarge of magnitude ol creep of dilTerent concreres under
various conditions is wide. Ross'r quotes ultimate specific
creepasva.ying between 160 x 10 6 per MPa ior a small
wcak memberand 22 x 10 6 pcr MPa for a largc mature
member of very high strength.
The early chapters consider crcep under uniaxial
compression. for which data are numerous because of the
ease in performing tests, bul. in practice, concrete is nor
infrequcntly subjecred io different stares of srressi this
situation is discussed in Chaptcr 8. The recovery of creep
Honey.ombed .oncrete
We compacted concrete
2A0 25(]
load days
: 315 tg/nr i applied stress : 9.7 Mpa:
is discussed in Chapter 9. this topic bclng ol i.tcrcst in
undcrnanding the relersible nature ol creep and in
predicting the b.h.1!ior. ofcreep under lariable stress.
The prediclioD ol'c.ccp js discussed in Chapters 1l 1o
Ii In rr,e.echJfr.. rhp rln r. r.c urrhL
rnental and rfl tflnsrc laclors on c.ccp is takcn jnto account
bt, two approachesi cxlrapolation from erperimenlal
resulcand prcdic!ion oD thcbasis of accumulated data by
means ol em pirical equalionsand char!s:whilcin Chapter
ll relaxalion ol llrcss is considc.ed in association with
variable histories ol stress or slrain.
Concrele as a non-elaslic alructural malerial
At ihis stage, perhaps we should ask: uhat sort ol ma
terial is concrete? Is 11 elastic. or viscous, or plaslic'l Is
rt brilde or ductile? Feu real materials lall ncauv inlo
"nd .orc,e.e \ !e-ra r ) ro e\c.prio1
. rch ...,<po ie..
Although under many circumstances cracks are visible in
concrctc nrcmbcrs aDd sometimes even crushing may be
obser\ed. concrele is Do1 rcall] a briltlc malc.ial in the
sense that such a material is considered to er.hibil only r
small srrain before ftacrure. The aclual strain developed
depends on thc.ate ofiucrcase in strain and therefore on
lhe time dLiring which any incrcmcnt of load acts. Ihus
largc strains are possible prior to failure, wlth the result
that reinlorced concrete columns can fail in a ducrilc
manner and reinforced concrete beams can dclcbp large
rolations, leadiDg to a considerable distribution ol stress
and a comparalively duclilc lailure. This behaviour of
concreie has contribuled 10 ils success as a strucluraL
malcrial and can be traced direcdv 1o ils ability to
undergocrcep. Wcrc concreie purely elastlc and britllc. i1\
failurecould be all too oftcn sudden and catastrophic and
ils use ilr highly hyperstalic structures would not be
practcable. Details ol the slruclural ellects of creep are
.un'ideredinCLJnrel'0 J.20brrr.ht rdg(. .. \eJ r.
neccssary: creep is nol alwats bene{icial in concrete
st clures.Inrpo(ant enamples ol harm lul cnccts ofcreep
arepresl.esscd concreteme bers,whcrc creepcausesloss
ofprestress, and masii concrete structures which undergo
a thcrmal cycle so that a thcrmal g.adieni is produced.
The initial rhermal stresses are.elieved by creep bul
cooling produccs an undesirable rcvc.$al of stress. Since
the creep relief al lhc later age is smaller. cracking may
rcsul!. More abou! thcsc structural problems is to be
lbund in Chaplers l610 20.
Whe! concrete camc into general use,lhc rcchnique of
deslgn o[ metal structures was so wel] established that it
was almost inevilable for lhc same methods to be applicd
to concrele. Morover. as indicaled in lhc fcw hisrorical
commenls abolc,lilrlc or nodrjng \ras knoun about non-
ela.ric f'-^F-.(. o{ Jon.rere l-\en se-e .h. nor .^. r'
was probably felt al thc timc thai structures should
behave elastlcally and rhould accordingly be designed
lrom the elastic standpoint. As a rcsult. certain definite
rclati ons were accepted in to our st.uctural thinking, while
it would hsve been more corrcct. before accepting many
.r"h( mJlhen'rr .r de- !"ror' ui nrc"e\ in concrere
structures, 10 cxalninc the assumptions on whjch lhese
derivations are based. l'erhaps the most erroncous one of
these was the elastic design ofcolumns. which {ortunately
was abandoncd comparatirelt, rapldly. Nevertheless,
c! cn as rcccn tly as thc I 960s. design ol concrete structures
in many counlries still leaned heavily on elasric theory,
wlth ineiasticlty considered as almost an afterthoughl
'arl.(' rl'da. , Jr rn (g-alf'rfl or rl'e bJ' c de.ign.
It shoLrld be admitted though, that, as far as the cllccts
olcreep on strength and behaviour ofconcrctc struclures
rre concerned, elen now only a general qualilative
analysis rs possible in most cascs: a.igorous qurntitative
analysis usually i! not. The main reasons for this are thc
association ol creep wllh elastic delormation and thc
dimculties in eslimating creep under variable sircss from
dala lor constant stress conditions. But. of course. el'en
qualitatlve inlormation leads to analysis closer lo reality
than when creep is ignored.Itis imporiant 10 nole thal the
effects of creep depcnd oD lhe $u.ce of the sustained
stress. This can bc cilher a load. or an enlorced or
icstraincd delormaiionr in the latter case we refer to
deformalion stresses. As lar as the load siresses are
concerned, creep aflects only their disiribution but lor
deformation srresses even rheir magnitudc is dctcrmined
bf creep. Sinc bolh types olslresses occur in hyperstatic
slruclu.es thet are more sensitive to creep than stalically
delernrinale slructures. Slrictly speaking, oi course- al1
reinlorced concrete members are internally hyperstatic
but this is not what is meant in the present contexl.
Freudenthal'a nude sone inreresting observations ou
the necessity for local inelastic behaviour in strucrural
memhers eren lvhen a plrrcly elasLic anal)rsis is uscd. Such
analysis alwals assumcs St. Venant's principle to hold
good; according to this principle,lhe stress distribution a1
seciions remote from an applied lorce is independent of
lhc actual disiribution of ihis force but is governed solely
by its magnitude. Thus local slress concentrations rn a
siructural member are not considered in design and yel it
is ssential thai they do not iead lo local damage which
could iflcc! thc load'carryjng capacity of the member.
Now, illocal damagc is not to occur, se\ere local elastic
stress concenlratio n s must be dissipated, and thisrequires
deviation lrom elastic behaviour. lvc thus have a paradox
for, as Freudenlhai points out, pcrfcct linearity of the
stress strain relation ol a materiai creates the condition
ncccssary for the application olthe elastic analysis, but a
dc!iation from elasticity creates the condition sumcient
lor lhe application oithe elastic anaiysis. The best known
e]tample ol sLtcI behaviour are riveted connections but the
argument is also relevan! to corcrete at high overload.
This is. of course, nol an original obscrvation but it is
inrporlant !o realize that even elastic anahsis caDnot be
fully salisfied b) purcly clastic behaviour.
A sourcc of non-elasticity peculiar to concrete is
shrinkage on loss of warer to ihe surrounding medium.
\hrinlaee 11r) J., uirl L, aEdin.r creep. I
prestressed concrele mcmber. th efect ol both pheno-
menais in lhe same direct;on. On the other hand. because
in full-size members shrinkage is .estrained by rhe non-
drying concrctc in thc interior and by the reinlorcemenl.
and also lrequcntly by connections io other members or
 Struct /e oI concrete and of hytuatert cement past? 5
': _-:s:rtr.rnd_
tensile stresses are induced. These stresses
.-: -=: -.Bl b! rhe len,ite creep of conc.ere. .ird crackrnB
r': :;r r.-ulUie co o.ron oreven taiture r. prevenred or
=:.i:'a
l:'-r.
present book, the shrirkage in the case when ir
--_i:sarllr creep will bcconsidered as stress that induces
:1 I!
,h-e cJ.e shen \hrrnkdse .rcrs {irh !reep.
.. rasc rnnuence\ lre dryrng crecp and lhi, mu.r, o[
:. --.e b! conrrdered. but rhe effecr\ ot jhrink.rge per cp
::a :rken into account direct as far as structures are
::::.--med. The entire probtem is discussed in Chapters 16
.: :i.
Stsrrclure ol concrele and ol hydraled cement pasle
:- _reorment o, rhe ph].rco-chemicat aspecl5olhldra-
: - oi crmelr r\ a lopic lor more \peciatr;ed booti tc?p,
- e\drrple. A. V Ne\rler Hcre.
,. onty rhe srru(Lurat
j..e\!5 or hld-dred cemenl pJste dnd ofconcrere qrlj be
-.:.idered. Ihe precrse poi, olvre$ dependj on lhe leve
.,b.crralion bur. even at lhe eng.neering te\el. L.ncrele
r rulU-pha5e (omDo!le material. conn.ring oi par-
r'- J S np[t.ea Fn.(. ot t\d 4rea !eme1r pon..r.r f.L,e .o.rJ uoL
-i-_l.s of coarse aggregate embedded in a mat.ix of moitar. .epr-.c, p.1,.|e.. r.p'J,.rJt.."!.. Jpee. oop. rr\.sArr.iFd
\fJndr iLsell(on.isl\ or pd.lrcte, of fine dggregare embed "el
s?Ei spr.es such as thos marked C are cap larypores.,6
In

:ii In . mol'r\ oJcement paile. Ar lhe mr(roscofr,( Iever,

:-: .'rmenl pd. re con\ins o{ grdrni o[ unh]drared ccment
r: -rddeo rn a matrjx oiprooucl\ of hl dratron oIt ement. proJLcr. oJ hldrJrron i' Lhe cemcnr
l:cj Drodrcl\ are a cemenr gel $ilh a \emi-con.rnrou\ -aet $hirh i, ot
colloiJal .i/e ano prope.rrc\ laboLr t0nm ir U()5_
,r...n of $are1fi licd or empL) capiltary pore,. I-rna y .!l section) and the resulting mass ofcemenr gel is thus ycrr
._. .ubnrcro\cop;L lerel. rhe cenenr gel ,, a mi\tLre o porou',Jbour 28 percen b\ \utume, rhelo.c, h,v,ng,
' :-ed rlre.turned parlrcte\, some horous or need,e. diamerer ol db.ul l.5nr th,. medn: lhat. un d\erage.
:iaped. but mostly crumpled sheets andfoiis. which iorm not more than four or five molecules of watcr can bc
: .onlinuous matrix with a continuous system ofwater- ddqorbed on a ,oLJ.u1dLe. The c(men,!el. inler$o!en
:-ed qei Dores. q,rh cry,lal. ol calciurr hidroyrde. ddhcres ro
Han,ei' rhe un
oornr, our rhar rhe majoriryotaCg-eeare. dre hydrated cemen! parricles and filis some ol thc space
: .o 41tr lr-phase
comporile mdreridts. consr, ngofJrffer- q,hich ej\i,red berwe(n rte.c parric,es prior
itrL.cr,sta.line or amorphous corrponenls. dno u,uJ ro hloraiion.
) I he udler rn e\ce.. oI thJ I reouired lor hyoratror llls the
rr rh a deiinrte porosir)
remdrnder o, ,n"(e betwecn the originJt grain: ot cemenr,
Hydrated cement paste plays rhedominanr rolein time- re. rhe cdpillirv \oid,. \ahrch ar( abou. r$o orde^ o{
:.'p.ndent deformation ofconcrete and is, infact, the seat magnitude larger than the ge1 pores. Wirh moist curing
:.creep ot concrere. lhe aggregrre only modrlying rhe and sufficiently low ware./cement ratios, some of the
:'rl",joJr in a quanriratrvet) impofld;l sa\. hor lhi, cap'llar) rodi becore segmenreo b) rhe producr, ot
-:a"o.. a b el de,cnpfion ot
lhe ,ruclure ;i hydrated 1)Jrarion bul
-_sment paste seems called for. become <mptied
'n lhe do\erce oi.rch curirg rhe rord.
Fresh cement paste is a plastic network of particles of
On lormarion rhe cemenr g(l is ,Jlurateo sirh r\Jrer
*-m.nr in waterbut, once lhe paste has set, its apparent or o'rr, l-rgn spec.Fc .ur,acc dnd hence aJsoroUon
becau,e
--o$ \o'ume remain, app,o\imdtel! con5ldnl. AI dn\ (apacir\ lf no more u<rLe|nJn requ,red .or thi. .ar.r-
:-ase oI h]Jrarion. rhe hardened cem;nr pa,re con.i.r. o. rarion F d\rrldble.
\)drdllun ced.e, 't hi. iiLuatron arte,
1. d.ate. ol' lhe varioL. compoundq, reterred ro
':\ ell as gel, ofcrystals
collel. at a water/cement ralio of0_44 or less ifno externai water
ofcalcium hydroxide and of some is added during curing.
:rnor comporents, all ol which grow f.om unhydrated It,i, es,rmdled har therc dre - IU,, gel pa ic,es per
-:ment. Wirh lhe procrs\ of hldrarron, vorcls a.e formed mm- and. bec"u'e olr'reir,i/e,he.hape
lj a re\idde ol the wdrer-6 eo ,pace. in rhe ,re,h pasre. ge pa icle: \dnnor be derernrned by ob,endrron. oilhe ;ndrvidua,
fte.. roid\ are calJed capilta.y pore,. bur uirhin rire get are. ho\ae!er. ql.ong inorcalionq lhat lhe\ t nere
L5elI r\ere exrst inrer.rirral roid,. calted gel pores.
are in lhe lorm
l here ot rhin. rolled or crumpled ,neers. ave,agrng r
d'e rhus in hydrated cenenr pa.rc lso dr.lrncl cldsses ot englh. about ro Im in
2 I nm thrck, and r0nm u'dc in the rolleo
?ores which are represented diagrammatically in Fig. 1.3. state. Each hydraied calcium silicare
or tobermorite sheet
The cenren( gel con5i,rr ot hldrared catcium siticares is composed
oftwo or three solid mon.molecular lave.s
d\o knoqn a. robermorite atter a naturdll) occurring s irh d monorlolecular laler oizeo
rric rintertayc., uirer
mtneral. In hydrated cemenr paste, rhe largest part ofthe
 Therc is no iechnique for determining hov water
is
Fisure i.4 illusirates the probable structure ol the i' il ea* lo
hvtlrited calcium silicates in which the solid phase .*r ibuLed be.uce'l Lhc'e d'llererl 'td'es nor
nrcdtr | rhc\e di\ tron rheore,iLJl con';dcrations a'
encloses a larger gel pore and the interpartjcle honds arc '.ron\ rhe h) drd re rt
ihe cnercr ot brnaine ot conbined $drer in
ljkelv to be chimical bonds since the gel is not a lrue gcl
but is of the linited swelling tvpe. However, owing to a
.iir'.',i1.o.a.,.rnr"c"rrudc a' rhe enr$ or bindins oI
larse iDc, ific.u-tdce d,ea ano ro the cro'e pro\rmil! oilhe the adsorbed waler.
t ce''eprrlingthege' pore'.theree\Fl rorcc'ol A convenient divisjon of water in the hydrated cemenl
'o:dr'
rLLractron o h,, h ,re L,'r-all) relel red ro z' !dn der WaJl'
.,*..*...*,, lorrnvenrgatiorpu lo'e''rhough Ialhel
lorcesr these forces can be considerable because ofthe high
i,ii,','' ; -,ito rqo caresorie'. e\dporrble and$hrch
non-
:cvero, me hod' u-e'l' a l ol
,nccrnc 5Lrlace area of rhe gel. Thus. lhe nature ol lhe "".""ir'sr.. "re
inrcrDarucl. bund. m") be e rher ph)'ical oI (hemr(al'
.rr.'ri"tt, ai' ia. "u'.t rccor,l'ng lo shelher or nor iri'ron
cun
l" ,".,,'ia ,' .r,"," ' apour pre'sute' \uch a di\
I he r an der Waal' torce' ot Jrtra(lron dre affc\ Ied by ^
a oerforce arbrtrdrv beca,rse the'elarion bet\aeen tapour
rhe D!e\ence o,.d.orbed $aler and are baldnced b) qJrer conlenl of h)drd'ed cemenl pa'le rs
comoressr\e \.re"es {ilhin lhe pha'e' lr I' possrhle .,"-ure ana
'olrd
rhal lnerc are. rr lacl. polnl\ of conlacl bel\\een lhe I".,1"*^. n",.'*, in
general 'erms Lhe non-
which compressron ]s conlain' nearl) all chemicall) com
individual solid particles through i,.Ji ""'", "aLe'
"raooraote *a al'o some $arcr rL'r held b) chemical
transmitted whe; the cemcnt pasle is not saluratcd but qs DIoceedr. lh dmounl oI non_
Uond.. hldrrrion
ihe solid bearing-area is onlv a snall fraction otthe total
..,"i-r,1. *,", in.r.urct dnd,:incc rhe dmoJnr of non'
*a'e. i" proporriuna. to rhe \ohd vnlr'me rhe
I ourci 1.3 and 1.4 'ho$ IhaL there '' tralcr bel*een euioratre a' a mea'ure
ol a ro ;mc ot non-e\ aporab'e wdler can bc u'ed
l"reri ol a tol.erm.r'ire .heel. q'rhin conro'rrrr'r'qaler oiir,i qr,"r r or,i . ..lncnr scl pre'enr' ie' thc oesrce oI
.heer between pa-ricle'. dnd Ihere I' dlso cJpillJ'v ',
bctween agglomerations of particles' paste
\ ater ,n hydraLed cenenl I' he'd The manner in which water is held in the cement
o. " cnerg)
".,^.or.n... .lcrermrnes theen(rg) oibinJtng. l-or innanLc lhe
*'rh rar,ous dee.ee. firnne.s.r- Al one trlremc. lherc
oirt.non-.uuporJte*aleris I /lJ g \thilelheenergy
o,
-' lree warer uhich r\ c.rprllary \\aler beyond lhe surlace ot.'t.to)tiru,'on oi calcium hldro\rde rt
to, ce\ oirhe ro,.o Dha.e cno, al lhe olhe'e\lreme rhereis
oi ir,.
""t"
i+sl'tB LiLe"isc. rhe aenstrv ol rhe *arer varies from
.h.micallv comb ;ed waler or udle'ol h)oralron lom_
oppro*'-.ut.,y I 7 Ior non-e\ Jpor able alel lo l' I for
q gel
ins d dcr;ire rdrr ot rhe hldralcd conipound'' Berween $ater"
w,ter and of course. 1.0 tbr lree
rhi.e t*o carigoric. rherc i' Pel $aler $hich con'''r' oi
The above is a very sketchy picture - no morc thafi a
adsorbed wat;, i.e. water held by thc sudace forces ofthe
pel Darl,,le. (van de \ aar' rorje'1. and inlcrld)er or \cene-serlrnq ol rhe \rructure ol hldrdred ce'nenr pane
)eolnrc uater rhich rs held belueen rhe 'urfdce' of \)- ,.o futt rre"arrrenr ol lhe Lopic. 'rill lar trom clcdrl)
esiablished. must be sought in books on propcrties and
drated calcium silicate or tobermorite sheets (seeFig 14)' purposs
In addition, gl water includes lattice warer which is structure ofconcrele. What is significant for our
hyJlaled cemenl pa'le i' a
rhat oart ol ine ot cry'lalli/arion which I' nol ,, rhar- while. macro.coprcall].
'^,rer
.t emicallv a*otr,red w'rh rhc prin(rpal consrituenl\ ol -n"nuor' ootorr.oi" qith a wide 'pecrlum ol \oids'
latric; ;icro'coDrcarl\.lhe pa!e i' an aggregalion ol dni'otropic
the
panicte. of cortoia,rt dimension'' inter.pe'"ed w'rh J

crystallin phase.

1 OROWAN. E., Creep in metallic nnd lon_metalllc

materials.lsr US riarlo;al C onsress oJ Applied Mecha cs.
Chrcago, 195t, PP 451 72.
I worr'i:'olr. i H..:ore rernarlable rest' rnd:cdrrrs
'flow' ot conirete under pressure, Insitreeri"g News, 54
No 18. 1905. D 45q
I tl,ctt \\.f.. \ote. on Lce effscl ot lrme elcrenl rn
loadin; reinfor@d concrele bems P/o'' /SIl{. 7, 1907'
pP. 421 13.
o $urtt I H Derrru.lron ol .cmenl m" aFdrdcon_
.,ere rhroJAh e\pan\ion r'd -or"actrun' Pro' 4SIM' I l'
lal l, pp 5ll 55 r'
r HLMiHRhY R. L Dr=u*iononrel.4.jf;/"Pp 156 in ie
f. U.lrIll,fN, I'. R., Shrinkagegineerihg'
ard lime e$eds
infored cof,crete, Srudiet tu i Bulletin Na- 3'
I i re^it\ or M nne.ura, \4d.h lo 15.41 pp.
/ DAVIS. R. t. "nd DAvlS, H. I- . floq olconcrere under
Lheac.ronoln'ldi_edload\,P,of 4'l'27' lsl"pp'817
j.r. r3 901.
air. Probable slruciure ol hvdrared cedenr paste
 Relerences 7
S\flTH. E. B.. The flow ol concrete under susiaired loads 15. HANSEN. T. C., Theories oi multi phase maleriah
Pi& tCI. 13, 1917, pp. 99 102. applied to corcrele, cft ent morrar a.d cement piste, pro..
\Cl .OVVI'1 tft 2Oq A4"otat.n B,rtioo,apl d Itt. Co J. on the Stru.Lwe of Con.re,e, Cemenr and
S,rni^ae. oatl.tar ," coa+p\ lau5 p^t Ed. i\. M Concretc Asociation: Loldon, 1968, pp. 16 23.
\e\ille. Detroit, 1967. 102 pp. POWERS. l. ... I'e pl\.ira, {r-crure dro enunee, ns
LORVAN, w. R. L^r o/ /ddituaat Refercnces to Geep properties ofconcrete, Research and Der.Lopne t Bulletin
)jui totun. Chorqa .t t or.rctp lont /!ol. Amer;cdn No. r0, Portiand Cemcnr Association: Chicago. July, 1958,
Conoete lnstiiule. Dctroit. June 1967,58 pp. 39 pp.
{CI COMMITTEE 209, Atsatdted Biirtn)sraph! oh t1. NEVILLE, A. M-, Prcpefiies oI Concrete (3i edn),
Sbinkalle otd Cteep in Conctete 1966 1970,Ed. A.M_ Pitmar Publjshine:Loldon and Marshfield, Mas., 1981,
\erille. Detroit. 1972, 91 pp. 179 pp.
JO\ES. T. R.. HIRSCH, T. J. dd STEPHENSON. 18. FELDMAN, R. F. and SEREDA, P. J., A model for
H.K.. The Physnul Pbpeni.s ol Stuctutul Stdtit! hydrated Portldd ccment pasle as deduced from sorplion-
Ltgh\eeh, 4qareqatp C"rcrere. iera, tran,oorrouon length charge and mechanical properlies. Marr,als dtrl
Isnrure, Coile8e Sialion, 1959, 16 pp. Srrucrlres, Paris, l. No. 6. 1968, pp. 509 19.
ROSS. A. D., The elasticity. creep and shrinkage ot POWERS,T. C. andBROWNYARD,T. L., Study otlhe
cornete, in M echanical Propetties ol N on-M etoLLic Btutle physical p.operties ot hardened portland cemenl paste, 9
\frreaah. Bdrrerqofl,r\:Iondon. .q.8. tp t5r /,. pa:ns. ACI Jownal, 43. Oct. 1946-Apr. 1947r Pan l.
fREUDI-\] HAL A. V.. St,u.lum, eng,-eering a,per\. pp.10t 12; Pan 2, pp. 249 . 336i Part 3,pp.469 504iPart
'n BLild ag Vaq@].- lh?r Ft".r" r atu1 tn;dr;,.tr. 4,pp.549 60lj Part 5. pp. 669 - 712i Parts 6and 7, pp.845-
Eds. Reiner, M. andWard,A. G., North-Hollald pubrisb- 80i Parts 8 ind 9, pp. 913 92.
Co.:Amsterdam, 1954, pp. 64 121.
'ng
Chapter 2
Classilication of delormations

are determined sep-

In cngineering practice thc lerm creep is ofter used to ous volume changes. unless thesepossible to analyse the
it
dcno; both the phenomenon oloreep proper and thai oi aratclv.l Such a delinition garo,. makes
sho bf':e\eJ .reeo d1d
re -xrtion ul u
'i 'r'n. I . ruo '"'r- in ddLn or nre\.ou. in\(r
combination with one anolher. Tn the prcsent book' it is h-in\JA; ro \e,1 l.. "dd'tite. or I
rr order ro inrc nrer
(ollccr,) rh( 1. r..1 phenomen" in'ul!ed rn d-ring'on-
prelerablc to distinguish betwecn creep as 3 dclormation
;ccurrine under. rnd induced bv, a constani sustaincd cret subjectcd io a sustained siress. it is necessary to
wirh distinguish between the component ol crecp ol concrete
stress. arid relaxation. uhich is a decrcase in slress
under a constant delornralion. under conditions of no moisture movemnt lo or from
time
caused by the
Anolher comment on iernlinoLog! is dcsirable a! lhe the ambienl medium and ihe componenr ,e i'
D c\err \lJ!c. I r( phenorcror r c-eef n conrrcre hl'
c^nclrcrr dr\rng profe-. I lallcr cor'lonenl
plJ'rrc )iclJ' referred to as-drl'ing crep. For the lormer, Neville1
"*n r .r ,u'lr terme,l flJ". n'J'.'c llo$,
olastic deformation, time vicli. and lime dclorm'rtion' ,ur,c\Led rn lo)5 he.err
lrie.rccp bul l1e narre oi
Ke'ler.- r'co1'rdered Dlclerrble'
lht, aro'e D 'r' \ ft, r rhc . n.epL^r rher-e,hdn'n'ol b.r.i..reep,prop.,..obl
Lr,e oerc .,irron. a' een". rle re..rrLl,rrl) rroma Ir shouid be madc clear that in this contc{t shrinkage
lack ol agreem.nl on what was still a newlv discovered mcans lre drying shrinkage, i.e. deformation due to
load.
nhenom.non. No$adavs. lhe term creep is unilcrsally moisture wjlhdrawal in th absence of an applied
goingin shrinkage,
;doplcd and jt lvill be used throughout in this book It unafected bycreep.Thisis not
circlcs:
earlier. irduces a stress
should be emphasized, ho$ercr.lhat ihc use ol lhe samc when .eslrained. as mentioned
n.rm( tor .\c to.,o- nduced 1.n ela,,. oelo n.,,ioI in uhich is partiall] relieved by relaxation a creep lT"'cr'

concrete and in nlctals does noi imply a snnilarit]' ill lhe

organismic naturc oithe phenomeDa in the lwo matcrirls' Detinllion ol lerms used
t ,eeo s con',Jcred ". a 'e!pnn.( r.'I / p.r i.L,'..rr type o'
lu.dilg,\i/ d.".,dircdlo".t.,nd 1or Inr'ric"la' {rroor The behaviour ol materials is dscribed wilh rcterence
lnclasiiciiy. to the stress sirain relalion and, when this is time_
As is well known. concrcte also cxhibits changes
jn dependent. also in terms ofthe slrain time relalion'
strain qith tlme when no xlernal strcss is acting, due !o
movcmenl ofwater from or to lhe ambient medi m. t hesc Crcep
chnnges ar. ol coursc. drling shrinkaec, referred to In the most gcnerai form. the slrain time curve lbr a
lurlher simply as shrinkage. and swelling. Ther rs also malerial subjcct to crecp is of thc lorm shown in Fig. 2.1.
shrinkagc .]ue to carbonatioD $hich, in some incr'ln'es is

llo$ are sh.inkage and creep analysed whcn thev oocur

srmxltaneousllr'l The common practice o\cr man,v )cars
has bee! 10 consider lhe t$o phenomend 1() be addi!ive.
The ovc.all increasc in strain ol a strclsed and dr]'ing
membcr i! thus assunrcd to conxisi ofsbrinkage (equal in
magnrtude to thar of a simila. unsrresscd membcrland oi
a change in strain due to slress, i.c creep. This approach
.E

has ihe meril of simplicity and is suitable ior the manv

practical applications where creep and shrinkagc occur
togclher The dcfinilion is. ho\rever, not correcl because
creep and shrinkage are not indepcndent (and thereforc
addilivel phenomena to which ihe prlnciplc ol super
I Slra . a1 applrcalion
posi!ion can be applied.In fact, wclno$ ihat th eied.f
shrinkage oD creen is to in crease thc magniiude ofcrcep lt
is possible, holterer, to dcnne crecp as the dctormntron rn Tme
.\iess olshrinkase and thts app.oach will be follo$ed in cen.ral lom ol the nr,i. lime urv.lor. nalcrial subjcd 10

the prescnl book (Shrinkage is taken to include autogcn-

 DeJi nion of terns used 9
!.r(rr) : elastic strain at time ol rcmoval ol load_
ca : basic creep,
.d : d.ying creep.
and .r :.b + .d : lotal creep
As stated earlier, the consequencc ofthe adoption olan
additive definition oi creep is rhar there are. essenria y.
lwo types olcreep, depending on rhc ambienl humidig ot
the surroundings (see Ch. 6), viz:

basic cteep. i.e. creep occurring under conditions ot no

moisiure exchange wilh the rmbicnr mediunr
Ase
a:j :.? (htsral equilibriuml.
General iorm oi rhestrai. tinecuNctorconoetesubjeded to
:.ial lelek oi sustaincd srress.

The n.ain at zero time is primarily elasric bur ma! include '6
,-o1<a..i. conpone;r. the;eatrer, rhere rhree ;e
iuges ol creep. ln the prirnary creep rangc. rhe rate ol
:reep decreases wirh iime. Il the material exhibits a
minimum crcep rale, the secondar) creep raflge Gome-
imes called stationary c.eep) designates the range of
iteady stare creep. The straight line reiarion ofsecondary
.r.ep may be a convenienl approximation when the
aagnitude of this creep is large compared with prima.y
creep. The tertiary creep may or may rot exisl, depend-
rng on whether or not there is an increase in stress. For ,a
:..tance in conc.cte lhi, m") urte.rum an in.rcJ.e ,n
crecp due to microcrackjng at high stresscs, i.e. ai stresses
greater than the typical range ol working s trcsses which is
generally 25 to 40 per ccnt ofthe short.term strength.
For lhe norrnal working levels ol srress in concreic.
primary creep cannot be djstinguished from sccondafl,
J-eeo. ind lert;^ c eep doeq nor eri.. lhe .r.arr rrrne
cu*c is oflhe form sbown in Fig 2.2 and creep sjmpl) i
defined as the gradualincrease in strain with rime undei;
sustained stress.
The strain at loading is mainty elastic srrain and '6
corresponds to the static modulus of clasticily at the agc
-r shich lhe loid - appt,ed. t-q lhc.d{e.l accu.ac\.
rr .hor.lo be rored riar- the-,,nolutlr oi cfasilciiv A
"rqe
'nc'ca.e, $ lh jl:rc, tIe ela:uc,l-rarn deeres,e3 ririlrtm.,/ v
Thus. striclly speak;ng,creep should bcreckoncd as slraiD
in ercess ol the elaslic strain at the rime considered and
not in excess ol the elastic strain at the !ime olapplication
olload.Bothmcthodsareusedand,becausethediference
belween them is generally small and also because of
convenience, thc changc in elastic strain wil be i_gnored
e\cepL in (e tdin cJ.e.ot :.. rctrra rnali,, rseet hr to ro 6
)0r
Figure 2.3 sho\rs rhe terms and definirions involvcd.
The symbols !o be used are as tollows:

e"n : shrinkage, (d)

8., = clastic strain. ,,s 21. Dennition ol terms
(a Shnn[Jee ot rn un odd.d
6d(ro) : elastic slrain at the timeat application oftoad
Lunpanron \NUmeo
lb) ( hJnse n r ain ,l n oJded rnd d rnr soec en
r rpI ot 'odd"d .p(.r1el i' tr.r"l cqrtt-.un s t ri"
'-'
"r(l) : elastic strain at ase r.
anbienLme,lum
(dr Chrnse h nrain oI a loadcd lnd dryingslj.cinen.
1A CbssiJication of (Lefornations
and t.ttal creep.;... creep occurring under conditions ol Thc ratio of creep 10 the elastic slrain is
drying, in which there is an addiiional component crcep coeffcient
t!,'r,eL drlng ./??p which is induccd even after .(r,h)
allowing lor frcc shrinkage as measured on an Qlt.tol: o.(,o) 12.4)
unstressed specimen,

Furihermore. basiccreep is oflen used to describe creep

of concretc slored in water. In such a case. when the
swelliflg as measured on an unloaded specimr is small
compared with creep under a compressive load, ihe con_
ditions approximaie to those ol no moisture exchange.
Shrinkage. elastic dclormation and creep are expressed
as straii (millimetres per millimerrc), i.e. as dimensionless
quantilies. Ho\4'cver. sometimcs lt is convenient to give
lhe magnitudcs of lhe elastic deformation and creep not
ior the actual slress applicd (usually expressed as a
proporrion ol the short-tcrm slrength) but per unit of
stress. Such values are called specific elastic strain and
specific creep. If 6 - stress acting, we denote specific
. : "'11!l:E.(.ta) 1
So far, we have implied ihat a suslained strcss, once
applied,continues to act. This $,ou1d be so with selfweight
of a member but many loads, although sustained, do not
act indclinitely. Whcn the stress is removed, concrete
undergoes instantaneous recovery, already denoted by
0.(, J. Generally r.(, | ) < s.(ro). The instan taneous recov-
ery is followcd by a time-dependent recovery, referrcd to
in this book as creep recovery. The situation isillustrated
in Fig. 2.4, which shows that the creep recovery iends to a
finite value. Il is convenient to denote the creep recovery
by / and to use subscripts as Ior creep
Themagnitudes of lhe creep and the creep recovery ar
such that r<., xcept in concrete subjecled to the
sustained stress ata very advanced age when it is possible
thal / : .. Thus, concrete subjected lo a suslained stress

t2.11 and subsequntly unloaded exhibits an irreeoverable or

residual strain, sometimes relerred to as permanent sel or
residual deformation.
where E"(ro) : modulus of elasticiiy at age
denote specific creep by
In$afianeous stfti
r In the precediflg definitions ofterms we have nol distin_
..p : ( (I, rul : '(f ') 12)1 guished between the elastic slrain at the time at appli-
cation of load and the instantaneous strain on loading.
wherer(r,ro) - crcepat age,dueto a stress applied atage Hansenr recognizes that the latter term includes the
permancnl set on loading, i.e. that par! ol the instanla-
In addilion, the sum olthc specific eiastic strain at the neous strain on loading which is rot recoverable.
I me J, dpplicalior ol tord or rl lhe lrmc $hen c-eep i. The strain at loading, or instanlaneous strain, depends
determined and ollhe specific creep at time, is termed the upon the rate of application of load, which makes the
crep iunclion O, i.e- demarcation between claslic and creep strains dilicult,
e.pecrallJ wl'en companng creep dala lrom \arrotrs
rl sourccs. Accordingly! some comments on the elasticity of
{,rr. r", d
.,1,.1 - .1 . /orl , !/ - an. ' ,i '2ll
- c.lr concrete are appropriate.a when lhe load is applied

100 150 204

T me since aPPlicat onoiload - days
aiU ,..1. lnslanlaneous and crcep rccoverjes

.\rremell rapidly, say, in less than 0.01 second. the
:.corded strains are reduced and the corresponding static
noduius of elasticjty is the initial tangert modulus of
Fip. 2.5. A ,o. lhe initidl rangenr modulu\ i\ approrr-
Dalely equal to the dynamic modulus of elasticity which
is determined using a small fluctuating stress. and, con'
=quendy,
the creep occurring is negligible. Thus, the
:nitial langent modulus relers to almost pure elastic
.Jecls. An increase in loading time from five seconds to
about two minutes can increase the instantaneous strain
ry up 1o 15 per cnt, mainly due to microcracking but,
qithin the range of 2 to 10 minutes (or even 20). the in-
.rease in strain is small. In general, the type oi apparatus
'j*d in the laboralory makes it possible to apply the load
:r less than I minute. and the instantanous strain is that
.o.respondirg to the secant modulus of elasticity in
Con rete as a composite natetlol 1l
basis of our undersianding of the phenomena involved,
creep from the other skains occurring during the period
when a load acts. It would sem thus thar creep is whai'
eter we define rr lo be. Ho$ever. a ph).icalry incorrecr
definition would hinder the study of the phenomena
involved, as one approach to jncreasing our under-
standing of creep is to identify and associate specific
mechanisms with various components of time-dependent
detormdlion. for lhr. rea,on. Irre c.n.epl oldr) iDg creep.
which allows for the shrinkage creep jnteraction, is used.
Under some circumstances. thedelormation ofa concrele
member is kept conslanl or varies in a predetermlned
manner, the stress varying accordingly. Underconditions
of constant strain the manifestation of creep action is a
lowering of the stress, which is deli[ed as re]axation
(Fig.2.6). Relaxation and creep are, of course, closely con-
nected physically; their mathematical relation will be
considered in Chapter I3.

Slrain
Frg ?.j. Typical stresrstrain curve for conoete.

Forthe usual type ofrecoverytest, the strain at removal

of load, or instantaneous rccovery, is that which corre
.Dond) lo lhe secanl modulu, of Ihc unloadrng curve in
Fig. 2.5 ar the time ofthe removal olload.
Apart from the obvious, but often dimcult to achieve,
solution of very rapjd loading, the elastic strain can be
determined by extrapolating back to zero time from a
series ol short-term creep curves at each increment of
stress.5 But even this method includes some non-elastic
deformation in the derived eiastic strain. The elasric strain
calculated from the dynamic modulus of elasticity has
probably the most couect value ftom the theoretical
'randpoinl bur i' nor alwa)( convenienr ro u.e.
For most practical purposes, the assumption that the
Fig. ?.6. Relaxalion oI slressunder aco.slanl slrain
elastic strain on loading is rot distinguishable from the (a) consrant srrain 6. iron asero.
observed instantafieous deformation is convenient. The (b) R.laxalion of ste$ lrom age ro.
assumplion makes it possibie to separate out the two
important types of deformation: that which occurs on
application of load and that which occurs wiih the Concrcb as a composlle male al
passage of time while the load continues to act. Aithough rhe adopted definition of creep implies a
It may be noted that Ito delinition ofcreep is inherenlly distinction from elasti deformatio& the two phenomna
morecorrect than any other, for we cannot isolate, on the cannot be truly sparated for the reasons stated earlier.
12 Classifi1tion af defurmanans
Hjsroricall),, the bchaviour of engineering matc.ials used
in struclures is based on elaslic analysrs. and there is a
practice ot cxtcnding ihe elasiic rhcorics !o account for
line-dependcnl clTccts. In order to lllow lor thc creep ol
concrete. an eflective modulus ol elasticity is ollcn usedi
liris is based on the btal strain at any time (see Chs 4 and
13). Co sequenlh,, ;1is pcdnent to include comnients on
lhe mndrlr..Je d.r .r'J J'.o.rcrere n, r connn.rtr
'qo.
IJanscni suggested thal a compositc materiaL can have
two lundamcnrally differenr stmctures. Thcfirst oithese is
in deil.nmtu.rr h,- I m"le- -. s'icl' -r.
Iattice ol an elastic ph asc with a high moduius ol elas ticitl,.
wlth embedded parllcles ola lower modulus ofelasricity.
TI.e.e.ond r) oe .' u.'r.ir.. r\'h rl ot.,n roer co-rpo\r,e
" has ei$tic pa.ticles wirh a high
soll material. which
-n^d rLr' ol . drlrir- emDeodeo n,, !oql rLoL. mdln\
plrasc rith a lower modulus oielastici!t.
ln order 10 calculate the modulus of elaslicit) of a
(ompo.' e hiro mJ'.Irl . d\.rneo rhrr r1e .rro.n r\
consrant orer any cross,section. while the siresses in thc
phases are proportional to thcir respective moduli oi
elasiiciltr.? On the other hand. lor a composite soft
material the modulus ol elasticrty is calculaled lronl the
assumption that the slrc$s is consiant over any cross
section, while the strain in the phascs is inversely pro,
portion al tu their respectlve nr oduli of elasricity. Idealized
eore\errJ,iul. oi rhe r$o.o1rt.*'r. Tdreri rl. epi\er
"
in Fig. 2.7. The corrcspondirg equations lor the modulus
E, - moCulus of elaslicrt_y- ol the particle phase.
and J . r, ..1 onal .olr me ot re piflL e..
These equations represent the boundaries for thc
modulus of ellsticily ol composjte two-phase materials.
Nciiher boundary can be achieved in practice as they do
nol satisfy the re.Luiremcnlii of equilibrium and com
fJib;l r). re.pec.i!el! lr . rl-cr(lore. rarher .urpri,ing
thal [2.6] lor the composile soll material gives a reason-
able approximalion for concrete when [i > t^. i.e. the
modulus ol elaslicily oi eggresate is higher than !hat of
the cemenl morlar, uhich is the casewith ordinary nalural
agg.gaies.
Conrelel). $hen L" . / tor rhe compo,.re
^. 12.5,
hard nuterial agrees reasonabiy wcll with erperimental
data. The explanation probably lies in Iocal iailure of
bond ol lhe aggrcgat particles.
In latcr ]iork. Hansen and Nielsen3 suggestcd a some-
what more sophisticaled model, in which a sphcrical
parricle $ith modulLrs E. is cmbcdded concentrlcally in a
spherical mass ofnatrix matcrial with modulus E-. The
relative sizc o[ the spheres must satisry thc fracriona]
\ol rme.o rher ,,t\r.c. Nlakrnrce'rai1 a..Lntror..
in particular taking thc Poisson's ratio ofthe two phascs
to beequal to oneanotherrnd 10 0.2,Hansenr derired the
nodulus olelasticilt olthc composite material as
F rl L/tE + (l + qrI" ''!
'-'
(l+./)E-+tl ,/)f. 12.71

oiclasticity are as lollows: This quation agrees $cll wiih experimental data,
aithough evn better results wcrc )ielded by the model
lor lhe composite hard marerial
show! in Fis. 2.8 rvhich was developed by Hirsche and
I.: (1 aJE,,, + 9t" i2.5]
and for the composilc soft material

:/'
. '\t- ' t2.61
"') L.l
where t": modLrlus ol elasticity oi 1".
material,
,,, : modulus of elasticity of thc matrix phase.

\q If'
I

I 1
Model ior 12.81.

I Dougill.lo The semi-empirical relatlon developed lbr lhis

1g

t o,[1; *r:i]* o,[n :ral

q)E- + !tE" t2.81
Phasel:rrl'
I I

"1:
According !o Counto,11 the composite soft model and
theabovcmodet areoflimited vt idityin thecasewhen E.
1q s tends 10 zero,i.c. for a porous cement paste, sinceE" tends
to zero, whilc i1 h known thal a porous marerial has a
Fi, 2 7 Models lor composile hard and comp.sitc soft matenals. finile modulus. This limitation lvas vcrillcd" by using a
 Types of dehrmation t3
polylhene aggregate concrete (-9":0.29GPa) for \rhich
[2.8] predicted a modulus of elasticity of concrerc $hich
was much lower than that obtained experimenlally. In
order to overcome the limilation, CountolL proposed lhe
model shown ir1Fig.2.9. Here,lhe aggregate isconsidered
28 and [2.9]-

1
5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fra.lional volume of aqgregate parlicles I

Frg ,1, Vaiation in modulus.l elastlcily of a typi.al concrere rnh
aEaresate conlenr s, using various modehr nodulus oI ellsticity of
d$'egdr</r''r'pa'r'od,r.ol.-n...r., of .cr.r' od.eno'i\

and the subscripts rcler to

cp : cement past (including lnhydratcd cemeirt
= gl' srains),
uc : unhydrated cemcnl.
hc : hydrated cemenl (including capilla.y pores),
and cg : cement gel (including gel pores).
App,icdrion ol lhc rso'p1d.e approach lu criep. in
which the modulus of elasticity is based on the total
Cross sect on al mid.heighl deformation afier a time under load. is considered in
Iid ?.r. Cou.rok hodelior [29] Chapler 4.

as a cylinder (or prism)placed at the centre of the cylindcr Types ol delormalion

(or prism) ofconcrete, both cylinders (or prisms) having
Considering the delormational properiies ofany matc.ial
the same raiio ofheightrothea.caolcross section,so thal
under load, rheqlo$ recosnizg! tEqe llrttdallent4l lJpqs
the iollowing expression applies:
ol dqqrmarion: {a!!ic, plasliq atu ]!qcouj. Thcse lypes
' can appear, of course. also in combinalions. such as
i:==.[(-#)"'."] t2.91

In practice,lor the normal range ofaggregales, there is

little diflerence between the values oi modulus E" pre-
dicted by [2.8] and [2.9]. For example, assuming typi-
cai moduli of 25 and 50 GPa for cement paste matrix at
28 days and aggregate, respectively, the vadaiion of con-
c.ete modulus with aggregate content is as shown in
Fig.2.10.
Hansens extended the concept of composite materials
to the cement phase alone. He takes this as hard grains
ol unhydrated cmcnt in a soh matrix of p.oducts of
hydration. The latter, jn turn, consists of \oft' capillary
pores in a hard matrix ofcement gel. Then the modulus of
elasticity ofhydrated cement paste is given by
I ("- Yn.
t2.l0l
E"! E," 4rE"r
whre r: volume fraction,
e'ano-pla\u( ur \r,co-ela.lrc. dnd r'r.o-nhrnJr,or..nr
be complicated fu(her by lactors such as aglng, th!g-
toqy or slra;n hardening. Forpresent purposes, by elastic
delormation is meant an instantaneous- linear, completely
revrsiblc dcformation oicryslals or molecules. Thus,
o:E): [2.11]
:
where s general strain.
Delayd clasticily can be considered as a form ofcreep,
usually characteristic of a disorderly molecular arrangc
ment. The deformarion occurs at a decreasing rate and is
fully reversiblc bccause the energy producing it is not
dissipaled bu1 is stored in the material. The delayed elaslic
dcformalion plotted against time would appar approx-
imalcly as aparabola. For instance-ifa body consisting of
asolid and a liquid phase is subjected to a suslained stress,
the instantaneous elastic deformation is governed by the
mean modulus of elasticity ol ihe combined system.
Thcrcafler, the liquid flows and the stress on the solid
11 Classiftdtian of deful ations
phase increases with a resulting incrcase in deformation.
The elasticity calsed by the rlow olthe liquid phase is due
to rhe elastic after-effect.
Viscous flow applies to ideal fluids and requires tlutthe
rale of slrain (with respec! to time 4 beproportional to the
applied slress, i.e.
de
d,
Plastic deformation is due to wholly irreversible
changes of positjon ol single units making up a solid body,
i.e. to distortions without a vollrmetric change. Thus
E: T@,t)
but only for o greater than a limit value. Since the changes
are irreversible, rhe strain does notchange whenthe stress
is removcd. Plasticityis usually connectcd with crysialline
order ol molecular arrangement and may be associated
\r'ilh crystallographic slip but occurs also whcn there is a
considerable degree of atomic fil betweer neighbouring
molecules. A purely plastic material \rould not, stricdy
speaking, show crecp, as the application ofa stress would
produce a corresponding strain, as soon asthemechanical
ine.tia would allow, and thc strrin would nol change any
further.
As far as the behaviour ofconcrele under a sustained
lodd srlhrn the normar r.nge ol uorking stre.'et
concerned. Hansen6 classifies the deformation of concrcle
in the following manner:
elomtrt.n rnnJnrinr^u\ tne.deprndent
(pernalenr set)
Both the deformations in the time-dependent column
represent creep and, although it was siated earlier that,in
contrast with other materials, in concrete, primary creep
cannot bc distinguished from secondary creep, Hansen6
connder' he delaleJ elJ'.ic delu'mrrion to be primary
creep and the viscoLrs deformation (i.e. residual de'
formation) to be secondary crecpl the delayed elastic
12.121 deformation is determined from the limiting value ofthe
creep recovered iollowing a creep test- In order to oblain
some perspectile ol the magnitude ol the so-called
primaryand secondarycrep straiff in concrete. rference
ian be made ro Fig.2.i 1 showing some results ollllston!'1
who also divided creep into dciayed elastic deformation
f2.1rl
and non-recoverableflow. The delayed elastic crep forms
a high proportion ofcreep in the period immediately after
thc application of the sustained load, and rerches a
constant value after about 10 weeks. lt is possible that
there is even a slight decrease in the magnitude of the
delayed elastic creep after that lime The 6nal magnitude
ol the dclayed elastic creep varies little wilh ihe age at
applicarion oftoad or with the prelious stress history.
On the other hand, the flow componert of creep
increases with time under load but at a continuously
decreasing rate. Extrapolaiion to the time of applicaiion
oiload gives a value ofapproximalely zero, thus indicat
ing that there is very little instantaneous plastic de_
i' lormation (permanent set).
The rates of both rhe delayed elastic and the flow
component ofcreep decrease with the age at application
ol load, indicating that the two phenomena are relaled
lo one another. This relalion is independent of age as
indicatcd by the dala of Table 2.1, which shows that the
delaycd elastic strain is th same for a given flow
compo.cnl of creep lor ages at applicatiofl of load

>40

92A
,6
De ayed elasilc slra n

100
T me under load - daYs
Iis., r/. Delayed elastic and 6ow components ol crep lo. a l:6 5 condele wilh a waleridnent of 053'1tr
'alio
 Types of deiotmatiot 15
Tarl" VcBn rrde,t deta\eJ etdr r...,%,n cotr\p. 1d, rs ro
*rected \alue\ ot Row srhn instant is independent ofany previous deformation. Thus
deformarron durrng a gi!en period ot rime rnder ]oad
Delaledelasricsbain(to 1 .larlrng ar age,j .hould be thc samc as the rncreare
corrcsponding ro now strain ( to 6)
oi in
dclo.malion during lhe ,ane peflod trom rhe \ame agc /
0.5 10 l^hen lhe,ime,oal had bein acring since an edrtrerr
30 l5 51 60 rn'rdnt. Ill5lon s datd': lrom test, s h dirlerenl age: d(
l9
lIl
37 40 60 applicarjon or road.how thal the abo\e,equ,rement ri
30 38 50 56
3.{0 ]',l 67
nor qujre irlhlred bt concreie ttabie 221. 4norhe-
example of the inff uence of past deform arion in concrere is

berseen seven day. and almo,l d

)eJr; dtt re\ult: are lo, r,a/e r 2 Flow slrain veri6cation oI vncous nos condnions,,
r,ie same mix and rhc same applred srress.rtr
Aee at app,i catio n of load (datsJ 1o 52
While'he dehnit ion otcreep ds rhe.um oitodd-induced
t
lirne-denendenl detormatio,ls acceptJole, dnd has been 10.9
propused b) Ihe Comrre Furop6en du Balon rCt B),. ,ol
predrLtrng creep. the a,location o. reco!erable f.on a specinm loaded al an 34.8 l6l 2.3
and rrreco-
!erable deformations to delayed elastic and viscous flow
respecti!el) i\ debatabte. tn pa icular, rhere r\ somc
dorbrlhethcr rhe rrreco\erabje pafl rs red y l|\ods or rhal in Irg 2.t). based on Vogr's dara,,a shich.hos.
giren
Do*ibl) plasric. Ar menrioned eaitier. rhe\e r\ro rype\ ot periodit loJd on d conc.ele specrmen is increased a[e- a
undcr sustained stress. the increase in strain is
deformarron are ctedrt) defrned ph)sicatr) ano ,rriotogr-
.mall unLil th( \rre* .rrdrn (urre approdches the !irgrn
cally. Vi.Losi() r\ behaviour oi a marinat qhen Lhe
curve obtained by a direct increase in stress from zer;to
Dolenfidl energ] ot an exrernal lorce apptred ro lhe
the higher value.
mJtefldl rs reldtj!el) smal,compared nrLh lhe inlernal
B) conlrast to riscou\ detormalron, plasric detorma
lhernal energ) ot the riolecular .rructure. But it lhe
tion i.rnfluenced previor,sderormarion. b) proridrng rhe
energi ot rhe dpptied force i. targer rhdn rhe rhermat past stress cxceeded the plastic limit. This is
.nergy. Lhe delormaljon rs con.idered ro be pla,lr(. U hen whv it has
been srggerted thal concrere con,orm, ro.ome eirenr to
lhe rrreco!erable dctormalron rncreasej wirh lhe
duratron pla(tic-behJ\rour wrlh a plastic t,mit oi?ero.
of action of the load, the material is said to flow. Now, \ereflhele..,
rhe delormariL'n ot (oncrere r. ba.i(all\ drfierenr
pld'lic_flow i5 chdracrenTed bv a !dtue ot st.ess, ca ed from rhe
planiciry of.,d). sreet a. evrJenced b) rhe fact lh. no
pla:lic linil. belos w\ich rhcre is no flos The ab,eflc of
"edrslr;burion ol monents rale. place rn hlpcrsrarrc
a plastic limit, i.e. when irs value is o : 0, characterjzes
concre(e sl-U(lLres under normat so.kins lodds.
Eurd tlow
lr (eems th u, rhar lhe cta.sificalron of d;tormation5 in
It has been 6rmly established that concrcte has no concrete
pld.,rc Iimrr so thar in the rheologrcal sense concrete is somewhat obscured. DeviatioDs lrom lincar
a a strcss strain or stress rate of strain relations
I urd. Thus the irrecorerable rime-dependent deformauon are most
.1ould be de.ignaled d, ! rscous. Thi. Iil,el) duc ro mrcrocrackrng ,]l rhe aggregalc_matlli
is rur lher.uppo(ed rnrerlhce This. of cour,e. r. tracrure dnd nor rlou. but,
by an approximate proportiollality beirveen stress and
_ale ol \train since the rheological nomenclature is bascd on pheno-
ar normal uorl,ing srre.\es (j.e betos menological
pronounced mrcroc.ackingr. An addillondt rndirecl behariour ot mareriat.. rhe rpparenr yield
argu- cauieo b) mrcrocrdckr4g cdn be dcsipnaled
ment in favour oI viscous flow is advanced bv Hanse-n7: d, plds.,(
fiou
rhe prrnclple ol superposirion ot,rrain, app.orimarety
hold. good for.on.r.re. and rht pnncip,e i. ia trd onty
for Drdclical purpo.es ot\lr ucru.aldes,gn the,rruatron
in a\ lollow{. The behavrour ot conc,ele, d\ [ar ac.tre]res
elaslic or vr.co-eta\(ic marenals: no .uperposirron can ^ Io c\lernal lodd, are
be due concerned, is sumoentlv close ro
applred to planic delormalion Ho\ e\er. ila coetlcrenl
ot !r.co-erd\licir) tor rhe vr,co,irv-ela,rrcit! anaJogie.
r rco,I y i. calcula led lor concrele.
il \arie, not onb s rth Rerner (o make rhe rheorv oi
the age of the concrete but also with time under load oi etrsLiciry appticabic
su.lained load. produce no redrnribulion oi,r..*",
du'rng the earlJ pe od atrer apptication of lhe toad. t his
ndrcales thal rhe rime-dependenr irreco\erabie derorma-
reactions both in plain and in reidorced concrere. But ",
lron deformations due to external load, and stress distribution
rs not purel! \ iscou. but rocludes some permanenr
s<l or reactions due to forced deformations such as shrinkage,
due ro clo'ing up o[ l\e get rtruclure. Herein mar Ic rhe
remperJ,ure change. or yietd ot ,uppor,\ cdnnol
e-xplanarion ol $h] rhe pr,nciple ot,uperposrrion orere_ be
determincd according ro rhe rheory ot ela,licjr). Ihe
Umales Ihe creep recorery {s?? Ch.8l. Il may be noted
I hdr DrJcticdl dspecr' ot lh^ problem,n nrucluralde\ign are
le(ri by Nie\en' ' ha\e .hou n rhar rhe mignrrude ot the
considered in Chapters 16 to 20.
Inear rrrco-etasltc (omponent o[ slrrrn in concrele is
Some re.e"rch uorke, hdvc \epdrated rneld\ c de-
rndependenl of rhe lime al \r hrch lhe toad rs apptred it lhis ^
Iormallon ot concrcle (and of otner materialst rnlo
ra les place a fter rhe lrme al s hich rhe degree
oihJdralion \ olJmeIl ic and der rdroric (omponents. thira,,ume.lhaL
ias reached 0-65
delormJrional bchd\ iour is i5orropr( ano lhe ru o compo-
Therc is, however, an argumentagainst theviscous flow nenr\ can be srmpl) supeflnposed. tt rr ot cour\e $ell-
concepr. Tn visLou\ llou, rhe rare olderormarion aL anr
knosn Ihdl crefp ol concrere. and ot nldrareJ cemenl
16 Classirtcatiot oI defotmations

n str"rn
I'iC. 2../,2. Stres stain rlation Ior .onoere n.der a varyir8 slress.r'

paste, introduces a volume change since the Poisson's applied 1o concrete, cement mortar and cement paste,Inr.
Conl. ot the Siuctwe o.f Can.rere, Cemmt ud Corcrete
ratio of the crep deformation is considerably less t]Ian
Lodon, 1968, pp. 16 23.
Assocjatjon:
0.5. Thus the deviatoric component of creep is always HANSEN. T. C. and NIELSEN. K. E. C. Influence of
present. aggregate properties on con$et shiikaqe, ACI Jottral,
62, t965,pp.783 794-
9. HIRSCH. T. J.. Modulus ot elasticity ot concrete affected
Relerences by elasaic noduli oi cement paste matrix ad aggregate,
ACI J o*na\,59,1962, pp- 421 5t-
l. NEVILLE, A. M.. Theoria ol creep in con6ete, ,4Cl 10. DOUGILL, J. w., Discussi on otrcfercncx 9, Act Jow@l.
J obndl,52, 1955, pp- 47 60. 59.1962,Dp. l163-5.
2. ALI. L and KESLER, Mechuism of creep in
C. E., ll COUNTO, I . J., The efiecr ol rhe elaer modulb ot rhe
concrete, Symposium on Croep ol Coric.ete, ,4CI Spe.ial agercgate oa tho elaltic modulus, creep and creep recoverv
Pfi lic ation N o- 9, 1964, pp. 35 57. or con$er., Maoazike ol Cowete Reseorch,16. No. 44,
3. HANSEN, T. C.. Creep dd s.res rlaxation of concrete. 1964, pp. 129 38.
Ptoc. No. 31. Swedish Cenent and Concrete Research \2- ILLSTON, J. M., The componnts of strain in concrete
Institute: Stockholm, 1960, 112 pp. under sustained compressive st6s, Masazine of Corctete
4. NEVILLE, A.M. Prcperti^ oJ Coh.rcte (3d ad0), iesear.ft, 17, No. 50, 1965, pp. 21 8.
Pitman: Inndon and Marshfiel4 M6s, 1981,779 pp. 13. NIELSEN, L. F., Krybning i uarmeret beton, Nr/dsk
5. III:
GLANVILLE, W. H., Studid in reintorced conqete, arora,10. No.2,1966, pp. 140 66.
The creep or flow ol conoete under load, alldirg t4. VOGT, F., Or the flow and xtensibjlity of coocrete,
Reseorch Techni.ol Pd?4 N o. 12, Dep&tment of Scienti$c Noryes Teknike Hliskole, 1935, pp. 349 74.
dd lndu'Lrial Research: London, lqlo. lo p!. 15. REINER. M., D4orharior, Srrai, a rlow, H. K. Lewis
6. HANSEN, T. C., Creep of
conctete, Bulletin No- i3, and Co.: London, 1960, 347 pp.
Swedish Cment and Cotrcrete Rdearch Institute: Stock- 15. CEB-FIP, Mod.el Code Jo Cotoete Sbrctrtes, Comiltr
bolm,1958,48 pp. Euro-International du B6ton F6d6ration Intemationale
7. HANSEN, T. C., Theories of multi-phase materials de 1s Pr6contrainte Paris,1978,348 pp.
Chapter 3
lnlluence ol cement and
ad m ixtu res on creep
-r=t r! sensitive 10 many properlies of concrctc, and in
::! .hapter ihere will be discussed those intrinsic lactors
-.r.1relare to the properties of the cemenq also included
:.: :h. eR-cts of admi)itures: air enlraining, plasticizing
.:. accelerating.
Composition and lype ol Porlland cement
i - -al ,. cement i. rhe mo.r rmf.llJnr la.ro in creep
-.ause lhe hydrated cement paste is the seal oi thc
:..nomenon. The inlluencc of cemeni is twofold: that
=::.rng irom the physical and chemical propertics of the
,,-:nenr. and tha! due to the variation in the amount of the
:'.irated cement paste. Thc latter eflect is complemenrary
r ihe etrect ol the quantity of aggregate, which has a
::.rraining influence on creep, although in some cases
::lregale can influence the sl.ucture ofthe paste. e.g. by
::lorbing some of the mixing water or introducjng
,'lrLiona Ji.\urJ. lheinfruenLeotaggregdtconcreepi.
:,.rsidered in the next chapter.
{n experimental investigationl of oreep ol mo(ars
'.de u,rl crrenrs ot drfferenr cheni(al (ompo.iriol
rignating lrom diferent cement plants and therefore
:tr\ing different kiln lemperature hisrories. degree of
:r.bonalion, period of slorage, and amounr of su{ace
:rdration. has failed to show a simple direct correlation
-*reen creep and the chemical composition ol cement.
This does not mean, however. that the compound com,
:Lxrtion ofcement has ro e$ect on creep but rarher thal
:aere are otherfactors which modify ihe dircctinfluence oI
.remical composition- It was iound thar thcse other.
:ossibly unknown, factors influence also the strength
:eleloped by the cement on hydration: a correlarion
:'elwen creep and strength of cemcnt paste will be
:,rnsidered in Chapter 5.
\\e may add that a correlation of properries ol
:Idraled cement pasie, such as srrengllr, with chemical
:.mposition has not been succcsslul to a deg.ee that
aould permit a prediction of streflgth., The compound
:omposition determined by the Bogue method does not
:ake into account al1 the relevant properlies of cement,
rolably the content o{glass in clinker. Alumina and lerric
r\ide are completely liquefied al clinkerirg temperaturcs
:nd on cooling crysiallize into CrA and CaAF.' The
:\tent ofglass formation would thus affect the behaviour
'TIe shortened notation ol the chenistry ol ement is used:
r'o. =s:Alror:A: fc,or:F H,o:H
of these compounds to a lar-qe degree while the silicates.
which are formed mainly as solids, would be rehtilely
unalTected. The glass may also hold a large proportlon ol
'impu.itics' such as alkalies and MgO. The latter is thus
not available lor expansive hydration. It will b remem-
bered that the Bogue compound composition assumes
that the clinker has crystallized completely 10 yield its
equilibrium products. But the rate of cooling of clinker
afi'ccts the degree of crystallization with a resulting
varying amount ofglass. The reactivity ofglass is different
from that of crystals of slmilar composirion. and hence
normally chemically similar cenrents may show din'erent
strength developmenl depending on lhe glass content.l
The structure of the products of hydralion and the creep
bchaviour may also be atrected.
Despite the complications arising lrom glass contcnt.
there are some broad inffuences on crccp ol thc cment
composirion ascharacterized by the type olcemcnt ofthc
ASTM classiiication. In general, and ihis agrees wilh the
earliercommcn!s on the influence ofstrength, creep seems
ro be inversely proportional to th rapidity ofhardening
of the cemeni used. Thus. for a given age of loading.
creepis in an increasing order of magnitudefor concretes
made with the ioliowing cements: high-alumina, rapid
hardening Portland lType III), ordinary Portland (Type
IJ, Portland blastfurnance, low-heat (Type IV), and
Portland-pozzolana. The ordcr ol the last three is not
clearly cstablished sinc the iest conditions wcre not
directly comparable. Of course, at the same age these
cements have achievd varying proportions ofthelr 6nal
strengths, and ii scems Iogicalthat the morehardened the
pasle the more rigid it is and the lower its creep potential
a1 a givcn applied stress.
I! should be noted that the comparjson ofcreep oflhe
dilTere l cements in the preceding paragraph was made
for the same applied stress or on thc basis ofspecificcreep,
i.e. for a stress of i MPa. Il however, as would usually be
the case in practice, the slress applied in each case bears
the same proportion to the strength at that time, the type
of cemen! pel se does not influence creep. although the
rate of hydration while the specimen is under load is a
factor, and this rate varies for dilIerent cemenrs. This is
considered in Chapter i.
Glanville and Thomas' tests3 showed ihar ihe dii,
ferencesincreep betwccn Type I and Type III cements are
smaller when the specimcns are stored in water. This can
Cao:(rr possibly be explained by a lcsser diRerercein the degree of
hydration compared with storasc in air. Petersen and
18 lnllkrce ol cement and admixtures ot oeep

150

50
'6
-.---.-..---.-,,.
--.--t171,=-^/
5--i-E-d- s tztsle z ll
Monlhs I Years

Time under load (loq sca e)

5
nade wilh difrcrenl cemen ts' oaded al $ e ase ot 28 davs
Iis J.l. Spccific crecP oi concE tes I

from
application ol loall, the diferences in creep arising
Walstein's measu.ementsa of loss of prestress for con_
'_ type ofcement
are small.
crets made with Type I afld Tvpe III cements showed
the
virtually no diflerenae in loss after 500 days; the loss
int""nt v"ars. ttrer" has been an upsurge in the use of
Portland-bl;sdurnace and Portland-pozzolana cements
included shrinkage. the heat
Tlpical datafm creep ofconcretes made with differeni in mass concrete and in large volume pours ' here
.i lraration needs to be mirimized so as to reduce
ceneits are shown in Fig. 3.1. All theconcrets used had a- faclor in prev-erting
water/cement ratio of0.55 and aggregate/cement ratlo ol cia"tlne ut eatty ag"". An important 5a
of the cube l, *ch applicationsiscreep,z afld'
5.4. ihe strcss/strength raiio was one{hird
qrrensth. Details oithc various mixes at the time of i. rrii.rir,."*itlrig
",."arii.g u^i.i*.p sinie in mas' concrete rhere ts
aoDl:auon ol load are siven in Table 3 l and rr can be i;i,i. * ."i.,r," *.hdnge beruecn the concrere and
"o
surrourding environment.
.."n rt'"r troe I cemenl concretc al$a)'e\hibiled lhe
hiphe.L soeclfrc creep, beins lollo$ed b) I ype lll cemenl Ross6 ob"tained very full data on the behaviour of
,rit then br hreh-aldnina cemenr' the beha\tourollhe Portland blastfurnace cement concretes' He found the
'l ype I
creeo ,rme cur\es lo have lhe vme shape ds lor
raLrer rr cons,jered ,n dcrril bclo\\. ln all ca'e, the
observed.Decrfic 6.66p uas lower lor a hrgher rnilial cemenr Sur rhe creep sds larger $ith lbe Porll"nd
srrenprtr. Ths uas er idcnl e! cn one da] ailer apphcdlion
hlastfurnace cement. For insiance, a l:2:4 Portland
ot loa-d and rhere was comparal;\ely liltle lurlhe' rncrea'e blastfurnace cement concrete with a water/cement raiio
of 0.55 and a strength of 26MPa, kept for three
yars
in the difference in creep beiween the various cements'
'I able 3.1 d$ gi!e\ creep al r con\lanl \tres\ strcngth o"ae. u str"tt of iMPa, showed a specific creep of
329 x 10
6 per MPa. Comparative tests of Type I
r.do. and it can be lhar. ercepl lor lhe carl) age at
'een

Ll& J.l Conpanson ol crep oI con.reles nade wirn diflerent enols 6rcm nunmel's lests)

(MPa)
110'l
r10.5 642
I 101.5 1181
14.9
III I140
52.4
116.0 t226
117
I 84.1 D82
IIi 2u
65.3 14]2

116.0 1539
39.8
I 79.8 1495
56.2
III 551
68.1
 Composition and type of Pottla cemint ]9

Strength ai application ol load (MPa)l

ir000
2/a

- --.n TvDe lcement tor:

...t,."a"r"..,rI".
,(' 'oo,--'
1r'',
-/-Y'

100 125
T me under load days
ai4.J., Crepandsnnnhgeol Po land blasllumace andTypeI Po.tlandenenlconc.etes: |2:4mixeswilhavate4@nent
ralio o10.65: applied stress = 2 TMPa;ae. at aptlication ol load = 28 dars 5

and Portland blastfurnace cemenl concrctes ofthe same

proportions showed a markedly greater creep in the latter
(Fig. 3.2), even though shri*age was similar for both
lypes of concrele; lhis situation was found also in a
comparison of fle).ural specimens ol neat cement paste.
Feplacemenl (per cenl)
Data on Cemsave corcrete are also ofinterest. In this
case, dry-ground granutated slag ofthe same fineness as - 600

ccment is added at lhe mixer as a partial replacement of

Porrland cemenl. In aem.dve colcrel(. the ba.rc creep
(sre Ch. 2) was smailer when compared with ordinary
Portland lType I) cement concreteT baving a similar 5 4oo
28-day strength andsubjected tothe same stress (Fig. 3.3).
Similarly, tests at a temperature of 45 "C on concrctes
immersed inwater showcd that creep ofCemsave concrele
was lower than the creep of ordinary Portland cement
concrele (Fig. 3.4). However, under conditions ofdrying,
ihe toial crccp of Cemsave concrete was slightly greater

100 150
T me underload - days
Fep acemenl (per cenl): F,a.J ?.
Efiecl of parlial redaceoenl ot cement by Censave on cEp oI
concrete stored in waler al45'C:applied nress: 10MPa.]

than for ordinary Portiard (Type I) cement concrete

$ zoo
(Fig.3-5)which agrees with the previous fifldings ofRoss.6
,9 The explanation o{ the lower basic creep of Cemsave
concrete at ambient ard at elevated temperature is two-
fold. First, when compared with ordinary Portland ce-
050 100 150 200 mert corcrete having the same workability, the ccment
pastc content is less lor Cemsave concrele, and creep
Time u.der load - days
Iis.l.J. Efiect oI pa ial replaenent of ement b] Cmsave on basic decreases with a decrease in ihe cement paste content
crcepolconfele(o.edinwate.ar22'C:appliedslrcss: l0MPa.l (s.,e Ch. a). Second, Cemsave concrete exhibited a greater
2A lnfiueru:e of cenent a d ddmixtules on oeep

Fep acemenl(Perce.l)

Replacemenl (per cenl):

S rooo
| 200
i

0 50 100 150 200

Time under load - days 0 50 100 150
aig J -i Ffrecl oi pa ial .eplac.ment oI emcnr by Cemsave on loral Time under oad - days
crep oi concret norcd ar 60 ler cent relative humidiry and 2l'C: a,o J.6 CEep ol concretes *ith diflcrcnt oI replacement by
levels
applcd slre$ = loMPa r DilleEnl edents and
blastlurnace $ae: applied stress = 6.9MPa.e
1.e. I l.r. (.F L.ed .o lrr . d,'ed.omDdn.'1
"r.pp.i,' '
hatwPPn rhP.nrrer m,v n.r helxli{l
incred.e ri .lrengrh JnJer load. and creep i' less in a con-
crete having a greater slrength development (s Ch. 5).
As for total creep (sr? Ch. 2), concrete cured in water
Jnd rhen e\po.ed ro dr) ing condirions frr,rly i1.red.e. in
slreng!h bcforcshowingaslowretrogressionof strength.3
With Cemsale concretc. it was suspected that the retro-
gression ofsrrength was more rapid than that ofordinary
Portland (Type l) cement concrele and. coDsequcntly, thc
longer-term total creep olCemsave concrete was slightly :80 9

grcaler,
A decrease in basic creep of concrctc containing
blastfurnace slag as a partial replacement ofccnent wlrs 6o
obse.ved by Okada t dl.,' especially when the slag
content was high. This was so even though the strength
wilh replacemeni was 1ower, the applied slrcss being ihe 34a
same in all cascs (Fig. 3.6). Similar findings have bccn
reporred by Bamlo.th,lr who used sealed concrete which
was subjected 1o a temperature cycle prior to the appli- !
cation of load; the concrete thus rcprcscnted mass con- 320
crete which underweni a thermal cyclc due to the heat of
hydration. Banlfortha? jnvestigated theinlluence on basic
creep of the age at application ofload ranging lrom I ro 2a 40
0 60 80 100
165 days and ofrcplacement levels up to 75 per cent, and
Fep acemeniolcemenl per cent byweight
concluded rhat, for a constant initial stress,/strength raiio
Fi, J.7 lnflue..e oI parlial rcplacenenl ol cement by blastlurnae
o10.25, the reduction in basic creep is proporlional to the slag on the basic crep oi concrelc at a cons tan t stress^lre. Ct h rado.lr
level oi replacemenl; his rcsuhsa? are shown in Fig. 3.7
together wilh those of oiherinvestigators.' e.!R
The high creep of Portland-pozzolana cement has Other data show that. for concrete srored at 27'C and
already been mentioned. For the same applied stress. dl a re.alrve humrdrl) olq0 per cent. there $as no sig-
-epla.emerl oI Po( -nd cemerr b\ nificanl influence olreplacemcnt ofcement by fly ash, up
f'u//olana rncred.e.
creep. probably because the strcngth of the mix at carly to 15 per ce t, on creep ofconcrele al a constant initial
ages is reduced. Of the differen! pozzolanic materials, stress/strength ratio from the age of2E days: lor replace-
dialomaccous earth is reported to lead ro highest creep. menl lelclii ot 15 to 25 per cent, lhere was a slight increase
Probably thc pozzolanic material most commonly used as in creep ranging lrom 6 to 14 per cent.al
part repiacemen t of cemenr is fly ash or pulverised fuel ash For sealed conc.et subjected to a cycle of tempera-
(pfa). Rosslo lound that, for a given stress applied ar lhe ture before application ol the load, Bamfortha? found a
age of28 days, replaccment ofcement by fly ash (up to 25 reduction of approximately 50 per cent in crecp at a
pe_ cenr hJd lr"l. eflecl on creep:,rorJgc condrLron. q ere. constanl initial stress,lstrength ratio when l0 per cent of
temperature of I7.5'C and a relative humidiry of 90 cemcnt was replacedby fly ash. Thus. as rvilh blastfurnace
per cent. On the basis of constant iflitial stress/srrength slag. replacemen! of cement with fly ash appears to
ratio, there was a slight reduction in crecp at the highest decrease basic creep a1 a constant initial stress/strength
ratio (s Fis. 3.8).

-1J
: drying, the influence of replacement by fly ash on
:d0
i
: await further test data before a general inlluence of
:;
:
=
0 20 40 80
60 100
neplacement ol cemenl perceni byweighl
'i ,r 8 hnlence oI partial replacement ol ceme.t by ny ash o. lhe
:.:. deer ofconciereata consrdr stEssttrength tuno.ar
Compared with sealed plain concrete ol a simllar
rDrkability, Giflord and Ward55 also found a reduction
:: basic creep at a constantjnitial slress/strenglh ratio and
:- specific basic creep when 20 and 40 per cent ofcemnt
a.r. replaced by fly ashes from different sources; the
.1i\.s used contained both air-entraidng agents and
f,ater-redLrcing admixtures. In the same paper,55 it was
rbie.ved thatreplaccmcnt ofccmcntby fly ash rcsultcd in
:rgier values ol the modulus ol elasticity and ol drying
!inDIage, the larter occurring despite reductions in water
,-.lntent for the Portland-fly ash mixes. tt may be noted
jrai Venuatll found replacement by fly ash ofthe sam
:neness as cement to result h reduced shrinkage.
Furthermore, an increase in drying shdnkage was not
rbierved in the tests reported by Brooks et al.r6 Here,
ihere was a reductionin both shrinkag and in totalcrep
*hen 30 per cent ofcement was replaced by 37.5 per cent
rl nr ash (by wisht). For saiurated concreie, there were
itrcreases in swelling and in creep for the ordinary
Poftland cement-and-fly ash concrete when compared
;ith plain concrete. Other iesis were made using ordinary
Portland cmentand-fly ash together with a super-
:lasticizing admixtures6 (s page 33); this led to sienifi-
=nt reduclions in basic creep, ir
total creep and in
iirinkage, the comparison with admixture-free concretes
:eing on the basis ofsimjlar workability. The advantagc
ri combining a superplasticizer with part replacment
ri cemenl by fly ash is to improv the low early-ag
:.'lelopment of strength of ordinary Portland cemert
:nd-fly ash concrete through a reduction in mixing watr
.onient. without losing th bene6t of the later develop
renl of strength assoclated with the slow pozzolanic
lctivitv. The net effeci ola reduction in water content and
increase in developrnent ofstrength durirg the period
"n loadins is ro decrease basic creep (see Ch. 5).
".lsustained
Thus, replacement ofcement probably influences basic
reep at a given initial stress/strength ratio only in so far as
Conpositionand t)pe of Pottland cement 2l
the long lerm rate gain ofstrenglh is allected. Hence,lor
early ages at application ofload, replacement by fly ash
may slightly reduce basic creep in a similar way to
rplacement by blasrfurnace slag. Under conditions of
shrhkage is uncertain. Moreover, since lotal creep is
usually associated with the trend in shrinkage, we must
repiacement by ffy ash on total creep can be established.
In rcent ycars, interesl has grown in the use of
e\pdn5r\e cemenr to prodJce \hrnLage compen\dling
concrete! i.e. to reduce cracking caused by reslrained
drying shri*agc. An expansive potential is produced
during the early life of the concrete and, when actual
expansion is restrained, compressive stresses are devel-
oped. In theory, when subsequent drying shrinkage
occurs, the compressive stresses are relieved but not to
such an extent ihat any tensile stress developed becomes
greater than the tensile strength of the concrete; hence
craclrng F reoJced or pre\ented.'l he rnrUal comnres'ive
stressinduced by rstraining the expansive potenrial leads
io creep lsometimes called pre-creep), a knowledge of
which is imporlant. However, for all three types of
expansivc cements available (ASTM and American
Concrele Institute designation:K, M and S).dataon creep
Nagataki and Gotot3 obtained data on the creep of
expansive cement concrete using a I i I .65 : 3.76 mix with a
water/cement .atio of0.40 and replacement contents of 11
ro lr per cenr oI ordinar) Porl'and ceFrenl b] e\pansi\ e
cement approximaling to Type K. Figur 3.9 shows lhat
specific creep increases with an increase in thc re-
placement coDtenl for concrete stored in water at 20'C
but, for storagein air ai 50percent rlative humidity and
20'C, the specificcreepof expansivecement concrete for a
replacement oi I I per cent is less than that of plain con-
crete. tt may be noted that the srrength at the time of ap-
plication of the load decreased with replacement level
so that the stress/strength ratio at application of load
increased with replacement level. However, creep at a
conslant stress/strenglh ratio also increased wilh the re-
placement level for concrete continuously immersed in
water.13 The eflect o{ increasirg age at application of load
is to decrase creep of expansive cement concrte,r3 i.e.
after expansion has ceased creep is smaller, Hercjn could
lie the explanation of the lower creep of the dry-stored
specimens. rtrere N less wdrer a\a lable Ior conlrnuing
expansion compared with the immersed storage con-
dition. Taking a broader view, it is worth noting that,
although expansion occurs in the opposite sense to the
applied stress, creep is increased by a concurrent expan-
sion, which is an important observation for the purpose
of understanding the mechanism of creep (see Ch. l0).
According to Okamum et a1.,14 it is suggestd that
creep, and hence loss of prestress, is reduced in ex-
pansive ccment concret. Restraining the eariy expan-
sior by the yel unstressed prestressing tendons induces
pre-creep and reduces the creep potential at a later age
when tbe actual prestrss is applied and,consequently, the
subsequent creep and loss ofprestrss are reduced.ta
22 lnfluence oJ cement and admixtwes on creep
reinforcement ierels of 0.5 and 0.75 per cent. The mix
proportions were conslanr (1:2.60:1.89) and the speci
Replacement (pr ceni):
mens were cured under polyethylene for three days and
thereaftcr at 55 per cenl relative humidity and 21'C.
Maximum expansion was reached during the first three
days ol curing, after which shrinkage occurred. Some
& 1oo
'l-.-''* strengih, elasticity and creep data are listed ir Tablc 3.2,
the initial elastic strain and creep being determined on
the slabs subjected to a uniaxial compressive stress of
6.9MPaapplied to theendso[ thc specimens al the age ol
1,1 days. For each cement type, creep was less in the
11 reinforced specimens than in the plainones, but creep was
o5C greater for the expansive type cement concrete than for
= the ordinary Po.tland cment concretq here, we are
considering creep for the same applied stress. Tablc 3.2
!-,.--^'^L.----"
!---,-."
indicare. lhar. tor unreinlo-ced conc.ere wirh e\pdn.rve
cemenr, creep is greater for a lower strength and lower
I rr r l
modulus of elasticity and there{ore the influence of the
(a) stress/strength ratio is apparent. Unfortunately, strength
andmodulus of elasticity dataare lackingfor the ordinary
Portland cement concrete (Table 3.2) but, evcn allowing
,".f Repla6ement(per ceni):
.0 for a higher strength of this concrete, it would appear that
creep at a consiant stress/strength ratio at the time at
//,, 'j'r applic"tion ot rhe load is gredrer lo. erpansive cement
concreles lhan for ordinary Portland cement concrete;
this observation is in agreement with that of Nagataki
."1 and Goto.t3
. 11 Figure 3.10 indicates that creep aftcr three years under

,6
l..z
1-::"'irr'
,:' /^-L
load is considerably greater for Types K and S expansive
cement concretes than lor ordinary Pordand cement
concrete, thcrc bcing no obvious correiaiion with initial
offi 5 l0 20 30 100 300 1000
xpansion or with subsequent shrn*age which was
siniiar for all concretes (approximately 500 x 10 6atihe
(b) Time under road( og scate) days age of three year9. A final observation on the data of
Fis. 1.9. Crep ol
expansile cenent concreres at vanous leveh of Russellls is that ior reinforcedexpansive cement corcrete,
replacement age al appliution of load:10 days.'l creepis greater under a constant stress than for reinforced
(a) Slorcd in water at 20 "C.
(b) StoEd in an al 50 p* cdt rel.tive hunidity and 20'C.
ordinary Portland cement concrete. which does not
confirm the suggestion of Okamura et al.'a that early
restraint reducs thecreep potential of concrele loaded at
The influenc of the type of expansivecement on oeep a later age; the period of moistcuring (and, hence, the
was investigated by Russell,r 5 who obtained creep dara on level ol early restraint) and the applied stress in rlation to
plain and reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete slabs strengthat the age at application of load are importart in
(1220 x 610 x l52mm), the latter having nominal steel

Ia6L J.? Str.nglh, elastic and crp propertis olconcrele slabs nade wilh ordin&, ponland cm@t and wilh eipdnsive ementr5

(cPa) (i0 1 (ro 1

0 386 32rl
055 0.5 1',l3 211
3,ll r86
0 27.2 16.5 439 614
06l 05 28.3 17.0 390 128
1_',]5 26.1 16.3 l5l 351
0 26.1 586
0.5 26.3 15.5 408
1.15 u.9 313 286
0 30.0 17.8 416
M 0.5 15.8 431 414
1_15 35.7 18.? 122 '111
i Valu6 given lor plain concete 152 m dimeter I 105 mm cylinders.
 High-dlutntua cement )3

J 2AtJ 400 600 800 1000

- days Age
. ll .'.ep o e\\11 rleenen..1.iere.r,.oc.K.V.ndsl conpaEd vith ordirary Portland cem6t
_ - p'd'
'.onc'ere\'db. ooMPrdheam,f 14daysal2i'Cand ar a relalivenumidity oI

High-alumha cement alumina cemenl have shown that the explanation of the
' difle.ent creep behaviour of high alumina cement lies in
,1.o rrrrr. C(menl reqLrire. jpeJDl
-. id." alior. l! lhe eir lr(51lesrsJ flr Jble. Ctinv leand
the struclural changes \vhich rakeplacein hydrated high-
Tn.masr.l6 found that, while for atl portland cemenls the alumina ccment wirh time.
::iep time curve is of theshape of Fig.1.2,i.e. the rate ot This change in hydratcd high-alumina cement paste
. .D dec ea.e. .nrrinuo.r.l). tor hipt- umina .emenr arises from conversion of the merastable calcium alum-
..:.arly period during which rhc creep "rale decreases is inate hydrates, CAH,o and C,AH, from heiagonal !o
:r1lo$ed after six months bv a pe.iod of a constant crcep cubic form, the reactior being of the type
:::e lFig.3.11). At the rimc ofGlanvilte,s investigarion, thc 3CAH1o - C3AH6 + 2AHr + l8H.
.:asons lor this behaviour werc not understood anditwas
.- ,.El r . np.) lhir rhetLno"n(nrdlcreep(hd-acrcUnic. The change results in a lorvcring ol slrength, probably
iiph-" umrnu ceincnl dife-ed trorn tl,o,e ot po dnd owing to an increase in the porosity of the hydrated pasre.
.sments. However, studies'.-.13 ot the behaviour of hish- The conversion is encouraged by a tempcrature higher
than normal and by the presence of moislure, although
mo,r p.aclical high.alLmind cemenl concrere mrie. con-
tain al the end oi an initial period of curing enough
. 124
moisture lo. conyersion to take place. Thus, on sonvcr-
sion, strenglh decreases, the drop being, for insrance, ,10
i
=
percentfor a water,/cement ratio of 0.29 and 88 per cent at
a walc.,rcement ratio of 0.65., As a result, the ratio of the
:80
applied stress to the strength oi concrete, or simply the
stress./strength ratio, increases sharply_ Since, as will be
.i oo shown later, creep is approximately proporrional to the
stress/slrength ralio,lhe rate of creep must increase wher
: conversion takes place- The various aspects of HAC and a
: [u I dr.cLr.,ron o[ conver,,on and irs effecls dre gr\en ;n J
42464 specialist book.so
Time under toad - years lhs rnterp-e'at,on r\ .uppoled o) le.l re.u . of
,'iq -r.11. Specilic crftp ol high,alumina menr concrelq 1:2:4 mix H Lmnel.' s ho ob.erveo rha I alrer doout one )ear unoer
+h a *atel,enenl ratio oI0?:aAe al application oi load - r monlh.r load the creep of high-alumina cement concrete ot 1:3.4
24 Infuekce of ceme t and admixtutes on oeep
mix proporlions with a watelcemeni ratio ol
increased sharply (Fig. :1.1). Hummel determined the
strcngth of companion specimens at ihe age ol thrccyears
and[ound thatiiwas only 60percent ol lhe slrength at 90
days. For safety reasons, he discontinued the creep tests.
The increase in creep due 1(r conversion has also been
confirmed by Mishima er .ll.t' who compared the behav-
iour of high-alumina cement concretes undr accelcr
ated and und. normal curing conditions. For
celeraled curing, specimcns were cured al 20'C for selen
du),..o llen no ed JL l0 . .o rh.'' .on\cr.ion s"'
takingplace under Ioadin ihe caseofspccimens loadedat
seven days, bul conversion had aimost ceased for 28-day
loading. Thc resuits are shown in Fig. 3.12: ihc total
150
9
E 10c
"t 2 345 10 20 30 60 100
Tmesinceapp calio.ot oad(osscale) - days
Fi, J 1.2 Efecl oi conre*ion of hiSh-alunina
.'l rhe 'pe.imer undergoints c,,r\e^ion i'
delormari,'n
vcry large due to thc accompanying reduction in srrenglhl
after conv.sion, i.e- ln the casc ol the 28-day loading. the
deformalion is small. Swamy and Anand'?o similarly
observed that the abrupt increasc in lhe creep rat of hlgh_
alumina ccmenl concrete at later ages coincidcd with a
loss of strcngth due to convrsion; they used a 1i2:3 mix
$ilh a tra e- cerenr rariu ol 04r. rnd maJc .pecinen.
which were moisrcured lor three days at 27"C, and then
siored at 16'C and 50 per cent relative humidity.
The influence ol moisture on conversion of high-
alumina cemnt is an interesting factor reflected in the test
of Glanvillc and Thomas.r Their results showed lhat rhe
creep of high-alumina ccment was lower lor concrcle
stored in air than in waler. This is conrrary to ihe ol
behaviour exhibited by all Portland cements, and prob-
abiy for this reason it has been quoted again and agaln
during the last 30 yearsi thus a belief grew ihat creep ol
high-alumina cemcnt may be organismically different
lrom the creep of Portland cemcnts.
0.55 The explanation is as follo$s::' Glan\ille and Thomas'
specimens were ioaded at th. age ol 28 days, and their
slrengths at thc timc \r ere 23 \'1Pa for the we! and 32 MPa
fo. thc dry specimens. No elplanation oi thls diflerence is
a!" lJble Il r lo*ot.rengr h"do(rrcJ..herei.oni.
noi known. as the temperaiure was only l0'C. Ii is also
interesting to note that Glanvillc and Thomas' daia for
air-slored concrete show an increase in the elastic strai
ac- with lime. It is no! clear shether this incre$e is related to
a retrogrcssion ol sbength. L any case. taking the aclual
vaiues of strength al the time at application of the load.
thc c.eep should be adjusted in inverse proportion to
strenglh (sde Ch. 5). It h more convenicn ! to plot a produci
of crecp and strenglh against timc, and this relalion is
shown in Fig.3.l3.Itcan be seen that. on thjs basis,lher
is very little diflerence betwecn ihe creep dclormations ol
dry and wet specimens. although at periods under load
grearer than 14 dals the latler show a siighdy higher
0.004
0.002
o246
T me under oad months
Iia. J.-,J Value ot th. produd c.ep and stenslh lor high alumina
emenlconcrcte oI Cianlille and ahonasr
Thus there is no inhcrent'abnormality'in the be
haviour of high-aLumina cement compared \lith Port-
land cemenls, and the observed pbenomena can be
explained in tcrmsofihe changeinthe propcrties of high
4'umrnd c.nen. $ilh rr(. p oDabl) u.rc lo con\ir'io4.
The fact thit the pattern and magnitude ofcreep and also
ol creep recovery (see Ch. 8) of high-alumina cemcnl
concretc appear to be similar io those ol concrercs made
with Porlland cemcnls is of considerable significance ir
undersranding the phenomena involved in creep. Since
lhe chemical composilions of the products oi hydration
Portland rnd high alumina cements are la.gelv differ-
eni, it can be infcrred ihat c.cep is relatcd to grosser
structure of the hydrated pastc rather than to the cryslal
structure of calcium silicatc hydrates. Thus it is not
surprising thal a simple correlation between crcep and
compound composition has not becn obtained.

Fineness ol cement
h is possible tha! a part of ihe inffuence ol thc type of
.'emeni (specifically Types I and Ill) on creep arises from
diferences in thefinencss of the unhydrated cement. Such
rn in6uencein the case of shrinkage has been a subjecl ol
ronlroversy for some time."
Earlierdata on creep do not seem to beliable to simple
interpretation as they arc contradictory for different
-rements.In thecase ol Type I ccment concrete, creep was
iound to be greater the finer thc ccmcnt.rtr Low-heat
:rment (Type IV) concrete was observcd to creep slightly
rore than concrete made with Type I cement ol the samc
ineness a point already made but when coarscly
ground (130m'?/kg), Type IV cement exhibited a much
Ereater creep and also a greater rate of creep at a1l ages'?3
Fig. 3.14). This is rather difrcult to explain in rerms ol
ineness aione. butit is possible thatthegypsumcontert in
.enent is responsible lor this apparcn t an omaly. The liner
:hecementthe moreClA is available at early ages and the
1600
!39"
1200
800
OL
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
-
Tirne under oad (loq scale) days
iiq J 1r. Influenc ol nnc.css of cemenl on creepr 1:5.5 nix sirh a
,arer.enenl raLio oI 0.62loaded ar the age ol 28 days to a nress oi
5 5 VPa in air a1 a relatire hunidity oi 50 per cent.rl
Fineness of cement 25
less eflecllve is a givcn quanlity ofgypsum. Such alack of
relardation produces a cement of high shrinkage and
creep lendencies. When the Type I cement used in rhe
tesl ol Fig. l.l4 was re-ground wilhoul an addition of
gypsum, the resultant cemeni may have had a gypsum
contert below the optimum amount, and thiswould have
resulted in an increased creep. If the gypsum content of a
finc cement is increased to thc optimum value, the creep
lendency decreases, probably owing to a reduction ln the
specific surface oi the gel lormedlll should be added thal
the optimum gypsum content increases with the temper-
ature of storage of concrete.
Provided a cemert is properly retarded, il would be
rasonable to expect nnencss to alTect creep only in so far
as it alTects tbe rate of hardening of the cement paste. An
attemp! to veify this has not been wholly successful.l
Two Type I cemenh were re-ground to increase their
specific sudace by some 30 ro 80m2/kg each, without
adding gypsum, but at 28 days thre was no significanl
diflerence in strength. The creep vaiues are listed in
Table 3.3, from which it can be seen that crecp is not ap-
preciably alTectd by cemenl fineness. It is possible that,
$rth loadrng al an earlier age. rhe influence o'frnelecs on
strergth, and therefore on crcep, would bc morc marked
bul il 15 believeJ thal lh<rc r' no inflLrcncc of Fncnc5! 01
creep arising from diflerences in gel structure.
An indirect il!fluence of fineness of cement on creep
through the changes in the rale of bardening ol cemenl
pasie is suggested by some observaiions of actxal
structures. For inslance. some old, mass concrete struc-
lures, built with coarse cement show litlle cracking, even
in a dry climate. On the other hand, where modern,
more rapid hardening Porlland cements of higher 6ne-
nesshave been employed)mass structuacs havc tequendy
shown cracks of considerable inlensilyi this can be
accounted lor by lhe dlfferences in shrinkage a.d creep
characlerislics of concreles made with ccmcnts of dillcr-
enr rare. ot hardening. ifl.ing l-om J de.re,.e rn (reet
with an increase in strength.
Tes1s have shown that, during the Ilrst month under
load, creep ol mortar made with a very finely ground
cement {speciiic surface of 700m2/kg), loaded ar the age

L6tu J.J Creep oI hona6 made wirhements oI difrerent 6.ness loaded al lhe ase o128 dars
Clnkerno. Speciic su ace Sun.ined stres creep(10 6)after a
(MPa) Fiod under load ot
z0dars 60 days 80 days

lrlr 26.0 500 650 690

21.6
450 580 610
1,1.8
3,13 16.9 120 ,ll0 430
11.7 320 390 410
353 280 lr0 180
l8l 18.5 lll0 1520 1620
18.9 1090 1,160 1560
167 2ll2 ll50 1',190 1900
l2
l4l 15.3 540 160 780
]r6 570 ?90 850
425 470 630 690
26 lnfuen.e of cenent and atLmixtures on crcep
ot scven days to a stress/strenglh raiio of 0 27 (based on
.uoe \.rengrl,r .rr a re.-l'\e lr.mrCil) .l 0) per .rn' r5
approximalely the same as that of high-alumina cement
mortar ol the same strenglh (water/cement ratio of 0.55,
loaded al2,1hoursl. However. at laler ages thefine grained
cemcni has a creep somc 25 pe. cenl hlgher' The
behaviour at a rclalive humidi!) of 32 pcr ceni is lcss
rcgular but thecreep of Ilne grained cment appears to be
only slighrl) higher than that ol Type ltI cemcnl.
A comparison:a between rich(1:l) concretes made \l ith
afine-graincd cemert (742 m'7lk-q, l.82 per cent ol SOr), a
Type III cemenr (490m'z,/k-q,2.93 per cent of SOi), and
aType I cemenr 1277 m'?/kg, 2.28 per ccnt of SOi), stored
at a relatjve humidiiy of 55 per cent has shown thal
rhe lonp,rerm crecn i' appro\imatel\ rhe 'Jme in al'
carei. J\housh Jarl! crccn i' highe- r\e lner l1e cenr(nr
(Fig.l.l5).
It can be seen that, whjle ihe problem of inlluence oi
very high finenss on creep of concrete under diferent
hygrometric conditions has not yet bccn solved- it sholLld
not bc assrmed tha! very high Jineness of cment neces_
sarily leads to an increased creeP.
Resin, polymer and polymer-impregnated concretes
Data on crecp of concretes nith special additives are
too scarce to make generalized observalions possibl.
126
48
12
I200
02 0.4
o-
Slress/strenglh rario
aia J.7J CEep o, l:l.oncreks $ith a qater,'cencnt rulio ol0:17i.
m;de wrlh ncnts oI dilt{eil fineres, loaded shen the sane strenglh
(41MP!)hasbeenauained.T'
7500
5000
9
e
! .--.-,--r-.-.-.-'-'-'-' so
6
! -.-._.-.-.--.-.-.--' ^6
f ._._._._._._.,._._. . :z
i'
t9
9
050 100 150
T meunder oad - daYS
,,, /i L eeDor.or.r_."trrrh.r''u'ol_"c(r nP
'olorflJrdd2
qrolr.d(''l'' rod'Jrr.'.r
p-,.,ddir.''1,'od"0 Je"e''
I rdure r.l6 lhe creen lrme cur!e. iur Loncreie
"ho'\\
m;de with a furfurol-acetone monomer wilh a high
iurlurol conlcnt and a 2 per cent addition of a sodium
fluosilicate fiiler.'?s Such conc.ele has a high chemical
resistance and may be used in aggressive media. The
strcngth of thc particular mix used \Yas 95 MPa. From
Fig.3.16it canbe seen that at slress/strength raliosbelow
0.5 ihe oreep ceases aller two to two_and_a_hall months.
Bythat time thecrccp deformalion represen !s l0to 50 per
cent oi the elastic delormation. Creep is noi proportional
to the stress/strength ratio even for low values of the
stressl'strength ratio, and under some conditions a
slress/strength ratio as low as 0.52can lead to time failure
alter a few months.
I \perirrenr. gr\rng J penerdl ru(a ol lhe rlfluerce oi
polr r1(r. -n creep $ere mxde b. Sdr"lkrn: 'omeol hi'
iesults are prescnted tu Fig.3.i7. Gvozdev':T found
polymer and resin concrelcs toexhibitmuch highercreep
than ordinary concrete. For epoxy concretes, only a
moderate increase in creep, related to the amoun! of ihe
epoxy ilr the mix, is generally found. Alter about six
monlhs under load, the rate of creep of epoiy concretc
decreases considerably so tha1. at one year, the crecp of
lean epoxy mixes is approximatly tlre same as that of
sealed Po.tland cemenl concrete specimens under the
samc stress.23 On the basis ol stressbtrength ratio,
ho\rever, epoxy concrete exhibits creep about thrc limes
higber than thal of mass concrete-
Tests carricd ont on a polyester resin concrete with
sand as thc fine aggregate indicaled that creep was
06
adversely a{Tccted by elevated temperature;the results are
shown in Fig. 1.18. After six months under load, creep at
19 "C was between thrcc and lour times the initial elastic
straini al l0'C, crccp was eight times thc inilial elastic
 Resin, polymer dnd poltmer'impregnate.l conctetes 27
reductions in strength and in the siatic modulus ol
elasticity, and a small shrinkage occurrcd. However, at
30'C, therc wer large rcductions in slrength and in the
static modulus of elasticily, and these were accompanied
by swclling. The dclerioration in the properties of
polycsler concrete with an incrcase in temperalure wouid
seem 1(] be caused by a slow change or a rcversal ir the
polymerization process which leads to a product oi
greaier volume, with a lower strength and a lower static
modLlL' ol ela,ricil). and appedr',o be mof i..^'r. in

Creep tests on lwo types of polyester concretes rcvealed

,har .he lercl. ol creep rre general'v lhe.ame a. in
Portland cemeni concrcte under the same stress but
polyestd concreles are sensitive to small lemperature
fluctuations.':e The concretes used were quartz aggregale_
filled ard cemenrfillcd;the polycsler was a iow'viscosity,
room-cured resin requiring a methyl ethyl ketone pcr-
oxide catalysr. The specimcns were cured lor seven days
rnd r t-en louJcd r' !n-iou. le\e.s of \rre\s in an cn\ iron-
ment of 23"C and :15 per cnr relative humidity. The
resultsare shown in Fig.3.19, and itcan be seen lhattime-
dependen! failures occurred at stress/strength ratios of
o 50 1oo 150 0.50 for the cement 6l1ed polyester concrete, and al 0-33
Time under load - days and upwards for the aggregate-filled polyesler concretc.
ais J l7Creep oI nortars:A. l:lPortland cenenl nixr B. Poaland After 500 hours undcr load, the rate of creep tended to
.emenl nix wnh20 per cenl polyvinrl acelate emuhioni C, polymei become constant for the lower-stressed specimens, and
moitar 6aced on iudurol aceto creep recovery was approximalely 50 per cenl ol the final

n.ain. Subsequent creep rccovery tests indicaled that Concrete which is imprcgnated with a monomer solu
recovery was srill contin uing afier 90 days from unloading tion with polymerization accomplished by a gamma
and, atthattime, thc proportions of creep recovered were radiatjon or by lhcrmal treatmenl has been reported to
28 and 36 percentfor the respective storage lemperatures exhibil virtually no creep. However, as pointed out by
oi 19 and 30 ''C. Grnasekaran and Van Antwcrp,ro lhe creep potential of
Some other dala obtained during the same lests showed polymeFimpregnated concrete (PIC) depends upon the
tha!, with prolonged storage at l9'C, rhere were stight ievel of polymer content. Tests on lightwcighl concrete

30 "c

19'O

100 150 200

Time since first application ol load - davs

a,s.J.78.Creepan.lcEepr4olryolpolyesleriesinconcrelestorcdinwaterat19'Ca l0'C: age al aPplicaiion ol load: ldavs

28 InI en:e al cene t dnd ainixtures on creep

i 6soox 10 6

// Cemeni-filledpolyesler:414MPa
Aqqreqate.li ed polyester:276 MPa

Agoreoate f illed polyesrer: 414 MPa

Aoqreoaie ti ed polyesie. 138 MPa

0 20! 400 600 400 1000

T me under oad hours
Fi, J19 Creep oI polye$er concreles loaded lo various levels oI stre$.:'

impregnated using methyl methacrylate, kimelhylol-
propane trimethacrylate, and bnzoyl peroxide cured lor
18 hours at 90"C. indicated a creep strain twice that of a
non-impregnated concrete Loaded for seven days at a
stresslstrength ratio of 0.25 (see Fig. 3.20). In ihc samc
paper,3o there ar quotcd othcr resulls,3r which repo
virtually zcro crep for PIC using normal weight aggre-
gate. According 1o Gunasekaran and Van Ant\rerp, lhe
reason ior the low creep was a combination oi the 1ow
polymer content, r!hich was 5.4 per cen! as opposed 1() l5
per cent in their lesrs, and the fact rhat the process of
polymer impregnarion involves prior dehydratioD of thc
concrelei rem oval ol evaporrble water causes a reducrion
in creep and polymer impregnation renders the concrete
impermeable so that there is ro moisture mo!emcnt to the
surrounding medium. However, it would appear that
aoo\e a .e14rn lim.' oi pol)mer conrenl..reep r1.rcr'c'
because the polymer or rcsin ilsclf becomes the more
creep-sensitive phasc. Hencc lhe grealer levels ol creep
quoted earlier ior rcsin and polymet concreles when
compared wilh Porrland cement concretes.
The queslion olinfluence ol air entrainment on creep is ol
importance. As far as shrinkage is concerned, Davls and
Troxell'lound noevidence of influence of airentraining
asents. Work at tire US Army Ensireers Laboratoriesl

800
Aleai appiicaion ol load
I

.---;;:
Po ymerimpreonated

}'p'"i 6,,1-.- ' :*t

200

T me Lnder oad days

La.J.ro. Crepolpolymer impresnared lishr weisht .Egrega te co ncre le (polyoer loadlng:35 percenll
and oI plain lighlweisht agereeare conrete (warerlcefreit ralio :
09) ro

indicates an increase in crecp due to air enlrainment; lor
instance, afler one year under load applied at 28 days.
concretc with 5.4 per cent en trained air showed 40 per cent
more creep than non-air-entrained concrele, wbich had
an ajr contenl of 1.7 per cent. However. lhe presence of
.nlrained air aflecled thc mix proportions so lha! the mix
$i!h entrained air had an aggregate content of 72.6 pcr
.(n. .onpared $rrh oq.o per cenl lor lne non d I
enlrained mix. This would. at least in pa.t, explain the
higher creep of the concrete with enlraincd air. It should
be noted that thc changes in mix composition did not
aiTect the creep and clastic strains to the same exteni. For
concreteloaded at 28 days ior ll
months or at90days lor
nine months, creep was equallo the clastic strain \,!hen no
air entrainment was used, but in thc air,entrained mix,
creep was smaLler than the elastic strain.
JoDes e/ ol.3a investigalcd the effects of airentrainment
in lightweight aggregate (expanded clay) concrele and
concluded that ihe net efect ol air entrainment is xsually
ro increase thecrecp. However.with aircontcnts of below
5 or 6 per cent, which is the Dormal practical range. the
reduclion in water requirement arising from air enrrain-
mentcompensates theeffects ol the vojds on strength and
on stress concenlration, and may even rcsult in Lower
Other lcstsr5 on concrete made wirh nornal weight
aggregalc have shown that the creep of mixes having the
same woilabilityand strength at loading is not allected
by ihe presencc or absence ol entrained air. Thus the
re]atiof 6df:we-.; creep and stress/slrcngth ratioapplies to
air-entrained concrete as well as ro plain concrete.
It appears thus that under practical condirions air
entrainment is not an important lactor in creep. Air
bubbles .epresent aggrcgate with a ze.o modulus of
elasticityso that the reslstance to creep deformation is less
thaD when there are no voids present. On the other hand,
air cntrainment generally improlcs the workabiliry and,
1000
800
600
a 25 50
Time under oad _ days
?i! .r.27. Creep oI lighlweiehl ageresate concrcles will and without admixlure stored at a relarive huhidity ot 94 per ant: a8e at
application olload = 28 days.
PLasticizing a flperylustici,ing admixtures 29
lherefore, allows lhc usc of a lower water/cerncnt ratio or
ol a leancr mix. The latter leads di.ectly to lower creep
\rhile the lormer has a similar elTcct through an eflecrive
reduction in thc stress/'strengih ratio (for a given applied
.ue..r. Il L, .he n( cflccr ol nrr enllarnncnr on creep i,
probably generall)r not significant.
Plasliclzing and superplasliclzlng admixtures
In addition to the plaslicizing admixtures which have
e).isted for some time,
in recent years there have been
introduced the so,called superplasticizers or high-range
Plaslicizing or wateFreducing admix 1urcs, some of which
are also set rerarding, have the capaciry ro disperse the
agglomerations of unhydrared cemen! when cement is
mixed with water. The consequent increase in fluidity ol
the lresh cement paste results in a higher workability or,
alternativelJ, allows a reduction in thc warer required to
obtain a workability equal to that of an admixtu.e frce
In 1967,iesisr6 37
rverecarded ouroncreep of concretc
sirl'hatcr-reJLcing ind \er.rera drng ildmi\ru-es u.rng
both lightweight and normal weighl aggregate concretes.
The iypes of admixture used were based on lignosul-
phonic acid dcrivatives (Class I ol ASTM) and hy-
droxylated carboxylic acid derivatives lclass 31, and the
concretes with the admixture were conrpared with
admixturc-free concretes having the same nominal
strength and workability.
Figure l.2l shows that, for wet-srored lightweighl
ag!regale conc-ere. a Cla.. I led lo an incred.e
in "dmi\ture
creep, especially lor mixes with low ccment paste
conlcnts. The ratios of creep of concrete with an ad-
mixture to creep ofplain concretewere 1.1,1.6 and 1.8 for
admixture:
;;;---
75 100 125 la{
30 lnll e ce of cement and admixt res on
'teep

-- --------'- --'--.
-- --
,-.--' :t-:=--d---.-*io-

r 600
.1t--- .---'-' Nil

Tlme u'der oad days

relative hmiditv ot94per'e't:
F@.J.rr. CreD ol nurmat lerghLdsgresatecon(des trrrh andwnhouladnixtutstoredala
as; trr appL,.at,on or lo.a = 28 dJis

a!erape cerenl Da\le corlenL' or 02. ol. and '8 per cenl' The ovcrall trend of other admixtures within either
Cla,. I or ( las. 1 s.r. gcne'all) ro Increa'c crecp lor
rejoeiri!el\. aft;r r'0 dals under loxd. Ihc correspond-
inp hotrre\ lor conc_eLc cureJ and .ro-ed , a rclJli!e aggregare concreLc. - bur rirhin erci'
".i*rrthe".igf,r
cla'\. nasnrrude oI lhe eflect oI lhc admr\lure \ ane'
h;i;rrv o, l3 per cenr $ere 1.0. L2 and I ) lor rhe 'amc
cemenl pd\Le conLenl'. On lhe other hand' a Cla I $rderr. A paitrar rea'on lor rhr''ies tn rhe influence ol
ddmrxlu;e hao no ,ignrficanr ePecr on creep in eilher $el-
admiirure' on lhe de\elopmenl ol slrenglh oI concrelc'
stored conrete (F]g. 3.21) or dry-stored concrete' lollowing an initial increaae in strength compared with a
Tests on wel_stoied concretemade with normalweight
nlain mil. lhe us or an aom'rlure lead'' iil laler 'pe'' to J
aqsreqale aLo.hoqed r-enJ. u'ing lhe 'arre Cla'( ,lowe, 'L,eneth o.u...p*enl lhan rn olaln con'rele
rl"amIrLrrc. as
',milar
n in }.4..I2) J nd 3 ) I. Holrevel lor H"ne ond Bro"n t in'enigaled the effe(l' ol cdlcium
'hou
alp,ica(ron ol loJd. lhe Cla" I admi\ture
earlier age aL
,'ono.utohonare lC,J.5 ll dnd hloro\vlaled carbo\)li(
an
hrd rhe effect of decrersins (reep (Fig. 1.23) ,i,a rClar' lradm rrure. on creep ol con.rere mdde silh

5 600

E 4oo

100
50
Iime trndet )oad daYs
Elalile hunidnv oi 94 per etrt age
aia,J.2J. Ciep oI nomat weight aSAresate concreles wilh and wnhoul adnixtu'e
slored at a

ar;pplication ot load: lhree days

 Plasti.izing and superplnsticizing adnixtures 31
?a,1p J.? The efec! ol liEnosulphonal and hrdiorylated carboxylic the diflerences in creep were small and probably not sta-
acid admixtures on fep oI concrctes haling a varying C3A contentrs
tistically significant (see Table 3.5).
CaA conreni Admirtur WheD concrete wirh Iignosulphonare admixrure was
compared $ith a plain concrere ot rhe same mir pro-
porrions. t\4orgaD and Uelchao reporled increases in
creep of the former for various storage conditions, the
increase in crcep being greatest for an environment of
Nil 50 per cent relative humidity (see Table 1.6). This was
u6 attibuted to an increased drying creep since it is known
that this type of admixture causes an increase in drying
shrinkage and, o{ course, drying creep is associated with
Nil 290
6.1 290 0 shrinkage (see Ch. 6).
Some olherinformadon on the efects of admixtures on
205 12
creep has been obtained using Cormix P2, which is the
Nil 265 proprietary name of a plasticizing admir.turc based on
12.6 295 ll a hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative, and is a water-
2.lo -9 reducing agenr wilh moderale sel-relardalion prop-
erties.4r Three mixes wero used: a control mix. the same
Nil 235
6.1 l9
Idbles J,6 The .fre.t of aceleraitrg admixtures on deep ol mnoete'o
265 tl

four cements of diferent tricalcium aluminate (CtrA)

contentst all mixes had nomillaly the same workability
and 28-da) slrenglh rJ4MPa,. and lhe lesl rpecimens Nil 8,10 0
wereloaded at seven and 28 days at a stress/strngth ratio Llrosulphonale 1125 l4
of0.3 in an environment of 95 per cent relative humidity. +
Comparedwithth plain mixes, concretes with an admix-
| r2ot

ture showed a reduction in creep by three to 30 per cent

for application of load at the age of seven days. For + I r5o5

applicadon oi load al the age of 28 dals. increa\e\ rn creep

of up to 30 per cent were observed for the admixture Nil 244 0
270 t2
mixes; the results are given in Table 3.4. Alrhough
diflerences in creep varied with the C3A content of the +l
cement, no definite trends were obse ed and it was
concluded (hal olher lactors in rhe cemen( composition
influence creep when admixtures are used. ,*,"-1,.-,". I
Hope and Mannrng'a reported an increase in creep Nil 410 0
of concrete with a lignosulphonate admixture com- 500 22
pared with a plain concrete of similar workability and
520 21
stored under t$o diflrent conditions: continuously at
95 per cena relative humidity, and pre-dried and stored aa
35 per cent relative humidity. However, in ths tests, 31

?dble J.J The efrect of aGlerating adoixluB on crep after 90 days under load:e
6) whn roadcd
creep 00 I.cEas in c@p (per ent)
mmpard Yilh lh plai!
nii when loaded al $e age ot

Nit 105 290 0 0

415 355 36 22
95 325 325 t2
Lignosulpho.ate + tnetha.olamine 380 120 25 10

NiI 815 130 0 0

1655 995 103 36
950 145 t1 2
Li8losulphonate + tnerhanolanine 8

NB. Fog-cured for six days and rhen stoEd in the t6r envnonment; loaded al a strBrslrngth ratio oi 0.3
 32 l l ence of cement and admixt,],es on teep

o 0.65
0.65plusadmixture
^
E 0.60 pl!s admixt!re

I
r00 150

T me underload days
quanz.asgresate concreles: aggreeale,lcencnl ratio:6i slress^lrenglh
J,,l' E6ect ol aplanici,ns admixlu,c on creep ol
'i,
raiio = o.l.r'

the effects of larying tbe initial stress/strength

ratio
mix olus admixture. and a m1x plus admrxlure with a which se'e u';ng
reduled uarer conrenr .o as ro be comparable in
l^.,1: ,.a-re. ,i "pptrco'ron "i load rn\e'rieaLed

;;:;;;';;; "'"";i;;i;l* r'o. "u"r' nii*, iatiJ *t'"or both

specimens'
two tlpes - \ealed and unseared ihe admjxture concrete has a
aggregatc and two levels ol aggregatelcement
i"Uft l7 sho!\r
-*""p that
the plain concreie' irrespective of
,,se.l Creeo tests were carried out rn water ii'Il"tt"] f"*"t
than
crecp' creep rr a si!en inirra'nre'i
remoeraruie rbo.rc creepr una rp..,ln.n, o.r. roui.o -- i.l- - *r,.,r'.- 'pecilic crecp couftrci."r i' compdred. lr rhoLld
srre,s srrenern rarro or 0..r rrre aee or :s a,yil r,i."!in ,i,;.
"r Io rhe u'ual Irend'
"r
For a connunr stress \rrensrh th';;''' **p ;;';;i;J rhrr' in conrradicrion
'"t'o
rrr a-na witrrout an aamrr.turi shlnkage
vanes ,n the opposite sense to crep' r'e'
,r,"i", ;i;i;;;;";;i;, or the admixture concrete is slightly greater
il#,1;il;;,;;ffr;,iii .," ,r1.*" i" rie,l.ii ana sr,.inr.ai" -ir'iirrt"g"
tn" phin concrete' Another point of
ii'alr
3.25. However, the specific crep
"r ""'"#;1;h;; 't
admirru-eands,rhaled*.4*u*"'*'n'"ii*;'re.';i'*"'""..;":olll"9^:::linono*enerarl\ncgatite
highe- to lheadmi{rurcon(rele'''e'bij''ccreepi'Predlerlhdn
than Ihat or the plarn co.lcrelc becuuse L'i lhe
strensth and. therefore, higr'". ,t."". ut tt," gi;''n -t""''i i"'"i""*i"" rable l'?) According to Ngab e'.al's': this
l;iliili,il';i ;;;;, :,;.,",,- ln",,r,, ,"ai, rlJ,n. Dhenomenoni.e\pri!,nedbyrhcre\erore\aporabrewarel
creep or concrere o,rn,n oo.,*ru,. o a. ei".."iii i",i."'"r,;.ti.ressinrheun'ealedconclere.osinProrhe
20 De' cenr le" lhe 'rmilanrv o' *ttp
"oecrf. iioie"of':'1'ng'rLaninrhe'eJredconcrere'sincebd'ic
;;.:: ,tr;;,'; ,,,; *pr,in.i n1 Lt,c io,',';on'"l?""'""'t
i" ir'i i*.o i' r'* ii";ncrere ha\inu J loser eudporrble in""rel the
"
:#;;;-;;;il;rdir,..t."netl, a"'"rop'""oi
"a'i f"* ch 6)' the basic creep asandmeasu'ed
load. Since a decrease in tlr" p",t" """''"
i"ufea is an.overestimate hence the cal_
""-"n, g'it
"olli"ni'"aocet "pecitenscreep is an underestimate Now' this
this rs u""o.pon'ea tl u'rllaif"t
creeD and, senerally,
,n ,rrenqrh de\elopmenr $hrch in(rea'e"';;p' i;'";;t "J""'"
"'f"t"a'atvil]g +pr* t" bor}r rhe rhe plain 'oncrcre and
rarrer Loncr(re ha' a
c' eeo' $ hen iomoa red admirru'e 'onirere
brr' "rlce
.i*i;;?'; '';"';;;"r11 auecrpruin.o""tti" oi rlit'rra i"*"t *"-rctment fatio and' hence a lower evaDorable
PbenomPnun oi'
withthe basic andtotal c.""p of
lii:.;il::il:;i"";:';'ri'"n,',.a..'io" "*'i''**' 't" ''"" or re't'ne rhc
r.,oL .rreno,h,oncrere rrrade *un no.
';..";; "i; n(ga\1\e
"'
drirnB crren i' Bt'a'|et ror rhc admi\'ur'
" "ii "n,*in*B ."1il;.:;,
rsr M,[,:i"
*i;:,i,j;?i;;;;;i":drne admirr,,re ."I"::;Ji,;;;; ,, .^a. reporred ,ha, in ,he above,e.r5.
rhe,e
Tr. rlpe Dr.'. tor lhe. a-9m,tl:.,re *.,.i,,e.,",r",."i in.hnnkase of ,pe.imen, or rhe
proponion. $e-e r:1.2J:1.58. tr,rh d.wa,e, .;H;.,;;,
;;;;;;.,.,.,",....",.o *:,1.,ion,-o1 ;62,.1-r.ee.pec,-
;;;.,,;;;'!e$ot
:'.:.i1itj:,:[x':li:.1'J.'l;l[,Ti"i;i;A;:. ;;;;;'':';'rr herdc''ird"he\arue'oro\ins
r'., rJoe r-r' rhe 'isniFc'nce or a
motLcurinr.ror2'dals.,h.'p..'rn""'*''':;;;'i;i;'i" an addlionalta(ror whicl'
Lhoraror\ belore con.m.ncemenr o, rn..,.." ".i. ".gJi'.',ir.'.q"*,i""ablc
 Plaititizina ond
"uperpld:t
t\i-ing admi lur^ IJ

^__^---^---l
^--t- t--.-="r-Z

^ O43piusadmixture
. 0.38 plusadrnixt!re

100 r50 200

Tlme under oad - days
Fr, J.rj. Efrecr ol a planicizing admixrure on feep oI iimestone-aAgregate concreresr aseresate/.eoenr ratio:4:
stBtsrrengtn ra(o = 0.3.41

should be mentioned is thar, prior ro testing, specimens
were stored in the laboratory for a period of tim. The
environmental humidity is unknown but the enect o{ anv
pre-dryiDg uould reduce the creep polenliat (.e. ( b. 6).
Inasubsequenr pdper.Ngabcral'quanrii) lheertenl
ol bond m_rcrocrackrng in rhe ruo concrete, reported
pre!rousl).' the e(lenr ot m,crocrackrnA under sus-
tained loadins was considerabl\ reduccd in [e admirrure sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde
concrete comparcd with that i; the plain concrete. Since
mic.ocracking is included in the measured creep, this
finding could explain, in pa , the lower crep ;f the
admixture concrte.
Saper plasticizen
Suprplasticizing admixtures, krovr'n in the United Stares
as high-range water-reducers. are chemicallv diFereni
trom normal plasricrzer., and hare been inrroduced
recently to overcome problems associated with the
use of hrgh do<dge rare, of con!enlronal ptasrici/ers. I he
broad catego,es oi superplasricrzers range irom sulpho-
nated melamine formdtdehlde condensates. sulphaled
naphthalene formaldehyde condensates ard modified
lignosulphonates to mixtures of saccharates and acid
amides. The additional benents claimed are increased
workability, less set,retardation and less air entrainment.
Superplasticizcrs are used to produce rot only high
workability (flowifig) concrete but also a wateFreduced
(high-strnsth) corcrete.
Tests on concrete with a superplasticizer, based on
condensates,
have shown no eflect on creep,a, for bolh flowingconcrete
and hrgh-srrenglh concrete.atrer ca.llng. rhe specrmens
were seald and then loaded at the age oI 28 days un-
der ambiert conditioff wiih a retarive humidity of ap-
proximately 65 per cent. A load corresponding to a
slre.s srrenglh rario oi 0.2 uas:u.rained fo' appro\i.
mately 40 days.
Creep datahave been obtained usinglrgament Mighty
150 ltwe naphthalene sulphonale formatdehyde con-
den\ater ro male flosing concreles. l-irstly. non-aiF
entrained concretes wilh and without the admixture
were compared with one another,a3 and, secondly, air-
ntrained concretes were compared-aa In both series of
tests, iwo levels of cement content were used and. for rhe

Ia6,?J.7 Crep a.d shrintage of plain concr.te and concrelc conlaining a water_reducing and rclarding adnirturesl

00 1
Total Basic Drying Total Basic Drying Total Basic DryinS
63 0.45 30 16.1 21.5 - 1.4 731 772 -35 0.82 0,85 0.03 ,100
36 l0 7t.t 27.2 1058 1.31 l.r3 0.22 340
63 0.65 30 24.6 26.1 1.7 1005 1056 51 0.74 0.89 -0.15
16 0.65 30 '12.5 42.0 30.5 1560 1093 567 t.52 1.02 0.50 )4n
70 0.45 56 23.2 27.5 .- 4.3 114 861 29 0.71 0.92 0.21 180
t9 u45 56 55.1 911 71 1.22 1.19 0.01 ll0
31 Inlluence oJ cement aruL td'nixtures on creep
Whn Melment F10 (rulphonated melamire formal-
dehyde condensate) $as used to increase the slump of a
high-slrengrh concrele. a 10 per cent increase in total
.,",'",_""1_l_;___ creep was observed.a5 The control mix (1:0.60:2-39 with a
waier/cemcnt ratio oi 0.30) was designed lor the maxi-
mum attainable strength in that it had zero slump and
couldjust be compacled;for th admixture concrete- thc
supeelasticizing admixture was added at the rate of 1 per
Plain concrele A, and
cent by weight of cemenl. Whereas the strengths alier 28
f ow nd concrete B
days ol iog-curing were similar lor the conirol concretc
..'.-.--.__ ani:l admixture concrete (65 M Pa), the respeclive strengths
were 65 and 74 MPa aier subsequentdryingat 50percent
4oo relative humidity for a period of l7 months. Thereforc,
alth ough the strength of the admixture concrete increased
withage, crccp at a constan I initial stress/strength ralio of
0.25 was i0 per cent greater than thai of the control
concret over the 2o-month test period; the creep test
spccimens were fog-cured for seven days and then storcd
1---.:-11-;'-------'11; rr 50 per ccnl reliri\e hLmrdir) and 2l C. rhe spec'men'
being loaded at the ageof 2Sdays The greater tolal creep
of the admixture coflcretc can be explained by drying
shrinkage which was I0 to 25 per cent greater than
shrinkage ol the admixture-free concrete; for the two
0 100 200 300 concretes, thre was no significant difference in ihe
T me under oad days modulus of elaslicily.
4,4 J.2d. Efle.l oI a superylasticizing admixruE on.rep ol sel and The tong{erm problems associated with the use of
high-alLmrna cemenr (oncrere and concrere conraining
,{, 1r2.5:3.1nix;cement content = lootclnrr warericentnt ratio : calcium chioridc have restricled the methods ol obtai ng
B, lrl.9rl.l nix: cenenl.onlenl = 360 ke/m i Nateqnent ratio =
3 high-early strength concretes which are compatible with
the requircments of the precast industry. An alternative
method is one in which superylasticizing water-rcducing
plainmixes, the water/cement ratio and the fine-aggregate admixtures are used to obtain concrete of adequate
content were adjusted io give a constant slump (55 to n engrh dr the lrme ot de-mouldrnP and Drelen.ioninP.
70mm). For the flowing concreles, the admixture (0-6 to An investigation,s' using Irgament Mighty 150, into the
0.8 per cent by weight of cemeno was added to the plain long{erm properties of high-carly strength concrete was
mixes to gjve a flow table spread of 510 to 550mm. carried out on lwoconcretesmadc with a rapid_hardening
Spccimens were curd jn water at ambient tempera_ Portland cement and havjng the same workability but
ture and, at the age oi 28 days, were subjected to a one mix contained the admixture ard had a lower
stress/strength ratio of 0.2. Basic creep was determined on water/cement ratio. The strength obtained with moisl
specimens slored in water, and total creepwasdetermined curing\vas 35 MPa aller 40 and 29 hours fo. the plain and
on specimens slored in air ata rclative humidity of 65 per water-reduced admixture concrete, respcctively. When
cent and at ambient temperature from the time at subjected to two hours ofmoist curing and then to a six-
applicaiion of load. The results are shown in Figs. 1.26 hour cycle of steam curing, the same strength was reached
and 3.27. and it can be seen that the addition of the after 10 and 6 hours for ih two rcspeclive concretes.
admixture 10 the control concrcles has no signincant Table 3.8 shows the creep and shrinkage data after a
effect on thebasiccreep of either non-air-ntrained or air- period of one year using moistcured concrete stored in
entrained concrete. two environments: in water and in air lrom the age at
For total creep, Fig.1.26 showsthat the presence of the applicatiod ol load of two days. Correspondingcreep and
admixture increases the total creep of non_air_entrained shrinkage data were obtained using steam-cured and then
concrete whils!, in Fig. 3.27, the eflect of the admixture is $aLer-cu ed concrete rn l1e \ame L$o cn\iron_
"lorcd
seen to dccrease the total crccp of air-entrained concrete; ments lrom the age at applicatior of load of one day. With
these eflects apply especially to the lowcr strengih con- moisl curing, the spccific basic creep was similar for the
crele,. After one )ear Lnde, load. rhe dvrage increa'e in plain concrete and the water-reduced admixture concrele;
total creep of non-air-entrained concrete was 24 per cent also, the specific tolal creep and shrinkage were similar
and, ior air-entrained concrete, the average decrease in for the plain and water-reduced admixture concretes.
lotal creepwas 14percent. The etrect ol ihe admixture on However, both basic creep and total crecp at a consianl
total creep cannot be explained in terms of variations in stress/'strength ratio of 0.3 werc bigher for ih water_
the cement pasle content, in development ol strength reduced adnjxlure concretc than for the plain concrete
under load or in shrinkage since a1l these parameters were because the lormer concrete had a lower development of
similar lor the concretcs with and withoul the admixture. strength underload.For the concretes subjected to a cycle
 P.in.on.rere, A

/ .,'--
/",--
I 200
r,-- Pd n..d flowi.q .onLrele B
\

P aln and t owin! concrele, A

2@ 300
Time under load daYS
Fig J?7 Ellecr oI a supcitlasdcinne ldnrLure on creep ol wer- and dry{toEd an entrained concretes:
A, l:21:49 nirr cement conr..r : 270 ksim r i sarer,'enent raiio : O6liairconrenr =,1.6perenti
!, l: l 8:18 nmr.emcnr contenl - :l:15ksmr; waterrcenem nlb : O.5liajr conrent = 5.8 per cenl.{

of steam curing, rhe onc,year basic creep was 20 per cent
higher for thc water-reduced admixture concrete. white
lotal creep and shrinkage were unallcctcd by rhe presencc
ol thc admirture. The diffcrence 1n basic crep cannot be
expiainedin terms oldevclopment of strength underioad
since ihis parameter $as similar for bolh ihe admixture
aDd plain concrctcs.
The eff"-cts ol thc acceleraling admixtures. caicium
chloride and triethanolamine, were invesligated by Hope
and Manning.re rriethanolamine being used to ollset the
set-retardingpropertyof calcium Iignosulphonare,which
is a water-redncing admirrure. Thc calcium chloridc was
added to a plain mix at a dosage of 1.5 pcr oent by weighl
of cemcnt. but water and cement were .cduced for a mix
containing the lignosulphonale to achieve a constant
sl.cngth and workabiliry; trielhanolamine was added !o
tle Iattermix to provide afourth mir. Ascan be seen from
Table 3.5, the use of calcium chloride significantty
increased creep, especially ior an earlier agc ar ap plication
of load and under condilions ol dryirg. Triethanolamire
dl.o had lle ele.r ol n(rca.ing.reep of rl-c mrr.on-
lainirg lignosulphonatc but only for concrelc loaded at
the age of seven days.
Thc apparent increasc in creep due to rhe use of
accelcrating adrnixtures was confirmed by Morgan and
Welchao who also investigated the cfc;ts of addins
calciumchloride and triethanolaminc toa concrete with a
ligDosulphonate admirturer all mixes had the same pro
poriions and were ioaded to a constant stress/srrenglh
ratio ol 0.3 in various sto.age environments. The results
are summarized in Tablc 3.6 and. gencrally, it was
concluded that the relative magnitude ol creep increased
in the order of mix:
plain < lignosulphonate < lignosulphonate + calcium
chloride < Iignos lphonate + rriethanolamine.
General
An accurate assessmert of the elTects ol chemical ad
mixtures on creep is dilicult in spite of the research

nlri..r8Creepandshri.hageoladnixrureRarcrreduedconcreteandtl,inLucreteatrro;eye.rsinceapplicationo|oad.r

(10 I
155 60.2
Dr!
572
2ll 158
:ll5 17.9
299 59.8 520
Drv
251 51.8 520

14.9
36 lnJluen a d adnixt res on oeep
of cement
H"la_ro 'nrr'n''nsio 'rerc{'enS'\' 4'I
e

reoorld dbo\e. \ppdrerl in'on'r'ren're' be''P'n'\'

8' PRt'l '\l
r.u,15 o, o,ncren, in\e.,,tsJ,o'. ",. " .,J;l:;;;; , lii;il;fil"il.fll'11,n.,, . "*or,o\4rsAwA r
...porir'onanorlpeof"dmirLure' Po land bLJ
ir,. ;ti.,.j;p.i" e.oc.."rl).,ecp.
",,r.""'
;,,a":',h.;;;;;,;;;i!'"n,.n"n"'i"'p
',.11"' t-to"c"'
can
;,;.:; i;:;j;;i '-"'"';""''' \'" rdnrn 40

ii"." "." *"* """tlt"nl qualitative lrends which 1960 pp' 191 E

be summarizcd. " iosi"'r

ro 'i1';;';'1e D Soff problems in concrete constructron'
"" t'12'\^'14 qo^'po'2'
$hen'lgnrn-r)peaorr\rure'areu'<dronbrirnhPh ".'r
$orkabi,'r) nr\c.. creeo ar I conndnl n-e\t rr-ergrn ,, tiu,ror M.(rnenr d. \ L(_drc\ \o'dr.c' ln'ren"rd'
rarro-rnciea*J:rri.app,ie.('pe(,illyrororalcreepr( ' r,l"i,.i.*..,,,,"",.J, e' pr"rlire' oe. cinenr'
PLbt-otr'a tthaq. \' /o
('<nrre dllLrde' er oe
rhereLherei.ana.corrpaniingdryrnd'h'in\age'wher''
."
"liail"g ii"' rrli.c'".i conco;itant re- ir"ii,"i"i,l' a" t:r.ai,".. aes Liants Hrdr.urrques: Paris,
"arnt-,i,.",
al.i.". ii """',"a.. 'n a' o
-nainrain 'ooo''2 pn'
p" +'"t'e'
con\LaIr $u'\abi,rri. rhe ele't ot pra't'crzcrl
dc*nd. upon rhe comb neo efec ' o -:Jdl,i..ri
'"
t'ttp
'': ' riii"r'i ' ''n'"'rre' 'onc'ere A Ie-
r|au'uu'rr s:,:l;:::li;::jlr:11.).^J,i.lf,l''l;:"|l l#
J,rnlcnrano,hedJ\elonmcnlol!lrenglnunue M^(. 197t.'iDo
ar"ccred bv orher ricror' i,.'-iioinrr.i.'J*co]o'\'(reeo!\arrcreri'''-ot
i;.:;;,;,;;,",' oeing rn rurn'oaLl,'lo-atsc
,-r. i- "* ", ,nnlrcrr:or or envronnenl P'oi tdr- sot' ot \ |
comp':rron' con- ""n,nr,"
i'1" "'' r" \o'' ' an or '05
;;';;;Ii 'il:;;,',tr-e
rvpe and '0
'u r'"io
',r i'(i'u*^ rl""" ri' 'i'rcF-erc i- \4ABUYq\4q' K"
.eou;nrl\.Dred,criunor.re(nr'.o-nplrclred q"pri"''" e\p'nrr<
i ,nerimenr,, oor, orr rhr u'( ot'uperplatricr/er' arc
'rru'tJrr'elem(nr''
"
equ',eo;i:;'l#' lir:llIlri"r'l,t'#l[:''16'r""t'*"''"
,",,i,.,,.o,no,.o,.,..(Jrchi. '-'-
of- n.ir.,. r,. !,,ed ro oorrrn,1.$rnp roncere.
the'e rr 1"'. i-.;.. n ","-.
p"lro u "hri'ldre
#|*",l'i; u.;"-:..i.,' .ri,im.nrni.n..r on crecp l..."""'"'i"*."".,"" 'tao'. R"en dtl D!''t'P
lfi'"l1,r ,j" *"ari,"ns ur d, )ins. rhc'e a-e incon'i'- ',,lii"i"i'i ioi:-''' o' portr"nd ccnenr A$ocrdr on
cann^. bec{f"atred fo' {arerreouced \\ol:e'lJ lq-8'r'pp tl'
(hish'skensth) concrete, the Li,n*"d *p"";t;i;;;"
'.^.'.i"fr,.f, re' &liivi'iiir' w sllsr'ai"' in '"into'c"a "o""r"t"'
' i"
suqqe{d.ma1ncrca.e,"',",**o*^*"'"''.J"#: f1:i;X,,1:1,;,X;l;i:tJ;i:;J:l:i.:iJllll:
q,0 Iopp
raii",rh rn ,"cre,.e n.hinkage. lheor]lerapnrrcurron
con_ li"'i"i_,,,r,i iiJ;,'r, r .nJonuJ'm condrt''nr
lor ,uDcrpl.r'ricr/er' 's to rcke ullrd'hrll'_clrcngln t? tt t r, q. \4.. Ihc ene.L o'
' lrt ,r,. 'r'rage
v p"r. Jnd'he creep properrres unJer .,;-e,r' or.,nc* m'de q2$irh hish{rJm:ra
"'",."isi;1""i0'0
,ir....;r.r"u."... \eL. Lrnl't'osn' i".."'. p'"1' L' l0' ro'!' otpDderelorr''on
"" rb<
or n JcrLIar
"'". "'...'
hdn,l, rhc dcce,eraror' cJl(rum
,i."-"'r... chlorrdc I" iriiiir' A M ' a 'rudj
and triethanolamine incr** **p, *;;';";i;ii t* ;rumina cement Pro'' ICE' 2s'
-d :; ::::{*,i.1-
insomecases.Conscquentlv'theseadmixtlres\hourdbe,o i,liiilr',i;i' 'iiib,ot. s.. SEKI, s and KAWASUMT,
U\ed\\ilhcaUlonlncleep.'ensll'\esllJatlont'.ii]-i"a,',t.L.r,,'.,i.i"t,,,",*.
-'-l,"riii. eflccrs oI ad-
. dr,cJ..ion on rhe po..rblcgiven a'1, ,",ii,:'..,a,i."'. Pn.eetlil\ at dh taternatioaal
rn Chaprer V^Ji,"ii
,o
-i,ir."i ,r,"
""
,*r,r.ism ot creep is M.t ",,"t sehaiaut ol Mat.tiots, Ktoto
",
,':.,f, t:,,"1",1:;',";:
,:l;::j; tr:,;:::\i:,i;
Rererences - lii'JrT]i, K '"'"i-'^1lAND. K.1,
,., Behaviour orlish
*".
1 NE,TLLE, A M. Rore or ccment i! ,hc creep o **, i:U:i"1il:;::$T.',1'rT, ;,p::l1"ii:''T'
t./J..,,r'rl.55.'qru.pncul b4,,'^,i';i, t+'1 A M.ndKLNt\Cio\,H.\....eepot
2. NEVILLE, A M, Pr,r,erri's d Co oete
' pp 1oc.Fo$thlnLslm, anthe
;il;;;#,;;iM;.'hnerd' Mass, resr 77e l::11:i::::',",1;:5ii:ston DC, re60, pp 70r 8
1 (lr.ANVrLLL w. H. and rHoM^s. n..;,tiil,j;,ll ,:. i'i'ilii i", e' iji'. i;,,"i"r" i,a -*p r" -.cr"tq s,*"-
i:"'"J::*:l'.':1:: ;'"i;;:;;:*'l'::;;:;::;;:T ,l ,ri,ll-J.;':'"1^\:.,"i1j-:fll3ii., n ,,.,.
plf.r \.. tt Dtrdnenr or..Fnr,i. "'d rnd''rr3r r)' loncHe. p". 1s/v.rr.
Rar,i,h'I ondor l9-rr 44 Pl
h';I;;i"; r;. "r,.r;;,;i
. ii'iinirs.p u..nr uoi'rr'r.".o.sr,:j,:y#1":
-,," u'],i,Xf ,'].,.'$.,"0,o^r.D R..shnn\acerndcrcep
i:tl,ll'"1l::"il:i.";'::il:;#:i]i1{,":i;;r;"il o,.,-o(e"'"ne edb) nennef"",Porr;nd(enen
1e70'pp6e

, li8L,i;l. A vom E,nnuss.".,".":"""."' ". .. i':'::':'.:^s'd'r'22'No71

x' porepor' J' v rnd' ZA-LAN LM' creep in com
waserz.nent-lerhiiltdsse, -a a"' oo*t"*llii"" "oi
ii,*"r,", -, so* 2",*, o,J"l'''ll'i'.,'1
a",
o'o'or 18' -' "r'
,.nr.nncrere. 20
lm"ll;:*X;;tll"ltrFAM'Be,nizture"be'on
iqi^Lxli.e v.ireepo'""'crerer'"to'tot inpt"'
o ROis.'A. U.l\e.rcero. b'3.r tr,nJ.'. ,hp,.{n"nceol,JrLe\rrLLlUr\rocra.iirB.H,d.r,l_
,.F /,!rndr. 8. re38. Dp.41 52. il:J;;.i; : s.
i;;;;;ii-.'N". rr, rso+, pp. upkh.htL
\r\ll rl a \.4.,nd BRoors..r q'r"''r
rrin+dep^(nd.nr
"_n"n.na"n,
'r< r' ,, l:'i;A;;i,i,,-
ovoTDrv"q'A ; ;- I'eep'\
a;."; .i ."".,.;, r,e'
h-.,;;; "', ";'"'.."'.,''" ' ''"'' T!la' Mos(os' 1960' pf 137 52'
pp.36 9. 'L'u

13. US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION- Concrctc and
epoxy materials compared; load properties, durability,
and volume changej R.?ott No. C /J1J, Denver,
Colorado, 1969,30pp.
t9 HOWDYSHELL, P. A., Creep cha.ac!e.istics ot polyester
concreles. Te.htr,.al Rsror, No. M 2J. US Army Con-
.,ru.lion Ing neenrg RNedr.h l.bo?ro ) ( hdrpJrrn,
Ill., Nov. 1972. 15 pp.
:0 GUNASE(ARAN. M. and VAN ANTWERP, E. H..Thc
creep oi polymer impregnared lighrweight concrele. .rriru,
Int. Cohgrcss on ?o|!het Con./eres.SessionB,PaperT.5
7 May 1975.
BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL I-ABORATORY.
Concrete'polymer nalerlals, topical reports Nos. 1 to 5.
-BNLRepors Nos 50t31 (T 5A9), t968.502tE (T 560),
1969. 50 27 5 ( T 60 2 ), 197 1, 5 0 3 28. 1912, a\d 5A 39A. D1 3,
DAVIS, R. E. and TROXELL, G. E., Properries otcondete
and their influence on preslress desig!, .1CI Jr rnal, 50,
1954. pp. 381 91.
US ARMY ENGINEERS, Evaluation olequipmert and
initlal tesrs. Repon 2. Miscellaneous Pnper No. 6 132,
Waierways Experiment Stalion: Vicksb!.8. Miss., 1957,
l4 p!.
,11. JONES,T. R., HIRSCH,T.J. andSTEPHENSON. H. K,
The Phlsical Prcpetties oJ Strktntul Qualit! Light\|eight
Aggregate Concrete, Texas Transporlation hstitute.
College Station, 1959.46 pp.
ti WARD,M. A, SINGH,S. P.andNEVILLE,A. M.,Crep
oI air entraired concrete, M agaziae ol Canctete Research,
21, No.69, 1969. pp 205 10.
HOPE, B. B., NEVILLE. A. M. and GURUSWAMT, A.,
Influence ot ldmjxlures on creep ol concete containirg
nornal weight lggregate. Pr... RILEM Slhp on Ad
nixtwes lot Martat ond Cotr.r.re, Brussels, Sept. 1967.
!P. 17 32.
,17. JESSOP, E. L., WARD, M. A. and NEVILLE, A. M..
I!fluence ofwaier reducing md scr .etarding admixru.es
on creep ot lightweight aggregate condete. ibid.,
pp.35 46.
HOPE, B. B. and BROWN, N. H.. Influence oi emenr
composilion o, the fieep ol concreie conlainlng ad-
m1x.1,wes, ACI Jounal,67,1970, pp. 673 5.
i9. HOPE. B. B. aDd MANNING, D. G., Creep of concrete
influened by accelerarors, ,4 C LI ournal.68, 197 |, pp.361
J0. MORGAN, D. R. and WELCH, G B.. Influence
Thnl Australosian Cohl .
admirtures on creep ol con $ere.
on the Mechdnns aJ S'ru.tues and Matetiak. 2,
Sesion 84, U veBity ot Auckldd, New Zealard.
Aug.l97l.
J1 N|VILLI-. A \'l..nd BROOIS. J. J.. I ne-dep(n.enL
ber avio. r olconcre'e co.ldin.nts i pld.lrcr/er. a .nfr. r?.0,
No. 10. 1975, pp. 33 5.
J2 CEMENT AND CONCRETE ASSOCIATION, Srper-
pla\ticizltut Adnixrurcs ,tr Crrcrr,?, Repo.l oi a Joint
WorkinA Party oi the Cement Admixiures Association and
the C. & C. A.:London, 1976,32 pp.
Refercnces 37
43. BROOKS, J. J., WAINWRICHT. P. J. and NEVILLE.
A \,1. T ne depend.lr nr.nefl... oi (..nc,cr. .onr:.inrnC
a superplasticizing admixturc, Superplaslicizen in Con-
.tete, Atueticdi Co crcte Insritute S?.cial Puhli.drian
N0.62, 1979, pp 293 314.
44. BROOKS. J. J., WAINWRIGitT, P. J. and NEYILLE.
A. M., Superplastlcizer ellcct on tiineiepcndenl proper
ties ot air'enlrained concrete. Cotr.r4.. 13. No 6. t9?9.
pp.l5 8.
ALEXANDER, K. Itl.,llRIIER!. G M andlvAltUSEC.
L, The creep and relaled propertiei ol very liigh strcnSrh
superplasticized .oncreie. cmert aoal.tt R.se ch,
10, No 2, 1980, pp. 131 7. 'nd
46_ ASTM, Specificaiion tor e\pansile hydraulic cencnt.
Stunadrd Na-C345 76I, Am.ri.an Society lorTesdngand
Male.iah: Phjladelphi4 1976.
47. BAMFORTH. P. B..In lilu tueasuremert oithc cllccl ol
p4rtial Portlald ccmeni replacement usingeilher flv ash or
ground granulatcd blast lurnace slaS on the perlortuance
of mass concrete, Proc. ICr, Pet ?, Sept 1980. pp. 777
,18. WALLAGE, P. A.. Hartlepool Pressure Vessels top clp
concrete long term deformaiion behali.u. and olher
physical properties, Research Relon No. aH.tiTji!6t9,
Taylor Woodrow: Southall. 1971.
49. BAMFORTH, P. and BAHRA, B. S.. M56 Hapsiord !o
Lea'by-Bachlord, Contract M56/11, Asesment ol the
pcrfo.mance ol conffele conlaining Ily asli by jn situ
measuremert ol early age tenperalurs and strains and
laboratory tests to mcasure rhe properties ol trardened
concrete, Rsedr.lr Repafi No. 011.1i79121a3. Ia.Jlot
woodrow: Southall. 1979.
50. NEyILLE, A. M. jn collaboration {ith Wainrright, P. J.,
High-dlttuina Cenent Cor./eie, Consl.nction l,ress:
Lancaster/New York, 1975, 201 pp.
51. BROOKS, J J., WAINWRIGHT, P. J. and NEVTLLE.
A. M., Time-depeDdent bchavior oi high-errly-st..lgrh
concrele cortainlng a superplasticizer. Derelolmells ir
th Use of Superplastjcizerr Aneticd Concftte lnsritrk,
Special Publication No.68,1981. pp 81 100.
52 NCAB, A. S., NILSON, A. H ard SI-ATE, l. O.,
Sn.irkage and creep ol hiSh strenglh corcretc, -.14j
Jrurndl,78. No.4,lul) 19U1, pp.255 261.
53. NCAB, A. S., SLATE. F. O. ud NILSON, A. !,
Mjfiocracking and time-deperdent strairB in hrrh
.rre Eri.onci ./r/ pp 2b: :bl
ot 54. HARRISON.T. A.. Early,ag cr..ki!g nr.onc.ete, ClRL1
Ieror 9/, 1981,48 pp.
55. GIFFORD, P. M and WARD. M. A.. Resuls oll.bora
lory tests on lcan mass concrele utilizirg PFA to r higir
level ot replacemcnr, Irt- St"+. o . Ltse .l pt.4 i
Conctet., yol. 1, Eds. J. G Cabrera and A !l Cuscns.
DepartaeDt oi Civil EnSineering. tinlversil) ol Lfcds.
April 1982, pp. 221 229.
BROOKS. l. 1., WAINWRIGH'r. e J..drd CIiIPNELI.
I 8.. '1,me.dep(nJ(nr p, o-. np
pullerised lLrcl ash and a superphsricrzer, ii . pp :09
lnlluence of aggregate on
creep

jsmuch grater than in

In Chaotcr 3 we coDsidered the qualily of cemeDt paste- andDavis,r the variation increep
But in concrete, the cemnt paste is interspersed bv a the elastic deformation-
recond nha'e. deP'egate. rh\h doc' nor Jndergo crcep'
Troxell and his co-workrs2 wcre probably thc fiIst to
the influence ol the mineralogical character of
lhr. doe, rol mern. hose\er. lnd' Jggr(gdle doe' nnr "t;
influence creep. ln facl, the modificarion of creep by u"*r.nu,. on .,..p. t ,gurc 4.1 'hos ' a 'ummary ol lhert
."T,rri ,na it car bc teen rhdr, orhel lhing' being eoual'
lcu esaLc for bc e\prc' ed'n rerm' o' lne qLdnril) '[
rhe crecD ol corcrel( madc $ ith a 'andclonc aPgrePale can
.,iir.nrre una nr ir. mechunical p opeflre'. In rhe larrer
n',it ot rtrl' .t.prer. rne creep oi reinlorced 'ibre J^m- i.,. .i.r, ,'
L*o ,nd-, hrll l'mes sreJrer than (reep of
a limestone aggregate' After 20 years
nort*Lds.u-ed Retnlorcemcrl ollhecemenr pa'leb) concrclemade withrelative humidity ol 50 per cent, ihc
i'n,., h.,,e-enrrallr rhe'ane eflecr :r. nalurJl dggregale'. undcr load at a
a!.sreqales in Je.cenJrng order oi magniluoe of creep 'r
namely, that ofinc;easing the resistancc 1() crep-
"nn.riL.
*.r. 'ana'lon., basall. gra!el. gr"nil( qudrrT'
lnlluence ol tYPe ol aggregale and limcstone. very short.lerm lcstsr showed that lhe
,ime\rone aggredare con('ele
qa' ab'ul 60 ner
The mineralogical characler ofaggregate is a lactor in creeD ol $ irh a 'Jnd-rnd-
rh" n r h,t oi concrere mdde
creen ol concrere which was recognizd earlv, although cenim"re
a
shcn each conc'ele wJ' loaded to rhe
ther; is somc doubt about the physical interpretation of era\el dqsreslle '1he
this cflect. Notonly creep butalso theelastic deformalion
lr.. n-p",'i", or il' ullrm.rLc 'lrenglh. 'hape ol
c'ecD tim Lur!c' tor rhe differenl rgg'e8atc' i-
ofconcrete is an'ccled by the properties of the aggrcgate - 'rmilar'
This can be readily explained in terms olthe modulus of
i1,,," +: 'oo*' ,r,. ,.'uls otcreip ress ot kordina''
sandstone ld to the
e",ricrr\ o, -.omDo'rre mrrerial ( eP ( h. )1. H'$e\er' As ii the tests ol Troxell el {l1.,'? parl o the oiFererce
rt"* * onlv a oroi,-r reluti^n bel$een rhe rxgrirude ot hrphest valuerheolhigh crecp but a large
ol concrele and creep when u,I.e' trom ireep or .ano'tone conc-ere du'ing
thc elastic deformalion in the rate
ihe first 24 hours after loadins. The dilTerence
diferent aggregates are used since' according to Davis

4*
-..";2

28
5 20 25

Tirne under load (loq scale)

ralio: 5'6?i water/Gnent ralio:0'59i applied
l'r4..4.1. Creep olconcrctes nade wnh dineEni agsregaros: asgregalerenent
 tnJluent:e al npe of duaftuate J9
The creep bchaviour ofiightweight aggrcgalc concrete
is ol interest since the use oi this matcrial in srructural
concrcle has increased ir .cceni years and the knowlcdge
o['t. non-ela,t . n oN re\ r. ir rpo-r.L' Ar ore ri"re.
fears were expressed that lighlweight aggrcgale leads to
: 300 hjgher creep than normal weight aggregate bur it .ow
appears thal there is no fnndamcnlal difference bct!,leen
the two aggrcgate types as such. as the ofren,observed
: higher creep of concretes made wirh lightweight aggre
: gate reflects onlt thc lowcr nodulus of elaslicity of that
200 aggrcgate. There 1s no inherent dillerence in the beh aviour
ol coatcd and uncoated aggregates or between those
: oblained by diAcrcnt manufacturing proccsscs. but this
docs not, ofcourse, mean lhat all lighlweighl aggrcgatcs
= lead 1o the same creep.
irm Some of Shideleis resultss are presented in Fig. 4.3.
These reler 1() a number of Amcrican lightweight aggre-
gates used in concreles wilh strengths between 11.2 and
15.6 MPa at rhe time at application ol load. For com-
parison, the creep curve for a gravel aggregate concrete
1 5 10 50 100 5001000 5000 is also shown, and this fails in the middle ofrhe range ol
Time unde.load (los scale) days creep values ol the lighlweighl aggrcgate concretes. The
i-9 l?. Specilic feep oiconcretes made wilh diferent nornat weistt samc mixes loaded at the age of 28 days, lollowing a
2l-day period of drying, showed a similar relative distri
bulion olcreep values, although they were ail numerically
ol creep persists for almost a year bur disappears there- lower. Similar bebaviou. was observed in sironger con-
after. cretes loaded al thc agc olseven dayss and in oiher tesis6
It is relcvant to note that Kordina's sandstone showed which included expandedcla), shalc rnd slate both coated
.'reep when subjected to a sustained stress without and crushed. However, Shideler's datas indicate a dii,
imbedment in concrete.a The c.ccp amounted to about 10 lcrcnce between the rate of creep ol normal wcight and
per cen t of the elastic deformation in afewhoursbut there lightweight aggregate concretes. This arises from the faci
was no further incrase aiter 72 hours- None olrhe other that the rate of creep oi gravel aggrcgate concrete
aggregates exhibited creep. decreases considerably after about one year whilc !his is

100 200
Time under toad - days

ia4J.CrtepofcuncretesmadcuLhdillsenrhshrwei8hilggreeares:aseatapplicariononoad=Tdaysjapptied$re$=4.1
\lPi sftnorh:
1[) lt'i1uew:? aJ a(lgteudte on (reep
not rh, c..e qr. I lg'r$e,Elr cor''re'
* 'lrp' 4 ' s'r'h where .h: linear shrinkage olconcrete'
r.rr r,o.j ' ,. ..i.,""i t, B:'\c nnd \'h''rrF- r' a - iraclional vdume of rggregate'
renorted b\ llrucrhore E. : modulus ofclasricit) ol surrounding materlal
,.,n rlE cx.. o ,,orrJl ,eigqr :rdPre!''le 'or''ele (concretc),
,n-'. -oo.'-' i" u. "o JrD'( 'er;rion ocr$ecn c eep 'rd t" - mJd.r u ol el1'r( r) "ligg'eBire'
,l; ;.:'-;., ' '. .,, "J 'on on rodJrrr 'r rrsnr J (rgh
/r:Poissons ratio of sufounding
matcria]
"" Hoq'\er'lheralr^olu'lrnalc'r('o
'cr s,t.' orcrel"'.
,:',*-;;";.;,. e,a ,,( oer 'r njr,oi ' o$'r iu riehr' and 11. :
(concretel.
Poisson\ ratio of aggregaie'
;;i;;;"g"".",",,",e owing to jts Lo'rer moduius or
el.r!'lcitj
' 'r.'",..1 Droor\'. ln der \:nu 4 hJr e"ch P"rl,tleoi
lre rrllJinc\ or
^lJ' rhe r. du.r' 'rom 'h e\t(rnar 'urric" or rh(
'\pr3n'L'-n
:. 'ern\ "s;;.;;'.
-..,,:,,',
"..,. .,. , ', 'r ''-''..,."
";,0: ""'' *'rJ'e'he r"s\"r rhe nuot lL' rhe
Let
.,.",., ."";*,., i: r,',,.' on('(d n) rl "gts esare ro rhe
l(I td
-. ..1 ..i J ,c ..,n, "r r,',., rhr' r" 'n'rJereu rn 1+t+2(l-2lq)E"|E"
14.21

th. tr)l1o$iirjj'e(lr.tr _ni\(t uf

'lhe ldLlor r r' JnlrLrl) ro be co,l'ranr l"
rhe non'
Observatlons on lnlluence ol
content ;r;.,;"';;"; ,"". ,''Lhe \odr ..rrroJnorlg aro modrr'u'ot
'ggregale ]r,,, i:"*"i*1.."; ,tn' asgr rPaLc' rl'^e
\e\e1\e-
In. c L.'ler' and Lce coll''rl ^' h\draled ' l"ai a.penJ' on rhe \ xne ol-
'"- ase''qa a" tr* me
ij.-'ir,. l.:i,',i'r"; riaL ' '
"i,,ii.,,",it,r,, cor'rant r' no' s'o-r)
'ox'errc' r'on or rhe r
"lr
"i;""*,..,".1,
i",.ll*A .ortpre n(nra ) 'o 'hx c^1- ::,;":,;,,';;;J.,.;"' und Pictcrr" reir'3 on
".,,r..1.r -..,.".
,r lhe o'her '' {rrcll) eqJrtJlen Pri^r Lo .,-.'.""i";"'"* ','-""' sand verdco ' value ^r '
'hnn,'a!e - l-
lqe+ iualc. "". on thc inlluence ol cement pasle contenl il"). 'iii nri"","* ro- rhc \orurc or unhldrdred
;-;",,; .""i,.",P rc'.rlr'' rnarnlr bc'''r'" rre '1
\
',r". or &-be seen l'4 and l\ I' obrarned'
:;;"i-.:-,,;.; r,..on*dend a'rd,hc erecr or i,,i.".''.'i'" qu\e d \drue or loI rur 'orcrcre qirh d
"#*1.,
.*t"i,*r,""t *tio **.o1well known Another factor
'"'i P dggr(Prre ald I [o- lrme'ionc
shich maskd lhe inlluence of the cemcni paste content ,.".,i'i.,i 'ii. "r " ,' oo'rrned r\ lnr
'inple-!,/e "\el 'ub'rrrurrng
.;;; rl"' rh( 'rrcnqrh ol con('ere Iu e\'rlple'an ."r,- fr. pardmerer' in l4''l' rhe ma-
".
,.:;; ..',."' pou' 'nnrn etulr' irr a hrPher i.,,,l;r,*0.., "i i' '"r.r' ro z*ure I L' - u's -
'" **o a*,.r'e' s irh an ''rcreis( n 'rrensr\ iiii,"',al,- o,o.:." uh:chr \rrL(oro ",-"'ble r'1- "
I'ob'
', .,","i". ", diflh ' lrJ rn 'ruJi''rs rre Jl'ec' ;;J-,h.. . ," cl^\e asrcemc'rr r ith Lhe "b'er!eJ
' irr.'",. r .",1'g...'?J'i..- ''on lhe lzcl Lhnl. 14 (he ,l'r'""l'.c; ol p = 4,, : 0'16 giles the same
"r"*.", "-,. -",.",
,.",o 11 .. p,a.rr.r, m'\e'. rht -rnPe of ce.renL oane "".,"p,io.
'',1'
or 'oeJral J'e''
."';i";ii ,. '. r snrrr' wrL'r rce e\ccnrior concretc ,t,. ,.urd,n'"g eflecl oi "gg ega'e '1 rhe a'ru"'
,r.ft ,""tt .i" r". - prccasl concretc, is used
a"i"r.r,i"" a lJ'Pc \ rndeDendenr ^[qherl'er
". *"irr^tir;tt such that lean mixes requirc hieher ;;';;i;il;;;"i-r.:." i. au. to st"int'"gc or ro creep' r41l
':iti " an increase in can be nrodified to aPPIY to crcP:
*til,t,n- rich mixes, and'r'c-ea'e
"",.i""*.".r
i.-''-.,;, .."" rJrio 'ep-e'rrc an rn rl'c
\.1' - .,1 th( cen.e rr rJnc I or e'"_nple' il ' co'nprr' d. "ds i4.ll
rrtios of9' 6 and 4 s'
ir,."".i"* "itl "gg.&"tclcement 0 75 0'5s
;;iiri;.;."'p.,&s *atericemeni ratiosto 're rn rern' u'
B\ intel. alrla r4. t l, crecl cJn bc e\presrd,lear
i.i o.+0. '* n,ia tr,..".cni pastecontent be 24' 27 and
rr..1*.p'o. .on. .ri ior qh(h g- 0. r.c rcnenl
29 per ctnt, a rery narrow ransc'
respcclirly
of
Crcet) a5 aJinction of the conent and nodulus
elalticittr ol the aegrtgate
i"c"?:'r.c"* t4.41

;;;;;'";" ;J; ; relalion between crcp and the or r:cnl1 -s)' t4.,tal
;;*;;-,"*:n *"crete, on the basis of the premise
whcre .^ : (reel ot neat (ement Past''
,;;i;i.,, ' .^ ""'...''. 'r Il :n .en'c1' rJ're L1'ie'x
,'r",r,.o Frrr .r,. .,.. +:r' rr n.. rhe Jrl'^4" acrr"r i".,"',"" f +'11 "pfrie' ro -n \e' ol cor"ranrtherdrer
eflicr
"c'
-,, .; _\ L\e Dre'er'e ''' 'hc oets eEale . "..-"i i,'i. ,"4, '" ,". 'o'lu$ rn; e\rerr-nenr''
'' rulen inro ac-
.l.on.r.r,,.,..
-, in\ige i" rre rdL" cemenldr o
l ,..i. ,,, r , r'r. :n're'ie 'r/Egrer "e on sh "i
;;,,",';, :;".';"t .,.ep nt c 'r'r'tanr \rre'\
" "r,an* 'trrnE'rr'

:,;i;i ,'.4;;;,", ,
" s. 'o:.'. ^' 'h
ink'ns and
r',uoi.a'..'",p"-i'o" "ie\perimentr' dr'a l"r no_lr"'
:;ii *",.,',, Pcr.,'' 'Lo\ed '! or 'o"'ranL *r;i,1:;;;;,'.'.*.*,( o s,'h
L4
d I i' d,!en rr I ig 4'4'
watcr,rccrnenl ratio, ;",;;:'"iih..r. ve s'ring h. ' 'ue or rh'' \J uc
' JnJ Jl'o
d,,,n 3{1 ,r) 1iL i""i,il "" 'r,. ,r. " ;r.\-'hc road r'crdrrlr
"pprred
becru'e r
r*- l+l+2(l 2tL')r'.i['' I q
t1.11
,.. .1,, ','on or rre lu"d
'*'*,..'1,.i
 Obser"-atio s on inltuence of agllrcgate
content 4 t
,.1 rh, -ro,dgL runJir,ul. $h,ch .,p.Lr
I !:f:df rhe
lTill.^l.!-.: he,(rar
rne cenenl :l
ia1 : ".,rme.
r on be.keel ., cer
Jro pa.te coltent L rhe .rm( tn, tlc \\el-
dr)_.o,crlon!rere. ,.ran be,een I,um
3.0 ::lc:i-Jnd 'hc .*.: Ie'l', .,lll1l,8e Jnd
1-",,'-, '''
rr o.n ,.r rl e tudJ {rre .m rt "w('Iln!
J,Ie, ne
ial Jnd L"n,euu.n ,\
.o 2.8
i-ollc
crecp un0er borh .lord!e ..ondil,or, {r.
, rnrrar anJ
'pp,o\rm,r,ed lo ba,,( c,eep I_qua io,r r41l hi. o(.1
3 2.6 I.LnJ 1o :rppl) to rhc drt, ri prerro .
,1 ' ..one of uhon ,ugge.red rrre, -
lg,t:,
pendenceotc'eeponasBr.grr..o"r*-r.,.", " rrre". d-
he 2.4
hcre dre
- t. tn,,,
(ondiIon, o, re,r,n!
.
h q I ,.
^r^:.i,lLTrl-rnc,.incc or D rn rhc resio,,
22 ::,i: 9l'.,'","*
orfle.enc(.bcl{e<r ,-lrre.l
or Ln,r). rre
rl nrotuflrunatj,y anJ rhL"nLr
po{e,
rcrJlr^n-ol crcep and cpgregare rontenr
2.4 is
0.2 0.3
I he elle(t old .mitJer modu,U. "rnat,.
oiera\ric,l\ nt
0.5 0.6 (reep,"n hc.ecn rgts.eeale
."/Ll
on ion
la.2 t. " hn h,np,rJs, nrr ., ,o,rer
,,\1
at aggrcEar( rnLren,e, ihe rrrrro t. L,
anJ.nrrei,re.eour<,
:..,:".1.J l, 1berqf1.r*o d.rer 6 d
'r
. ,nd., ro,r
"
ld -o, relr .1" l"ll: *19:.,
ascreeirre
r.r.nd ro be rhc ca,e io" rrghr*e,si
Herc. r\e r(t..,run ot
l] 4 r.-ge.r r4dr). ro..r.e* J.cnct.". l:1.4] wr. r..n"(d rc
ac(uunl lnr.rh( dmoun, o,unhJor.red.amen,
nLmrd r) ulalperenr(\Lt14.1r o- r,r rh, m,,
rrnce unhldrdlcd c(menr r\ rantamounr ro tjn-a
,7
l.laibec,me': -" - "'''Jsg"ePd('
d rme. rr ,hortd be poinred our rhI
t 1il:.11.'li,l
modr-tI\ or eja,r.r(ir\ r. r, rn etTe.ijve mod.rtr.
rhe
.orre!
{"::,
::::l:8"1-"-l!.modulus re.pon.e ,oad, and :
tl|u , log"-_
ro d \usrained roger
obtrrned in rhe u.Lral \ldltc le,t L4.il
cr appro\rmdrcl) 60 da\ { under tord.
--qc rhe \ itue ot,
'(, ro ,r constanr $hich i. dpprorimirer)
,r'tceous ,,0 to. rhe
dggregate u\ed. l-or edrl;er p(n^d,
rrder load .:.r(1 , r)c
[a 5a]

e
trom rire ageor I oay
^ *",I

1200

"""j5{:
s a"ri{" "
" '&\:fr"
,0%
Ceme nt paste conlenl
Creep oI dry-and wet-slor.d concrctes
-
per cenl
atter 60days,loaded ro a stre$/shenslh.aiio
ot O 5 at the a8E ot t4 days.j.
 l fluen& of aggrugdte on creep
: pat( conlenr. rndr.are.,har 'h.re I' no oF'onlrnuir)
wherc the notation is as bclore but' in addirion' l]
cemcnt' Figure 4'6 :;;.;:';;;; DeLseen nea' celrcr pa\re. molcr rnd
,oiu-" of unhldraied
sho$. L\ "on""n"ution
oical(\perrnentd' oalz or rrPhl$erPhl rggregcle
(
r.a', r r..o,a"nLe $ ilh l4'5 | ompared wrrh
"" ^", "t'.'otor
no mal te,ghHgPrcgale. Ihe \d'ue' or 0 werP 'mallet ConDsh! notuls [, ctclp
because thJmodular ratio E"/E" was grcater for light
n. ,1.,..1i, e uporo".r ro 'rJdr r'lg Lhe inRuence oi rhe
JPgr(gdle Lon( ret( for sel norJgJ (^ndil'on' 7 ,"n**,. ",,.=ii i' ul ae\e oprrg rhe elu{ic l"rha\ioulIn
u eiqhL
rhe.lrratrun oIlne lo"d bJt :nconlra't tL' ;i?;;.,.,. r,.n r-.,r.o ,' " r{o-pha'c marerialpre
'ncrer'e'rrr\ '
r n"nL.r -1. vr.ior. e\p-e\ron\ serL'g.\cn lor rhc
normal $rrehr JporetJ e concrele. u rd( condrl'on' ^f
ourJrron L,r rou.r'ng' lr rhe L'\r' a'".ii,rot tr1. nodulut ol ela'rrcirl ol cl'ncrele fiom rhe
.",,o . deirea,;."irl .li'uc moouh lrnd \olume con'enL'drron' oi rhe "ggr'_
on.iei'""ighlrgg-eg,re! inc'eL(.srrrnrrcc sd\c carel
r". ti., a.u-itn."a ,o."i.ens from the timc al application .".*, paste matrix' This tvpe ol analvsis' in
""i" ".J
ir,i"rrir'" -"arlrii, t *ed on the tolal deformation after
ol load. ard the eiplanation of a lowr vaiue of I is morc
n.ohrbl\ ."ocraled qrlh'hrrrkrgc craLkrng: lhc raltrc ol ii""'r"a"i r."a is, according to Riisch et al''16 rhdr lo.J
^ ,o a co_npo\'re hJrd nnlc ial
i '*."*' *1., hJ .hrirrkagc crac|'' clo'( u1d( rhe -oolcaole
( .oll nulerr"l. \\hrch doe' n"r xccounlsJlr'_
sustalned load. Alter approlimatcly 60days Lrnder
load g comDo.i
lightweigh! i;;;l' i.' the in'luence oi rhe JEgrcParc on rhe de-
was similar for both wer and drv-stored (ats that crecp is
i"..",i'", .f tf." *ulri*. Counlolr also
a.qgregaic concrete, i.e. I- and, in the bng term thc
1.5,
t"tt""n creep on thc cemnl paste conlent is ;"a."."a.rr .r ,f,..t*llc lrodulu\ ol Ine Jggregile lor d
."_f_utio'n
....*rLe,o'r lId e|Jl Ho$e\er. Lhr' maJ no aluJ)'
rndeDendent of the \torxrc conJition \\'rh (emcrr (lrnlcr
on .onc ere m"de
ln rmponanr conr'uslon tlom lhe'e le'l' i' lhr' Lhe "'.rl "' "'''.,",.0 rn u de'rcc"red I'mo'fhere' hd\e
noLLern otrnluen:. o, c.rrenl pdsle conlent or sggregrLe "!1,i",". r' rhar
loo,.n,. on .r..n i' rhe 'rne qherhe 'ishr\\eiehr ol ,f;I*i ir,rur,. c-een beharrour JPpru\ima esl'om lhis
ogeregare con. rele r\ Jseo' thr' i' il'^ nol
.i .orno"ri'. 'oll ndleriil: lhe Jcndnure
rormo' "
;;.;i,J.,'.. .,ishr') wrrh ur in( ex"e in rhe c'rnker
unt*oecr.dir. rrue lor .em, l;ghlwergtr con('ere. ie. col'
"c,ghr
.*r" and normal
-aae wittr tiehrweich t coarse aggregale A"rnina ll-al rhe Jggreg!re Joes n'l c_(cn arrd du('
wcishr sand.l5 Fu;thermore, thc general relation betwen obrrin r\e
noL"b'o b"rarer, r ouiror derelrped l 2'o l ro
crei! and aggregate content for a wide range ol aggre-

slored' I dry
aw6ttI rromrheaoeof
1 dav

? 2.8

r."-t,-, I

, r. Re'dLonbe.$.t rl'lc' orl' 'd o1rc ol 'E ''tue d'dolur\dkreJt'rtrrTror

'.re_D 'a)8!'r'
,,"-"..-,.r"*r..-,r''..*,raE'egJ''rrJl\fellP^'rroJcren'ible'r'doJ'1'e'\Jrenelnrarooru'''L
 Obser'ations on inf en e of aloreltate content 13
lollowing expression lor specific creep ar time r: consisls of aggregate cubes arranged in closc packed
layers with the cubes oladjacenr layers staggercd in both
c. (r) : 11 ,'a[* *.1.(#) lransverse directions. Thc matrix is thus made up of
.olumn\ and \lab, capJb'e ot (:rrry rng direcl .omf're..i\e
or tensile stress. The predictcd values of specific creep are

,#)'-) in closc agreement with the measured valucs. the overall

shere Ea : modulus ofelasricity ofaggregate
and Eer : effective modulus of the matrix at time t:
-E^
'*: r + c-(r)E-
C.(r)is the specific creep ofthe marrix attime r, and C.(l)
is the specific creep oflhe concrete at time I so lhat
c"(r)
11
: ,-o
4 t4.81
where 8."(r) is the eilcctive modulus ofconcrcte at time ,.
In order to veriJy the above model, Counro performed
creep tests on concretes made wirh varjous types and
concentrations of aggregate,lT the results of which are
listed in Table4.l rogcther with rhc values ofspecific creep
as predicted by the composite,soft, composite-hard and
Hirsch models developed for creep in the same mannet
(seeCh.2, [2.5], [2.6] and [2.8]).The Series i tests referro
a 1:2.06 mortar with a water/cement ratio oi 0.33 to
which the aggregates were addedi Series 2 tesrs consisted
of a cement paste mix wilh a water/cement rario of 0.5
to which the aggregates were added. Compard with the
previously mentioned models, Counto's modet shows the
best overall agreement.
Aiso Iisted in Table 4.1 are the values ofspecific creep
predicted by a model suggesred by England.,, This
accu.acy being comparable with Counto's model except
for the polythenc aggregare concrete with volumeiric
t4.61 concentration ofaggregate of25 pe. cent.
The advantages of two-phase models are their simpli-
city and thcir apparenl ability to describe rationaly the
influcnce ofthe modulus ofelasticiry ofaggregatc and of
aggregale content on c.eep. However, it must be remem
bered that thc effect ofPoisson\ rario is ncglected and the
14.11
effect ofthebond betwen theaggregate and matrix is not
Figure 4.7 shows the influence, derived from Ergland's
model, ofthe modDlus ofelasticity olthe aggregate on the
creep of concrete with difi'erent volumetric fractions of
aggregate. It can be seen that, for aggregares wjti a
modulus ofelasticity in exc-ess of30cPq the creep is litrle
affecled by the modulus of rhe aggregate, bu1 lor tower
mod li thc effect is considerable. An indication of this
t
lrend gr\Jn b) rhe -e"ulr. o[Tdb.e t. $ hich are I "garn
shown in Fig.4.8 in terms of rclative creep. Here, the dala
of other investigators are also includeda,,o lhe effect ol
tl'e nodulu. ol clusricrl) oi"ggrepare on r he rela rir e crecp
is insignificant for vahres of the modulLrs of elasticity
greatcr than 70GPa.
An ;mportant implication ofCounto\ modcl is that. as
J reiult ol lhe re.rrJrn $hich rhe atsgregdle e\cr..i.e. on
crcep of the cement pastc. Ioad is gradually transferred
from the paste to the aggregate. If wc can assumc that
creep of the cemcrt paste is proportional ro the applid
stress, it follows that the rale and magnitude of creep are
lowerthcl gherthcmodulusofelastrcityoftheaggregate.
On removal of the load, the strain energy stored by the

prediLred.b\ ompoqre"moders wilb experimcnrlr varues artor re6 days (series 1)and 16? (s
I11k^:.i, s,lTjj::l:l :l::i irals ies2)unde.

speiric {ep, c"(r),110 6 pr Mpa)

Modulus oi Fiacrional
elasdcny, E. volume, s ComposiE Composile Hirsch Counto fn9rand
(GPa)
rL0
'. per tuec)
s,?r 1 (Mo ai E, = 10.5 cPaj c- (196) = 38.6! l0 6 p Mpa)
Cat 104.8 50 111 tg.l 2.8 11.0 121 12.2
non 25 54.3 28.9 8.6 r8.8 20j 22.6
14.3
t9.0
Flinl 74-5 50 554 l9.j 4.8 12.0 121 13.2
gnvel 25 4j.2 28,9 124 20.7 21.7 219
12.2
t9 r
Glas 12.4 50 54.2 19.3 5.0 t2.t r2.8 l].l 15.1
25 46.9 28.9 r2.8 203 21.8 )4.1 23.1
Polydener 0.291 50 14.5 l9.l 75.7 41.2 98.9 105.9 108.3
25 22.9 28 9 51.0 400 56.9
&rrs, (Cenenr parte:E- = 10.6cPar C-(36?)= 315.1 xl0 6p Mpa)
Sleel 206.8 55 33.4 141.8 0.1 71.0 81.4
Flint 77-4 55 214 1,118 19 7t.7 818 659

Gla$ '12.4 55 265 141.8 20 11.9 122.1

'An allowance was nade foi the creep oI aggregate
44 I4l ence o[ dggregate on creel

Fract onal volu me ot aqqreg ate:

Modolus oi elasl icitv oi agg reqate - GPa

F,47 FRd ol moduLus olelar,citY ol agereate un the raho olcreep olcotrcEte to thecreep
ofneatenetrtpasreaLdifrereni
,ee .e,' ."... r,"r"t..o'.1' ca b\ I tr'o- ''
'o'a 'd"

aggregate imposes a tcnsile slress on the prste which

,e"r-utti ln ii-.-aep""den1 creep recoverv; Counto's
"
creeD recovcrv tests'? are discussed in Chapter 9.
I;connecti;n with the subject ofredistribution ofstrcss
betwcen ihe aggregate and paste, i! is ofinleres! to reporl
some datu lrom tsls on a single leafbrickwork wall 2 2 m
r
,onE bv u.o m l'ish mroe b) I enc,'ner. Figure 4'q show'
thc'eta.tr. ntu*ircep .lrJ,n charac err'rrcs lor lhe \aalr
ano or jnd ud,rJlemb<dded blck'. rhe'drrer di'plu)'nC
an incrase in strain over the period of lesting Comple'
mentarv lests onbricks alone,subjected to the same slress
of 1.2NiPa. showed an instanlaneolrs elastic deformation
three iims that ofthe embedded bricks and a cessation of
crceD after three 10 five davs;the magnitude ofcreep was
6 6-
30 x 10 ro 80 x 10 Application of th brickwork
wxl dnalosY tu !oncrcre \ugg({' lhal no'l ofrhe ludd rs
,niu,t,r r,tin b\ lle p,sre, bur $itL rrme thcre i' J grd-
dual transfc. ofload to thc aggregale.

lnlluence ol other properties ol aggregate

In this sectioll we are concerned only with the mecbanical
and physical proprlies of the aggregate particles ihem-
selvci, iheir quanlity and elasticitv being acqnmed lilr
il \curs on DurD^\es, (onslanl I he proDerlres inLlude
.h.irlaec ireep ot rhe rrsell d ro il( bond'
"n.J "ggregxrc graJing'
o- lo 80 J'ld pdrlrcle !/e xnd
20
' Onlia \hape,
Do-o\rl\.
re" rss-esrres J'ed 'n pracricc rre 'Jblect to
l4odulus ol elastic tvoi aggregale - GPa
shnnt;se. sone olrhem have a ldrge internalsu lacearca
1.,,8.,lp. or'ooru.,lPld'r!rr),ldbg'.g,e,r'clJrrl(.re_pot Rope,, ' 'herr 'hrinkage arr\es 'rmpr\
.;;, r .i"qq'pea."".,r a,'oJ rI^'oac!,' uoa.
",.;.." ", "ci-o,.r,ne'o

800
3 600
: had a creep equal
6 chalk) that had practicaliy a wholly irreversible creep
0 50 100 150 2aa 25a
Time under oad days
Iia.r9. Elaslicsrain-Dlulcreepinabri.ksork sdlloadedlo 1.2MPa
from a loss ol water. Since in concrcte the morement of
water to or irom an aggregate particle must take place
through thc surrounding cemenr paste. the extenl oi
shrinkagc of the particles thenrselves dcpcnds on the
permeabrlil) ol lhe pds.e. A pJfl,culd l) dangerous,irua
tion exists when the shrinking-type aggregale is dry and
absorbs waler lrom thc cement paste: lhe aggregatc x
pands while the surroundirg cement paste shrinks. with
thc rcsult that high internal strcsscs are induced.
The causos olaggregate shrinkage arc no! lully under-
stood. In many cases, clay mincrals are present in thc
aggrcgate and rhis is thought to cause shrinkage.'za but
Snowdon and Edwards'?5 did not.clate shrinkage to
the mineraiogical type or conient of layerlype silicate
minerals bui to absorption. Nepper-Christenscn16 also
lound that the presence oi clay is not a necessary condi-
tion lor shrinkage of aggregate. It is probable thar both
minerdl compo.irron and po,e .rru(l.rre are imporrant
factors in shrjnkage.
Some ot the known shrinking aggregates are dolerite
found in Scotland and South African nne-grained sand-
stone and shalewith a binder which is mainly scricitic and
contains some kaolin and montmorillonite.']6 The mag
nilude of the lirear movemenl inlolvcd is illustrated
by the follo\ying figuresi 600 x l0 6 lor dolerite,'?a.'?s
200 x l0 'i lor a basalt. and 60 x l0 6 ior a llintr6
Under comparable conditions, the shrinkage of neat or-
ment paste is of the order of 3000 x l0 6, and 3Cl0 x
Inlluence of other properties oJ asstesate 15
The creep of rocks can be considered by relerence lo
Fig.2.l, uhich classincs crccp inlo primary, secondary,
and tertiary componenls. In thc majority of rocks, thc
primarl creep. rerl ,n" lJid -ec^\erri'lc. l-or 'lirancc
Gilchrist and Evans'7r found granite to exhibit creep but
after a few hours after unloading lull recovery took phce.
Morlier:3 classified rocks into three types: elasto-
b.ittlc. visco-clastic and visco-plaslic. The lirst type (e.g.
magmalic. non alte.ed gneiss, bard limestone. quarlzite)
showed creep bui this never erceeded l0 per cent of the
elastic deformation. Visco-elastic rocks (e.s. calcareous
m incrals. shalc, m arl. porous limeslone, gran ular gypsum)
b 12 1(r 40 per cent ol the elastic
deformation. and it is onlythe visco-plastic rocks (such as
At vcry high strcsscs, crccp has bccn obscrvcd in the
parent rocks of aggrcgatc but thc magnitude oi crcep is
very small compared with the creep oi concrete-
Limesrone subjected to a stress of 138 MPa lwhich \ras
one-half ofits strength) exhibited a creep of 140 x 10 6
atler ,150 days under load.ze Creep line curves hr two
sandstones are shorn in Fig.,1.10. It can be noted ihat the
rate of creep drops to zero afier rbout l0 days under
300
20Q
o 100
0 510 15 2A
T me under oad days
Fia 4 lA cleep of two sandsloncs: A, applied stress = 55MPa, B.
applied strss = 101MPa.ri
It seems thus that creep orher than vcry small primary
creep does not occur at stresses !o which aggregate
pariicles are subjectcd in concrete, excepl in some unusual
aggregates. Some oi thcse are: voicanjc agglomerate,sl
Glen Canyon sandstone,r':and Taiwan grcywaoke.rr The
presence of clay in aggrcgate increases creep very con-
siderabl) but this is not due to thc creep ofthe clay irsell
Tlre cause lies in moisture movement.loss ofbond and in
the absencc oi th restraining etrect by thc clay particles.
Clay coatings on aggregatc have a much more severe
e$ect than discrete clay partictes.3a
Porosity ofaggregate has also been lound to infiuence
thecreep oiconcreters but, since aggregates wilh a higher
porn.ir) gererJ l) hd\ e r lo$ er mooulr. ote aer\ rl). rl \
possible that porosity is not an independent lactor in
creep. On the oiher hand. it can bc visualized that the
porosity of aggregale, and even more so its absorption
(Fig. 4.11), play a dned role in the transler of moisture
46 Inll ence of oggregate on cteeq

1000
5r

.9 quarlz
! 500
Gran te ^Crushed Basa t

Bivergrave a MarbLe
^ Bo0nded q!artz

a----'---6-- so ?5 loo l,4odu us oi elasl iciiv ol agg regaie - GPa

- o 'ere J
Modu usoie astlcitvot aogregate GPa
elasticilv ol
/,d 4 ,2 Rcrrt,o
' be'*{n .ir.n"re
m,"lulus ut cld.t crtv of thc agsreeate uccd "
orrnl se ''tr "r
Fid. l.ll. Reladon belween absorplion and modulus ol

withinconcre!ei this iransfcris iikeLy to bc associatcd

wilh
..i.r,... i r, 101. wc 'nor'd nore rhat rhe nodulLs ol

",".ilJi .1, "ll,r.*'a.pend' nor onlv on r\e delormr-

i,ii,'-", ii' *""i,".",' d''o on Lhe 'rrucrL'e ol rhe
bur
-elar:on herween 24AA
m"ii,i,r. m,inri ;r' poro'rr).'"o rhar r Typeoi algrgale: o Lighiwei!ht
which .
,-r* -"Jirf"t of""iu.ti.irv, porosily and absorption' Norma we ghl
is-ii".,.
alTected by poroqilv. is Possrble'
+.i.r,"r.''t* rclariun bcrwecn rhe crceP B\ul
.""";"; thc modult s ot c'a'r\ ir) or asg-egare' 20!0
."""iri"e"""f'e' q s 'itL frg a' lI rr could be sho$n Ihal
.reeo ol L.ncrere and ab$Ipr ron of aggres'rre Jre co' re_
o" 80
l"i. .o. ur, thi' ol co.rre doe' not esrabli'h a

i","ri"'rii"rati.". rt is possibie that water absorbed bv

,"*.^,'. arri"* rnirrnd F rran'rertea Juring lhe dr)- "Ee" 8
i" thc 't,r'oundrns nastc rhF moi'rure
'.? "i....,.'..
.lu...n' ,f..r',t ..*,.nr or 'hrinkage and rrdecd $ hJl
.l"f'tr U. r.t*"a ,nr., narclrmatc rreldl:\e \umidrr) rol
'ne
,f,"'.o,rc-.r.. fr .f,. rge,cgare rt not '"turared ar rhc timr oI 1200
o^
.r*ir". .,orer.nr oi*rrer l,om ll.e pa.re car lu ke pldce 'io o
more icadrlr lhr. wou'd lexo ro more creep \omed'ure-
."ri. '.,ppl,,,"g rli' hlnorhcsi' ure arirldhlc{nk' bur ir i'
scriered rhar rhi pre,ence of inrernal $arer i' a
- ol
,q rr.,fr...if.'.", ,.r"lron r\ rhdl berseen 'hr;nlrge
d'12 (hou'
."rc-.r. r"a properriet ol .rggregare' I rgure
ir,r, ,lr. .r,,r. .i,t . reration octueen rhe thnrkdgc ol
."".,.r. ,ra .hr modulu' ol cra'lrctl) ol agtsregJte o[i'
.l'-_if* io tt ott.t*""n "rcep and modulus ofelasticity
a;;g"re \'* rig a.xr rh:' $'uld 'upporr tndirccrl) rhe
,iJ,i.n rtoL rhe pre'cnce ^l po-e' rn rhe agPresdte
,nEren..' rn. t lgro",.t"c 'LJle dnd mor'Lrre mo\ement
800
;;;; ;;;.,.'.. i;. ..",' ot con nec. ion beins rhe or) ras
trh J h'gh
400

f.*o q p*.1,*r "U*", r ion I' thar concrcre's

ar e" ir'ibth
_
rlnnkace also erhrbit o hrgh creep' ,,, r1 Reldr'on a.r-'.r.r11,aFe. 'd 'Fep "lno'r'r *e'e\'
n","f.'rr,a" roLnd lhJr aggrcg.ilc, leaoing lo
high l"i.-., o:. i"".r. r'. on.,.". 'oi dno
(Fig' 413) but Tertea "snro'g'
sh;inkage also result in high creep

and Mirsu's results36 do not suggesl a simple relation
between creep and shrinkage ot lightweight aggregate
concrete for a wide rarge ol concrete strengihs. For
instance, a richer, stronger mix wirh expanded clay
shrinks mor than a leancr mix, altbough the oppositc is
lhe ca,e wrlh creep. I kc$rse. lor rhe.ame mi\ pro-
portions the expanded clay concrete shrinks more than
the expanded slag concret, although the opposite is the
case with creep. In general, during the first few days of
dr) ing. rhe 'hrrnkage ol liphtueight aggreg.rre (onc-ete r.
smaller than thal ofnormal weight aggregate but there
after a reversal takes place, and the ultimate shrinkage ol
lightweight aggrcgate concrete is higher than whcn nor-
mal weight aggregate is used.
Figure 4.14 shows the relation between lateral crecp of
concrete and the modulus of elasticity of the aggregate.
The shape of this culve is similar to that for longitudinal
creep. This means thar the relation between lareral anrl
longitudinal creep deformarions, i.e. the so-called creep
Poisson's ratio (see Ch. 8), is independent of the proper
ties of aggregate. lt could be concluded that the elastic
parameters of aggregate are not of fufldamenrat im
portance in creep and this might lend lurther support to
the hypolhesis ofhygrometric influence of lhe pores in the
aggregate.
In addition to absorption, some oiher properlics of
aggregatemay berelevant to creep. The interface between
the aggregate andthematrixmay allect creep through the
process of microcrackirg {see Ch. I 0). Furthermore. ir has
been suggesledr7 that creep may be influenced by varia-
rions in,lip dLe ro pdflicle.ha|e In rie{ otrhese vanou.
possible factors. Troxell and Davisr? recommendcd thar
1o minimize creep the aggregate used should be well
graded wirh the largest practical maximum size and a
minimum total volume of voids
Green sandslone
^ aggregate particles reduces creep bur probably rhe main
E factor is the high aggregalc content in preplaced aggregare
i paste, mortar ol concrete reinlorced with steel-. glass,,
!25
,6
a 25 50 75 100
l,/odu usol e asi ciryofagqregare GPa
fi, Relalion beiwen spdiic lareral fep oI concrete aller 360
,./1.
days under load and moduhs of elasticily of the aggregate used a
R?i fofted cement rcmpositet 47
This recommendation seems !o have beenmadcdcspite
some earlier testsolDavis ea dl.r3 who iound that for rhc
same watct'cement ralio and paste content, larger ag-
gregale Ieads to higher crecp. They explained this by
ihe suggestion that concrelc with smaller aggregate has a
thinner 6ln ofcement pasle and'oflers a grealer lrictional
resistance to the relative movcments of particles within
the masj. We can noie tha! the procedure in thc tesrs
involved was to replace the 19 to 38mm aggregare by an
equal solid volume ol6 to 19mm aggregate. 11 is likely
that. as a result ofthe substitulion. there was an ex.-ess ol
aggregaie ol onc size and lull compaction was rherelo.c
not possible; the prescnce of voids would increase the
effeclilc stress on the solid section and hencc also the
creep. It is therefore more rcasonabl to assumc that the
maximum size and grading ol aggregate do nol allect
creep, provided full or comparable compaction has been
achicved- The real faclors are the properries olthe parent
rocl and the quantity ofaggrcgate.
Confirmation that this is so is olTered by some tesls at
rhe I S Am) l-ngrneel ldbor"ro c,. I The.pecrmer.
were 760 by l520mm cylinders, sealed againsi moisture
movemert, with lwo maximum sizes ofaggrcgate: 38mm
and 152mm. The magnitude of specific crcep dfter one
vear under load was as follows:
narlnum sne or asercsare (hnl 38 152
emor paste conrenl (per cir) )'11 18.0
sp.in. creep ior loadins ar 5days(10 6perMPa) 45.0
specilic crcep for loading at 20dals(10 6 per MPa) 27.5 211
It can beseen tbat the apparent inffuencc on creep of the
rla\rqum aCgregire i,,e (an oe erplained by, rnncomi-
tant reduction in the cemenl paste contenl. A similar
argument appiies to the influencc ofgrading ofaggregate
A relevant problem is the behaviour of the so catled
preplaced aggregate concrete. In general, shrinkage of
such concrele is about one-hall of thar of ordinary
concrete but no observations on creep are availablc. It
could be expected that the point,to point contact ol the
concrele. Experimental data on theexactcreep bchaviour
ofpreplaced aggregare concrele are still to be obtained.
Reinforced cemenl composites
In recent years, fibre cemcnl composiles, i.c. cement
asbcstos- or polypropyiene fibres, have bccome available
in the construction industry. A knowledge of the time-
dependent behaviour ol thesc is important since fibre
composiles are required 10 accommodare movements
caused by external influences, and to conlrolrhe tcndency
to crack. In addilion, fibre cement composiles tend io be
richer than other cemertbased malerials and rhe fibre
volume is relalivcly low, i.e. 5 to l0 pcr cent, so that creep
and shrinkage might be expected to be imporrant factors.
An advantage offibre reinlorcement is thar rhin sections
ofcomposites can be usedin a situation whichcan lead to
18 InfluenP oJ allgresate on
qe:Etrr: r uolc'_
:cmenr-plu,-rl'' arh '",ro ol 011i l-\
'ree?
,he proce.' o' cJroonu'ion
in. r--,*d Jr.inl3se 'h oLqh
*"4 r,
;Jl;r;;-;.;.' ;;",',.eJ \drJe' rbr seishr\ werc
p',rnconcrerc"roreer
,,,,;;.;i ",.",i. '.creeP"i
drlrns 'rrirrrar( anJ'
,rh,;-,;;,;.." .olcrrre. rre
rndirectl\. to tncrea\ed
''-;1. ..:,,.;,r puorr.hei drru on creep behl!iuur ' t 1's::;;;;0.4) re'ne'r \er\ urd ror gra* anJ
o, rr"'5 'nd n4s
; ';;.;"...,"r",.*..*,"'' \e'e crimp(d
*"en' ruR( ' omfo'rre' ('np('' ii" ir',J.'ii".. nb F' ,,'er rrec n'smm
"!"..;;;;;;;,"'..a
:: ,, ;;; i;,.';;;;. ,.a.r,r1 u,arr.r're 'hnnrasr d"Lr
" " r I s-" )5 mm
J" rl"'r' ir P! i'-"'.t", *'mn a Ik a I - re I 'a
,".i' .""""', .' .onminine
I
r- ' '
l--e '"1"'ii",n.', i',....-,"'nj
po-'1prop1l'ne rort' u rrn r 'ength
";
rand.,roer.rrph.'red rnd righ " uorr rr 'etre' n' ''e"
;;J;,;;,.; -1 th. '1'a1 'r''ion 'ernnrqre 'hos "'i"-',-.a $',rh .h( Jn'einlor(d mordr ''' -' rhe
of 5i nm.
oi
.i",."..-' Crna.r'"r,' "r "rrr 'oLa'r r'n enerh con " 'r'.""d a re'ru'rron rn tr'e "qrrrkd;e
"r." "h."';;D:.i,
ll"::i ;;.;; or,.' .'.po"'r ru arr en\irorncnr ^r
:,:.;,- ,.;J' ,i .r-inkasc $rr(1 J hidh-e)rrr
:;';.;:i. cand)oper r'trmiLr'r) ror
r'"t,".i"1, """-e"'. concreLr srrr zrka"'resr'rarl "^il,^'
q'rl'-
'enrre 'ri\e
i''ii , i', *enrair ed'hnr'(dse c''''" u(re
"',.- *il..'.::";"",.d $'rhrrnkaBe a corrrol concrere
sa' infl'rerceJ b)
' ", :,i,-i.*,""n.r' (d' o r L\" otrr'rde ura 'ree'
",,i",,,'i..t
;* ', "". f"ri" 'har 'l ,i".. ir,.'*'"r,' i*r.,'' rh'r rbrc rern'or'emenr delJ)"
"U,..
;;ih ;h:-";""" and rrrc l(nPrh or fror('' l ne Buil'ling
Jc^ )nd
;;;;ii",i"." ;reep or cRC ;;:1.;;.;;;; ;'.. .,.,.,
1.., bc quali-
J. k reLrr'e"'
u'r'"
rdrhs
reported
;,;;';;;; 'h "
cement marrix ar all lev]s oi
;"., .cr to or to'med rr r'rdr
$rt
i,ii".i,
";.ii"..,rl" i,, r,. i" tn. "' . " "'''o soecrr.en'' rlc hr'r c rcl ro
rlir)
.',"" :rJ. .,,.'t.' "tthe '\e lrm:r oi Druporr'on no \',c* courd bc 'ran'm'rred
,r,".r*" ",,t...-np-rre ".losi' o'
'nri'arr\c J ll'c 'dne a' .;';;;;
::-'.1:", 'h;''.i;;i,'.,)
;';"';:,^",.', Lotal rarlu'e o' L\e ronc e,e. rh\
,r,",'"' ,'t."r mirenal. tr " '' rcporred rq rhe "me 'it....".' '' re'i'l arJch
"r,,,'
p'[.'" in,i.r,';.lrp..rL R( {d' edLced \r rrcruJrrF " '0.'" "'"5 werc 'l'oed'ble
hr reer r'ng
;;"-..;;i;..'',
''i;,,.-:;; e"c'' u'
.n
mrr'u rr'e
nr\e'
" i...i,ii.,." p,..,"'.' rr'. crcePhe"a''ot' or'hra)id ,".';' ,he .or'rere rc'le''ed
ol
-,"o.nainr. .'*1,", ro rne n'orrar rir\c'' the 'qrirkate
,, n, r, ',,."t'bt'o' 'ht 'itll o' p'op" 'ion_ ".i"',;,i 8(r tu
;;;' ,,;',;;n,'.".." b) rh( nbre' and '' idcnrr'( 'rnslh ,;; n;,.'-;a;,'",.." '"..'merr' bcrnP anprorrmatcr]
tn'e $a) Jr) ;;;";;."', ;i'h"."",,",a 'fecrmerr Jir'r 80 d,' ': rhe'
irl. "m,. ";i '." .; .. riid' in Ir'e
( eep ot CR( , e.Llti .r'e .ho$ r rn I rts'
r6'

"""-
u"r'..*o '' rnrrial ' crearc' 'hd1
nu'crerf ttcxurJr creep re+. ' ' 'houed lh"r' lo 'pecrnen'
'i.."," ",,.rt',,.,i.,lonur-rrme"rrccroru
.nr,ronn 'n'' r' sim'lr" ,",,i"",",r," ',1". o-oorrron of 'h'rr ne\Jrdlof{rengrh'
-.na., rf. 1... "op .3. i'r,. .r,i";ristics of GRC were similar
;;,".i;i .i". ,; 'h.nIJPe 'est' on hbr"rern'or(edPr ''l'-
".""r'ii*"
.i,* ," ,r1*. .r ,1. o'"in mrr rr\. Hose\cr' tensile crecp
s(re pc'lormeJ b) 5$dm! rhe'anr 'tre '
morlar
'i"" dnd conc-e e
.,ii,' o-r.,,i""' ;e e 'or'ranr rolrr rhe mi\e'' ".. **,., 't"" -.p=""\c c'e"p rnder
concrele specrmens-
sJrer ror 6nC and glass fibrc-reinforced
.,';"i' ;il";'d"' fll a'h 'anu r"r'n or I r8 anJ

conieni): Type oi libre (percenlage vo umelric conlenl):

Type of libre (perceniagevol!meiflc

--\
==:=:---s )-
Glass (0.7)P us Po YPropylene(1 0)
// ---1-:=1-
le
t'r-
i
"s"totl
pluspoLvpropvlene(0'5)

l/t"*..,
400

Time days
T me days
' 'l) ' mnnl on
/,J, , Son' "g"o ' l.re"peoa'n''lou DJ'\Pon'renc
l,d I I llJPcor nor'4''pe..i'1' rO' '--na"i'oi
| ",,;..,-i 1,,:;; \'u.d c^'d'd Fbrc
;";,."".. ';;J .,.,,.o g"' ".do''D' o)"1'Ir"e' (.reiar lr C and 5a ll{" (nr relat \c humid tl_'
ro'eJa
2r c:ni ! ps cni F rrre humrd \'"
 Relercnes 19
aarl. , , Crep.iabrereirroredmorrarand.on.rerel.adedl.astre$,rslrcngtnradooi0.l5attheaseol50days4r

(\fPa)
(pei c*11
(10 1

125 163 t00

500 540 100

1.1 ll0 165

t10 l]3 20-21

5.1 2t :t2

0 240-260 100
,100 425

125 155 52 60
l8 56
5r 14',1 162 6t 62
95 120 24 28

218 248 9t 95
58 t19 165 30 l9
rusing ICO \ 500 r 25nm plate specnnens.

whereas for thc unreinlorced matrix compressive creep
was greater than tensile creepr also. lor glass fibre-
reinlorced concrete, compressive crecp lended to siabilize
earlier than tensile crccp. This behaviour is considercd to
be duc to thc lormrlion of microcracks undc. lcnsile
Table 4.2 compares the crccp o[!he various mixes alter
a time under load ol 50 days. and rhe effect of 6bre
rcinforccncnl in reducing creep is clearLy demonstratcd.
In the morlar specimens, replacement ofsome ofthc gl,Ns
fibres by polypropylene does not resulr in a significant
increase in crep. Thc glass and polypropylene fibres are
lcsscflcctivc in thcconcrelemix because they are prone to
damage in the presence of coarse aggregate. Steet fibres
are most successful in reducing creep but th;s is nol thc
case for shrinkage where the geometry olthe fib.e seems
to be a significant factor (se Fig.4.l6). The overall lrend
ol lhe re,rh, oIlJole,+2 r' lhdl 6or( r<riforcerr(nl r!
more effecrive in reducing crcep in comprcssion than in
tension. The reasons fo. this arc possible microcracking
occurring in lhe tensile stress zone and a higher etrective
stress/strength ratio in tension compared with that in
compression4l for a given applied Hcxural ]oad.
bcrs would lead to a relatively lower deflection. Anothcr
aspect ollheproblem is that a lower modulus ofelasticity
oflighrweight aggregate concrcLc mcans that the neulral
axis in a rcinforced concrele beam is Iower: thererore. the
stress is lowe. and consequently the creep is smalter than
ifnormai aggregate concrete with a higher rodulus wcre
Thc influcnce on crccp ol spccial lcalures of olher
concreles can also bc cxplaincd. For erample, we1 mix
shotcrete Gprayed concrete) with asbestos addition lfor
rvorkabilily) shows much greatcr crccp than dry process
mixesa5 because ofthe high water,icement ratio (or lower
irrenglh) ot rhe $el-mi\ shotcrete: hence. xn increase in
creep. The eflecl of fibre reinforccmcnt in mortar or
concrete in reducing creep is due to additional restraint
or the paste or mortar matrix the libres can be thought
of as additional firc aggrcgate of special shape which
stillens the cement paste matrix and supplements the
bond between linc aggrcgalc and cemefit paste. Thc
influencing lactors on creep are therefore: themodulus ol
eiasricity, the quantity and possibly the shape ofthefibres,
their combined e$ect being more apparent in mortar

Concluding remarks
In conclusior ol this chapter, jt appears that there are 1.
no fundamental di$erences in creep behaviour bctwccn
concrete made with normal weight aggregatc, with lighl
weight aggregatc or reinforccd with fibres. The main 2.
lactors which affect creep are quantity and modulus of
elasricity of the aggregate, both of which conlibute 1o 3.
resisting the c.ccp olcemenl paste. The influence on creep
of special features of lightweight aggrcgatc, such as
porosiry,canbe accounted forthrough the strcngdr oithe 4.
concrete. In realiiy, however, it is ihe modulus of clas-
ticity which inffuences creep but the presence ofvoids in
the aggregale affects both the strength and the modulus 5 SHIDELER, J. J., Lightseight aggregale conffete for
of elasticity of concrete so that either can be uscd in
estimating creep. In the practical casc of deflection of 6.
structures, rhe lower self-weight of thc Iighlweight mem-
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rhc acrion of sustalned loads, ACI Jow al.21, 1931.
pp. 837 901.
TROXELL, G E., RAPHAEL. J. M. and DAVIS, R. E..
Lone-timc creep and shrinkage tesls ol plain and re-
iniorced concrete, Pro.. ,,lSTM, 58. 1958, pp. 1101 20.
,ENSEN. R. S. and RICHART, l- E., Short tjme creep
lests ot concrete i! compre$roq Pro.. Part 2,
'1STM.38,
1938. pp.410 17.
KORDINA, K.. Experiments o! the jnfluence ot the
mindalogical character ot aggregates on lhe crecp oi
concrete. RILEM Bulletin, Patis, No. 6, March 1960.
pp-1 22.
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REICHARD. T. w.. Creep and drying shrirkaSe ol
llghlwelsht and normal wcielt concretes, M,,,r/ar, No
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30 pp .Jroc(.o,"ro _,, .,.a {p-.nr.,DrnJ u..r./or"ni.,
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22. Ll NC,/\l R. D. I reep , no 42 BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, A study
brickwork and blockwork, Proc.Int.Cohf. on Perfornonce ol the properties ot Cem FIL/OPC composites. Cznenr
oJ Briklinlt St|u.tures, Glasgow Univesity. Yol. t. 1916. Pd?.r No. CP33t76,Ga*ro., UK,1976, l4pp.
pp. 359 74. 4.1. PROCTOR, B. A., Properties and perfo.mance olGRC,
21. ROPER. H.. Study ol shrinking aggregales in conffele, Conctete I ttnatianal 1984, London. April 1980, pp 69
Natio al BdLlihg R.se ch l stitute Sr.Ltul rech ical
Re?an No 5t),, Coulcil lor Scienlific dd hdustrlal SWAMY, R. N. ald THEODORAKOPOULOS. D. D.,
Researcl Pretoria, South Africa, 1959. 136 pp. Flexu.al creep behaljour ot librc reinforced cemenr com
RHOADES, R. and MIELENZ. R. C.. Petrographic ud posites.lnt- Jow al oj C.nenr Conportu.s, l. No. 1, M.y
minerologr. !l arJ.'en.',c\ ur.tsCrcgrre\. s)nnn.rur un 1979,pp.37 41-
Mlneral Aggrcgares. ,4Sn, Spe.ial Technial PnhlicaLiat LITVIN, A. and SHIDELER. J. J., Labo.alory srudy ol
Nr.8J, 1948, pp. 20 48. shorcrete, Shotcreting. /Deticah Cancrcte I ksLitute Specidl
25 S\OWDO\. r r. "rd I Dlt AR Ds. A u, lhe mor.rure Prrli.ario, ND. 14. 1966, pp 165 E4.
molemeni otnalural aggregate and iis effect on concrere.
Maaa.ike aJ Cahct.Le R.yar.r,14, No.41.1962, p!. 109
l6
 Chapter 5
lnlluence on creep of strength,
stress, water/cement ratio,
age and size
In this chapterwe are siill concrned withtheinfluence of
rhe inrrinsrc racrors on creep bul the (mphJn. r. n-o!rnp
lowards a derived mechanical propertyr slrength- Ideally,
to undrstard the fundamenial cause of creep, we must
first be able to express the physical properties of the
hydrated cement paste, which is the sai ofcreep, in terms
of independent intrinsic parameters. The effects of en-
vironmental factors can then be related to the intrinsic
parameters so that the creep of concrete can be quantified.
Such an approach is used by Ali and Kesler,l who
express crcep as a funclion of the dgree o{ hydratior in
terms of a compliance factor p; this factor rcpresenls the
ratio ofthe deformatior ofthe gel componenl ofconcrete
to the deformatiorofa hypothctical specrmen of pure gel,
subjected to the same slress. Other investigators'z adopt
e!apurable satcr. poros,ty dnd aging J. lhe inrrin.ic
parameters to express the state of the hydrated cement
paste; here, porosity is a function ol the water/cement
ratio and degree of hydration while the detuitior of aging
is not precise, but itis thoug.htto be related to the change
h specific surface ofthe hydrated silicales.
The difrculty with the lundamental approach is two-
fold: intrinsic parameters are not easiiy identifid and
ihey are not easily determined. An alternative approach is
to start from strength, which is an easily determined
property. Admittedly, strength is aft'ected by the pro-
perties ol the constituents but it is also a iunc(ion of the
quality otthe hydrated cement paste and ofage- Powersl
determined the relation berween the strength and the
gel/space ratio, i.e. theratio ofthe volume ofthe hydrated
cement paste 10 the sum of the volumes of the hydrated
cement and of the capillary pores. The influences of
water/cement ratio, age and size ofmembercan be studied
in relation to strength which is always known to the
designer.In practice, itisusual to desigrmixesso that the
relatjon between the appljed strcss and the slrength of
concrete is approximaleiy ihe same, regardless olthe age
when the structure is put to us. For design p rposes,
therefore, it is the creep respoNe at a given stress/strength
ratio that is ofinterest and, consequently, it is convenient
to include the relation between stress and creep in lhe
same chapter.
Slress/slretlglh ralio
The investigationa ofthe influence of the type ofcement
on creep led ro rhe esrablisirmenr oI an approrimarc
stress/strength ratio rule, which states simply that, lor
I
constant mix proportions and the same type of aggregate,
creep is proportional ro ihc applied stlcs! atd lvcrscly
propor torulro rhe-.rru4gtl+i +ue {sre oicpplrLargn ot
&61+d. Belore establishing the limitatjons ofthis rule, it
is con! enien t 1() consider the influence on creep of the level
of stress, olher conditions, including the strength, being
From a wide range olexperimental results there exists
substantialevidence ofa linear relatiofl bctwcen creep and
the applied stress. exccpt in specimens loaded at a very
early age: one to thrce days. What is in doubt, however, is
the upper limit ofthisrelation. (The lower limit is virtually
at a zero stress as creep is exhibited by concrcte cven at
very low stresses.) In terms oftbc stress/strcngth ratio, an
upper limit bet$,een abort 0.10 and 0-75 has been
observodr, cxccpting one sel ol resulls where a value as
low as 0.23 per cent was iound.6
Regarding this upper limit, it is relevant io note that
severe internal microcracking takes place in a corcrete
compression specimer at a strcss/strcrgth ratio o10.4 to
0.6,7 and it is not surprising that, once the cracking has
acclerated, the creep behaviour also changes. It is
possible that the onset ofcracking depends on the degree
olheterogcncity oi thc concrete;fo. instance, mortars are
less grossly heterogeneous than concrete containing a
large-size aggregate and exhibit proportionality between
crep and stress/strength ratio up to a higher limit, pos-
sibly 0.85,4 wh the strength is measured on slender,
creep-type specimens. In the raseoieo-i-fi etqllIe rEstraint
of shrinkage bj+lreaoarse aggrcgete-ffi'r..mi.rocratF
ing, wHc*La$ects lhq sbslugdayela[lre9laLd-i!.lrrch
instances, the limit of proporlionalit)rrtrillj!.clease. In
general, the uppcr limit ol llre proportionality ol thc
relation rises somewhat with the duration of load. The
relation for a 1-minute load is shown in Fig. 5.1. derived
ftom results of Jones and Richart.s Jensen and Richart's
shorlterm testse indicate proportionality of creep to
stress/strength ratio up to a value ofthe latter ofabout 0.6
but there is increased creep at higher ratios. On the
average, they found:
slres+trc.glh ratio 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.? 0.li 0.9
cEep la.bitra.y unihl 0.2 0.,1 0.6 0.81 1.27 2.06
Abovethelimitoiproportionality,creepincreaseswith
st.ess at an increasi.g rate. This is illustrated in Fig. 5.2,
t A value oI0.75 qas Eporled, ior instane,ln relerence5
 Inluerce on creep of strutgth. stt?ss, waterlcement rutio. age and size
Stress/strenglh rat o
La. J.r. Relatnr. belleen creep alter one ninute under load
slre$ritrensrh ratio lor l:4r5.oncrete,loaded al lhe ase ot 6ve davs.
derived from Gvozdev's resLrlls.lo For stress,/strengrh
ratios below 0.7, it is possible ro approximale thecurve of
Fig. 5.2 by two siraight lines, their intersection possibll
,e!rcicnrins the ad\enr ol microcracking. The poinr oi
intersection would rise with time under load as the
'cracking stresJ rises with an increase in strength of
concrete with time. For this reason, the limit of pro-
portionality between creep and stress/strength ratio rises
wilh tine urder load.
A sufiidently high sustained stress induces re
creep (ree Ch. 2) which produces time failurc, known also
as static fatigue failure. The necessary stress is in the
region oi 0.7 to 0.9 of the shorlterm static strength of
concrele. Creepincreases the total strain unlil lhis reaches
alimiting value corresponding to the ultimate srrain ofthe
given concrete. This statement implies a limiting strain
concept oflailure ofconcrete, which is blieved 10 be the
case.11 It may be noted, however, that the total strain in
thecase of time failuremay be considembly higher than in
a rapid strength test.lo
One faclor which makes a comparison of results of
diferent invesligators iomewhat dimcult is the type and
shape of specimens on which the compressive stre gth is
determined. The creep spccimens are olten comparatively
slender prisms with a height to lateral dimensior ratio of
3 to 4. In some cases, the same type of specimen is used
for the determination of strength in others, cubes or
standard cylinders (with a height to diameter ratio of 2)
a.e le\led Since rhe sr_engrh ol concrere.pecrmen. i\ a
function olslenderress ratio,f it follo\{s tha!, ifstrcngth
Time under load (days):
87
and 2A
4.2 0.4 06 0.8 10
Slress/slrenglh rai o
r,, J, leld.ior be.n-.r c'pe! anu .'.e$ Jrels.l ralo .. .ome
ary
is determined on the creep{ype specimens, the limiting
stressAtrength ralio for th proportionality rule will be
apparently much higher than when cubes or standard
cylinders are used.It isreasonable to assume that it is not
the strength ofthe actual crcep specimen that is relevant
but the inherent strength of concrete under uniaxial
compression. This, olcourse, isnot readily determined but
the standard cylinder gives probably the closest valuc. II1
any case, it is important ihai the same type of strength
specimen be used for a comparison of creep results on
ditrerent mixes and by different investigators.
Lct us now consider the case wher strength varies as
well as stress. Figure 5.1 shows the original data on the
relalion between creep and stress/strength ratio for
mortars made with different cements. stored at a relative
humidily of95 per cent for 60 days;two sress levels were
used- To check thc gneral validity ol the relatio& results
of tests on mortars made with two cemenis only, but
'ubiecled ro d side rrnse oi'reises. a. $ell d. on mi{e'
wilh diferent water/cment ratios lwithin the range 0-40

: interpreted in Table 5.1.
: IdrL J.1
: a.2 0.4 06 o8
Slress/strenglh ratio
i - -',i Relarion betNen.reep ol norlar nored noht alter 60 days
::.: .adandlhe{ress^rrensrlratiolordiferenrnixesand{rcsscs.
.: :'lr. a.e added to the
same figure. The strength ofrhe
: -.1a. sas determined on slerlder 50 x 230 mm cylinders
.r:haI the strcss/strength ratlo in the abscissae ofFig- 5.3
:. iigher than iithe strength were determined on standard
Ii ri importani to noie that rhe regression line ofFig.5.3
: as calculaled for specimens ofstandard mix proportions
rlrd subjected to the samc stress only- Thus th effects of
. arling eilher the water/cement ratio or rhe applied stress
11e.e not included in determinjng the'best'line. And yet,
:.1 the points are scattered 1o the same exrenr. This
:ldicales that the eflect ofcharging strenglh by the use ol
tr differeni cement or by varying the water/tement rario is
:he same as far as creep is concerned. Likewise, for a
:]\en stress/slrcrgth ratio, creep is the same regardless
lri how stress and strength have been varied, provided
:i.rr ratio is constant. The relation between creep and
:Iress,strength ratio seems to be approximately the same
:. r diferen! relative humidi!ies of the ambien t medium, as
ing as no appreciable shrinkage takes place. This means
:i a! the specimens musi reach hygral equilibrium with the
trmbient medium before the load is applied.
The approximate validity of the stress/strergth ratio
:ule applies also to concrete as is evidenl from many
rnlenigations. Sheikin and Baskakov'3 measured the
..eep ofconcretes made with three diflerent cemenls and
\ubjected to stresses reprcserting the same proportion of
ihe ultimate strength. The results show thar, whiie thc
specific creep strains ofthe three concretes varied widely
:i.:,52.2 and 33.3 x 10 6 per M Pa at 20 days), the total
Siesslstrength ratio 53
crccp strains lor the same stress/strength .atio were
approximately the same:300,330and 100 x l0 6aftcr20
days, and 1240. 1530 and 1220 x 10 6 after 660 days
under load- The strengths of the concretes at 28 days
were 25.2, 12.1 and 17.6 MPq respectively. The di,
vergence in creep for longer periods under load may well
be due to lhe different rates of gajn of slrergth with time
lor lbe difernt cement this influence is considered later
in this chapter.
The relation between creep and strcss/strength ratio
can also be gleaned lrom some test data ol Klieger,l4 as
Creep ol concreres ol difrerenr slrength
(MPa)
u.8 2010 931
7',1.6 116.0 1067
79.8
552 580 1067
The proportionality between creep, or strictiy speak-
ing creep-plus-elastic slrain, and stress in water-cured
and water-stored concrctc is apparent lrom L'Hermite
and Mamillan's testsl5 on concretes loaded at seven davs
rl ig 5.4' l80da)5. and oneand rwolcar,.and lepr under
load for up to five years. The samc 6gure shows ih behav-
iour of sealed concrte.16 Such behaviour was, however,
not confirmed by de la Peiia's testslr on very thin mor-
lar specimens and by Kubo's testsl3 on mortar over a
year old.
Proportionality of creep 10 stress/htrengih ratio up to
aboul 0.6 was found in Kruml's tests'e on lishtweishr
aggregate concrete and in US Bureau ol Reclamation
testsro on very lean concrere {112kg/m3 of cement and
,18 kg/m3 olpozzolana)up to a stress/strengrh ratio
ol0-3,
which was the highst value tested.
Ross':l measured the influencc of maturity on crep.
using specimens subjected to the same stress but with
varying strengths dcpending on ternperature history. A
plol ol creep against the stress/strength ratio shows an
appareDtly linear relation but the straight lire does not
pass through the origin. Il
however. creep is plotted
againsl thc reciprocal ol m aturity (the applied stress being
constant), the resulting slraight line very nearly passes
through ihe origin (Fig. 5.5). The explanatjon lies in the
fact that strength and maturily are not linearly relared,rt
and it is the maturity rather than strcDgth that is the
fundamental factor in creep. Maturity reflects the degree
of hydration and therelore the amount of cement gel,
while strength is only a crude mechanical reflectjon of
these changes.
The influencc of the stress,/slrength rario on creep
generally applies to lightweighi aggrcgate concretes as
well as normal weight aggregate concretes, as can be seen
lrom Reichard's data" shown in Figs. 5.6 and 5.7: here,
 and size
54 lnfl ence on cteep of stength' sr:ess'v.aterlcement ttio' age

2@O Aooreqale Sleam Moist

1000

Lightweiqht

6 8oo
,/,
6

0.6 0.4
o2 0.4
Stress/strengih ratio
r', 5o Rerdr.or bcr{een (reep are' on' }ear
JrC- lo"d ad
$trh d'|neren and
l'.'....,,.;;,;;". r., -"-.,$'oboe (Lrns'"
Lo -eam ad .;Fr
"8rr$e'ghr
;";"i.:$' ;..;,;.:,N '' btd.d
05
Siress - MPa
q'rd'n ror
I r 4 Beldlion b1$een rre' ar'l crep_P[.-el4'''
qord ir sa. L and ror
',
1"..,'i,.,,i.liJ.i,r.,e..r'e'er da)q and
\?aleJ mncrele toaded aL (he age ol zNd'ys"-

o Type lll cemenl,steam_cured

o I
Type cement,sleam-cured
. I
Type cernent.moisl cured

o 800

04 0.6 0.8
o.2
Stress/strength ralio
1O 6("Chours) ' I'r ) 7 Re'd,ol oerr'er ' 'eeo "fte' 01" \em I nd_ lodd dnd
Reciprocaloi maiurilv -
lir. JJ. Rlatior betNeen deep and the reciProcal of naturilv ol moistcuflng'"
\ubre(1cd Lo deam and
 S'rcsslstreryth ratio 55

2000

r1
,9

r00o e

0.8
Stress/sirengih raiio
aid. J.r. Relarionbetwentoraltimedeformation aftd tqo vea6under
4246810 12 lo.J .,r+. r rng n zr o r.,'gl r"ersh' dsseE" e.or.-r e to".cd
Stress MPa al tne"na
age ol 14 days and stored at a relalive hunidiry oI 60 per cenl.:r
-, -i.8. Reladon btvftn rotal rime defomation
rftle nored a1a relatilehumidny of 50 ler cent.'5
60

iu'o different curing procedures, two types olcement, two

.:ment contents and t\{o nominal strengths were used,
Tle creep data olFjgs. 5.6 and 5.7 wcre obtained under
gao
norageconditions ol50percent relative humidityso rhat,
irictly speaking, we should use the term total creep. The
rclations between creep and srress/strength ratio exhibit a
__.-,.<-:
slielt degree of nonlinearity which is probably due ro
.oncurrent shri*age whereas, previously, the inflDenc of
20
stresvstrength ratio was considred lor mortars and -o
concretes which had reached hygral equilibrium with the
surrounding medium prior to the application ofthe load.
Il however, concurrent sh nkage takes place durirg the
period under load below a certain threshold stress. rhe
time-deiormation (creep-plus-shrinkage) is no greater
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
lnitial slress/strength ral o
tbar rhe .hrinlage oi an unlodded companron speci-
men. This can be seea, ior instance. from the data F,, Relatioi bdwen loss oI prestressand inilial sressttrensth
1lr.
of Gangreco,'z3 rvho observed that for stresses below
2.4MPacreep ofa neatcement pasteis indeterminate; his
specimens were sto.ed at a relarive humidity of 50 per the ratio of prestress to the compressive strength of
cent. Similar behaviour was observed iII concretes loaded concrete. The lines are drawn so as to pass through the
at 180 days, one year and iwo years (Fig. 5.8).1s This point represenling the loss of prestress due io shrinkage
luggests that a part of shrinkage is intimately related to (or swelling) alonc at a zero initiat prestress.
creep and, furthermore, that concrete responds to total A furlher example ofa linear relation between the total
strain induced in it and not separately to strains from time-deformation and 1le stress/strenglh ratio, up to a
different sources, value ofabout 0.6,is obiained from Le Camus'dataz6 for
As mentioned earlier. a sinilar effecr in the case of concrete stored at a relative humidity oI75 per cent (Fig.
lightweight aggregate concrete is apparent lrorn Fig. 5.9, 5.11). As before, the straight lincs do not pass through
dedved from the data of Jones et al.:2a a linear relation the origh but imply that below a certain vaiue of
up to a stress/strength ratio o10.6 can be seen. stress/strength ratio there is littie creep. This value
Test results of Petersen and Watsteinzs also involve decreases with an increase in time under load. A similar
concurrent shrinkage and creep. Figure 5.10 gives an observation was made in the analysis ofother data,a and
indication of the relation berween the initiai stress/ suggests that, when shrinkage takes plac, creep does
strenglh ratio and time-deformation: the loss ofprcstress not occur as a simple addition but catches up with the
due to creep and shrinkage is seen to vary linearly with shrinkage only after a time.
56 Inluence ot cteep of strenqth, nress, \|atet icement ratio' age and size

2500 400

g 3oo

1500

9
E E 200

1000
6
E

:r r0(

t0 15 20
Slress MPa 0.5 07
!ry2rc./.-ament rallo
id J11 Relation het$en total line dcfornation and sress lor
huhidill ol Tj perenl'"
concrele siored at a retalive |ic. j.lr. Relarion betwee. ultimale specinc creep nnd walerrcenent
ratio in lhc lesls oI varnrus nrvenisalo4tr'y

Ii appears tha1, in the case of total creep, i.e. when

shrinkage is concurrent with creep, the relation between However. when a correction for the cemnt paste content
creep and stress//strength ralio can be non_lincar Accord is made (by reducing thc observed creep valucs to thosc
ing io L'Hermne,':? and L'Hcrmite and Mamillan,'5 wlrich would cxist il rhe cemnt pasle conten! were 20 pc.
hardening ol lhe cemcnt paste and shrinkage introduce .cqr b) $ergh r. rhe rnfuer.e ol ll'e sater cemenL ralro
rensi,e.r(..e. $hr., rre compen'r'eJ r\ comp e*i!e becomes clear. as shown in Fig 5.l3. The ordinate of this
stresses inducedby the applicdload. Consequentiy, below figure rclaiive crecp represents the ratio olthe actual
a certain threshold olsiress, thcre is no measurable creep creep to the creep ol a mix wilh a water,icement ralio of
but in lerms of total time deformation this eflect is less
apparent so that a linear rclalion can exisl. In addition.
whcre significant shrinkage occurs. microc.acks arc
formed whjch ciose under the aclion of higher applied
compressive stresscs and ihreiore conlribute to creep
and nonlincarity.
We have mphasized the importance of the stress/
strcngth ratio in that il is a vital lactor in creep The
,rre-.renqrh Ialro ule ha.'rnrr.lron'. rnr in'lance. in
the case ol significant concurrent shrinkage, which are
discussed subsequently.
!
Water/cemenl ralio "'-,-t'
Lorman'?3 suggestd lhat crecp is approrimatelv pro-
porlronJ'.o lle 'quur( ol the walerccnenl IJio'
orher Id-totu b(rls con\tdnl. Cclerdl,l. '3r).n-! Ihe
waterr'lcement ralio involves a lariation in the cement
paste contenti as discussed in Chapter 4, and an illus_ 0
iration of this situation is given bv Wagneis data'ze 0 05 A,T 0.9
!isu-e 5l) 'hou. lhe reldl'ur beldeen Jll male \pec'hc Wate,cement ratio
.riep "nd uaLtr cemenl rdlio f^r lesl' o' \u'i"u' in i d D"L" I r. llJdlr.'Pd o '\' or'(r r. ..ner ' nd'Ler oa
.1 oi \".'e.o
re' ir.,ror'. Th.re i' n".lear-Ju ndrrern,'nJrndeedLhe ."i,. d 020 \ h,TeD err "
tr"ni ol ,o-" results is opposite 1o that oi oihrs' watrr cen enl ralio oI0.651'

6j Such a relalion exists both for long- and shorlterm
L:r us reru.n ro lhe srress/strenglh ratio ruie and
.-rnrider the eflec! of the water/cemenr ratio on crcep,
.:he. factors, including age, remaining constant. A mix
riih a 10$ $atericement raiio has a greaterslrcngth than
tr mi\ with a high water/cemenr ratio. Figure 5.ll in-
:lcates that. lor the same applied stress. crecp decreases
liih a decrease in waierlcement rario but when the slrcss
r adjusted in proporlion !o ihe strength ar the rime ot
:pplicalion oiload,lhe creep is nor necessarily the same
:Jr mixes ol varyirg watr/cement ratios. as might be
arpecled, Teshso on concretes with a constant cement
rasre conlent show that creep at a constant inilial
iiress strength ratio is greatcr for a low water/cemenr
:trtio (see Fig.5.14). This observation can be explained by
Age alapp calion of oad:
= land pozzolana ccment concrete, which cxhibited a large
I the time ol application of the sustained load and 10+
08 1.0
Watercemenr rario
to '-rr . Ffrr oi
1 q . Fi .ricl8rh^dr.<1a'iatroorrr+poicJncEecrd,onndnr
.d.io oj 0.d ..o.eo . 1
retdr \. tLnid rJ ot o.
considering the developmenl ol strength after the load has
been applied. As a proportion of the inirial strength, the
rate of developmenl of strength has bcen found to be
smaller lor a low water/cemeni rario than for a high
water//cement ratio,3o as showr schemalically in Fig. 5.t 5.
Considering the srress/slrcngth ratio at any insrdr, under
lo"d. ue ran e\pecr ,hrr d louer rate ot ncrease in
strength under load leads to a greater creep and, hence,
lhe effect of a decrease in water/cement ratio is to inctease
creep rl a constanl rnr,,J/ \Ile.s slrength .aIo,
The importance of a change in strength whilc the
concrete is under load, and hence the effect ofthis change
on the stress/strength ratio rule, is apparenr from Washa's
and Fluck's long-term lestsrl on creep olconcrete made
Ase at dpplication oJ laad 57
Low waler/cemenl ralio
Hiqh waierceme.r ratro
age
r,a ' /' \heto"r . pa|.n or dae opmenro .r.elg'h to' m \e q l
J l'e'err tr"rer .emer r ralu. r1e! r ".thoqrldrd Ee,
with three difierent cemcntsi Type I, Type III and
Portland pozzolana. Tbey found that concreremade with
thelast namedcementexhibjted creep for the longest time
and still showed a considerable inc.case in creep between
2 and 101 yean. lor the other two cements, there was
littlc increase in creep alter t\vo years under load. From
a re-examination oftheir daia it caD be seen rhat the Porr,
increasein creep, showed no iflcrease in strengrh betrvccn
years, while lhe strcngth o{ the Type I and III cement
concretes increased considcrably-
Age at application ol load
The influence ol agc at application of load on creep was
srudied by Davis er /r.,3': who compared the creep oi
similar water-stored concretes made wilh Type I cement,
and subjected to the same stress; the ratio of creep
deformations of the specimens loaded ar scven days. 28
days and tlrce months averaged at 3:2:1 afrer 80months
under load. For dry-stored concrete, the influence of the
age at applicalion of load was considerably smaller, e.g_
the creep of concrete loaded at 28 days was only 10 to
20 per cent larger than that of concrete loaded at lhree
months. Long-lerm values of thcse experiments were
-eoo,,ed lxlero) fro\e l, r d/." rnd the gcnerdlpdlrern or
beha\iour is illusrrated in F,p 516
Davjs?r.rl.rr also noted th; therate ofcreep during the
6rst few weeks under load is much greater for concrete
loaded at an early age than for older concrctes. A similar
observation was made by clanville-34 who lourd also
that the subsequent rate of creep (after abort a month
under load) is independcnt of the age at application ol
1oad.
The general pattern oi influence of the agc at appii-
cation ofloadis shown in Fig.5.17, based on rhe results of
five ditreren! investigators who used a wide range of
concretes. Tbe comparison':l is bascd on rhe same stress
58 I fluence on cteep oI strength. sness, vater l.ement rutio' ase anA size

Aqe atapplicat on of load and slress:

90 days,8 3 MPa ...-_

_
28 days,6.2 MPa

j .-i
eoo
.4
_.r
La,-,-r--,-f
90
28

0
l0
Davs rime underroad(ros scate)
Years

dnd of rrstr ude of qE* on !t(p or mohl_d(d conede' assregal'

emenl
Fz i ro. hnuence o' ase ar appli(drrcn ol lo'd
ir c .r",N"h,m'di,' - iopr aPptk'ioo or road"'
;ii;'-;.",:'fi;;dI;,;;' 'enr 'ner

of calculating creep undcr variable stress, considered

,,t__=^
----:---
| Lf,ai reoorre.i bt Na-er and Ne\ illc '6 I his $ a' concrele
05
-9
60 100
Ageai applicallon ol oad(ogscale) davs
Iio.J.77. Influe.c ot aae al application of load on crep as a ftaction
.i "*- r", ,-"""'o.aea " q'er d"r' l'' ren' or orflerenr t1le first week under road. The behaviour of similar speci-
;;,;,;i;:., ..". .'. '.". ", . ,dd'tre hun.rrv or aDpro\mrre')
actjns on concrete loadEd at seven days afld at the age
bein;studied. A somewhat similar relation is found in
On the other hand, Fig. 5.18 shows that. for ages at
application ol load greater than about 28 davs, Ihe
infiuence ol rtre ase dl applicarion ot load on creep i'
neqlrqrble. I he a.sumplion l1at. for laler ages ar dppli_
carion ot loa,l, creep i: independenr o[ lhe age dl dp_
plication of load is the basis of the rate of creep method
in
( hxoler rl.
ue\h.rl.inoLe.ho\ e\er.lhdre\en \eryoldconcrereF
,rbiecl Io crceo. Probubl) lhe oldesl concrele re'le'l \as
oltaincd rrom a rartu al brrdgc nrer in 'ervtce lor 50 ]ear.'
nrrinp that limc lhe concrele bad becn subjected lo
0 )7 M-Pa due to dead loao and 0.14 \4 Pa due lo li! e load
,"a io u ,..*,u,rt. *nge ot 40 Io r l8'C' Derail' ot
it" mix:rre nor a\arldble bul It is e'limdLed lhal pier rhe
{cmenr oacle contenl q.r' lo pel ceni. Cores trom lhe
,iaboui rhe mean warer te!el olrhe ri!er $re drilled dnd
'l
,trcimens Ior d u(udl creep le'l qere prepared' hey
300
*.r. ,.."".a in water to' 14 dals prior lo loading
and remaifleal under \rater while loaded Creep of about
200 x 10 6 was measured, most of it occurring during
;;ns when stored in water at temperatures higher than
normal is considered on PaBe 88.
The sene al Dal lern.C incrcase in l he Iare of Lreep wrlh
o decreise in the aee ar applrcauon oilodd doe- nor appl)
ro rhe aoolicJlion ol load al ear ly dges for sedled conclle'
l3
i". i" uiiii..,*r, **'arng to \'4e)e'' and sldre Hcre'
the behaviour was reversed, thc early creep coemcient
(he dge dl
i,?p Ch. l2l decreasing \ ith a decrease in
.nnhcation ol load; dll rpecimens were loaded ro a
l0 "iuhichsasthe
"[iirunr,nirir'.,u,r,.,rrainofq00 $ere preseDled ai rhe
,.r*n-aat tatu.t dnd lhe re<urr'
idio ofct..p rt,e initialela'r ic str ain' Con'equently lor
'o
 Age at appliatio of lodd 59

Age al appl cation of road:

^1--'-'--1

Time0nder oad (toq s.ate)

rr4 J /8 Innuene ol of load o0 nep of concreres made wilh Type I.ement aggregat/@menl rario =
18e-lL applcanon 5.4r

100

r50
q
.9

0 50 loo r5o
Ageal app tcation oi load - days
L, /0 hfld-re o' ase d' appt.lalron or oal 01 ,pe.,rc (ieep ot
ron.Fl. a#regd'. .phenr rd io o qarer mtrh. jar o . 0 \0 .3

rhe \ariou, age' ar appJrcarion oltoad. the appLed ,rress

raried and. in lerms ol lhe selen-day specific creep. 0 50 loo 150

Fig- 5.19 shows that theinfluence ofan increasein the age
at application ol load from seven to 26 days is to
increase basiccreep whereas the effect is absent in the case
of total creep (unsealed concrete).
Niyogi e, dl.3e reported that the creep coemcient
increased for an increasc in early ages at applicatior of
load for both basic and total creep. Their results are
shown in Fig. 5.20 for a Type III cemenq 1:3.8:3.8 mix
concrete with a water/cement ratio of 0.90; as in th creep is unaflected.
expedments of Meyers and Siate,3s all specimens were
loaded to a constant initial elastic strain. When the data of
Age aiapplicaiion ofload - days
aia. J20 lnfluene oI aC. at application oI load on seven-dav bdlc
c(eo
"1d
ro dl.'p.p coeh.E1r., drF. r rire under to". or !- ld\..'"
Niyogi er alre are presented as specific creep in order to
aliow for the di$erent applied stress at the various ages at
application of load, Fig. 5.21 indicates that, while basic
creep increases for early ages at application ofload, total
The influence of early ages al application of load on
creep, discussed abovc, is at variance with the data for
 age dnd size
60 Influence on creep ol srrenglh, stress! ]i)oler/ce enr rutio'

\
160

100 azu
Age al aPP cation oi load - daYS Age alaPPlcation of load days

I J -!1-D^"ot' f r./t'(r.h reh..'"'pc'ordir"'e 'l,,,rJ lnlrereo .gedr"plr*L.o1o'"'dor c'c'p oi or'rer'

;-' ,;d.;.;,d" ro"i ,ri'i,r r,-' Jr-srh rario 04 dmh'e1r
reldlr\e humrdir! =
q5
Per.ent "
a'a':al
later ages reported by other investigators'ao
\noonera' -eDU,led tc\ls 01 neat cemenl Dasle spec'mens
The influence of age at application of load on creep
m"de $il\ ordrn" ) P..llundcemerloronq"ler cement
.,ri'e' e,'<nriallv lrom lhc l'drdening or the cemenl pa'le
raro ol0 J. lhc .pe(rn'en' 'vere lordeJ in fle\ure undel
saruralcd .ondirron. I isure )..?)'ho\ ' the r$o-minJlr
i. ".n",ete ano. lhc.elore, se can consider lhe dge dl
apprication ot toaa in terms of the stress/strength ratio'
creeD,leflectr^n lor "ges varling trom 'efen da)s lo )4 con'rrnr inrrial sre's
month\.lt irn be.een lhr r, aftcr a I rprd decred'e 'r cr ecp' ilJ,rre s :.t .how' Lhar crcen ar d
,rr?nsL1, rurio,n.t.a..'"' rhe age al rpplicalion ol
load
the influence ofincreasing age at application ofload from paste content and a
to 24 months on creep is less significant'
in"."ises. for a constant cement
r1rree
i,"i *"t".1"",r..t ratio.su Strict application of the
Thus. it seems ihat the creep bchaviour for very early
r' nor )el (larifed' bul lhc \rreis nrensrh alro rule rmplic' rhal creep shnuld be
age' at,pp'icarron.rf'oa.l Ho$ever'
piob'en i.oirnponance rn (onnecrion sirh preslres\rng' independcnl ol lhe rge at applicarion ol lo'rd

-' 20

9
9

Age at applicat on of oad _ months

for nominal mdimud
minures under load) with age at applicadon ol load
a
,iia.5.2r. Varianon oI nhe-depe.dent denecuon laIEr:
 Shape, size and isotropr oj spe.imen 6l
before complele hydration, the same concrele loaded at the hyd.ation process, improved hcaling ol cracks
diflcrent ages undergoes a difcrcnt gro\1th in strength. perpendicular to the load, rnd 1(] an incrcasc in thc van
Relerring to Fig. 5.16, ir can be seen that, ior earlier ages. der Waals forces on bringing the gel particles closer
the strength delelopment occurs at a faster rale and
therefore, lor earlier agcs at application of load. creep is Couiinho's explanation66 ol the increase in strength
relari\elv,T,rl e, Srnrl-r findings otan increa\e in creen due to an applied load is through incrcascd hydratjon
of concrete loaded a1 a corstanl initial slressrrsrrength caused by the external ioad: pressure incrcases thc
ratio with an increase in thc age at application of load solubility of unhydrated cement in the presence ol water
have been reporled by Yashinaa and by Polivka er dl.as which thus leads to increased hydration. Since lhe pro-
Consequently, it appcars that the influence ofage at ap- ducts ol hydration occupy a lower volume than the sum of
plicalion of load on creep can be qualitatively explained volumes of unhydralcd ccmcni and water, there is a
in lerms of developmen! of strength. When hydration reduction ln the solid volume which contribules 10
ceases, such asin the case ofprolonged curing, lhere is no
change of strength during the period under sustainedioad However, in a recent paper, Cook6? also observed an
and, lherefore, creep becomes independent of age at increase in strerglh due to a sustaired load but, after
application ofload.The same reasoning can be applied to removal of the load iollowed by crecp recovery, thc
the dift'erence in behaviour of water- and dry-stored strcngth decreased and became similar to that of a
concrele. since, in lhe latter case hydration ceascs carlir companion specimcn not preliously subjected to load.
and sometimes a retrogression of sirength can occur so ln view ol the foregoing, we have to admil that the
thal creep increases. pattern of behaviour of any strength increase accompany-
As we have previously (alcd, in siluations where ing the creep process is uncertain, and probably accounts
concrele malurs during the period under load, the lor many inslances in which no significant dilTcrences
stress,/sirenglh rule does nor strictly apply, and it is ol have been observed belween the strength of unloadcd
importance to understand thal the cxplanatior of dif- specimens and specimens previously subjecled !o stress.
"e cn.ri in lhe creep behiv,orrr of dil'e-enr Lon(rc,c, rn
lerms ofihe changein strength isqualilativcin nature. An
Shape, size and isotropy ol specimen
erroneous implication is that creep under a coNtant
eflecl,rp stress/strngih ratio, i.e. wben the stress variesin
The shape and size ofthe concrete member are intrinsic
step wilh the strength throughour the period under load. properties ofthatmember but thepractical significance of
is the same lor dilTercnt concretes.In this case, an earlierthese factors usuaily lies in making a transition from the
application of load means thal the incrcase in strengrh results ol creep tests on laboralory specimens to the
under ioad is greater. Because the applied strcss is behaviour of full-size members. In some practical cases,
increased in proportion to the increase in strength, the the ditrerence in creep between members of different
increase in the applied strcss occurs earlier. Hence, proportions is ofsignificance.
aithough the effective stress/strength ratio is constanl. Several investigations have indicated an influence of
an earlier increase in stress leads to a higher creep.3o rhe size of the specimen ollcreeplhllrasred .rep
Similar _ lindings have be_en reportcd
' by Timusk and decreasej wrlh arrnrryasc,n rhesizeotuhlpecimen bnL
Ghosh,'6 and by Ghosh.a? -Ea11d;-p"tifcJt xiicknoss .xceds auoui o.s m the
In connection with the strength developmcnt urder size efiect becomes negligible. (Were this not the case.
load, it is relevant to note rhat the preceding discussion sruenl:ra-s-as.targe as dams would cxhibit no crep, and
refers to the compressivc strength as determifled on rhey are known to do so.) Some typical rcsultsss are
unloaded companion specimens storcd in the same envir- shown in Fig.5.24 from whichir appears thar the eflect of
onment as thccreep specimens. Thisposes thequestion of size on creep incrcases durirg the first 60days under load
whether the crccp procss itself induces a change in but therealtcr the dilTerence in creep between specimens of
strength whilst under a sustained load. lt will bc recalld different sizeis conslant. On the otherhand. some tests of
lromChapter 2 that there cxists somecritical stressbelow L'Hermite and Mamillanl5 indicate that the difrererce in
which a sustained slress can be carried for an indelinite creep ofspecimens ollwo sizs,expressed as a percentage
period oftime without causing failure. This critical strcss ofthe creep of.the smaller specimen, is constant between
isoltheordcrofo.Tto0.Softhesborltcrmstrengrhofan 100 and 1000 days under load. Their speclmens were
unloadedcompanion specimenas,ae and, at stresses above loaded at the age of seven days and ranged in size berween
this value, terliary creep exists due to progressive micro- 70 and 200mrn in thickncss. lt seems, nevertheless, that
cracking. On the other hand, evidence at low and gererally the influence of size on creep is greatest during
intermediate levels ol slrcss indicates that sustained the initial period afrer the application oitheload. Beyond
loading may have beneficial ellccts on strength- For severalwccks, the rale of creep is the same in specimens of
example, average increases in strength ranging from 2 to all sizes.
l0 per cent of the shorl-lerm strength have been An overali curve for the influence ol size on creep and
reported,6 50'51 depending on the level of short-term shrinkage \vas suggested by Ulitskii-54 He found the t\vo
strength, duralion of load. level ol st.ess and age at deformations to vary by the same amount, and hence, the
applicatior ofload. According io Hellesland and Grccn,5 r relative creep and shrinkage of specimens of different
thc benencial gain in strength is due to an acceleration oi size can be caiculated using the factors of Table 5.2.
62 Infuence on ueep of strength, strcss, waterlceme ttatio.age and size

800

,",2'
.//,/+
_,r' ,/ .,.. -

o 400
100
200
300
600
z4/.,.1'
-",'td
,1,*'

4?-r;"
-=.
40 100

Imeunder oad(log scale) days

4,4. J2, Creep oi conoele s!..imens oI diflerent size.rl

rable J., Innuene oI sit ol specinen on ceep and shnnkagela concrcle there will have changed subslantially from the
state which existed when load was first applied. A greater
Minlmum thickne$ (mn) Coftction lactor lor crcep
degree ofhydration will have bcen achieved and a higher
1.6 slrength will have been developed in ihe core so that thc
50 1.5 creep response to the creep-while-drying condilion will bc
tu 1.3 small. This explanation is predicated on the assumption
100
150
1.15
105
rhal ., onl\ ll-e dr)rn! Lreep lhar i. sublecr lo rhe.r,7e
200 1.00
etTe.r H6uever e,r. ol Ttoxeli pr d/." rndrcale rhar a
250 095 small size c{Tect is present even with storage at a relative
300 0.9 humrdirt of t00 per (ent (Fip. 5.25)
4!0 0.8
I he s nrk ol H:,n,en ind Matto.k" ,ndicates lhal borh
500
600 creep and shrinkage of concrcte are functions of lhe
800 0.55 volume,/surface ratio ofthemember. Thus thesizeeflct is
lot)o 0.5
an indirecl one, involving lhe surface ofthc specimen, and
> 1000 and seded .oncrete
it may be concluded that when a free surface is absent, i.e.
N,,"' ir one .1 the su.tac.s is sealed. double lhe aclua1 tnicknes.
the spcinen is sealed, creep is unrflectedby thc size olthe
member. ln facl. in concrete cured under mass con_
Gvozdevl0 confimred the order ofmagnitudeol the elTect ditions. size effects do not appear to be present.56
and states, for instance, that for a 1i8 size rario, the creeP The relation between the creep coemcient and volume/
ratio is about 3:1. .urfJce ralro, de-i\ed b) Han.en rnd \4artock." r' shown
The original explanation olthe sizE e1lect jn terms ofthe in Fig. 5.26: lhe actual shape of ihe specimen is of even
loss of water to the ambient medium (which would be lesser importance than in the case of shrinkage. Also'
greater in a smaller spccimen where the surface/volume the decrease in creep wilh an ircrease in siTe is smaller
ratio is larger)can apply only ifdrying creep takes place than in the case of shrinkage. BuI the rates ofchange in
because in basic creep no loss ol water to oulsid is creep and in shrinkage are ihe same, ildjcating thal both
involved- In many practical cases, however, creep and phenomena are thc same function of the volumc/surface
shrinkage operale simultancously. Thus ir a small speci' ratio. These data apply to storage ofconcrete ai a reiativ
men a greater pafi of lhe concrete is subjected to creep humidiiy of 50 per cenl.
while drying takes place, and a larger creep is therefore All lhe.e ralue. \\e-e obrarned lot conc-ele rn com
recorded. The converse is true in a larger specimen, and pre,',on. lhe 01,t in\en garion of'he.i/e elTe.r rn the
even if, with timc, the drying eilect reaches the core. the ca\c or con!re,e in ten.ion appear' to be lhar b!
 Shape, size and isotro , of specimen 63

diameler x lenqih (mm):

3 zoo

6
==fi-::'::>
:6

Days
Time under load (log sca e)
Fi4. J,rJ. Effed oI size of srEcimen on crep of m.crete slored in warer.rl

A further indication ofthe shape eflect is given by Zia

Tmeunder oad(days):
5 2.0
o 1.0
0 50 100 150
Vo ume/surlace ratio - firn
ol rolum+urfa@ iado on crep
Karapetian,5T who found no irflDence of size o{ the
concrete specimen on the magnitude ofcreep.
The iniluenc ol shape of the concrete member is
included in Fig. 5.26: the eflecl is very small. We are, of
course, concemed with the inffuence ofshape for an equal
volume/surface ratio. The shape of the specimen affec1s
the moisture distribution within it. For instance, in a
prism the variation in relative humidity along a diagonal
is diferent than along a normal to the surfaces 3 lFig. 5.27).
Herce, for the same volume/surface ratjo, the shape
causes shrinkag (and possibly total creep) to be slower
for prisms than for cylinders.
and Stevenson,5s who suggested thal the ratio of long'
term creep deformations of sections of T, triangular, and
square shape under a stress gradient is 1.27:1.44:1.20,
compared with 1 under a uniform stress. These values do
rot seem to be fully subslantiated. Chivamit60 found a
cruciform setion to have a higherinitial rate ofcreep than
a circular section of the same cross-sectional area but the
ullrmale creep \alues ditrer lillle Thl' behariour can
possibly beexplaind by a larger volume ofconcrele near
the surfac o{ the cruciform thar in the necessarily smaller
cylinder olthe same surfac/voiume ratio: the initial loss
ofwateris higherbut, because ofthis,creep rapidly slows
down. On the whole, however, the shape factor is ofvery
200 much lesser importance than the size factor and,for most
practical purposes, can be neglected.
IIl Chapter 12, the prediction of creep and shrinkage
coefrcienr oi
allows for size etrects in terms of volume/surface ratio,
averase thickness or efective thickress (theoretical thick-
ness). The latter is defined as the ratio of the cross-
sectional area to the exposed semi-perimeter, so that the
effective thickness is twice the volume/surface ratio, and
the average thickness is twice the effective thickness;
examples are given in Table 5.3-
A related problem is the possibleinfluence on creep ofa
lack of isotropy in corcrete. Of course, the question
whetherconcrete is isotropic wjth relation to the direction
of casting should first be established. Tests6l on the
strength of cubes tested parallel and normal to the
di(ection of casting have indicated that, with well-
proportioned mixes, there is no significant degre of
anisotropy. If the structure ofth hydrated cement paste is
64 lnfuere an creep of sLrentth. strcss.wotariteh?nt tdtio. age anl tize
I Per od ol dry nq (days)
.-ri10
i--------.-Q
I
I 80
&eo
E
!70
25 50
D stance irom ax s mm
lrd.5l D'.'rr".r"' ol re".r." r,'rd'l i r! 'or1-lio''
'.r r. .,1.ier 'pa -,(o ' ''' L
rrn\e h m!d'tr o 50ne.c.!r. i
isotropic. the dircclion of a suslained load relative io the
direclion of casting would not be erpccted to inilucnce
creep. Howcver, the only lests specifically direcid to this
problem5' indicate aDisotropic bchaviour of .onctete
.u\ecred ro jr(cf. lhe ."r1( re.r. indi.at. ani'or-opiJ
behaviour in strength, too.
Karapetian's tests,s? shown in Fig 5.28, indicale that
creep is bigher in spccimens subjecied to load in a
direction as cast than in a no.mal direction. A1 the sanc
time, the strength and the modulus oi elasticity ol
specimens loaded in the direction as cast are higher than
in a normal direction. It seems thus thal the higher
strength and modulus ofcl.rsticity go hand in hand with a
lower crccp behaviour in general agreemcn! with rhe
pattern of creep discussed earlicr in this chapter. lt is
possible though thal both thc creep and strenglh e$ccts
werc due to anisotropy parlicular to Karapetian\ mix
proporlions or tesl method. (A relerant lacior would,lor
inslance, be thc degree oflixity of thc head ofthe lesting
machine.) l! is, neverlheless, iDteresting !o considcr
Karapetian\ results further in order 10 know what effect
to e\Fed $hirn anisotrL,lt rs pres(nL.
I I e e\lL rr ot dnirou.p! on lq.' n'odulLr.,'r elasti. r') ol
conc ele.nc-eases urll .\e m"gnirLde ollhe rr'irun
qoL
. 30.
100
!
E
:70
6
0 25 50 75 100
Dslancefromaxs-mm
Dntribuxon ol rclalrve humldity along a diaEonal in a
0 \nrd tr r!n!,ete !pr!rmLn stor.,l rr J Le at \enumiditv
siress appliedin the determination oi the modulus. An
incrcas;ir age increases the anisot.opl both \vlth regard
to lhemodulus olelasricity and to slrength. On unloading
ol a specimen which llrs subjccled to a su(ained com-
pressi!c load, bolh the inslantaneous recovery and the
creep recovery a.e small. in specimens loaded as cast
thaD in ihose loaded in ttrc normal dircction. Thus.larger
reco\ery corresponds !o lower orccp. The extenl of
re\er, b Lr) or c (et depenJ' .r .\e 'r,,c o[ rhe 'p(cinen.
rhe rnl'uirce ol anr'.rropl oecrea.rlP qirh d1 racrea.e
ir size. An increase in size Ieads to a decrcase in all
manllestations of adsolropy in compression behaviour
which can be erpiained in statislical terms
Karapetian5' also obscrved anisotropic behaviour in
lcnsion (Fig.5.29): strenglh and modulus ofelaslicitv of
briquetts tested ascasl arelower thanwhenthe direction
ofcasting is normal lo the dircclion ofthe applied foroc.
Thesc mamlestations of anisotropy decrcase with an
increase in the sizc of the spccimens. As in the case of
!omp'e\: on spLc me r\. creJf .l br:qLeLl(' le'.eJ a' La'l
F hrpher q\en L.n,d n a n.rnJl direcrron. I l'u'. aPair.
creep and sircngth accord with one another, but lhe
influence ofanisotropy oD creep in rcnsion appcars 1.) be
independcnt of the size of the specimen However, the
crccp recovery in tension is larger the smaller the spcci_
men. Quantitalively, the influence of anisotropy in ten-
.ron.d.l bc rucl lardfl r.d1 n.o'nfre*ion.
Revibration ol concrete
The propcrlies of hardened concrete are afected b) i1s
vibration or re\ibrarion and the questioD ol the elIec1 of
 ' Rexibration ol conqete 65
i:: i I Ed..rn. thickne$ and dunchuda mlio tor dilierent nmbe^ whosc surlaces are lutly exposed to dry ie

L] i

zlt, * t,.l

:-e L

@@" ,

a
;\) a i

:irse on creep should be considered. Figure 5.30 shows
:iar revibration ofneat cment paste reduces crecp by 30
:o,\0 per ccnt in the case olPo landcementand 15 to 20
-r cenl when Portland biastfurnace cement is used; in
:hese tests, revibration of30 scconds was applied every 30
:rinutes until final set.6'zlt is relvant to notc that
:.libration reduced also the shrinkage (by 35 to 45 per
*-nt for Portland cement and about 15 per cenl for
Portland blastfurnace cemenlJ. It is therefore reasonable
to assume that dryingcreep was reduced. too. However. as
Avram et a1.6'] point out, it is possible thal revibration
removes the internal siresses induced by early shrinkage
so that the effective stress in the concreie is lower than
without revibratio!. Anolher factor, and probably the
dominating onc, is the increase in the strenglh ofcement

Time under load (days):

--

:
200

100
o--]
ihedneclionolcastlng

Time under load (days):

) zoo
@

6
200

100
)r-'-',-- I ""*
o,,'*-----*l
.

\,a

100 200 0 100 200

Sl2eofpr sm mm Sizeoibriquelle - mm
.:J J2E Innuence oI anisotropy on specilic creep of square mncrete Iid. J.r9 Influence of anisotropy on sDeinc cre.p ol concrele
::i:msundo a compresire stre$ o11.9 MPa.5r brlqucxcs undo a lensile oi0.4l MPa.5r
66 Influence on creep of strenqth, s/7ess, waterl.ement ratio. age and si2e

&r

60 80
T me unde. oad
a,s. J.Jo. Effe.toI relibradononc.eepolnear@menrpasl.6: (PBF :
paste due to revibration. This increase is largest when
shrinkage is largest as revibration would reduce the arly
shrinkage slresses. Withou t relibration Witn revibration
10 6
perMPa l0 6perMPa
The influnce ofrevibration on creep was invesligated
also byHilsdorfaDd Finsterwalder,6r who lound that, for 7rl 68.2
concrete loaded at the age ofthree days, the reductior in
creep due to revibration persisted for about six months 65.3 65.3
only. After 590 days under load the specific crcep was as

Period olvibralion (sec):

30

& aoo

3 2oo

0 50 100 150 mo
Time under load - days
I'is, J.J./. Innu.ne ol the p.riod oI vibmtion on specinc creep oI .o.cret b.iquettes under a lensile
 Relercrces 67
The dlference in creep is thus negligible. It may be 1.{. KLIEGER. P., Early high-strength concrete tor preslress-
noted that there $as neverrheless an appreciable increasc inl. Pto.. Wotld Con{. o t'rlsr/.sred Con.r.le. San Fran-
in sirength due to re! ibrarion. Accordingto Hansen,6a the crco. 1957. p! A5-l A5-14.
eflect olrevibraiion on c.ccp is absent in well compacted t5. LIIERMITE, R. C; and MAMILLAN. M., Furlher
results olshrnrkage and creep tests- I,ro. tnt.Col.onth?
concrele. It is likely rhal lhc efect is significant only if Stucruc ol Cohttlle.Cenent and Cloiffele Asoclalion:
there is appreciable early shrinkage. LondoD, 196E. pp.42l ll.
Karapclian65 found thal a bnger vibralion olconcrele 16. L'HERMITE, R. G., Volume changes ot colcrctc, Prr..
increases ils strenglh and dccreases irs creep. the mag- Founh lnt- S!tup on the Chet i\rr oJ Cene t, yol.2,
nilude olthcctrecl on creep benrg about 10 per cenr. Both Washington DC, 1960, pp. 659 94
effectswerelargc.in specimens testcdascast than in thosc 11 de la PENA, C., Shrinkage and c.eep ol specimens of
Lhin section, ,R.ltEM BulL.lin, Pat1t, No. 3, July 1959,
tesled in a normal dircclion. Thrs behaviour was observed
\, Lh in .pe. irren L, cd rn co npre\ror rnJ in ren\.un pp.60 70.
t,l KUBO, K.. Plasticily and *ee! olcement mortar. 7id,r.
(see Fig. 5.31)bu! i! was larger in the laller case. With an JaNn So.. ofcitil L,n,1i aets, No. 1], Mar.h 1952, pp. 12
increase in the duratlon ol vib.atior the lnffuence of 18.
Jni\orr.ny.n \uen!rh and creep borh rn compre*ro1 1) KRtrML. F, Dlhodobe delorftacie llastrosti lahkych
and in tension. decrcascd. betonov, S,arer.,ckl, C6op6, 13, No. 3, 1965, pp. 137
Some other tests on the influence olvibralion on creep
20 US BUREAII OF RECLAMATION. Etrect of strEs or
were made in the 1930s but they have nol coDtributed ro
crccp ol lcan mass concrele! Ldhorukr! Repoft No.
an understanding ol thc problem. lt is probably true io a /2?J, Denver, Colorado,luly 1967, 12 pp.
slatc that vibration reduces crccp only in so far as it 11 ROSS. A. D., A note on the maturitl and creep ol concrctc,
rcdJc.- rhe he.erogenerrr (.rricre :rnd rmp-o\e\ rr\ R.IlrM B!11..,r. Paris, No. I, March 1959, pp. 55 7
^l REICHARD, T w..C.eep ud dryirg shrinkage ol
strenglh. 22.
lighlweightand normal veight concretes. Nzrn)ndl Rflredr
oj Srahdnrls Monostaph N. z. washington DC. March
1964. 30 pp.
Relerences
11. GIANGRECO. E, Recherches exparimentales sur le
1. ALl, L and KESLER, C. 8., Mechanisms ol cree! in fluagc dcs ciments, ,,ltrrdles I hstilut Techkiqne tu Bitihent
concrele. S_vmposium on Creep oi Concrete, ,.l,neri(d eI /.s lrararr Prblj.s. Paris, 7, No. 79 80. 1954, pp. 665
Con.re,e I hnir ure Sp0cial Plblicur idtr No. 9, 1964, pp 3 5 7. 76.
2. PARROTT, l. J and ILLSTON, J. M., Load induced 24. JONES.T. R.. HIRSCH.T. J. and STEPHENSON, H. K..
slrains in hardened cemell ptdte. J ournal oJ the Engineet T he PhlsicdL Prcpeties of S,7rllutal Quolttr LishbreiJhL
ing Mecha i.s Ditision. Ptoc. Aft- Soc- ol Ciril [.n!]ineets, 4Jerr)-t. anai,,"- le\d. Trrr.por'.ri.n In{:rure.
Feb. 1915, pp. ll 24. ColleSe Station, August 1959.,16 !!.
l. POWERS, T. C., Slructure and phlsical lropeities oi 25 PETERSEN, P. H. and WATSTEIN, D.. Shrilkase and
hardened Porlland cement paste, .loutnal oJ the Ah. cieep in prestrcsed concrete. Bui i,!/ ,S.ictr.e Seris No.
C?rd,ti. Sd..,41. 1958. pp. I 6. /J. National tsureau ol Standards. washingbn DC,
4. NEYILLE, A M., Rcle olcencnt in the creep olmortxr. March 1968. 12 pp
/(rI Jo!/nal,55, 1959, pp.961 84. 26. l-E CAMUS, B.. R..ireeis Exp,rin hlalcs sw la
5. MAMILLAN. M., Etude sur le fluage du b6ton. ,1nrdl.s Dilthdlio du Bltan et duBion Artut: Duomatia s
Institut -lechhiqu. du BAtihent et lcs nanux Publi.s. /1r',.., ln..'lur le.nniq.e d. BAr,m- I e de. l,r\ai\
Paris, No. 134, Feb. 1959, pp 221 31. Publics, Paris, Jan. 1947, l9 pp.
6. FREUDENTHAL. A. M. and ROLL, F., Creep and creep' 21 I-'HERMITE. R.. What do !e know about plastic de
recolery ot confiele under high conpresile stres, ,.1Cl tormxlion ard cree! ot concrete? RILEM Brll.t,n, Paris,
Jounal,54, 1958, pp. lllI 42. No l. March 1959. pp. 2l j
7. NEVILLE, A. M., Someupects otthe strensth olconcrete, 28 LORMAN, W. R . The theory ol corcrctc creep, Prrc.
Cidl Engineding and Publi. Wotks R.r,.$, 5.1, Part 1: ,4STM,40, 1940, pp. 1082 1102.
No.639, Oct.1959, pp. 1153 6rPart2:No 640, Nov.1959, WAGNER, O.. Dns Kriechen unbeoehrten Betons,
pp. 1308 10, Part 3:No.641, Dec. 1959, pp. 1415 8. Derrs.l,er ,46s.ftrss ,rr Sr,n/r.tdn, No. 131, Berlin, 1958.
8. JONES, P. G. and RICHART, F. E., The etrect oltesling 14 PP.
speed or strerSth and elasti. properlies olcorffele. Prr.. 30. NEVILLE. A. M.. STAUNTON, M. M. and BONN, G.
,.1S2M.36, Parl2, 1936, pp.lEo 91. M., A study olthc rclation between creep and the gain of
9. JENSEN, R. S. and RICHART, F. E.. Short-lime cre.p slrcngth ofconcrete. SlmposjDm on Slructure ofPorlland
lests oi condete in compression, Pro.. ,.1.S7,!/.38, Par1 2, Cefte.r Pasle and Corcrtc, Spe.ial Rerort No.90,
1938, pp.410 17. Highway Research Board, Washington DC,1966, pp. 186
10. GVOZDEV, A. 4., Creep ol conc.et. Mekhatikd 'herdos. 201.
?la. Moscow, 1966, pp. ll7 52. I WASHA. G. w. and FLUCK. P. G. Effect ol suslained
11. NEVILLE, A. M., Prop?r.i?s al Conctete \3td cdn), loading on comprc$ive st.englh and modulN ofcl.slicitI
Pitmrn: London and Marshfreld. Mass.. 1981,779 !p. ofconcrete, ,1Cllru al, 45, 1950. pp.691 700.
12. NEVII-LE. A. M.. A general .elation tor slrengths of 32 DAVIS. R. E.. DAVIS. ll. E and HAMILTON, J. S.,
concrete specimens of diflerent shape and sizes, ,,lCI Plastic ilo* ol confiete under sustained slress. I'ro..
Joknal.63, 1966, pp. 1095 1109. ,1.t2M,34, Part 2. 1934, pp. l5:l 86.
ll. SHEIKIN, A. A and BASKAKOV, N. J.,Ihe innuenceot 33 TROXELL, G. 8., RAPHAEL, J. M. and DAVIS, R. E.,
mineralogical composition of Portland ement on the Long time creep and shrlnkage tests of plai! and re'
creep ot concrete in comp.esslon. Slrrn.lna,', PtuhIh lnlorced concrete. Pro.. ,1STM,5& 1958, pp. I101 20.
lennos,, No. 9, 1955, pp. 39 40. Tru slatian No- 236, GLANVILLE, w. H.. Crccp ofconcrete under load, Tfie
Department olScie.tific and lnduslrial Resarch, 1956. Srr!.r!/al E,g,r..r, 11, No. 2. 19:13. pp. 54 73.
68 lnnuenk on oeep aJ sr'erytr. stress, rrdler/.inent ratio. age and size
15. RUETZ, w.. A ll)polhesis lb. the creep ol hardcned 52 HELLESLAND. J. and GREE\ R., A stres! and tinc
cement p!ste and the influcnce olslmnltaneous sh.inkage. dcpelden t srrergth law lor c anctetc, ceuenl dnd Concrele
Pbc lnt. Canl. oh the S,/u.rll. iy'Con.rere. Cenenl and R.sear.4 2,No. 3, 1972, pp.261 75.
Corcrete Asociatlorr London, 1968, pp. 165 87. WEIL. G., lnfluence des dimensions et des teDsions.tr lP

36 NASSIR, K. W. and NEYILLF.. A. M.. Crccp oi old
cbncrcie at normal and elevated temperalu.es, ICI
Jrunal.64. 1967, pp 97 103.
l7 HUM\'lEL, A.. WESCHE, K. ard BRAND, W., Enrflu$
de. Zemenrarl des Waser ZcmeDt'Verhalhisscs und des
BelastuDgsallen all drs Kriechen lon Bcton, Derls.jr.r
/ass.nus-lilr Sldlrlr?r,n. No. 146, 1962, 133 pp.
t8. MEYERS. B. L. ud SLATE, F. O.. Geep and creep
recovery ol plain concrctc as influerc.d by moisture
conditions and a$ocjarcd diables, \Iddnzi e.fCohctek
v concrete, ,,lc.i Jornal.63. 1966, pp.267 90.
Res.rr.n.22, No.70, 1970. pp. ll 41.
NIYOGI. A. HSU, P. and MEYERS, B. L. The
K.
inlluence oI sge at time oi loading on basic and drynrg
ueep, Cehett dtu1 Concrete Reseotch, 3. 1973. pp. 633
MEYER, H G.. On thc iniluenct olwaier content ald ol
drying conditlons o! lateral creep oi plain concrete.
ltlateridls and Strtkruret. Paris, 2. No. 8, 1969, pp l25
131
rebait el lclluage du b6tor, R.l.LrM Bull.lin. Paris, No l,
pp.4 14.
July 1959,
54. ULITSKII. L i.. A merhod oi computlng creep and
shrinkage deformllion ot corcrcte lor pra.iical pu.poses,
Betot i zheLzobet on,No- 4.1962,pp. l7 4 180, tiaaslatiah
N. 60J, Commonwe3llh Sciertific and Iidnstrial Re_
scarch OrganizatioD, Melbourne, Australia
HANSEN. T. C. and MATTOCK. A. H.,lnfluence ol size
ard slape ol mcmbe. on the shrirtage ard creep ol
KARAPETIAN, K. S., lniluenc of sizc upon shrinkage
and creep ol colcrete lest specimens, l/ial. Na I
:lrD,1nstri SSn, Fiziko Mathentlicheskie Estentehn))e,
9, No 1. 1956, !p. 87 100.
57. KARAPETTAN, K. S., lnlluence ol disotropy oi con_
crele oD c.eep in compresslon ard lension as a function ol
size ot specimcn, Akan. Ntuk Atnianskoi SSR, Fiziko-
Math.naticheskie Est estte ,l'.. 17, N o. 4. 964, pp 71 90.
1

NEVILLE. A. M. and KENINGTON, H. W.. Creep ot 58 WALLO.E. M..YUAN.R. L., LOTT,J. L.andKESLER,
C. E., Sixth progres report. Predlction of c.eep
jr struc_
aluminous cement colcretq Pro.. Foutth tnt. S)inP.
on th. Chehisttr aJ Ceheht, Wasljngton DC, 2. 1960. pp- tural concrele lrom shorr time terts. T. akd A l\'L R?Pofi
703 E Nr.6J6, Univenily of Illilois. Augusl1965,26 pp
42. WITTMA NN. F. H.. A discussior on Relerence l9. Cenenr 59. ZIA. P. and STaVENSON.L F.,CT.cP ol Cau.te nda
atrl Con.id. R5edr.li.4. No. 2. 1913. l)!. 141 3. Nan-t-) nlom Sn-es Ditrihutio anll Lts El.fect on Cahber ol
SPOO\l R D., \1.'r e.m ,rre-oene 'dcrr .L'orn. rn PrenrctvdCo <rct. Beahs, UniveBjty oi North Carolna
h$dened ccme.1 laste. ltlalazi 2 .J Conoete R.s.dtch, ai Raleish, June 1964. 1t I P!.
22, No. 71, 1970, pp. 79 86. CHMMIT. P., Creep ol plaln concrele under arlal
YASHIN, A. V., Creef of youDg concrele. IDvestigatlons corD.c.\io. it.w\ \, o-.Sl-AlOutuouJreschoolot
on properiies ol concretc and rejnlorced concretc con_ Ensifeeriis BJnskok, Tharland, 1L)6i.42 pp.
sl.ucrion. edited byA A GvozDEV, Mrs.ow Gosulrls, 61. NEVILLE. A. M.. Thc influence ol the dircclion ot
ie .ot. t2dotielsttr Literututi Po slroidcl'_r.1, 1959. lo.ding on the strength ol coDcrete lest cubes. ,1,1?M
a!ll!!n. No. 1.11, Jul! 195q, pP 6l 5.
45. i,brtvt. q v., ptt rz, o 3nd aDA\'ls. R. l . srud e\ ol 62. A\RAM.( vol\{,\ JTdMIRSI.O..LrnfrJencede
creep I mass conffete. Symposium o! Mas Concrere. Iarelibration sur les propri6t6s de la pite de ciment durcie
Ahetica Conocte thstit e Special t'ublication Na. 6. er des b6tons. Rerle d.s Matetiau\ de Ca sttuctian et d!
la61 nt) 257 85 Tz,,d-\ Pdli.s. Paris, No. 619, April 196?. pp. 141 53
r r\'rll\k I nnJrrHO\H.R.S \lJ.r.. rinscrePnol-(m(nl HTI SDORF. H. and IINSTERWALDER. K., Unter
pasre.,lci ./ounri,6E, 1971. pp. 959 63 suchungen uber den Einflus einer Nachverichtung und
GHOSH, R. S., Creep ol portlaDd c.ment laste ai earlv eires Anstriches aulFestigkcit, K.iecher uDd Schwirden
ages. Mdrerirls,d S.rr.rrlet. Paris,5, No 26, 1972, p!. von Bero!, ,e!,r.l?/ ,4!ss.n!srli Sra/tlberoa, No. 184,
93 7. 1966,52 pp.
4E. RUSCH. H. Researches loward a generat flexural theorl HANSEN, T. C, Creep and stress relaxltion ol co"crete,
lor sfoctural concrete. ,1 C I .honal 57. 1960, pp. I 2E. Pto.. No. ll. S{edish Cemenl ald Concrete Research
49. RUSCH. H.. GRASSER. E. and RAO, P. S, Principes de INtitute. Slockholft. 1960. li2 PP.
.alcul du b6ton llrm6 sous des 6tats de constraintes 65. KAR APETIAN, K. S.. Etrect ol anisotropy upon ihc c.eep
norod\ar\. BLI/./u d-l\'rqatbn \n lo. t nari ol concrete as alunctlon of theduration of vibration oi thc
Furoneen du Beton. Pari\.lun( Lon2,pp. I tl2 nix. Doki. Akad. N Luk Atn SSR.40,No.4,1965, pp.197
50. DHrir R k inJ \A\UHA . \4. q JUolo rhe 203.
COUTINHO. A. S.. A contribution to the mechanism of
,elauon'1,n. bcr-ee- ..mc, .',e.sllL derornari"- ano
and S,/u.lrres. Paris, 10. No. 55,
I acrLre.l pl',n.^n. ?R-lt,-d.he trnare',R"at h. corcrele cree!, Ma,.rials
24. No Ei, 1972, pp. 197 208. 197r.nr.3 16.
5l STOCKL. S., Tastversuchc nber den Einfluss von voran- 67 aooi( D I and CHINDAPRASIRT. P.. Influclce of
oesnnlinen Daue.a{c_ aul dic KJ?/c".e! gl' rr Je' loading hisiory upon compressive properlies of conffele,
o 111,1980, pp.89
i.io"i o*".1,, 1," t,. /r'r'Jlr,,,.\o ruo. rob-' Maga;ine.l Ca ctuLe Rese4/.n, 32, N
pp. i 27. r00.
 Chapler 6
luence ol humidity on
lnf
creep
In rhe next two chapters we shall consider the environ-
i.nlalinfluencesoncreep,i.e.rhoscthatallectthecemenl
S:l and the water thereifl after the concrete has sct: relarive
rumidil] and temperature. Stricriy speaking. these in-
:rences are not entirely environmental. In the case of
:3Dprrature, it is the tempcrature of the concrele itslf
-:ar aflecis creep but, olcourse, beyond the iniriat period
:.- h\.dration and excepting mass concretc, rhe ambient
:.:rperature conlrols the temperature olthe concrete. The
:::a:i\e humidity ofthe surrounding medium has a morc
:ri.I 'environmental'in ffuence on creep,which is
affected
::' lhe drying of concrete urder load. The relative hu,
:nditl within the consete is also a factor as the amounr
::_qloislure present in th. concrete under load influences
:ie magnitude of creep. This amount depends on ihe
:rt.nt ol drying before application of load, i.e. on rbe
a,n bient relative humidity at that time. Thus rhcinfluence
ri rhc ambieflt relative humidity before and after appli-
--a{ion oiload should be distinsuished. Ir should also be
iored that, although moisture loss aBects delormation
rnder load- the presence olload and the process olcreep
io not influence the moisture loss. Sincc carbonation
fi,e. -o_n lhe cdrbon dio\ide present ,n lhe en!irnn-
-.n1"' . lhe inRLrence or c",bonarion .n creep tr
di
1ncluded in this chapter. The influence of olher storage
enlironmenls is discussed in the 6nal section.
ln addition to their influence on crcep, humidity and
:.mperature aflect the dimensions ofconcrete.lr is usuallv
a'rmeo thal the ellecr i, the qame rn toaded.rno untoade;
specimens. However, the changes ir moisture and !em-
perature in concrete are essentially a ditrusion process so
Ihat any change irtroduces gradients. These gradienrs
i,rouce,rre*es which are accompanied by creep. and ir
iollo*' thar rhe mor.rUre and temperature deloimdrrons
are n ot really independent of stress but incl ude some creep
Relallve humidlty oI stoiage: motst-cured concrele
The influence on creep olthe relative humidity otthe airin
ql.ch rl'e conc-e,c r. nored. after curing Lnder tl-e L.ual
To.sl condilion5, ha. beer knosn tor \ome trme ln
particular, it was observed that dryirg concrcte creeps at a
higher rate and achieves higher ultimate creep than
.oncretewhich remains wet orremains dry. The influence
olrelativehumidity is large, for at a relarive humidiry ofS0
per cent creep maybe two to three times greater thar ar a
relalive hurnidity of 100 per cenrl (Fig. 6.1), but the fl'ect
decreascs with an increase in thc size oithespecimen.: The
increase in creep under drying condilions is, of course.
termed d.ying creep, as defined in Chapter 2.
It is important to realize thar, when wc consider the
influence ol lhe relative humidity on creep, this implies
thattheequilibriumrelalivehumiditywithin theconcrete
(or. more accuratcly,witl n the cemenl paste) is higher
than the ambient humidi ty. When the concrele is in h ygral
equilibrium with the ambient medium, basia caaalrir -
assumed, for preseni purposes, to be unaffected by the
le!el ol lumrdrr). j hur we can \ee rhdl r I r1e rrrr., rn
Fig.6.l are parallel to one another from the age oljust
under one year. i.c. from the time when shrinkage is
virtually completed- Thc rate ofcreep olall rhe concreres,
now in hygralequilibrium, is the same.
lhe-e r. hoqe\er. r .c.ondrri ef(. o" lhc moi.lu-e
content on continud hydration and srrenglh, and hence
on the further rate ofcreep (ree Ch. 5). We may note that
hydration is very slow below 0.8 of the saturaijon prcssure
and stops altogcthcr at 0.3 of saturation pressure.l
However- the actual content of evaporable water in the
cement paste afects crccp. and this is considered in tle
It may be relevant to report some tesrs on the influence
ol the length of water curing on c.eep afrer 1000 days
under load at diflcrent humidjries (Fis. 6.2). The etrect
ceascs after abou! 600 days' curing, so that for longer
periods of curing creep depends only on the rclatire
humidity of storage. This arises probably from rhe fact
ihat beyond 600 days no changes in the strucrure of
cement paste take place on further water curing. On the
other hand. lor periods of curing under 600 days, the
sho(er the curing the higher rhe creep. probably because
the lower the st.ength ofconcreteand therelore the higher
the strcss,i strengllr ratio; rhis bchaviour alTects the in-
fluence of the age at application ofload. as discussed in
Chaptcr 5. Thuscurinsin waieris afactoronh,in so faras
itaffects the streigih olcorcrete, provided th;quantity of
evaporablc waterin tlre paste at the rime ofapplication of
Thefindings ofTroxell, al.' (Fig.6.1)indicate rhar, ror
the same time under load, the relation belwccn creep and
relative humidily is generally lincar. Tests by L'Hermite
and Mamillan6 also show a linear relalion between crcen
and re."lrve hrmi.iil! i 'e lea.. J(0 oJ). under oJ'
(Fig. 6.3). lnitially, however, "l1ow relative hDmidities lead
to a smaller creep than would lollo$ from a linear
 /0 lt4uence o/ iumny'lty on creep

Felalive hum dily (per cent):

'A-',-^-^'
. 800

400

12
Time !ider road (toq scale)

lJ: j.l.lLl::1:: lll.,:,i:"lumtrr \or.hr,Lseoncreepof.oncreLecyrin{rem(rooir50,D)moisrcure.rfor2sdaysa.drhenroadcdat

.6-n,.sr1..erF1rr"ro
1.1rm'dr) rar.dred J9,

Other invesrjgations have indicatcd conflicting trends Tle cxpianation of the seemingly cortradictory find-
on the subject of the ;nfluencc of retaiive humiditv on ings is as follows. Below a certain evaporable water
crecp Drots.le-- ind I trr.tii3.ctalecreeparJn) rct:ri!e contenq an increase in the relalive humidity gradient
h rn drl) ro ( reep dr a nd nda rd -e .,ljve humio
\ and rhu\ between the hydratcd cement paslc and thc surrounding
a.Lrne prooo ional.l). On lhe h.,nd. oc d peia" medium does not proportionally increase the rate ofloss
drd noi Ind I opo ro -.rl) urn! ^,her
nrorLar ,pecimen. ot e\irpo"rble s e becnu,( rhe \^Jrer ,. progre*r\et)
2mm rhi.k a. trmidr.rc. te* rna-n 50 pe, cen.. rne held Tore nrnly \! irhrn rhe ,tr .1. rur c ot rhe ccmenr pa.re
rncre.r( rn (rccp rs.:omparatj\etv \matl
{se Ch. 1). Hence, the lower rhe relarive humiditv ot rhe

Fe alive hLmrdrtv or slorage:

r00 1000
Length ot slorage in waterbefore appticalion of load(log scale) days
Irr ^,1 FLenr. (1"r1-t rJrdrc r tror-- oet .-"rp,,.dr.o, .t.,adon.r.ep,
!a!\ un rer a nre$ ol98 Mpi +

u 50
Felat ve lrumldily percenl
i:j 6.J Reiation btNcen relarive hunidiry and creep tor 70
-1 ih prrms under a stEss ol9 3MPa.6
:rr.ounding medium tbe slower the rate ofmoisture loss
rnd the longer the time required ro reach hygral cquili-
Drium. Consequcntly, at a relallve humidity in rhe region
rf 50 per cent. the rate of increase in creep is relatively
imallin theearly stages but, al latcr times, the rate ofcreep
:oal be greater than that of concrele stored at a higher
.elative humidity whjch is approaching hygral equili
5rium. Therate ofloss oievaporable wareris also affected
r! lhe size of the spccimen so thar rhc time to rach hygral
equilibrium wili be longer in a larger specimen in which
Ihe moisture difusion is stower (see Ch. 5). Therefore,
.ompared with a smaller specimen srored in a drying
.nrjronmcDt, the rate ofcreep ola larger specimen wilt be
smaller in the earlystages and, cven though drying
persists over a longer period of time. the ovrall creep is
likely to be less bccause ofgreater increase in maturity ofa
large. specimen.
Thus, it appears that rhe influence ofrelarivc humidiiy
on creep depends on thc interaction ol scveral {acrors,
namely the Ievel of humidity, the specimen size (ard
possibly mix proportions) and the time under load. Ir is
p.rtinent to nole that, onc hygral equilibrium has been
a ttained, the rate of crecp becomes independenr of relaiive
humidity and is thal of basic creep at a reduccd level of
elaporable water conlent.
k is of interest to compare the influence of relative
humidity on creep as given by various methods of
prediction based on the analysis of accumulated ex-
IErimental data (Ch. 12). For this purpose, a concrete is
used which has mix proportions of l:2.7:2.7 wirh a
qater/cement ratio of0.55, a cemert conient of350kg/mj
and a 28-day cylinder strength of 25MPa. Assumins
moist-curing conditions before loadirg ar the age of 28
days, the influence o{the relative humidity olstorage on
lhe ratio of total creep to basic creep is as shown in
Figs.6.4 and 6.5 (afterone year) and Figs.6.6 and 6.7(uhi-
maie or so-year creep) for two member sizes, 75 and
Relatil)e humiditl oI storage: moist-cured concrcte 7 I
cE8,1978
3.0
cEB, r 970
,9 AC 1S78
100
i ?0 x
10
0 25 50 75 1oO
Berativehum d ty - percenl
Fig. 6 , In1luene ol relalive hunidity oI sbrage on creep ot a 75 Dn
diameler concrete cylinder aner one year und.r load, as predicld by
vanous nethods Lo r,.,r,,4
1000mm, representing a laboratory specimen and a full
size corcrete member, respectively.
Whereas the methods of the Comite Europ6en du
B6ton (CEB, 1970),10 tbe American Concrete Institur
(ACI, 1978)11 and the (British) Concreie Society (CS,
1978)1'assume the influence of relative humidity on torat
creep to be iDdependent ofmember size, the methods of
the CEB-FIP, I978,1r and the Bazant and Panula model
II 1BAP II)'a show that, for the same time under load.
total creep is less for the larger member size an effect
which is to beexpected bccause basic creep is not affected
by the size ofmember(Ch. 5).In addirion, the CEB, 1970
and ACI, 1978 methods suggest that the influence o{
relative humidity on total creep is independent of time
under load, whereas the CEB-FIP, 1978 and BAP II
methods indicale a decrease with time in totai creep for
the smaller specimen relative to th reference creep at a
relative humidity of 100 per cent (Figs.6.4 and 6.6). On the
o,her hand rhe lonts-lerm rotal creep ol a lurger specrmen
relative to the refrence creep increases with rjme (Figs.6.5
and 6.7). The explanation ofthis behaviour iies in the fact
that, in small specimens, dryingis rapid ard hence drlng
creepis greatest at earlier periods ofloading;or the other
hand, in a larger specimen, dryjng is slower and drying
creep continues to devclop for a longer time under 1oad.
A comparison of the methods of prediction used in
Figs.6.4 to 6.7 shows that large dillererces exisi at low
72 tnlluence af humiiity on 1eep
3 3.0
cEB 1970
9
cEB. r978
I
acl.1s78
0 25 50 75 100
Felatvehumidily percent
Iis.6 J lnfiu..ceolrelalivehufridiLyolsLorageon.ree!olall)O0mnr
djaneter concrete cylinder after one year undcr krad. as predicled by
various ncrhods 10 'r rr '!
relative humidities. These diflerences are discussed in
Chapter 12.
In an attempt to elucidate the role ofmoislure move,
menl out ol the concrctc in crcep. Ruetz'5 measurod the
creep ol thin cylindrical shells of neat cement pasle
subjected io a humidity gradient. This arose from the facr
that rhe relative humidity on thc outside ofthe shell was
100 per cent and that on ihe inside was 40 per cent. Strss
was applied when the humidity regime reached a sleady
state. as indicaled by an absnce ofshrinkage or swelling.
The average amounl ol wale. passing through the speci-
men was then approximalel, fivc times the amount
passing through the surlace ofa similar specimen whn in
the initial stages of drying from saturation to a relative
humidily of40 per cenl. The tests sbowed no difference in
. reepbel\ccn lhe ,pecimen. lh ough whir h moinurr sJ,
being transmitted and similar specimens in a seaied
condition. Ruetz intrpreted this result io mean that
moisture movement oul ofcemcnt paste does not, per se.
inSuence creep. However, this argument ls not valid
bccause the moisture passing through the hydraled
cemcnt paste does not upsei quantitatively lhe waler
adsorbed on the gei surfaces and probably does not even
disturb the actual adsorbed molecules. No drying is thus
involved and no flect on creep should be enpecred. The
essential condition lor drying creep is the movemerlt of
moisturelrom the ccmcnt gclto other spaces;usually, this
cEB.1970
30 cEB, r 978
E 2.0
t .\\
0 25 50 75 r00
Re at vehumidity - percent
Iir.6.6. I.Ruence ol relalirc humiditl Dl sloragc on uhinare crep
oa a 75nn dianerer concreie cyunder, as predrded by larious
is thc surrounding air bu1 other moislure sinks are also
possible, e.g. emply pores in aggregate.
Drying creep and shrinkage
In lheprvious seotionwe have seen that, when concrete is
allowed to dry whilc undcr load, creep is increased, i.e.
creep is greater than basic creep even :fter shrinkage has
been deducted from the rotal time-dependent strain. This
incrcase in creep is termed drying creep and is a con-
sequencc o[the interaction between shrinkage and creep.
The creep shrinkage interacrion does not arise from the
restraint of shrinkage by aggregate, or from other multi-
phase leatures of concrete, because neat cement paste
e)ihibits the same behariour as consrctc.
It has been observed lhat the magnitude of creep is
affected by concurrent shrinkage as measured on a load-
free companion specimen. This musl not be inlerpreted
necessarily to mean that shrinkage in itself influences
creep but only ihai the lwo phenomena are influenced by
a common process during drying- Furthermore, sh.ink
age and creep are influenced by many common factors
in a similar manner and can seldom be separated.
L'Hermites considers creep ro be covariant with shrink-
age. by which he means that creep is not added lo
shrinkage but.ombines with it 'with a minimum of
 Dtying creep d shtinkaoe 73

where cd : drying creep

Therefore. by substituiion

." : 0t#.". t6.41

Thc value of 0' in f6.41 is unknown but Wallo and

cEB,1970 Kesier's expressionl6 lor the relation belween drying
creep and shrinkage allows lor the influence of mix
proportions through a gel compliance factor l] (Ch. 5), so
that:

^8"" t hI
": "i' L L'*, ," l
t6.51

where r: stress (MPa),

6.h : shrinkage (10 6).

4s : lractioral volume olccment gel

inclusivc of gel pores = 2.2 r'l",
l' : degree ol hydration (Fig. 6.8).
4 : iactional volume ol cemcnt,
,4 : gel compliance lactor

U-v,-( h')t'.J1
t/"s

a 25 50 75 1oO
I/" : Lactional volume of totai aggregate,
Fetalivehumrdriy percent a-aconstant:0.043,1.
rr, 6 7 I.fruence oI rclxtile hunidity oi sroragc on ulrimarc .re.p i:aconstant:0.1121.
i J In0rn dra'e" rvr!rer-.tt rd.r - ;ea.,d b,,roL,
and I /o : time under Ioad (days).
Equalion [6.5] appliesin the cascwhen dryingstarts at
Anempirical relation between shrinkageand creep lvas
the age at application of load, the influence of the time
iuggested by L'Hermiie5 in the form:
under load being greater al earlier times Thus, knowing
.. :.,.( .n*) i6.ll
the mix proportions and shrinkagc, drying creep can be
estimated.
A similar approach is used by Gamblc and Parrott,l3
where E- : uliimatc time-dependent deformation lcreep- uho relared d-yr,rg (reep ro snrinlagc {hen .pecinen,
plus-shrirkage), werc exposed to dryingat various ages latcr than, or equal
cb- : ultimate basic creep (this is not L'Hermire's to. the age at appllcation of load for basic creep. For a
terminologl), given type ol concrete. they found:
I- a constant depending on the concrete,
t6.61
lh : theoretical shrinkage at a relative humidity
of zero, where i:a conslant for the particular concrete used.
: In order to allor,, for mix proportions, rhe value of I can
and 6,h shrinkage at the actual relarive humidity.
be estimated eilher lrom lhe water/cemenr ratio or from
Expression [6.1] suggests a linear relation berween the 28 day cube strength, as shown in Iigs. 6.9 and 6.10,
shrinkage and time-depcndent deformarion, and there-
lore between shrinkagc and total creep. so that .we can Bazant and Panula's model llLa for cstimarirg total
crccp includes empirical formulae lor drying creep as a
function of drying shrinkage anel mix proportions; rhese
.r: cb(l + Qt.r) 16.21 expressions are given in Chapter 12.
where c, = total creep, There is onc case ol apparent sirinkage creep inter-
cb : basic creep,
action which should bc mentioned: increase in crcep on
sudden drying. Glucklich'1: explains this by the develop-
and 0':aconstant. mcnt ofcracking due 1() themoisture gradient j nduc.ed by
Now, by definition shrinkage. The cracks reduce thc clTectjve cross-section of
concrete and hcnc increase the acting stress. and the
t6.31 effeclisnhancedbytheorientationoicracksbytheload.
74 hluerce of humidltr on creep

<- 0.8
.9

9 0.6

-1 37 2A 90 15
Days Years
curingIme(og sca e)
Fia 63 Proeres olhydrllion $nh iine Io r ..ncre res wrrh satcr/ce,.enr rarros bir.en 05 and O.rJ. cured at 2l.C and a
relalive humidity ot100 per cnt "

J 0.1 --o10
q
9
I

0.05

a a.2 a.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.01 4.02 0.03 0.04

Walencement rat o Fec procalof2S day cube stre.gth Mpal
lris.6 9. R.lation between coeficienr t in f66l and Nalrredent mlio F!s.6.10 Relalion I ii
'o'oar10.driol. 6
between coelicient L66l and reciprocalol2&
'!e crro..
I daycubesrresstnlordatlolvanousrvestigaio^.13

Relative humidily ol storage: dry-cured concrete
In aD earlier section we have considered tbe influence on
creep of drying after thc application ol rhe load, bul ii
should be recalied tbar crcepdepends not only on thc Ioss
of water underload but also on thc aclual amounr present
when the ioad is applied. Thus th relative humidity
duringihe curing period prior to application of load is ol
interest, especially lrom a practical poirt of view. One
of the earliest experimentai invesligalions involving vari-
able humidity both before and after loading is that of
Dutronrr and his findings were confirmed by Hansen.'za
who used mortar beams (see Table 6.1)- This table shows
the influence both of shrinkage during creep and of the
amount ol watcr present in ihe concretc at the time oi
applicalion of.load. Cenerally, a smalleramount ofwater
prescnt at that lime means a lesscrcreep potential- We can
note, lor instance, tha! concrete dried out to a .elativc
humidity ol 10per cenl before sealing had lcss c.eep than
water-cured concrete even though the formcr was hy,
drated less.It appears thus that the amount ofwaterheld
b) rhe cen enr pa're; i nore;npoflanr lacro- in creep
than lhe degree ot hldration.
There h.however. an addiiional eflecl in the case ol lhe
specimens loaded at the age ol 128 days (Table 6.1):after
100 days' exposure to air, water dillusion and shrink
age become much reduced. The efect of drying is still
noticeable (the order of tests Nos. la, 2a, la in Table 6.1)
 Relatiue h mirlity of stotage: dt:]i-cured con rete 75
Lrla 6. 1 Crep for diflercnl s torase condi ti ons before and afier Tests'?5 on morlar beams have also shown thar a lower
water content at the lime of applicaiion of load due to
Tesi Relative bumidny of srorage ABe al Relative pre-dryingleads to a iower specific total creep. Figure 6.11
conllrms rhr' cHecr. a. reporrcd b) Cilo.dni.)6 lhe resulr
of areduction in the amount of evaporable warer content
belorc loading is lwofold: basic creep is less, and dryirg
creep is also reduced because the concurrent rate of
I 70 50
! 70
1.70 .hflnkage r. les. I vidence ot a decrea,c in ba,ic creep r.
60
l ?0 t.29 apparent from Ruetz's tesls.ts His specimens were desic-
70 28 t.l1 cated belore sealing at the age at application of load and,
j r00 thus, under load, the concrete was in hygral equilibrium
6
10 so that basjc crecp occurred; Fi9.6.12 shows that basic
0,58
crcep was reduced considerably on removal of evaporable
70 50 0.68
70 60 water. Thatno creep lakesplace inconcrere containingno
70 ?0 0.57 evaporable water was shown by Gluckiich and Ishaiz?
70 128 and by Mullen andDolch.23 Ross2q wenteven so faras to
100 suggest pre-dryirg, followed by wetting at loading, in
10
10 order to produce crccpiess ard shrinkless concrete for use
as small elements for prestressed members.
It is therefore apparent that creep is aflected by the
but lhe degree of saturation has a dominating effect, amount of ftee moislurc present ir the cement pastc at the
so that specimen 5a has the largest creep. All the other time at application ol load as weli as the amount of
specimens have less water at loading and therefore they moisture lost to the outside while urder load. However.
creep less. On the other hand, with loading a.28 days, a1l the latter action is not essential for creep to take place
specjmens have enough water, so thar it is the rate of loss as creep in fully sealed concrete and in mass concrete
of waler that is the controlling factor. We may note rhat ln sealed concrete, basic creep dereases with
is possible.
the creep of tests 5 a.d 5ais approximately the same:the the age at application o{ load because the amount of
effect on creep of increase in hydration between 28 and evaporable water decreases with the progress of hydra-
128 days is negligible. Hansen2a suggests therefore that tion. However, at very early ages, an ircrease in basic
the influence on creep of the age at application of load is creep with age can occur (seeCh.5): this is due to therapid
due less to hydration than to the efect o{ the dryirg incrcase in the quantity of gel, which dominates the effect
process. This interpretation is nol nccessarily correct as of the decrease in evaporablc watr.3o
the extent of additional hydration beyond the age of 28 Jasman3t observed that, while a thin-walled specimen
days is probably small. shrinks morc than a solid cylinder, the total deformation

E
E
Relalive humidiiyoi storae (pe. cent):
.9
I

rr 10 20 3A 40
T me under oad days
Iir.6.71. Denedion of morrar beams stored at dinerenr retative humidiries betore dpplication of load,6
76 t fue e ol humiditJ on cteeq

z
g

0.3

Fra(lior or pvdpo'do e ral4' D e\'1r

ol o'oa' 'l'd ro'd'' e!'lTo*r 'o' i
\'
, ro l Rrlat rbe{ee1 'epv 'oe''r{ ' aEJ'r ;e reol'Dpl'd'ror dr"1o
i:"'''*-r''''"-''ershi'n'rrq-remo''rb
1ndD.r,d.,,o'orc\aro,.oFr,,-".""''p"''"""".r'"ll'r
r:0 (l andr,,.and,' parameler'whichareg:\enb)' )'a6l'
i.,..0-0,*^r,ri"r"g., o he '$o r)pe' o 'rr'r1ren'
s

,"".ifui ,r,. *r:l. ur'", 'o.. t'" rnoer 'o"d' th( fol- tIl a7l and [] 2 sll'
lhe creeo coeftck nr. or Lo-'.re ba'ed on u 'o-c'lleJ
lo*ine erplanarron I' oflered. ln lhe rhrnrer tpecrmen' ,,i*r-ii."..,:r.r'., elasrciil rr h l2)' rh u'ual
i"" 'ii,i"r'i'i"r, rare oi 'nrinkrgc reduce\ rhe moirrure n^,c.reeo coeficienr, O.1,. ror' i'e ll'e r"rio 'nJ oL bdnccreep
Sincc
.".i"ri.r trlJ*r rr"t"* that in the thjcker specimenon rhe n^iru'e ;;;;"-"r";. 'rr,,r ar opp',car'on 'rr lodd '' obraincd
irt. u, rL. su'r( cre(p depend'
'nien,',a. fron f12.,181, viz:
.".i."i tr.i.. *.p " itt te loser rn rhe I h;nner 'pccimcn'
there' the
il. iil" lir'* r'*4, t*r'se shrinkage is hisher rnu' rl-r' d"(,,r")=+(1 +d;) r6.81
Ji'i." .*.0 $.1 be nighe-. lr can be 'een
1

.r,:i.i,"".n..,' rhe oo'r. c'ecp x' $elr a' rhe dr\ins at tbe age at
ri". ,f,. ,U.'. ir lo'los' rh)r since rhe where E.{i.)is the stalic modulus ol elasticiiy
","""
,"n,L"...r 'r,,,"t"e" ^rgumcnr
on suu. '"cp l. rn the nePa'i\e application ol load,
a' m'!dined which is a
Ji,..,i"r. a',,rg -.ir .annor be cun'idcred and ,' is the as)'mptolic modulus oi elasiicity
basi! .rceP. funcrion oi strength ([12 50]).
ln.he,, firnmoJel tor p'e" cring.re(f'and'hrrn\dde'
gazani and panula" includc a term which allows lor the Hence. ihe specjlic basic creep is

,"n,,."...r a"."r.r b.'rc creeo' Reduc':on oi b"'i' Cb(.. ro) = r"(,0)db(r,,o). r6.91
.;;;" ",. '" "'r',e puo, ,o Jpplcarron or lodd rnd
pre\enled in
None o' lhe -ncrho,i''or e'lrmarrnP c-ecp
A',i'.g rtc p.,,oa o-l 'u'rarned lordrrg r' e\n-e"cd a' , r,""i.r ,: ,ff."' lo, rhc inlren(c oi dr)rne betorc
anDli(at.on or lhe ,oao. lhu'. r' '\ or Intc e'l lo compdre
A0;t,,0, t"h.!) ;;;i :.;, ", ,rr\-cu'ed con"ere $rr\ Iorarmrrod creep ul
or
;.i";i;d -*;,..' predicrcd bv 'hc
t roor.
'-'" .-.
r{ I .
-- Lr r0 h/rlI I r I r'ho l| p.(.t r li.-l - r;...".
- 6!
a gazant and Panula.ta'i'z
e.r: and 6.14 illustrare the efect ol rclarive
where 4o.1,.,n,,. I decred.e in
\d'i( 'reep coelT r,..iJiiu "olrg. on .he rdLiu or rorar (reet to br'ic
a I Jfter aPPl'c"l'or ol
"i
.,".":"r.'*,,r. at) ng Lormencrne ar rhc age of
'ien 'ge due to drying from .,*i,i r.- 1r,.
'"
.,*d conc-eL'' the conc eLe r'cd ''
load at age
age r.h.o (1,i.'o,o < < 4' rhat on page -l and lso 'i/e' ol 'le'tren J-e
",,
'o 'oicifieo
.".,i",.a. r,,",r, io"aeo,r .\c 'ge o' :8 oa) lhe ' For d')-
o-r,.r^l ba{c clcep (oeF'rclenl dL "gc ' to,uf .t."p is thateslimated by BAP ll
aft(r aPPl'c-rror ot lu"d d' rPe ""..a "on"i"t".ll, m'nJ' Ire bJsic c-e(f a'
merhoo rCh.
io,forI:1001[1249])' ,. orpa (d urrh rordlc'cep
f otf rc"]., the
n : relaiive humidity ol storage "ir"". odrJrngrr rhe rilIear
'f
(Per cent). "...*,i'-",''-.r*a;"a\\po'ed

Time !nderload(years):
9 9
i a
9 ,9
0 25 50 75 100
Betative hum d iy pe.cent
aia. 6.7J. Influence ol relative hunidity oI srorage on cEep oI mohr
cured conrele, and olconcrerecured andstored underload al lhe same
relalive hunidity lrom the ase ol on dar: 75nh diameter cylindes
loaded al $e age oI 28 dar".ra:'
application of load (when dryingcreep is maximized), the
influence ofdry curing is to reduc rotal crcep, especially
for the smaller specimen (Fig. 6.13)in which the rate ot
loss of evaporable water is rapid pdor to application ol
loadj thus, both basic and dryirg creep are reduced
appreciably. On the othrhand. the loss of moisture ir the
larger specimen is slower and, correspondingly, the
reductions in basic creep and in drying creep are less for
early periods unde. load (Fig. 6.14I at laier pedods, the
influnce of dryjng is rnore apparent so that rotal creep
becomes appreciably less than toral crccp of moist-cured
From the discussion in this section and in the preceding
one, it can be seen that the influence of drying on creep
wrll depend on lhe age ar whrch drling commence, in
relation to the age at application of load. cenerally,
drying prior to applicatioD of the load reducs the creep
potential while drying under load increases the creep
potential. Furthermore, drying concrere creeps more rhan
wet concrete or than dry concrete since in the latter two
cases no drying creep takes place.
Wettlng creep
Although dry concrete creeps little or not at all, its creep
capacity can be restored by rc-wetting and creep recovery
can also be re-started by re-wetting r3 A1i and Keslerl,
Ellect ol wintt 77
Time under oad (years):
1.5
t0
0 25 50 75 100
Be ative hum d ty percenl
Fia., /? Inlluence of relarivc nuridlly oi srorase on creep oI moist
cured oncrele aid oI concrele cured and stored ulder load ar the same
relative hudidny ton tle age ol one day: 1000mm di ameter c yli nders
loaded al $e age ol28 days.r{:
stated that the direction of moisture movement is im-
material as faras itsetrecl on crep is concerned. Whereas
shrinkage ;s mostly reversible on r-wetiing, i.e. moisture
movement takcs place, drying creep shows an apparenr
increase shen concrele i5 re-\ ellcJ. and lhl increa5e in
creep can be termed wetting creep which, in accordance
with the additive approach to time,dependent srrains, is
defined in Fig. 6.15. Renewed creep on re,wetting has also
been encountered in torsion tests- where not onlv ac-
celeraled Lreep bul also crack,ng occurred.'4 lhr. be-
haviour is ascribed to a 'reduction of the surface tension
of thesolid due to moisture absorplion, resultingin crack
propagation'.34 " This phenomenon is similar to stress
corrosion in other materials and the possible mechanism
will be considered furthcr in Chapter 10.
Gamble and Parrottt3 related wefting c]eep to the
concurreni swelling by an expression similar to that of
[6.6], but, as with drying creep, the relation is limired to
the first cycle of re-wctting. During the second and
subsequent cycles of fiuctuating humidiry, the behaviour
change5. I \ influence o' dlremdtrng hum,d,ry on c cep ir
discussed later in this chapter.
Effect of wind
Hansenr5 invesligaled the influence of wind velocity on
creep, presumably because il could be believed that wind
 78 Injuence of hunidit), o creep

I from ccrtain. It appcars_ neyerlheless. rhat under con-

ditions ol ouidoor erposure in the tesrs ofJones e, al.. the
E
itoisture mdgnllLoeor (-eeonl-\ h-.n\agesrr nore{ce.J rhar r
a laboralory at a relalive humidity of 60 per cenl.
P

(c)
I Test data on the influencc of carbonation or urcep are
rtr, 6.lJ DetiLrr' n ot sclInrd.eD
la) Trne tleformar on o ,n unloia.a ,n".
-..
lbr Crpnt a toJded \pe.imcn In hyqr;l.ou rbnu-
/. r .\arr i,.r, r or c.oddco .oe. irer ,ii
(dl Crep ola loaded specioen wnh moisLure transler
affects the loss of moisture from concrere. He used mortar
specimens, 20 x 50mm, in cross-section. whjch- afrer
water curing. were exposed ro a rclative humiditv of 50
per cfnr al 20 .
in cri.t dir ind rn a,r uith a relocr[ ot
5m ,e\ \o drfleren(c in c-ccp undcr rne
was observed. A possiblc exptanation is thar cvenwirhour
wind all the water that reached the surfacc of concrere
evaporaled. In other words, lhe ralc of movement of
mor,tu-e ro rhe.ur tace tdifluion r"te) go\ er n, rhe rdte ol
lo.. o[ $aler lrom rhe cnncrele. Such beha\ rour saJ (on-
firmed by Russellr6 who observcd rhat during the 6rsr
phase of drying of cast gypsum there is a conslanr rate
period $ hen rhe difi'u.ron rale cdn t(.ep pace $ ith lhe rdrr
of e!apordrion. a mo;t.rre g,rdienr i, beina e\tabtrrled
Howe!er. lhe.econd lhase the.urldce dr'ie, oJr ds lhe
'n
diffuiion rate i. sm.rller rhan lhe e!apo.alion rale. I hir
pha:e re.ched rapidl, Jnd p-esumabtv eii,t. rn prdc
^ ol concrere e\posed to $ rnd.
ncal cases
Ofinterest, in conneclion with the influence ol wind on
c.eep. r-e lc.l. oI Jone. /, r/
on(reepofcon.relcunorr
d)ffer(nl e\f'o.urecundil,on. in the tabor,lor\ and n rhe
oper. u h rarn berng able jo co|ec. on rhe .irrace. fhrs
latter condition may inhibit c.eep, alrhough rhis is iar
Carbonation
It is kno\,!n tbat the proccss of carbonation resuhs in an
iDcrease in drying shrinkage.r3 Carbonation is due to rhe
lormation ol carbonates in the hardened cement naste
cau,ed br a r(Jclion r,rh cart-on d,o\rde in rhe ar-
mosphere in the prcsence of moislurc. Carbonation is
accompanied by an increasein weight of the coflcretc and
by shrinkage. and the rate of carbonation increases with
an increase in concenlralion ofcarbon dioxide. Alrhough
carbonation occurs undcr normal outdoor conditions. it
i,,rgrilcdnlt) gredre, n dn un\ent,ldreJ I.roo-ilurr
q here rle conceqrrurion or rarbor Llrorioe nar be mucl
gr(.rler I rlhermore. srnce ,,n \ thc ,urlaci laier
(oncre'e become, .arbonrrcd. i. i, tiket) rh"t a sn ",I
lahor.rro^ .pecrmen u rll be ,nJlLenced "
lo u !rearer J\len
than a luil-size member used in structures. These Doinrs
are ol rmpo ance n .onciderrng the applicarion ot
laboralory tesr data ro structural behaviou..
lacking and the cned is yct ro bc quanriEcd in terms of
concentration of carbon dioxide and size of membcr.
Alexandre3e reported that carbonatior before appli-
cr'no4 o lo"d reduced creep. Accord,ng ro parrotr.,a rhe
Ieducl..n In c'ceD \\.\ probibj dde ro producls ot tl-e
carbondriun redc ,on oeire depo, rcJ rn ihe pore. ot ,he
cemenr pasle. rhus resultrnp,n d .educed poro,ily. Such
a process increases strength,33 which wor d resujt in
smaller creep through a decrease in stress/strength ratio.
r On the otler hand, a great shinkage prior to toad-
ing reduces the evaporable water which also results in
Parrorl'o reoo, cd increa,ed crecp on carbonJlron o
Dfl:m, oJ .ement pa{te rtlS ll.5.Jt0nm)wflhr
waterircemeni ratio of 0.47. The specimens were cured in
water for three weeks and dried a1 a relative humidit, ot
rro conrJirion, or te, cenr rn a de.'(caror tor Jb ueek, bcfore birnp
.ubiectcd ro,r nress nrength ralioot 0 i. q,rer rhreedar!
under loud. halt oi rhe rpecrmcn. uere remored rrom rhe
desiccaror r1o placed in rh( laboraror\ $he-e c.rr-
bonatron occurred ar o5 per c(nl .e'alr\e humidirr. The
rncrease in creep oi lhe carbonared .pecrmen. was ?0
per cent after seven weeks under load (Fig.6.t6). Thermal
aflalysis and carbon dioxide mcasurements indicated
that calcium hydroxide was converted to calcium car-
bonare shrch ua. depo,ired in ,p.ce. tefi b\ rhe cat-
ciLm hidro\rde and .n jmatler pores. Addirionat creep i.
dllribureLl lo a decrea.c in rhc loao-berring capacity
undcr load during the chcmical conversion of calcium
hydroxide.at
Alternaling humidity
A related problem is the behaviour of concrete under
conditions of altermting humidity a situation fre-
 Alternating humidity 79

800

3 400
I

200 .4'
'.-'.-.
Gl."---

,l .1 10 100
Time undr oad(log scale) days
F,9 6 /6 Efieclolcarbonationon.rccpoinearcementpasrespccinenssroredatarelativenuridiryol65percenlandloadedatthe
agc oi1:6days: 1A)cxposd lo carbonation aitor thre days underloadr (B)noterDosed to ca;bona6i ao

quently xisting in rcal structures. HaNenal observed in
1958 that alternating the ambient relative humidity be-
tween trro limits results in a creep which is higher than
that obtained at a constant humidity within the given
limits. The phenomenon was, in fact, 6rst noticed as far
back as 1942 by Pickett,a2 but since no explanation was
available it was simpiy ignored and lorgotten. If this
behaviour is generally true, it is of considerab)e import-
ance as laboratory tests performed at a constant relative
humidity would underestimate the creep under con-
ditions ofpractical exposure in most cases.
Latcr tcstsar of Han scn's showcd thal crecp is increased
when concretc is cxposed !o variations in relalive humid-
ity only if thc load is applied prior 1o first drying out, and
it is only the firs! drying that increases creep. This is
apparent lrom Fig. 6-17, Nhich shows that exposure ol
mortar to relative humidity alternatingbetween 50 and 70
per cent gives creep almost as large as at a constant
relative humidity of 50 per cent, and much larger than at
the averageconstant humidity of 60 percent.ar It may be

He alive hum d iy(percenl):

E a.2

,9

0.1 :
/!.
4(.-;l{.a:t.''-
/-',,/--,1-,'
,,/,^--
\iil:;:::mu:,
\\ ...
-'-'* "" ;;
ro
l/r' 10 o zo 2wpF^^c!. ,e
allerdryinq at 50iercenl

02a4060
Time underload days
6.17. CEep defleclion otnortar beans stored at an ahernaline relalile hunidily.+l
 80 lniuence ot humidnv on e"r

1200

: 800

Retarive h!midity (per cenl):

d 4AA ^
100

100
T me since apptication oi toad
Frq.6.78 Etre.roiclclcvanarioninbunidi
l:!.o1,.*eep olc-ondde udd a susranrcd codpressive load
Io.2r days lnd rh.; subjeoed ,;" ;;;;;;"rf;;::;;",i1;:i.. specimens we.e iog cured

.1,.,k1r. r. aor .rmirarrv anecred o) dn illcs. * dpDtieJ. rhe ifle\er.ibtc cracIrng d,.ronion,
lll:9-:!,,
arrernJ(rne rerali\e hrmrdilv there re\cr,ihle
a
moisture Decone onealed and the re\ulrdnl deto.mat,on
mo!emenr but nu cumularive efiecr ^ rr of
corsrderable mi,gn ude. Duriag 5ubsequent
Te\r, ot 4l qtuii et at.aa confirmed lhdr c\cte5 ot
the Increase or!rng .uch crackrng ooe\ not occur
m crcep rs ndint).due ro the Frr drying: rhe) cr..p ,, nor
mrcro\oncrele \ ith i cemenr sand raLio
used a "na
warer cemenl rario ot 0.58 which sd.
ol l:2 and a Lhdi and Clu(klich. ror\ron resr\ .
tog-cured for 2l _, hore ,:6n1i...6
oays. tuDuidr specimens rj2-mD oulside rnar oryrng under load inrroduces Jntolrooy
drameler of shflnk-
r)mm thrLt I0t5mm Jongt $ere subiecled ro ^ age. evrdenced b) orienled cracking
Re-werring ctose.
alleG rnese crack\ and inlrodule, a lorque oppo,ire
nrrrng cjal.!e h.rm,dirvclcle,ot t00dqd 50 prr ro lhdl
cenl, J. que ro rne apptred toad.
llll, ,:^'u 6.t8. Aficr rhe rfiird cycte oi humrdiry The anrsorropy is much.maller
rn concrete thdn rn neat cement paste.
d,a,. ai,e: ,odJinsr. rhe in(rea\e,n crecp with morrar occu-
:llil!:.1:u
negrgrbre. whereas.hlnkage bccdme .e\er.ibte
ua, pylng an rnrermediare posirion.
ar;r rhe
r tr.-or (,{lh humrd } change. tn unia\rul compre*ion, TI,,he,lodd r. appried dher nr.r drlrnC our, shrch
i\
l,T
,l,li* ," c,eep ar rhe end or rhe firr orying cycte usualt)_rhe ca\e in prdctice. creep r. con,ide-abl\
rnan.when lhe concrere rs toaded during
Iouer
rimcs rhe (rerp oc{urrins under d rhe 6r,idrying
:::-.,11.": :"d .B
,*',,. humidiry
ano rs rppro)r-rmaret) equdl ro rhe creep
ar
::l-:?li o, 50 dnd t00 per cenr, re- upper le\et ol retati,e humidity. Thrs
rne consiani
rpe-crrvetv. t-or ro.rsionat ioading. rhe corre.ponding 5rruarion rs illus-
rn- rrared rn rrp. 6 t7 lor a humrdiLJ
cfealer rn creep afler ,he nrsr dryrng alLernalrng berseen 50
clcte wire fou. and dnd ,Upe cedr lheobserred 6nal c,eep is ro-wer
sx rme\ rhe_creeD occLrnng under a connant rha4 ar
numrorrl ot J0 and t00 per (enr. resDecrrret\
relative con.rdnl,humrdilyo[_-0 per cenl. I or tor.ion .pecimens.a
lsnar and CIuc\lich! lound lhal crcep increa.e,
rhe rar iarinns rn rrr,mrcrrr) dre ,rok.
creep on Frsr
"]:'"i.^'1,.,1,
Ienos 1 jl creep,. uirh a runhir. atberr irregura,,
ro a \nlue u orrd ha\ e d. rhe con.rdnt
or reralr\e humrdrl) Wilh rapid variarion\.
.owe. lim I.^i,lf!,).iTc
rncred\c,n detorrnarion on dryrng. and a raDid decrease
crecp rends on !uhsequeni \4e ing cl cles tFrs. 6.19t.
ro a value q_htch \aoLlld ha!e at a conslanr
reldtive On rhe bJ.r, of H r n,en\ re(rs.-1 u outd be.udicienrt\
n r,nrdr') hdlJ-sa) bcrueen.he trmij, ol
al.e.natron. Thrs .on'errattre lo d..ume th..r..p o. u.,ru, uru,,r...,o
0eha\ roLr has dl.o been oh.en.<d in ror,ron ul
re,r..,a (nar wnlcn_uould o!cu- dt Ihe
r he ph)..rcdt \ipnrficance ot nr.l
dry rng unocr load rr
lo\ er l,mit ol relali\e
{oxgnt b} Han.en. indn i"-c\er,iblemodincdlinnolsel, num,drry thal ma) oe encou, ered trul rhi,
wa, nol
conhrmed b) L Hermjte and Mamiilan 6
fo5!bl) b) d'ornatron oi r e.J nne crack\ due lo resrrrrnl
o, (n',nkdge bJ unh\dr.ted cemell and
-",. !-.^:lldl.,"o
drrernarins weUrns dnd dryins
dggregate. $ hen rncr(a\e\ l,r of
lhe magnjrude rhe difrerence Eerqeen rhe

! o____o 50 per cent relalive humidity
,9
200
it
a 1oo
Tlmeunderload days
Iis.6../9 In flucnce oI h ygronet cchanSesoncreepolno a.intorionrthenortarrascuEdinwater
for 28days. then at a relative hmidity ol50 per ent lor
tolal deformation of a loaded specimen and the de-
formation of an unloaded companion. Figurc 6.20 shows
his results, and it can be seen that the difference in strain,
referred to above, increases rapidly during the wetting
period but remains stable during drying. This is plotted
in Fi9.6.21. A possible explanation is in rerms of the
occurrence of wetting creep which is proportional to the
compressive stress acting'3 (page 77). For rhe parricular
tests, a stress of 9.8MPa compeNated the free swelling
in water so that there was no net charge in dimensions
(Fig. 6.20).
Bernhardtas sub.iected concrete specimens ro alterfla!
i g storage in water and in dry air (relarive humidity of 35
to 55 per cent) for varying pedods between rhe ages of 10
and 120 days. The cycles were: (a) two days wer, 12 days
dry; (b) two days wet, five days dry; (c) one day wer, six
days dry; (d) one-quarter day wet, six and three-quarter
dals dry Be)ond rhe dge ol 120dd)(.allspecimenswe.e
kept underdry conditions. Figure 6.22 shows the resulting
deformation on a comparative basis, viz. as creep coeffi-
cjent d (the ratio of creep to the elastic deformation on
loading). Two features car be observed. First, after about
60 days under load, stabilization of creep car be observed.
Second, in all cases where the total length of the cyclewas
seven days (b) to (d) - lhe creep was sensibly the sarne,
regardless of the length of the wet period. This may
suggest that maximum wetting is achieved in six hours.
The stabilizd value of d was about 1.5 for the seven-day
cycle and 2.0 for the l4-day cycle.
Subsequent drying maintains the higher value of d for
lhe I4-da) cycle. Among rhe ,-ddy cycle specimens,
Influen e of othe, enuitonments 81
14 days.r.
creep is lower lhe shorter the preceding immersion period.
Unfortunately, no comparative data are available lor
corcrete continuously slored dry or wet.
L'Hermite and Mamillan6 sludied the behaviour of
concrete exposed to variations in relalive humidity in
open air but protected from rain- Theresults are shown in
Fig. 6.23, and there appears to be no substantial dillerence
in creep or ir total deformation belwcen site exposure,
where the relative humidity varied belween 60ard 90 per
cent, and storage in the laboratory at a relative humidity
of 50 per cent. This woutd suggest that alternating rela-
tive humidity increases creep somewhal beyond that
at the lower limit of humidity, although the creep of
the laboratory specimens could have been aflected by
carbonation. However, even if this were not the case.
it is apparent that care is reqrired in applying results
of constant humidity tests to site exposure: a small
allowance for additional creep corresponding to a rela-
tive humidity somewhat lower than the actual lower limit
of exposure seems desirable.
Generauy, in structural members, the influence of
alternaling humidity on creep would be expected to be
smaller than in laboralory specimens because the larger
the size the smaller the effective rate of drying and
lnlluence ol other envlrcnmenls
Although the subject of this chapter is mainly tbe
influence ofthe quantity of moisture in theenvironmental
air on creep of co cret, it is pertinent to include a review
 82 lnlue ce of hrmidit)J o meq

srslainedstress(MPa)
300

4:"

9
I'F""."
E

150
itf .\_
t:
o.6
^/
-r'-'
E
-o
9

on lr water
humiditY
----50 Per cent relatlve
-lmmers
Timeunderload - daYS
alr.lnarly in walei and at a relalile huoidrt} ot50
Fi,'6,0, Time.delomalion ol confete.$b*c*d to d,d*e,t (re$es and slored
I unJ{loa! in air "
";;.rnLalkroo0da\\

in water
Sustained stress{MPa):

-Lmmersion
--_ 50 per cent reLative humidilY

.9 4oo

1l
s
E

200
zor
tl :' -' -' -' --- -i
^,- 4"" - ;' -; -
E
!,--. ov-,--- -"-----------i

0 50w
I rrc rnder loao - dd)s
he L' o'd"d 'n"flmcn'
l-n.-oerorndroiorloddeJ.p'omeno'ligo'?npru'redcldrrlc'ote'r'rrol
 lnfl ence of other emironnents 83

Prev ouscyc e oi slorage, weland dry(days):

2-12

2-5
.9

-6
a 2.0

/-

400 600
Tlme under oad
days
arq.6.r.l. Relalionbetwenrhecreepcoeficienrandtimeu.drloadtorcon.retesloGdunderatternatinscondirionsolrelativehumidity
{Bater and dry an) ior 112 days and Lhen srored d.y.45

200 400 600 400 1000

Iis.t.2J.Crccpolconfeteinopenairandindlaboratoryalarelativehumidityol50perent:200x200\6o0nmprisns
under a stress of 1l.7MPa.o

of the possible eflec1 of other environmenls to which
concrete can be subjected. Here, we are excluding those
aggressive environments which for example react chemi,
cally with the hydraled cement paste so as to ailect
strength in an adversc manrer; such a situalion would
result in an increase in creep due to the loss of strenglh.
Cilosani'?6 found that mortar beams stored in mincral
oil ar not subject 1o creep (see Fis. 10.2). On the othcr
hand, Hansen\ testsa6 indicated that, lor morta. beams
storedin paralin oil, creep continues at a higherrate after
five years than would be expected for storage in waier or
in air, although it should be mentioned that correspond-
ing tests werenot undertakeniIIeither of thelatter storage
environments. Hansen\ explanation for a greater lorg-
term creep is that adsorbed water molecules are partially
replaced by hydrocarbon molcules.a6
81 lnllue ce ol humidity on creep
2000
: .-/-)4"'
1500
'6
6
.9
1000
E
t
i
500
Tmeunderload - daYS
Iia.6rl. Crcep olconcretc under a conpre$ive $res ol2l MPaaM slore.l inradou. cnrironmentsal21MPa'q
Hannanta? lound no influence on creep whcn speci_
mens were slored in bcnzene or in carbon ttrachloride.
However, methyl alcohol, which has amolecular diameter
of0.35nm,i.e. approximately the same as water,hassome
clTect on crecp. This would suggest that molecular size is
the significant factor-
The influencc ol sizeofmolecul on strength (known as
ihe molecular sieve cnect) was dmonstrated by Mills.a3
Thestrength of well-cured concrete increases ondryingso
that desiccated concrete has a higher strength thar
concreie stored continuously in water. However. when
desiccated concrete is resaturated, a strength reduction
occurs owing to dilatiofl ol the cemnt paste structure and
lhe propdgarron ol microcrack' While resarurarron in
\ ater reducs strength to a level similar to lhat of con_
tinuoudy moist-cured concrete, benzene and paraffin,
with rcspective molecular sizes oi approximarely 0.7 and
l nm,havelittle eflect on strength reductiol. On thcother
hand, resaturation with ethyl alcohol which has a mol-
ecular size ofO.5 nm produces a similar strength to that oi
water.43 Thus it appears that. with resaturaiion, areas of
the cmnt pasle structure which are accessibie to
molecules oi water are not readily accessible lo fluids
having a molecular size significantly grcater than 0.5nm.
Any possible influence ol hydrocarbons on creep of
concrete is a topic of inlerest in connection wilh the
increased application oi prestressed ooncrete in oflshore
oil production. Crude oils from the North Sea oil frelds
contain a sigflificant proportion ol pentan and low_
molecular weight hldrocarbons which could have an
ellect onconcrete because ol their ability to penetrate the
cement pasle structure cspecially during ihe period of
curing.
Storage environme.t:
,-='-::/-=---t:=-:':
./:-.--- lPenrane
Tesl data are somewhat limited bur some indication o{
the influence olsea water, pentane and crude oil is shown
in Fig. 6.24.4e After curing in fog for 28 days, cyiindrical
specimens were subjected to aD axial comprssive load ol
21MPa and immersed ineach ofthe environments under
a hydrosratic pressure of 21 MPa. Figure 6.24 indicates
that creep ifl the hydrocarbon envjronments is greaier
than creepin sea water. possibly becaus,with hydration,
there is lcss free waler availablc in the hydrocarbon
environments and hence the effec!ive stress/strength ratio
is grealer. Unfortunately, a comparison of resuits is
hampered by a lack of control test data on slrength and
creep in a pure water nvironment. However, the experi-
mentersae conclude that the environments investigated
are not detrimental to the time-dpendent properties
of concreie provided the latter is of low permeability,
i-e. a concrete having a high cement content and low
water,/cement ratio.
I TROXELL, G. E.. RAPHAEL. J. M. and DAVIS, R. 8.,
Lone time fieep and shrinkage tests ol plain and re_
inforced concreie, P/o.. ,1SII4,58. 1958, pp. 1101 20.
2. KEETON, J. R.. Time-dependent deformalions of plain
concrete, Pro.. Hishwol Research Baard. 39, 1960.
pn 110 15
l. PO\r I Rs L c., A di.cu..ror ul c" nert n)d'"rro ' rn
relation to lhccuringot conclete. Prr.. Hi9ftw1lResedrcft
aoard.27, 1947. PP 1?li 88.
4. L'HERMITE. R., Nouveaux resullats de reche!cies sui la
defo.mdt on c. lr ruprure du bi.on. 1,raler /r" !
1..h-n"c lu Bdtn-.t d dPi r'd"ar. Prbr, i Parr'. 28'
Nos. 2oi 8. 1965, pp. 325 45
 Relerences 35
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re.o\pO o nlr 1 ,^ .,(,( -\ i
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the Fadirubn Intdnalionule d.la P
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RUETZ, W., A hypothesis ior the oeep ol hardened 19.
emenrpdte and lheinfluence ol simultmeous sh.inkage. RUSSELL, J J.. Some aspects ol the movement ol tree
Proc.l t- Co J ah the Slru.Lute of Cancrete, Cemcnl and moisture on dryirg cast gypsum. ,,1r..iire.r0al S.i.r.,
Concrete Asociatio.: London, 1968, pp. :165 87. Rcr,. .8, No.2, 1965, pp. 61 9.
WALLO, E. M and KESLER, C. E.. Predicilon ol creep 31- JONES. T. R., HIRSCH. T. J and STEPHENSON,
in structural concrete, -t. antl 1. M. Repott Na. 670, H. K. The Phrsital Prcpefiies of Sltuitral Auohr
Unilersitl ol lllinois, Dcc. 1966, 110 pf. IightNeight Aggt.lnte Coi.ret?, Texas Transportalion
VERBECK, G., Energetics of the hydratior oi Porlland Irstiiirle. College Sratior. Aug.1959,46 pp.
cement, P/o.. lawth Int- S!h?. on the Cheniny o[ 38. NEYILLE. A. M., Ptopenies ol &,r./erp (3rd ednl.
Cenerr, 1, Washinglon DC. 1960, pp.453 65 Pihan: London and Ma6hfield. Mas., 1981,779 pp.
IR GAMBLE,B. R. ard PARROTT, L. J.,Creep olconcrete 39. ALEXANDRE, J., Influence de la carbonatarion sur le
i. compresslon during dryir8 and welling, Mdrarine o/ nuage e. compressio! du biron. Rau. des Mdtitiau\ tle
Con.rele Res?arart.30, No. 104, Sept. I978, pp. 129 38. Consrrr.rio4 Paris. No. 684. Nov. 1973, pp. 22 9.
l9 AIL I dd KlSl lR. . f. \{e.ha1hm5 ot c-eep a 40. PARROTT, L. J., Infiease in crccp of hardened cemcnt
.oncrere. S)mpo.'Jm on creep or I oncrcre. le.rrJr paste due !o carbonalion utulq 1oad. Maaazi e of Con
Cohrlcte Institute Special Publkatiat Na. 9, 1964. pp. 35 .rcte Resed (h, 27, No. 92, \97 5.
57. 41. HANSEN. T C., Creep or concrcte, Brtl"rin No. -r,
:0. PARROTT. L. J., Some observations on the components Swedish Ccmenr and Concreie Research Inslilure: Stock-
of creep in concrete, Maga,ite ol Co crcte Research. 22, holm. 1958.48 pp.
No. 72, 1970. pp. 143 8. 42. PICKETT, G.. The etrec! of chdge ln noisture-contcnr on
11. KEETON, J. R., Sludy ol creep i! concrctci Phase I (I the creep ol concrcte under a sustained load.,1CiJ,rdl
bean), Technlcal Repo, Na. RJJJ-/. US Naval Cilil 38, 1942, pp.333 56.
EnSineering Laboraiory: Port Huenene, Calilornin, 1965, 43. HANSEN, T. C., Creep ol coDcrere The influence ot
79 pp. variations in the humiditl ol the ambient atmosphere,
tl GLUCKLICH, J.. The etrect ot microcrackir8 on tine- Sixth Cangt.ss oJ the InternationdL AsoLial lor bidqe
dependenl delormations and the long-term stre.Sth ol ,nd S,t d tu, ,l I tdrt*.a t s ucl'.olm. labO. Prel tr,n J
concrere, P/o.. Ihl. Cott. an the Structwe aI Cohcrct., Publication, pp. 57 65.
Cement .rd Conoele Associationr Loldon, 1968, pp. 176 AL-ALUSI.H. R., BERTERO,V V. and POLIyKA. M.,
89. Einflnse der Feuchle aul Schivindc. und Kriechen von
:t. DUTRON, R., Creep in conc.etes. RIatM Blllerir. Paris, Be1on. Betun- und Stahlbelanbau. ?3. No. t, 1978, pp. l8
No. 34, 1957, pp. tl 33. 23.
86 Influe ce of hunidity an creel
45. BERNHARDT. C. J., Creep and shrinkage oi concrete.
Matetials dhtl Stttdtes, Paris, 2, No.8,1969, pp. !45 48.
HANSEN. T. C.. Crccp ol oil-satu.ated concrelc. Prr..,y'
the lht. Cont oi Mechanicdl Beharbut oJ MoteriaLs,
Kyoto, Japa., Aug. 1971, pp. 257 6l
HANNANT, D. J., The nechanism ol creep in conc.ete,
it uteriak a d Stu.tures. Paris, 1. No. 5, l96tl, pp. 403 l0
MILLS. R. H. Nlolecular siele eflecl ln concrele. Proc.
Firth ht-Stnlp- on tha Chelh^tt: ol Ceh.nt, Tokya,I[,
1968. !p. 7,1 E5
49 VA\sO\. O G. -nd qaHl \BA( H. C. D.. Prope re.
oi concrete in contact witlr presurized hydrocarbons and
na qdkt. OTa 2662. of{.hr< l ahaoloqr .,.nl, r. \ !.
HoDston. Te\as, 1976.
Chapier 7
luence ol temperature and
lnf
curing on creep
Temperature is thc second maj or environmental lactor in
-'eep Thi. elTe.r .. u.u"ll) con,idered ro be le* impo,rant
:Lan r.latile humidity since in the majority ofstructures
-:: .ange of operating tcmperatures is small. Howcver,
:: has been observedl that more creep takes place in
rr-Iressed concrele bcams in hoi weather, even if it is
:..ompanied by a high humidity, than when the air is cool
.rd dr). Moreover, in recent years, the interest in the
::mperature effecis on crcep has been stimulated by the
:\- ol prestressed concrete pressure vessels in nuclear
:.actors. The service conditions herc involve tempera-
:;res around 95'C (but this depends on the rype of the
.a..orl. ,reep rcmperalLre gradtents and tar'ou\ (om-
rinations oftemperature and pressure. As the vesscl walls
":e usuaLlyin excess of,l.5 m thick, we arevirtually dcaling
:irh mass concrele. In mass concrete structures. wbcre
::nc.ele urdergoes a temperature cycie, even if the
:iibient lempcrature is constant, the problem of rhe
:riuence oltemperature on creep is also important-
While the design stresses both in nuclear pressure
r.ssels and in mass concrete structures such as d?rms are
generally very low, ihe eflects of timedeformation may
:e important, so thal a reasonably accurate prediction of
Sl.ictly spaking, as in the case ofhumidi!y, wc should
dislinguish between the lemperature during rhe period of
curin g preceding the application oi load and the tempera,
iure while the concrete is under load. In the fomrr casc.
:be properlies ol co1(rele. a, lar a. h)dralron rs con-
cerned, are more affected and this may modily rhe creep
behaviour in addition to thc more direct inffuence of
Iemperature on the aciual creep process_ However, ac-
cording to Ross r, al..':the effects of.eduction in viscosity
of rhe detor,nab]e phd.e dnd ol increa,e rn vxpour
pressure, when the temperature increases, are greater than
the increased bydration in both sealed and unsealed
lnlluence ol temperature on etasticity
Before discussing creep, it is pe(inent to consider the
irfluence ol temperature on the elastic proprties ol
concrete since seveml investigators have reported thar the
Todrlu, o[ ela'lrcrr] decrease. wIh an increa,e in
iemperature, and tlis'relaxatio 'olthe material could be
rhought to berelevant to creep.It should be noled that we
are concerned with the inlluencc oftemperature on c.ecp
laken as the strain in excess of the tcmperature-aflecled
elaslic strain at application of load so that our adopted
definition ofcreep in Chapter 2is maintained. Atconstanl
normal temperature, the modulus of elasticily oi sealed
concrete increa'es slrghllJ {rh dge (and thi' inrrease is
ofren insignificant), while the modulus ofdrying concrete
decreases due to the loss of load bearing evaporable
waler. The influence ol temperature on the modulus of
elaslicity, as rcportedby several investigators, isshown in
Fig. 7.1 as the ratio ofmodulus at the test temperature to
the modulus at 20"C. For drying concrete, the efiect ofan
increas in temperaturc is to reduce the modulus over the
temperature range 50 to 10o'C. For mass-cured (sealed)
or water-stored concrete. the modulus is also reduced as
the temperature increases, the effect beirg greater lhan
when water can be expelled from the concrete. The data
for sealed concrete, shown in Fig. 7.1, are for concrete
which is heated a short time (approximately 24 hours)
before being subjected to load, during which period the
rise in temperature is thought to ircrease the mobiiity of
moislure so lhat thc sti$ness of the solid structure is
On the other hand, ifsealed concrcte is subjected to a
higher temperature thronghout its life, or during a long
period before application of 1oad, the effect of temperature
is to accelerate hydration, and ifl consequence the con-
creteis more mature.Inthis case, the modulus ofelasticity
is nol signjGcantly affected by temperature, as was found
by Nasse( and Nevilleq and by Hannant,lo over the
temperature range oi21 to 95"C.
lnlluence ol lemperalure on basic creep
In the firsl instancc. wc shall consider ihe influence of
temperature on basiccreep, i.e. the case ofsealed concrete
lo represent mass-curing or lo represent concrete pre-
dried and sealed before loading, and also the case of
water-stored concrete.
One otthe earliest tests on the influence oltemperature
on creep is that ofTheuera in 1937 who found that creep
(
doubled berween '0 ard 45 lor $eFsrored specimens
loaded ai three days- de la Pefra" found creep of 1:1
mortar specimens siored under water to be proportional
to the temperature in the range 0 to 50'C. Serafim and
Guerreiro's testsl':on mass-cured concrete.loaded at the
age ofthree days, showed that the rate of creep at 45 'C is
higher than at room temperature dudng the first four to
five days after application ofthe load; thereafter, the rate
ol creep is the same in both cases so that a constant
8\ /ry',c4. nt Pqt eJnJ urit 4i'c t

r 1.0

.--.\
6 o1 .-_\.

100 300

heate'i shorllv beiore lesling

| 4 I 6 r'3
Iid i/ tiluence olrenperatuE on modulus ot eladicilv ot 'oncret'

in Table 7.1, and it can be seen thal, except for r

diflercnce h the nagnitudc olcrcep pcrsists' The decrcise eu'e' {'rrh Jn
ti." in ," ,rnu"n"c oi lcmpcrature on creep lakes .i,.,','""r.t ,Jriu ol n.J5. crecp inc
"lir.
.la.e Jl.,o in fle\trre.L'
,".,.... l" ;.r.'.'r,,* -P ro JboLr '0 C' '1d 'he-eufier
' J...''"^,'. qe . o. neJ b\ HJ'l'cr'' {Lo
"
",r, Tesls on water curcd concrete show the same creep
resiea molst-cured specimens six months old scaled and
orecondilioned durins 24 hours to the subseqlrent lem-
r,"tluilo* ,t in the casc of mass-curing for all the
ne,.t ure r, nornri unuJr.ouL.^'('lhlc'secl! flo ldl i;.,,,.,,. re.red uhrlcrhr'na) norbi hJca'(\\irh
s-.('ienterr rario' berou about 0'llJ
l', +o .,na "O c erh'.. ed, ('pe.ri\el) r$o ind r\re( il;' .,',t* ing-e" or urrer lor conrrn'rrng hrdr0_
umL\ Lhc.reen ^' nri Jr 'necinerr' ar l0
r' I ron lhe ,*r,l-f,,.or,:""
rhecfect tront. 'he'oh.er,riron conl'rm' lhJ (reep ^[
,h''r oncrele
,r,,n.or,r,..:..p r. tr(el)
h r\e
roul.tr"'. oeen r.larIel]'('' pr'lounL o orL( i lonser *r'.i, ,. i"i*.'n*a."n,.,,r equiribr'um wi 'urr^uno'ns
..Jr.'. rhc relulte \umiJrr\ rl rhi'
neriod under load. 'r creep (sec Ch 6)'
ln hrarial.omDr(''ior, r.'1. or 'ed ed concrelc' 'reep "' -"- and is- in facl basic
medium
Nasser antl Neville"'i
s,1.'o rnJ .bebnrro'rmd'(r\ lrnt''1! rJ'Jredl^remne'a- r. i"i.' i"'".iig"rion bv
yar'
ture in rne ranee)0 to g0'C, as \'!as creep under-')uniaxial concreic ofa similar mlx was loaded at the age ofone
dro lhc herlalroL unue- lsu lemfeldlure egime' $c'
.rie". 4 | r'( re'Jlr*hu$n rr I rE a-e Ior slorcd under
"n.n,-'ite
los' Joj lonmm ro- 'e\en d,r\ comoarerl, all specimens being cured and
and thcn sealcrl with eporY resin and paint bclore loading
loadin water. In ihe first, thc higher temperaiure was
f,o'. /!< ol .?4 onwarrr: in tre 'e'ond'
io a compressive biaxial stress ol 6.9 MPa al the age ol
the 'o.rr
"oof"o
ir,.:.p*,".r. at I It
trr ro o'le uce\ prror ro
i9o:.lncl-nuard R,'.. -ner.r.,ric'epon'edled
tn ,..r-.-:ou . "-..'"'.a
lo"J. r.. tor Jlno'I a 1rar. and onlr tl'en
..rrmtr loroed dr rl'( dse ur l0 Jr) ' -r'e Lu-nP rr *'"'. rt,. rcn'o.'a'.r. rr'scu slo$l) l!' lhal dl *hlch lhe
riater for thrce days and at 90 per cent relalive humidily
roal $ J. lu he su\\e.tuenllJ app'red. A' dn iddr'innJl Ie'L'
lor sir days, .rnd subsequentl) srblected !o temperatures ."r. .,. .*rt )0 )e"r' ord. in rhe rorn oi 'pej|rer'
Lo to l). t I qrre ..t rro'cJ i: rn JopJ'er tmrvmLm
..i.a r'". . rdrl$d) brrdse. \" 'rb'eL 'o Lo '"'rrin(d
\ne.ih. .reeD,i 'nnro. rvrell '00 ( ' A 'rm lJr erli'l ,oao.n! ir.lel l'edllfg ro \alloJ' rempera'rre' in tlatet'
I hi' c.rncrerr h"d a ienenl pa're ronrenr ol l6
pcr cenl
* '' r..,,,o.e \I \."er and 5.t,11c r1 lo"t" cn 'exl(d .omoarcd srlq 2i ner cenr rn rhc lrbo'aror)-cJ'r sp(cr-
anrl on rvarer siore<l specimens healcd to the rcquired i'u. -.' l'Jl lhere it no
i.-p.,,,r'.' rdu)' pn" .oanplL"ron ^t'^dd ar rhe ."... tL crn fr...c, I rg.. .4
"rJ
q aif"t.n"" ln thc shape of the curves or in th
,'ge ur l4 JJ\ . umrir) ur .her' e'u''' I' gi'en
"ecl "uirtunUor
 lnll ence oI temperotne on basic ueep 89

rime under oad (days):

20

t0

::

;2.

40
Temperature .C
.arq i-1. Innuene ol temFrature on speilic crcep of concrele und.r bialial compre$ion:

inff uence of tempcralure on creep betwccn the laboratory_

12n cast and old concretes. aithougb aller several months
undr load at,16"C and 96'C the rale olcreep olthe old
concretc is higher ih:m in lhe laborarory specimens. This
may be due !o the absence of the restraining cnecl on creep
of an increase in srrength of concrctc Lrnder load in the
"ao
9
case ofthe so-year old concretc (ree Ch. 5). It may aiso be
noted that significant crccp occurs a! 21'C in the old
concrete: this is wetting crecp (Ch. 6) caused by re-
satrration after storage outdoors.
6 DxrJ ror.oncrelealler "5 oai. uloe- load Jre Si\ tn r1
3rc
a Table 7.2 and rhe paltcrn ofinfluence of tempemlure on
creep can be sccn. In the case of concrete sto.cd at an
elerated,cnfe-:rlure llroughout rl\rii( hc rn.rea'e in
creep relative to creep ai 2l 'C is greatcsl at the tempera-
ture of 71'C. Also, for any eleyaled temperature, the
0 40 a0 120 creep is significantly less for concreie stored continuously
Temoerature - "C "l rhe higl-er lcrnpcJrlure rhan \\hen lle rempcr-tJr( i'
IU.7.J. innuence of lenpemlu re o n speciiic creep ofconcrcteafier 80 raised only a wcck belore the application ofload. Thus, il
days under lo.di specimens sealed and loaded ro a srie$ ol 6 9 M P! al
appears that the degree ofmaturity (lemperatur x cur-
ing lime) prior io applicatiou of load is i lactor, i.e. the
greater ihe maturity at thc time olapplication ofload the
smaller thecreep.In thc case olthe old concrete which was
fully hydrated at applicalion of load, a maximum creep
Iarle 7.1 c.ep ar ditreent tempe.alures anor 15 months also occurrcd a! 7l 'C (Table 7.2). th ralio ol creep ar
71 'C to crccp al2l 'C being 5.5. Thecorrcsponding ratios
Sr$s/ Cr@p al 21 'c Ratio oI {eep al ldperature for thc laboratory-cast concrete loadcd at the age of one
nrenslh rario 00 1 qy '"j=Sjt ,fc yar a.e 4.0 when the iempcratu.e is raised just bfore
46'C 71'C "C 96 application ofload and 2.4 in the case olspecimens cured
0.35 630 1.32 1.75 r.95 at 71"C. Since in nuclear pressure vessels the concrelc is
1220 1,10 2.16 t6l subjected to stress when nany months old, and also since
1.01 2.23 1.,12
the slress acts at a higher tcmperature than the prcceding
gA l lluence of remperutute and cutikg on creep

Slorage remperature l"C):

2000

1000

::_,-.-.

100 150 200 250

50
Timeunder load days
|i,7,,'RelationbetweencreepandrineunderloadiorconcrelebealedoneNekbetoreap|licalionolloadtoaslres]'strensth
miio or 0.45 ar &e ace or one rear '6

temperature, this latter observatjon is oi considerable that a rapid-bardening Portland cement was used which,
,o.crher nilh currnP al ele!"led lemperalure. e'ulled in a
o
rl srs reported lhat 'rrenglh
ln lhe Ii,(l inre.rrgalron niih matu irr befoie rhc applicarion .'f lodd xl rhe age o[
and modulus of elasticity werc not significantly affectcd
,o_,1,t. 116uerer. in d laler paper by Nas'er and
l.ohtia.1l of
who used the same mix and age at applicxiion
b\ lemperalure durrng lhe pe'rod ol cteep te\lrng o\cr lhe of93'C.
temperature
timperature rangc.rl roob C. fhc'eason ao!inr'd ud' load, it was reportcd that, above a

Sto,aqe remperaiure ("c):

T1

1000

150 204 250

T me undei load days

to aslresshlrenslholio
Fiq. /.J. Relatron betseen.epand ume under lodd forconoeloheated l4davsbeloreapplicadonolload
of 045 at tl,e aue ol50 leas16
 Infrue ce of temperatwe on basic oeep 9l
Iarls Z? Creep al diflerent tempratures alter 225 days und.loa<t 16

Storage temperalure beioE C.eep al 2l 'C Ralio of c.eep a1lemprature

(10 1 shown !o rep ar 2t'c
11'C 96'C

25 1.71 253 o.19

150 22R i.54
2t 25 190 1.47 3.26 5.10
45 350 3.34 4.97 4.83
50 2to

compressive strength decreases with an increase in both

tempcratureand pe od ofcurirg.In their tests, creep was
App ied slress (MPa):
measured over the temperature range 1.7 to 212'C, the
results being shownin Fig.7.6 as the ratio ol specilic creep
at thc test temperature 1o the specific creep at 21"C. It
appear. lhal specific creep incrcire, q
h an increase in
remperature to a maximum at approximately 150'c but,
when lhc influence of strength is considered, Fig. 7.7 ,9
shows that, beyond 70'C, any increase in creep at a
conslant stress/strength ratio is not so apparert. There-
fore, the lncrease ir specific creep at temperarures greater
than 70'C can be explained by the reduction in strength q
which occurs at higher temperatures.
The le.r, .elerrcLI lo abo\e we-e maue on cor.rele in
plasticjackets. It is relevant to norc !hat, concerning thc
measuremeni of basic creep under uniaxial stress ar a
temperature in excess of 100'C, Bazant et al.ts are ofthe
opinion that the commonly used method of sealing the
specimens by a surrounding metallicjacker is inadequate
to prevent moisture loss from the concrcte because the
jacket bulges under internai pressure produced by hea!
ing, thus providing a rcceptacle for expcllcd moisrure. A
0 100 200
.C
more rigid jacket would not allow the stress anddisplace- Temperaiure,d -
ment boundary conditions to be propcrly controlled and, Iir. 7.6. Inlluence ol tenperaruE on speclfic (eep ratio ot concrete
(expresscd as a rario of sptrific oeep at tdpe.aluE al 10 speLinc creep
thercfore, triaxial testing in which a flexible jacket is
a1 21 'C) aiter 180 days under load: specimhs heated and sealed al
subjected to external pressurc is, in their view,'3 the only 24 hours, and ioaded ar rheageoi14davs.rr
method of measuring creep with no loss ofmoisture. Also.
sincc the knowledge of creep at high temperatures is
required lor massive reaclo. vssels,itis necessaryto have Stress/sire.!lh rar o:
crres sljlem rn nhrch rhe lalerdt pre,\ure is
"at rria\ial
least equal to the internal pressure induced by rapid
heating.l3 Apparaius for rhe measurement of creep at
elevatcd temperatures is dealt with in Chapter 15. 9
In spite ofthe previous commenls on the possibility of
moisture loss from sealed concrete specimens, we prefer to
describe creep dara so oblaifled as basic crcep.
A prominent feature of the investigarions into the
inlluence of temperature on creep is the grearer experi
mental varialion associated wj!h elevated temperatutes.
The i965s and 1967'6 papers of Nasser ard Neville, and
ihe subsequent paper of Nasser and LohtialT reporied
iftegularities in, or no apparcrt relation betwccn, crep
and temperature for the first 21 days alter appiication of
load. Generally the crep time relation was described by 0 r00 2aa

two separate lines: for creep ploiled against the logarithm Temperaiure,6 - 'C
of time underload, one straight lineforcreep up to 21 days F,r 7.7. lnn uence of tenpeml ure on ciep a tio (exp.e$ed as rh. ra tio
ol creep at aconslanlsress/nrenslb rario ar tmperature ero creep at a
and another for creep after 21 days.In contrast to the first
rJlJdrr.r,esr'Prgt' r cr,:. cr"ne 80d"y.unde'ludu,torrle
Deriod. the majorilJ ot lesrs indicare rhar ll-e ma\imum
 92 Infue .e of tempelatute and crting on creep
ir./.rsc in creep over that at 2l 'C. at a constanr
stress,rstrength ratio. measured from the 21-day creep.
occurs at a tempcrature ofapproximately 70"C and, on a
lurther temperature rise, the jncrease of creep is reduced.
Ol course, this docs nor always imply thal an actual
maximum dlre oI creep at a constant stress/strength ratio
:D;>i='ax
occurs at a lemperature of70'C since the creep during the
first 2l days under load is a conrrihutiDg factor.
Howcver, the maioritt, of experimenlal evidence does
suggest lhat basic creep nlay become a maximum in the
rcgion ol rn I uher rhe.||..., nreng.l lIr,i .ernain\
corstant and whcn the concrete is cured ar lhe test
lemperature lor a long period belore the application of
load. i.e. for concretc ofa greater maturity.
In connection with the earlier comments on thc re- ---:-1e|
-..
--::.==1'---i7
a./ 2a
.-..-;;
duc tion in strenglh with an increase in tem perarure. i! is of
intcrest to repo( thc resulrs ofHannant.r0 Using concrete
cured in water lor 6v months, iollowcd by an addilional
month sealed in a salLrraled condition at a remperature ol
20'C and heared 2.1 hours bcfore application of load.
Hannant measurcd creep lor pe.iods underload up to 733
,oi

^J)-->*
days.Ir general, ir was found thatcreep was proporrional (b)
to theapplied stress lor the range4.8 to 11.8 Mlq and lhc 9
specific crccp increased with an increase in temperaturc
up to 95'C (Fi-q. 7.8). In addition, it was reported that rhc
modxlus ofclasticity initially reduces as the temperaiure I
increases b t recovers slowly at higher temperalures to a
value approaching that al no.mal temperatures, and also
thal lhe strenglh decreases with prolonged storage at
elevaled temperature. This finding is similar ro thal ot
Nasser and Lohtia" and implies ihat at higher rempera,
a
6

!
I
6

3Bo
(d) 1

:
340

10
0 100 2@
Trme under oad(log scale) (/+1)dars
Time under road days
a(.7 9. Relarron between logarithm olspecilicela$ic nrain plu$basic
aia. 7.d lnUuene oI temperaruE on spe.inc c.ee! oI sarurared and creep and logarithm oI lime under load lor concretes srored a! various
.eJel !on._e. L. 1de. or'l " op-. .'r mon l-.: .r.'r (nr ned eo 24 lemferalures: aBe al ap|licatDn oI load: (aJ 7 daysr (b) 28 days;
h.u^ befvre ordnE 2Eda\lubeitre,srh:5lMir o (c)60daysi ldl l30daysrand (el.lcrodrrs'"

tures the stress/strength ratio increases so thar creep at a
constant slress/strength ratio would be less.
Browne and Blundcllle advocate a po\rer telarion ro
express creep as a funclion oltemperature lor thcir results
and also lor other investigators' resu1rs.e.t6 Tests on
sealed concrete indicated an incrcase of specific creep with
an increase oltemperature over the rarge 20 to 91.5'C for
ages at application of load bel\r,ccn seven and 4U) days
(Fig. 7.9); spccimens were sealed and stored at 20'C unril
heating to the lest temperature shorlly before application
ol a stress of 14.6 MPa. These tests were continued for a
period of six yea.s and it is likely thar srrcngth was
aflected, althoughno values arereported. Theinfluenc. of
age at application of load on specific elaslic strain-plus-
basic creep is similar at elevated remperarure to that at
l0'C. as can be sn from Fig. 7.10.
Seki and Kawasumi'1 also investigated fie influence ol
temperature (20 70 'C) on creep for ages at appiication ol
load of 29 and 100 days;specimens were cured at 20'C
z This behaviour is apparent in lhe lesls olRuetz," who
2AA
E iso
a
E
6 100
o
r-{Hornfelsaggresaie
. aggresate
-"Doterite
G- !Limesioneaggreoaie
71A14 2A 100 2 60
Aqe at appticalion or oad (tos scale)
F,, 71, lnfluence oI len!.rature on specilic elastic strain-plulbasic
cnepoa th@ concreresnadewith thrcedifrerent aggreeales ior various
ases a1 applicalion olload:arplied nre$ - 1l.8MPa.ro
IaJlueru:e of temperature on bdsic oeep 93
and 50 pcr cent relative humidity until approximately two
days prior 10 application of load, when rhey were sealed
and heated. Thus, as the concrelc was pre-dried at rhe time
of sealing, the subsequent creep can bc considered to be
basic creep ola concrele wilh areduccd cvaporablewater
content- The ralio of specific crep at elevated tempera-
ture to the specific creep at 20'C is shown in Fig.7.1l,
which shows thal pre-dried concrele subjcctcd to elevated
temperature at a later age leads to a higher specific creep
relative to that at normal temperature. lt may be noted
that, for the 29-day loading, the compressive strengths
were similar at the temperatures of 40 and 70 "C and were,
in facl.20 per cenl greater than the strcngtb at 20 "C after
70 days under load. Refcrring to Fig.7.1l, thc ellcct ol lhc
increaseinstrengthisappareni:theincreaseincreepfrom
20 to 40'C is lower, there being an increase in strength.
but the increase in creepis greaterfrom 40 to 70'C, there
being no change in strength.
So far we have been concerned with the influence of
remperarure or bdsic creep shen lhe re.r remperarure i'
raiscd at least 24hours beforethe load is applied, and tlvo
importanl poinls are relevanl to the dependence ol
temperature on creep: the maturity (or degree of hydra-
tion) at ihe time at application of load and rhe change ir
strength during the period of sustained loading. Thus, if
the temperatureis raised some time before theapplication
oi load, the concrete has a higher maturitv and a lower
subseqLrent creep than if the temperature is raised just
prior to. or during, thc application of load, when the
attributcd the ditrerence in the creep lemperatLrre re-
lation 10 a change in the hydration process when cement
pa,re,Itecrmcn. {ere heaLed and loaoed al rhe,Jme Ilme
Age ol application or load (days):
J,""
9
)"
80
Temperalure,'C
ais. 717 Influen.e ol age ar applicadon 01 load on basic creep.aiio
(expre$ed as theratio or crep at t6t temprarure io reep ar 20'C) ar
larious rmpeiarures lor concrete pre-dried and lhen sealed and healed
2 dals prior to loadine 10 E 9 MPa trr
94 I lluence of temperctute ani curins on crcep
(Fig. 7.12)j at temperatu.es above 40"C thc accelerated
hydrationprocesscausesagaininstrengthwhichtendsio
compensale the increased creep al higher temperatures-
On theotberhand, when the specimen is completely dried
out by beingsubjected to a higher lemperature before rhe
application of load, creep increases steadily with an
increase in lemperalure.
Similarly, the influence of maturity at the time at
application ofload is apparent in the tests ofHansen aDd
Eriksson,rr who inaestigated the sequence ofhcating and
loading usingflexural mortar spccimens. They lound that
heating before loading led to lower creep compared with
heating afler application of load (see Fig. 7.13I all
specimens were permane tly submerged so that any
,6 influence of relative humidity was absent- lt is possible
that th observed dillercnce is due to the effect of the
temperature change prrs, similar to the efect ofa change
in .clative humidity (se Ch. 6).
Finally, an interesting example of the practrcal srg-
nircanccollhcrn( ffie rn c-eep w'rh lemperi lure i. giren
by Ross e, al.:'1 a unilormly prestressed sealed beam was
subjectcd to a temperature gradient, as shown in Fig-
7.141a). The defleclion induced by initial heating was
020406080 gradually reduced to on{hnd ofits value (Fig. 7.14 (b))
Temperature 'C because ofthe ligher creep ollhe hotler part of the bcam.
F,a 7./, Inlluence oi lefrperalure on specijic creep after six days under

(a) hearedand Ioaded at lhe sane linci lnlluence ol temperature on lolal creep
(b) pE dried bliore loading 1:
The discussion on the p.eceding pages concernd con-
crete which is scaled so thai moislure exchangc with the
cxte.nal environmentis prevented while concreteis under
load. Mar6chal'a performd crccp tesls at temperatures
up to 400'C on unsealed specimens which were moist

Loaded beiore healing at2 "c permin

Loaded beloreheatinoat 2 "C perhour

9
9
Prpf-dled coo Fo a.o roadeo bplo'eheal lgdl2'C pe Lrour

-Loaded afier heai nq ai2'C perhour

Tirne underload - days

l:ir. z/J. Influcncc oirhe sequence oi healing and l.adins on crcep deflecrion otnortar beams:r

(a)
'f
II
E
E l'i.
2l
e
9
Q20
Timesinceapp lcation oiheat
(b)
aia. 7.r?. la) Temperature disribution in a presrresscd .oncrele bedni
cured for one ycar and then heated slowly ro the desired
temperature and maintained at it for 15 days prior to the
applicalion ofload- Figures 7.15 and 7.16 show thatcreep
70 C. redches a minimum
'.lcredces up lo 50o( , is lers ar
a1 105 "C, and then increases again up to 400.C. A plor of
therate of creep versus temperature is showrin Fig.7.17,
which also gives results for concrete pre-dried at 105 "C
for one month prior to the application of load.,4 It is
apparent that heating acclerates the rate ofexpulsion of
evaporable moisture from the unsealed concrete so that
when all the moisture has been removd ihe rate of creep
is greatly reduced and becomes equal to thar ofpre-dried
Hickey\ tests2s on unsealed concrele were undertaken
in a test chamber so rhal the relative humiditv was
all^ued ro rJrv wIh Lemperature. Spcimen\ tr ere t;aded
to 5.5MPa after one month of moist curing and an
additional month ofcuring at 50 per cent relative humid-
ity.Immediately after the application of load, the tempera-
ture was raised dowly (over a period of 24 hours) to rhe
tesl temperature. Figure 7- 18 sbows the creep aftervarious
times under load and the results do nor indicare a Iarse
inlluence on creep ollhe relari!e humrditl po. * Uur tfie
varialion in relaiive humidity, except at the lowest
temperalure, was smail.
Theuera found that uNealed coflcrete pre-dricd at
110"C exhibited small creep, which was independenr of
the subsequent temperature for the range
-3 to 51'C, a
finding which has been confirmed by several other
I fuenrc of tenperatute on total creep 95
L-----------J 58.5
Av6rageternperalure
dislributron ("C)
- days
(b) Efit oiheatingon denection.,
investigators.2a,26 In general, pre-dried concrete at a high
temperature shows little or no creep when subsequently
subjected io a lower temperature under load.
Arthanari and Yura compared the creep of uNealed
concrete dabswith thecreep ofsealed specimens reported
earlier(page 88)after40days underload. Theyfound that,
whereas the basic creep at 80'C was approximately twice
the basic creep at 20'C, total creep at 80"C was rhree
l,mc\ the rorrl creep dr 20'C. Ihus, lhe incredse in lo-
t
lal crecp at ele\ared lempcralure due ro an increase in
bolh ba.rc creep and drvrng creep. rhe ,atrer berng associ-
ated with an acceleration of the loss of moisture. The
importarce of moisture content both bfore and after
application ofloadis apparent from Seki and Kawasumi's
lests;rl here, concrete was cured at a relative humidity of
50 per cent and at 20'C before the application ofload at
29 and 100days. The results for sealed concrete subjected
to elevated temperature are giver in Fig. 7.i 1. which can
be compared wi th the creep of unsealed concrete shown in
Fig. 7.19. For the early age at application of load, total
creep at 40'C is much grcater than basic creep but, at the
higher temperature of 70'C, total creep is roughly equal
to basic creep. For a later age at application ofload, total
creep becomes less than basic creep as both the tempera-
lure dnd time under load rncrea.e Thi. beha\iour can
be explained by a combination of two effects: a lower
evaporabie water conlent at the age at application of load
and.'ub.equen,.a redutedconlnbuLionotdrrngcreep
to the creep o[uffealed concrete-
 96 tnlue ce ol temperatute and curins an creep

Slorage iemPerature ('c):

400

)..

T.-'-,:?

Ta r-

.,---::- --=..--,-.-
105 and 150
-,._::_-.-f.^
100

l' .P J'o'' ooo loo \c:r"' - ddvs

Innuenceoll.mperatureonloratcreelotconcreremaae*,ttlqu]nzrieJgclcsdlesub]e!leLLloJ,lresUl4aMPa,,

aoDe-- thJl. in Jod|l:on ro mornulc. onrenl dl l\c lime

ol
Itis ol irterest to observe that in Fig T 19 rnere is 3
ora.lual increa.c in lnral creep r' lhe remper"lJre in_
.r'*a
ond 'o rhe mo''rure 'o" dJIrns rhe
"1,i,.,,."
.!i'na ,no- ,o"n. ',.nerh I' Jl'u " lxL or rn roLal crcrp'
lea'e' for Lhe larrr agearnpplcdLronollord.sher(r' lor
ihe application of load at29 davs,creep appears
to reach a iitrro.*rl r"""i i-poitance than in thc case of basic
ut 40'C. However, i! \ras reporled thar the .r..p.'a" "t.t..p'io', lo rhe l3'l 5lalemell * r' dl on'irr
-ur;*o.lncreased with an incrcase in lemperature for the ,rrli"e ,n.trrce' nrcro.r.rttt'rg x componenr oi
"t'cneth
"r,.i
lotal creep as measured-
.r-'t_oe. ur rppt,crrion or Ioao but trom lhe age of 100
i,'l ,i.* *.''- .hansc rn 'rrensL\ Henre' ir
"pp",en.

Storase temPeralure l"C):

-,.'--r-'- y-..-
,t2'-' .--""
i

,-*-150 _
-,-
:==.--=-.'" 105

..4.- e:-;Z:2.-::;=;-'

"1 2 3 5

Iime under load (loq scale) - days

MPa'r4
aegiegate subjected to a stress oI9 8
lcir.7.16 Iniuencoltenp.ralureontolal cleepolconfetemadewnhquarizite
 I luence oj tenperature on tatsl oeep 97

\l

cr6le previously drled at 105.c

0
-100 100 200 300
Temperalure under load - "C
F,s.7.17. lnduene oi tenpe.ature onrateof cEp ofconcrete.:4

Time under load (days):

180

66

400

82 110

50431
4i4.7.18. Influene oi tmperalurc on cr*p ol concrer when rlarjve nunidily h allowed toaary.:r
98 lnfl ence of temperuture a d curing on creep

Subiecled lo one cycleoi ireez ng and

Stored n raborarory

-
Timeunder load (days):
2A
I
TO

7
2A
:1
TO

--"-'------- ---3:i 0.3

Q2
0

9
Temperat!re 'C
fir.7.l9. Influeneolaeeal appliatlon olloadon tolal creep ari. ar
elcvaled tempcrarures {expressed as the ralio of crep al lest tenpera
ture to creep at 20"C)ior unscaled.oncrcle at a relativehumidity oI50
percenr undl trodaystelore applicaxon ol load l 0204060
Time under oad - days
1.4.-.' r'efollro/.'.or!'ere l'8')Tr\.s.'crt'T.1rrrrro
0.5

probably because of large changes ir lhe energy of the

systcm as a result of lreezing and thawing.
Extensive tests on creep of frozen concrete werc made
by Podvalnyi,rl who found that saturated concrete
subjected to freezing shows much higher creep than
corcrete in saturated air al 20'C (s?e Fig. 7.21) ard that

9 the creep vs. stress/strength ratio in the former case is far

from linear. Although he gave no informalion on this, it is
possible thar fiosi caused serious damage so that the
e 2.0 actualstrength of concretewas below that assumed. This
could be so especially in flexurc, 10 which Podvalnyi's
specimcns were subjected.
Podvalnyi'zT further found that cycles of freezing and
thawing increase thc dellection of a beam. A givn
increase inth dcflection occurs after a smalier number of
cycles whcn the slress/strengrh ratio is higher. The
relation bctween the deflection and the number of cyclcs
0 incrascs in a step-wise manner. This is probably due to
irost damage and microcracking during freezing. An
Temperaiure 'c entrainment would. unde. such circumstances ol ex_
l:ir.7.rr. Creep olsealed concrele at los lenpratures as aproportion posure to frost, dccrease creep compared with non-air_
entrained ioncrete.

Creep al lreezing lemPeralures lnlluence ol stress and slrenglh al various

The creep behaviour of concrcleat temperatures down to
20'C was studicd by Johansen ard Bcs!.r Figure 7.20
shows creep after 24 days at these low temperatures as a
proportion of creep at 20'C. The presenco ol ic led to a
higher iniiial rate of creep but this quickly dropped
zero. Ice-free concrete had a lower initial rate of creep but
continued to deform at a rate which was dependent on
temperalure. At the ice point there was instability,
Figure 7.22 shows thal the relatior between basic creep
and stress,/strenglh ratio at any constant higher tempera-
ture is linear,ejust as at room temperaiure. The strcnglh
10 referred to is the strength at the age at application of load
so that, for the same temperaiure, we are discussing the
variation in stress/strength ratio caused by the use of
dillcren! stresses for a conslant strength. Several in_
 Predittio of bast drul totaL oeep at elet)ated temperaturc 99

Storase rem perature ( " C):

a o.2 04 0.6 03
Slress/sirenqth ratio
au 72, Relation between.rcep ol concrele ailer 9l days under load an d stress,]s lreng lh ratio lo r d iflerenl lcm pc.al ures otsrorase.,

vestigalorsto lt
have rcported a proporlionality between these terms being given as:
basic creep and applied stress for any constant tempera-
ture between 20 and 80'C, whilc Nasser and Lohtia'?
dmonstrated lincarjtyfor temperatures up io 230 "C and
+,: l'"
rt,t tar 11.2)
for sl.esses up ro 0.7 of rhe initial strcngth at rhe
application of load. In general, therefore, it isjusrinable to t,,,: lt '| %l [7.3]
study ihe ellect of temperature through specific creep, Be-B(t+bfiEp)
allhough it should bc appreciared rhat, when srrength u.1)
vares, c.ccp is influenced by the rpproximate stress/ t94
strength rule (Ch. 5). ' ,*[ 1oo l'' t7.sl
p I 253.2 i
prediction ol baslc and totatcreep at etevated
1

[7.6]
Bazant and Panula'z3,'ze proposed a modified version of
":r+;oltI"t+078
their model described in Chapter 12 ro allow for thc
influence ol tcmperature when predicting creep from mix
,:*(oJ'(r' u.7l
paramelerc;the tcmperature remains constant during the where A: lemperalure (K).
crecp process bLrt may vary prior to rhe appiication ot
,o : rcference temperature : 298K(25 "C),
load. For basic creep,2s two inffuences of elevated
temperature are recognized: an i.crease in the ratc of fu : age of thc concrete when lemperature 0 is
creep and a reduction in creep due 10 accelerated hydra, applied.
Ion. Slarlrnc lrom rhc e\presion for lhe ba.ic crccp B: coeficient relared to the 28day strength
coeficient at normal temperature given in Chaprer 12 (t12.511).
([12.49]). the basic creep coefficient d;1,.,o) at elevaied w
temperature bccomes: \later/cemeni rario b) weighl.
-:
,rbll.rur : B,[li"qr "+0.05](r roT, t7.11
: : aggr(tsate/cement rrno b) weight,
where I age of concrete,
and to : age at appiicalion of load.
and ar : coefficint to allow for the type ofcemenr: 1.0
Thecoemcients Ba and rd are iunctions of temperaturc, lor ordinary Portland ccment, 0.91 for rapid,hardening
and r.q is thc equivalent hydration period (or maturiry), Portland cerncnt, and 1.05 for low-hear porrland cement.
100 Influen.e of temperature ond cutins on teep
Bazant and Panula']s claim thal the modelis valid over V
a remperatu. range of
20 to 120'C bur. beyond 95'C. = volxme,\Drlacc .atio ofthe member lmm),
s
the model gives only crude estimates of creep and does
not predict the decrease in creep which has been observed and l" is a shape factor given by 12.461.
in the region of 100'C.e '5,'6 The drying diffusilirl is expressed as
Whcn concurrent drying occurs. the inlluence ol
elevaled tempcralure on total creep is modelled by an
,/r \ o ,l 100"'. t
':lr;10n5 /bl\r.l
acceleralion oi dryirg and of aging.':l'For further details I I

ol the terms used in the cxprcssions below, the reader

| 'c'
should refer to Chaplers 6 and 12. The total crccp L.r4,
cocflicient @'1,, h) is composed of the basic creep coem where n : waier content (kcimtr) (136 < < 264).
cienl .r'6(r,,0) (se. t12.a9l), rhe dryins creep coeficient ',
I. [7.]21, thc tempcralurc dependcnl parameter ki is
di(r,r0.,,h.0) (see tl2.58l) and a tcrm dd;(r,ro,,"r.o) to gilen blr
allowfor lhe decrease in basic crcp due to a reduction in
the evaporable water contcnl prio. !o and during loading i;:012 + 1?6Ll
L- roo \11 1

Ged t6.71). viz, l, _l:] l

t7.r5l

O' ft .t a) : f'hlt,t a) + O'dl t.,o,r"h.o) Ad,;(,,,o,,.h.0). The decrease in thc basic crccp coemcient resulljng
from drying, Api,(r,i,,.r.,, .lin [7.8], is obtained from the
[7.8] modiiled form of [6.7] to allow for the influence of
When the elevated lcmpcrature is constant during the
creep process (bul can vary prior to loading), d;(,.ro)is
givcn by [7.i] axd the drying creep coemcicnt is cstimated A?,i(r, ro, r"r o) : 0.83(1 10 a/r'1)
Iiom thc follo\,,ing expressions:
,|, +^r00l d; ,,o1
,
l0 trn1 5)(..q) ^' t'.r61
dl,(r,ro.r",.u): 4(l h I
.11 + 10rl,! (r4(ri) where Ar,h is the reduced period of drying resulting from
hearing.
t7.91
For a step-lunction ol temperature histor]:
and n r,ro t 1e
-''h
^. r,, r ,hlror r,! z,-hiu)
l7.17)
Bi:11+.:lIUI 8"r.". f7101
L The lotal creep coeficienr.r'(r,ro) given by [7.8] is
In the above, based on lhe so-calied asympiotic modulus ol elaslicity
(see Ch. l2), and the usual total creep coemcient, i.c. the
."h.0 = age when d.yirg commences, ratio of total creep io the elastic slrain at application of
ad is given by [12.60] and [12.61], Ioad, rs obtained lrom [12.6]1.
r.h., is given by [12.451.
I : relative humidrty ofslorage (pc. cent). Creep under varying temperature
t.q is given by [7.2],
m and n are functions of 28-day strength (t12.521 and
ln the ca.licr discussion. mention was made of the
inflxenceon creep of thetimeat which the tcmperature of
[ 12.53], respccrively).
concrete is raiscd. Thc influence of temperature on creep
[ / q1\
__ ,41 was sho$n to be greater when conc.ele is heated soon
andK.:l+04 l+l l, ll '
)\1 )l I
[7. ] 1] betore application of load than when it has been at the
higher lemperaturc since de-moxlding. Application of
In [7.10]. the tcrm A.:h is the reduced period of drying !erL Lo conc-ete alre,ro) u"Ll(r lo,o cau,e, Jl lcrcJ\( ,n
before application of the load resulting from heating
(lo > /"h, o ) and, for a step-function ol tcmperature hisrory: Cyclic variation rn temperature down lrom a sready
valuehas no ellecl on creepif sealed specinrens have been
ar., -
lI,
'h oi {ro /e, .a",.. - t) heated to the sleady lemperature before applicatlon of
'" r.h(8,,) /,, ,,.h(0)' "
riL lo-d r" Han"er-rt.o oh.rr.cJ rha ri rhe.erper,IU-e
In the above exprcssion and in [7.9], r,,,,,.h is the lowered aftcr a period at a higher temperature (the
.hflnlage,quare half rnc r.,, page 2001 uhr(h r, J specimen conlinuing under load throughout) the'erccsj
lunction of the member size and drying diffusivily creep is not rcovered. It appears thus that later de
D(,.h o,0), i.e. lormalion is not alTected by carlier creep.
Howevcr, Wallo er a1.13 lound lhat a change in
: o(u':)' - lempcratur increases creep regardless of whether the
,,,,,,."(r)
r;" J)
[7.1]l
change is posilivc or negative. This crn be seen lrom a
 Creet unrler Mryinq temperiturc l0j
pcriod ol clcling ra.glng liom o.e to tbur davs. Thv
ren.
"<d,ld c(.r ,c! .e. r. t ,ri\.. ro.n"r
ai thc mean tenrpcraturc and ma1 elcn be "ll.;...rur,
qrearer than
that uhich would occur ar the upp"..ort ti.n,p..oLur".
The .elation betwccn ttre ratio of crecp xndcr cvctic
'rmperdl,,'p, ro rhe Lreep rl,he n."n
s c"n.rn,e-pc-o-
iure.d,, is of thc iorml

a: ctxh(t^r) tr.18l
= whcrel:aconsranr

:0 and Al] : amplitude ol clclic iempcratuie.

Thc raho .,,r.r,, appears ro bc highcsr whcn rhe mcan

: 100 tcmper{ture it in rhc rangc rvhere evaporable water
: Ireezes. Also, the longcr the period oi cyciic tempcratxre
= the ereater the creeD.
The increase in ireep which occurs due !o a risc in
temperalure undcr lord inclLrdcs th. ;ncre$c in etasiic
strain, since rhc modulus ol etasticitv is redLtccd wlth an
50 rncrease rn temperature (page 87Jand the demarcarion oi
.reen i. r. ((r .rJin .,r ,pf,.. ron J,
ludd. In rternJ c).1, ,J. .he nj . he" np c ,u,e. ne t qer
ll.re.,e n c eef.r.iir JllIiou.(d. in tJrL. ro
u hrch cun oe
Gc increase in elasric slrain. This facr rvas rccognized by
Fahmi er dl I who subjccred Dicro concrelc ro rempera-
tu-e.)cle. ber{een I ' 1rJ 6., cir .1,mp-e*^r dnJin
(b) Iime under oad - days lo^rJn., . -eii r\( h rnrdir) ot j0.rrJt00n. (enr Ihe
:r n8-e,.( o .t"rA .r ern..,r,.- or .r(.. c.eep I re.r'r. io- rlc corp e,,irc to"oI ts dre rre\e1r(J rn I rp
nireLe rn ne\urc {orc! rn $ at. -'o q ,(h .h.,$. rn"r ea.h rdarr unat ,f,erm-.r .r"L
al i...easins remp.raturei
br decreasing iempemture ir caL., d ar,rpprecr.,b.e in. rcd.e ba.\ Jreep 11. h o I t<
,'Uecr on lorJ I . reet -. lne ( ,Lmio ) ot r0 pe, , cn..
Tlc behaviou. in torsion was ".,resimilar
- m^orri,or ot Frg. ,.)J{") und,h, thr lesr, \ (re miJe crcep at cyclic remperatures was irrecoverable and most ot rhc
.r.,ed ir $drcr tLrr a nu.il vc dicated by creep recoverv as in
. h. rge in renpc-arLrc enhance..
rests (Fig. 7.26). Usine thc
reep r, conrr nej col.etl Dr^pourLJed l-) Poucr" ,.c, I h t0/. t-Jhmi
c.o fig.-.j4 Atrer o0odJ. rnd toal.creepar b1 rhe
<a (,
' r d/. Je\eloDed .r mart-cn. it". mod.t troa, i^n,iJ(rd-
-l ic' "a,achre\cd in three\lcp\.dl.ed\t t5da\..tp,ri.,is tions ol the thermodynanic equilibrirm of rhc adsorbed
:rehe, rldn al a jeid) tempe-alLre
^t ol
r . An In(rearc water Iayers in the cemenl ge1i3, the calcuiarcd creep is
1 -rcep dLe lo-po\ill\ e o. negdl|\ e ,ar ialion\ rn renpe-a (rmD".J sirh \eerpe-rncnral.r(epi" I s.-20
:re qa, dl,o,ou,ro o) Johdnsen cnd 8c...
$hor(!red c mcthod ot p cdi.r,1g c"eep un. .he .cmperd.u.e
..Led.onccte.uredt^ratodJ."r'0 I rndrtcn hree (harpe, Lnder loao ha, h(en dc\etoocJ o! Jt.ron
rd\ i aL the test remperarure priur tn toadrnr-. uno
rlL .r d1d \and s 0 (onn-Ted ,aI rhe i i, ro.ign )ande- - I o. creep ,r r' Form.rt Len DJraru.c. ll \rL,n'r
ut di\rdeo c.ep ro.r Jeta\cd etd.r( oetl,rmar\,n
-r\ cr(ep |.ecover) dunns or to ou,np ,r dr op rn ren perd- non-recovcrable llow (s Ch. 2). and ihcse componcrN "rJ J
.,re
"rd rhar rhere i. no.ud.ren irrcrer,c in rhe r.Lic ot I- "n rl'e b",. or n..ur.rine creep tro-, a \nIJoe \lre11
..eep. rhe laticr being that at a conslant remperalure and
hr.lur) I !l.r L lrl. Ar elera.td renrer.,. I,e.. r,ror
rpproprrate maturiry (Fig. 7.25I their lests were made on
Sinde- ' pr.po.ed .hdl .ni : puL nLe J" renperalure ".,don
,iaturaled morlar specimens loadod in torsion Wlen a
.,een crn b( rdillifieo rn re m, o. tou. (.mponcn,\ o.
:rpe-ature ri,e r^l o..ur. dLIns .,re pe ro,l of ,u- strain: elaslic.
delayed elastic. transilional rhc;mal creep,
.drned loadrng. tt',ron and Sandel oe.cnbe rhe r,rtd
and florv. Each componenr is, in some sense. a function
rncrease in creep as transirional thermal creep which of
'cmperalure Jnd I )Jr I il) rnd."r oee\ore..edn.rmerr-
is
..ooro\ima (l) rnd(pe.rdcnl ot m/ lu. dnd .5 ,,e.u u hen
). .Jllj 5', nrr c,cep cdn be pred.creJ $h(n c^n.rere ,.
'( 'empe-a Lre dccreJ,cs or uher lfie lenDerrrrre , . rh ecled ro. . ,rlrnp hr,.o ut renperrtur( bott pflo-
...eo olhegi\enl(\elto lhe.e..ondo .ub.cqren..rne lo
Rainford and Timuskl jnvestigatcd the influence of "1J.u-.(ouent ro Jpplrcerion or rnc lo.o Houerrr. ir
nri ' be erpha',^d rlat tne e\ ocri.nenlr, re..ncari.n oi
.'\.h. lemD.ruru-e on lhL creep ot .iJted cerer I 1l,e nclhod i. re,l..1ed r^ lo^ro.,ully t,,Jded.a( rr, eJ
td.re
plc nen. l^dded al lhe rgc ot )x Jr). anJ .uarecl;o
lo .pecrm.n. harrng d $uler .(meir ,urio ot 0.4(
.r!lrc lempe'd Jre. ujLhrn ltre r.1Ee 5 to J.. r.lhl cnd J
cementlsand ratio of l:2.
102 Infuence of tenperot&e and curing on ueep

:2-------'
remperalure (.c): ---"":---.---'-'
62
----''=i'
-.-.*r+'-

6 2a ,-!

Time under load - days

L4.727. Inn utuce ot r ncrase in lemperdtu re on n rain ol saled concrele s,ab slecimms loaded at the agp ot l5 days b a bidial

360

:180
I

Time since applicat ion of load days -

Fig. 7.rJ. Elasdc strain-plus-basic c@p of saturated nortar slecimds loaded in tosion and subjected to cycl$ ot tenpeBture.:0
 Crcep under t)arjtug temperatnre 103

2000

E 1500

E.
.,-.,.-.<.--r."'-ad'-"dt/-nntoaded
1oo0

P
g 5@

2000

1500

:
1C100
'6

9
tr

u 50 100 150 2t

Tnp5iicFaootrcalonot oad - oor\

aiq 7 26. Innu.nce oI cyclic tempenture on crcep oi mifo concrete under a srress ot 6.3 Mpa rtr
(a) Slored at arelative hunidiry ol s0percent. (b) Stored ar a relarive humi.lity oi IOO pr cent.

The elastic strain is expressed throuah the shear increment ofdelayed elastic strain Aed is:
modulus ol eiasricity G(Gpa) which varieslittlc with age
and decreases with temperarurc 0(.C) as follows:
G:a-bq j u.2tl
t?.191 ^sd:locd- "(, "
where a : 14-3 and b :0.018 lor Illstor and Sanders,
where d : delayed elastic strain at the start of the
Delaled elas c srdin ror creep recotery) hai a timrrrng interval. and
.pecrhcmdgnildde(."1I0 "pe; \4Patshichi.retaredro
Q : rate parameter:5-2 x l0 6perMPa lor
temperalure by: lllston and Sanders' tests.33
Cd.:x+]o t7.201
The value of0 is obtained irom thecreep recovery and
flow data (s Ch 13).Inrelation to the other componeflts
where r=6.9 and ]:044 for Iltston and Sarders, ofstrain, the delayed elastic strain is usually small and, in
many analyses of concrete structurcs, can be neglecled
For a timc inrerval during $hl\h rhe srres\. rcmain, without prejudicing the accuracy of the overall predic-
constant and the change h specific llow is Adr"", the
144 lilluetu e of tempeh ute and curhq onieer
Thc lransitional thermalcreepis defined as the strainin
excessollhecreep a1a constnnt lcmperalurc which would
have oocurred had the tempcialrre not changed undcr
Ioad. TIis component of crccp can be crprersed as r
rLr,r1 , olrl-e.t"rpe oi.n1e"'rurd, re n''rrr r' 42
independcnr of maturii-\ and its magni!ude ls uralTected il
rne Lemn( o. \rdca I .
n.lcr_in.' nl r,
'.n1eruit' .,ppl.c., ."cce... . Il'. rr 'l rrn. ue or
.ter'ii. l.,n.irror l'ermr'Jreep( s , ri 'nrr \41'J.'
Meas!red.urye
--- Predicred cuNe
tt -
Cb = ul. 2Ot) L(d 2o)) l-l I
-.- S mpliied Predlct on

snere 1, > 2{)'C. and , : 2.,16 and I : 0.0082 for Illston

and Sandcri tests.rr
Although the magnitude ol lransition al t hermal cree p is 150
a
independenl ofmalurity. its rate oloccurrenc is not. AD
exponential relation is adoptcd in a similarmann'rto that
for thc delaled chstic slrain so thrt an incremenl ol
rransitional thcrmal crecp Aii, is:

, 1,...'\
A.s:rr,. .,11 1 . " )
t7.231

The limitins \alue ol transrtional thermal creep er. ]s

r \er b' rh( . '.1 ,l ,h. .Pe. ' 'l 1 rernp' - rr' inc'.-
mcnts. so lhat lor a c().slani stress:

11.)41
oT 40 60 ao
Tlme under oad daYS
, _l/ LD m o
: i.o_Vn '_r''d
where AC,. change ir limiting specific transitional ...'-. elp e' Ji ""
i("
'
reat
lhernai creep ([7 2]l).
in [].2ll..dis thc transitional thermalcreep aL the star!
ol th; inte.val during which lhe specific flo* is A.'r r6
i.e. using th flow at a tempcralure oi 76'C. Thc raie
o-r amerer P r' Jl.o -elJ Fd ro \r ud rr' trl - h'-rle-Jl-r( ' /
f7.261
io C rnd ,, rorrr.l 'n . 'imil m.nr,cr r" 0 L-: he
value ot P $as 9.1 x l0 6 per NIPa lor lllston a d
whcre ,4:500 and B :512 r l0 I lor Illston and

As slrted on page 101. transilionai thermaL crecp occurs lqid,ru,^ l:-,.,nd _r''. Io"
l-'"1 "-. Jnpl.c.ole a
onl! when a rrarticular temperaltrre lnc.casc occurs lor rerrper J .rre ran!r.r l0 J a. i rleo e" rrer.
lhe first time. lhjs means that ii the tcnrperatur de- "nJ.'or
temperetures beiwcen l6 and 95 C. a .eduction factor ic
creass. the transilional thermal creep is zero and, cimi- necessarv to yicld the approprialc flow strain masler
larly, it is zero when the tcmperaiure is increased, in lhe cu.ver the neccssity of a reduction facto. seemingly sug-
co-r.J o .)clrn8 r.' i ',e.uld .r . ib'coLe rr liml eests a conllrmatron oi a reduclion in basic crep which
Thc fourth component ofslrain influcnced by icmpera- has bccn observed in some prelious tesis.
r'''
turc is flow. Fo. tcmperaturcs belween 20 and 76 C. lhe The expenmeni.ll lcrification olih. above mcthod for
Ilow strain is lound fronr a single nraster curvc in $hich p,eoi.r'nP '.-rrrJ .or.rr'J .rbc.rio .o \ir\inc (n-
flow is plotied against wcighled maturitv l]i. the Latler e tr.o-c. .ho$n rr lig. - ru -)u. r' 'h-
rcing de ,rco "' rhe rrreg-.. or ''nnerdrL c m.,r-riJ. ".,".1r
io,'on,' o,.,,.1 '/.urrrin \rc.r1en' lr .J.r he 'eer
'
Ihat the ;urvcs predicted using [7 19] Io [7'26] are in
satislactory agreement with lhe measurcd curvcs Aiso
* = \"orrot [].:51 shoun ln lig. 7.27 is the simplified predictioD curve for
which ihe elasric sherr modulus is assumed to be inde-
: lrom 10'C' oeroer' "'.mprraru-e\l- l' l:rnd rherrr.n"r rmee''
i, :l .,,oP, - r,'J'eresle.r.d'nrh:I
whcre 0' t.mperatLrre mcxsured 1erc' \eo
and I : age ol concrele. c-r.rc n'ar1 xlo rrdn.r'r'1dl L\.rm.'l ( 'rp n'L rr rn_
Sl,ecific no\\ er."(10 per MPa)
6 is a function of stanianeoxsly;!le loss olaccuracy does nol appcar to bc

welshted maiurity as sbown below:

 Crcep under nat:t)l 0 tempetu&re 105

; 2ooo

-!_

80 120
Timesince apptication oi toad
ai, 7.r8 Expe.inental rnd p.edicted srains Ior moaar subjecred to increnenrs ol temperalure: loaded to a t.Bional strc*
ol
0 67]tlPa al rhe ase of56 days.rl

1000
6

-- t0 40 60 80 100
Tlme since applicar on ol toad
li, 729. ExperimenEl and predicted sr.ins lor morrar subtected to a aiqh lemperalure cunne cycle before lhe
lr'!. v 0o-VPd..rhe o'b8 ddl
'de
106 lnll &ting t)n trctp
enc,: oJ tenpetdture arul
Thc e)ipe.imental currc ol Fig. l.l9 is ol interest
bccausc a pre-loading clclc ol iemperaturc lvar applied
lor two dals Ilere. a reduclion ol transitiural thcr
mal crecp occurred over lhc tcmperature rl]]rgc 40 lo
-58 Crr and this obscrvation could be ol practicai impor-
tancc in situatlons where creep rs 1.r be minimised,
e.g. in prestressed concreie membcrs rubjectcd lo high
lnlluence ol sleam curing and autoclaving
Low'prc!!ure stelm curing reduccs crcep.:5 For inslance.
steam curing at 6i 'C lbr 1l hcurs rcduces creep by l0 to
50 per cen!. partly bec.lusc oiihe accclcraled hydration ol
ccnenl,-1rn--') _(., . ol h<T,r'.ure o..''icr' itr
when thc hot specimcns are remoYcd to a drier and cooler
atmosphere belorc the application olload. For the same
reason, shrinkage is also rcduced. Dala of the ACI
(lommiiiee oD Low Pressurc Sieam Curing are rep.o
duced in Iig. 1.30.
E1lensive data on thc iniluence ofcuring on creep $ere
obtain.d hy Hanson.rn Figure l.l1 shows the spccilic
creep tnne relatiolr lor nonn,lllr--cured. low-prcsqxre
\r.^m-cured and dulocla!ed co n cretes mad with normal
\|cight and elpanded shalc aggregates. Shrinkage ol
compa ion spccimenr has bccn \ubiracted. I! is evident
that xccclc ted cxring appreciablr reduces creep. Thc
extent ol reduction i! scen best if thc concretes being
compared have the samc strength a nd this is donenr Table
'a
T me under oad
Iu.7l, Speoic r.eF olneinlcued rnd norDallt cured c'nciete
7.1. The creep values are after onc to three years Lrnder
loadt such a pcriod gi\es a much more realisiicjudgemenl
ol tle behaliour than i thrcc da) Iaboralo.) tcn.
It can bc sccn fronr Tablc 7.1 that dre clttcts olthe tlpe
olcuring arc modified to a nrlnor eritent by the parliculaI
!'nr',lJ1oagg-e!.ll.,l.eJ\D,.l].,'l,',
reducc! c.eep and shrinkage morc when Typc III cemenl
is uscd rlan with Type I cemDt. The behaviour ofstca -
cured concrete mxdc \rith lighlwc]8it aggregate is sinlilar
!o normal aggregate concrete.ri However, lightweighl
aggregatc olten leads ro higher thrinkage and a somewhal
highcr elastic dformation. For this rea$on. the ratio ol
crccp to elaslio delormation (creep ooeflicient d) mav be
higher than when normal rggrega!c is used. Forinstancc.
Radkevlchrr obtained !alues of 1.7 lo 1.0, and 2.4lor lhe
t\\'o concreles, respeotively.
With autocla!ing, cr.cp and shrinkage after three-\eari
,e..lhxn J,'
rnder lual " F pene d l) rer (enl or \a. re. [.
m. j.r ., , na lnS.-m"n,l(!l!.-3iu,o.la\ nEol.un(-e.-
reU-. io'he J' J.t loLr1r.J.1'n nircd \'rh ner-n cL rrs "
65 C, but thc moduius ol elasticity was reduced bl- 30 per
cenl. lypical creep time curves for autoclavcd concrelc
and for a mixture oicement and silica flour are shown in
Fig.1.,12. The latter exhibited creep l2 times smaller than
nornrally curcd neai cemcnt paste. We may add tha! the
r\^ 1no ncdr ) he."m. r' . dL L. olc r'r" i \.
With auloclaving, lhe effect oD creep of lhe age at
loading is viriually absentr6 siDce the struclure of the
hydratcd tasle is not lxrlher modified by lhc passage oJ
daYs
is
sh'n its nEngth n 216 MPa
 hfluence af stean curinq and urotlat)ing 107

Agealapplicat on o1
load (days) and curing condition:

28M
2S
7S

/ .,--_----:_-------z{{-'
i,l1:"--"'
ii, rYPerrrcemenr
ili
!iI 2A
! ----'-'-=-.
i -a^;i;; -
.lt'-_.=.::-
90
(b)
A r5o

:
a

/::"=, 2as

:-),'----:, o iii
500 1000 0 500
Time under oad daYs-
a,a. 7.J1. Crcep of concEte subje.le.l to dif*enl curins conditlons. M = noislflEdi S
: sleam_curedr A= a'i"l'!'nl
raierpandea sfate aeEreeatc. and (b) sand and eravel assreB.te]6
103 Inlluen.e af tempetdtlte and cutins on tte?p
IdDl. I J CEep a.d ihrnrklseoa low frc$ure {eam-cured.rnd !u1..lnled c.ncreles oleqlrl'ompre{r\c nrengLh
R.Lr i.e \a ue or .hr nLaec

Tlpe I Tlpe lil Type I Tyla III TlpeIIJ Tfpe I TlPe IIJ

r00 62 24 24 100 28 20
t00 11 100 90 ?4 26 2r
100 66

cement and a superplasticizer. Specimens were loadcd aI

the asc ol seven davs aftcr curins in water at :0 'Cl and
immJiiarcll stored in rhe auioclave inwhich Ihe tcmperr
iure wes increascd .1t lhe ralc ol60'C Per hou.. ioliowcd
n\ r (onrld rt r. noe 'rrr '( pe",'J o, I \e h ".^ i',J llen
n',r rdl .,'.1 n! pc' J ol b.1".' i0 h. L '. I LJ. .(l. -rr"'
{r 'n li'
ann,'\'ma'(l\ rL, l'ou''.rr ''r.'.rulocrr'e. 'h'ir"
7J.]..\l''brlcJ a ',rr'ar p."Jrn . '! rii' ol c(n'r''i
inlluencc ol iemperalu.e on crcep ol concretc heat'd
shortly afier the load had bcen applied.

lnlluence ol irradialion
I Practical tests on thc influence ofi..adiatiofl on c'eep nre
pc'1.'r n 'ne e\f. rrllen rr a'ei'ol"ql'
.lo.L "ne, high r raor' r oi fl-' hJ' "be"fnried'rnd
"
this $ould raiac the temperature in lhe core ol the
cuncreLe .De('r.e I ro lndl'.e o l'e-r l'"' lhcrm:
.r*..., tn<irrccr e',den.c '"'. rh '(lo c. 'o oc '\rain'd
irom the ellects ol radiltion on srrengrh and laslicit) oi

(loncrcte exposed 10 eithcr 3 x 1013 roentgcns ol

l016 reutrons ner mrrz at l7'C has been
iound ro undcrgo no sigoilicant change in strenglh and
densitv.'o The same was found in Russian teslsal under a
Cemenl s calour total iiux ol5 x l01r neutronsper mm'(last neurron fiur
m tl,rreat 177 'C
- ol5 x i015 neutrons per Inm:) except whcn crvsrallin'
oLarr/ oqarcqdre qd\ L\eJ, r'i' mdr('iJl becomct anro'
0 50 ,r,
100 ' tbonJ
.r,"* o".,,.e i-.',1,,,i"n * r h a rL 'Lrr.ing r,ri 'rr'-.4
Trme underoad days
(.,-" ,",,.' ha\i ,hosn .m-'l d.mas( " l'1 '
Frr 7.J? Variation in fccD coemcicnr d tor conGle, 'eat cncnt pane ..r--n' *' m-r' dL o empc'arr r( he.q((r )00 rrd
;nlEmeil silica nou nrturc,.uEdin diretntwarsxnd at dillere'r 5<0 ( bur 'r. h e\p , L e r' be\oro .l dl c\De'led n
l.nperatules alflied strcs = Itil\'lPa. aciual shielding or in a conlainment vessel.
rn ccneral the beha\iour ol concretes madc wrth
time. In lac!. the si
cture of autoclaved paste rs mrcro_ no*ui agg."gat"t and with chromite aggregate is the
crysraLlinc and this erplains ils substantialll differcnt same."' Uowcrer. rhc composition of the concretc aliects
. reep bJhd! iotr .
irs.erlorniance: for instance, watc.-soiuble boron com
Ar rreeD J1o.h,rn\ar(.-e ofi(n nl rnre-cr rn co'] Doinds. added to increase the neut.on-shiclding capacitv
necLi,.1 qi,h pre.rre'.ing. I lr. ! b. r'e rl tn reor"d
tcc ;fthe concrete.lo$er its sirenslh and may possibly atrect
-rceD Ol rl e .llPr hdnd,lh..,odiL"'r ol
nJrer_rr"o ubh
some ol Hanson\ results (Fig. 7 33) lor loss of prestress
rhe'Jn J,rr, i"' f rolccl'or'
horon.omDUrrr J. r-o\rLle' e I
afler thrce rears undcr lond For his test conditions there r'e' Jr
Ioss in lightwcight sllhoJt dn ao\er.c ene( on rh. n e(l "lrcal nroD(r
is no subst;nlial diflerence between the
,rurn'dl seiqh .8g'egr'e c^n'rele' H"u
.i.,. io.,,.,t"ep,.s-,.' !.r. $rd(l) rnu H/ r'u.l'' rei' From thc above data. it is rcasonable to tripeot that in
general- thc creep ofconcretc is unaffected by irradialion
do n;t elcompass th lull range.
whired, r-eeD r\ reJuced bL aJlocld\ 19 b(rore rl'' Jxccu in so lar as tcmperature is incrcased, and this
creen and accelerates drving lt is possible'
,nn.r.r.ion oi r.e lo d, 'rt'.cld\rnp at, l''rd r! r"- "ntrances tha! aisplacemcnt olwater noiecules or hydro
crca.e. c,. ep. \,g"Lrti ,nu \ I nrLuraF Pe-l"ned '''' however,
gen atoms un.ler radiaiion causcs some damage'
on mortars mad; \\'ilh a high carlv-slrength Portlind
 I rossauero creer

Lossduetosh, ikase
A

E E
E
E

E
! g !
!

Blastiurnace slag Expanded shale Sand and Blastlurnaceslag Expanded sha e Sandandqrave
gravel
Type lcemenl Type lll cemenl
l:,a 7.JJ. Lossolpreslressolconcrelesmadewilhdinernlagpreeatesa.dsubiededtodilletnlcuringconditionsr6

The practical signincance ol any influence of irradiation

on creep is no1 very large as the damaging aclion of
neutron orgamma radiation is reduced about ten-fold in a
300mm thickness oi concrete- so that any c{Iccts on the
structurc would be limited to its inner iace.

L YOKOTA. M. and KOTERA, J., Creep and dryins

shrilkaec of prestressed conc.eie gnden, C.h.rr arl
(L,./.,e.Japan. No. I83, 1962, pp. 2 9.
2. ROSS, A. D.. ILLSTON, J. M. and ENGLAND, G. L.,
Shorl and long-term deiormaliors ol concrete as influ
enced by jls physical struct!.e and statc, Pro.. Inr. Conl
on the Sttuctwe ,/ Co .rre. Cement and Concrete
Associalion: London, 1968, pp. 407 22.
2oo .l JOHANSEN, R. ud BEST. C. H., C.eep otconcretc with
and withoul ice in rhe system. RILEM Brll.tin.Patis.No-
16, Sepl. 1962, pp.47 57.
4 THEUER, A. U.. Eflect oi tcmperature on the slress
deformation ol concrclc. "/ourtal of Revarth. National
Bureau ol Stan&rds: WashinSlon. DC, 18, No. 2, Feb.
@ 100
1937, pp. 195 204.
5. HANSEN, T. C.. Crcep and stress.elaxatlon olconoete.
Proc. Na. 31. Swedish Cemeit and Concrete Res*rch
lnstitlte Stockholm. 1960, ll2 pp.
6. M ARECHAL, J. C.. Variatio!s in the modulus ol elastlcily
and Poisson\ ratio with tGmperature. Concrete lor
"100 r50 200 Nu.lear Reactors. .4nettuan ConLrult thslitute Spe.idl
Altoclave temperalure - "c Publkotioa Na. 31, 1, 1972, pp. 495 503.
fia 7.J? I.fluence oi lenperalure on crcep oI mo ar, noi( cured ri 7. NEVILLE. A.M.. Ptupdties ,/ 4.,,.run, (:lrd ednl,
20 C anil noEd underl.ad in an autoclave.rq Pltman:London and Marshfield, Mass.. 1981.779 pp.
 l lA Iklluene ol tempernturc and.urino o .:reep
8. lLl-\lO\ J \1.. Dt.\rLOoD J \4 1rJ sV H,
q- , t Ft pt tad v?rt. rh. \_,.,1. ortt ft,-:ta:.t.Daq.t , D, ,...L,.",.,
1 , *.,1
Dcnt)taul I \trh t,ral Va,,, i1. Vun
_
:lP
ln\hrur,- otTi!hn. oql Hata.tul\ 19b7. B:l nn
r...(
\u.rrano Be nLoli 27. ;ee,..,s . ur,. r,.,
Co. Ltd, 1979,66.1 pp loqr.AL\\.1.-!V_, ,ecp r,.:
rrnJ \&, s\' R t,18. \. .,"rlou., .48
9 NASSER K W. and NEVILLE, A M., C.eep otconc.ete 28. B{ZA\l / P. pA\r I \.l
rt )l
o'." e\d ed tc -pcrururc.. /a/ "/r,."dr.62. too.. ff t.F. Ii( dene deI oer.rn a,iu .Ph.r...tp.dr,.oro, p;1 r!: tem
10. HANNANT,D. per,rur" (llecr un h,.i. .recT V t,r.ot_,n I \.turtr
J, The srrain behavtour
otconcrcte under
.or.r(1 \e.l?.. ar etcta,cd r(rofl.rrr(.. Pah lj.No ho l9.N.pn 424 .r.t.
A?a,, ,4. 29 PANUT A L. prdc.r.d, preJirr.o
.9, - Re.tu(h /r! DeL.rorleni Dep"
Ill-a .. ri crner nsE^a.d..r-1p.oo;
elr o' rne-depeade| "nd Je ornor. ,. . o urn .re. p" \. tem
fl '..1"1i1.1",
,, d-,cp,-\A.f.s rin^"pe radtr(por.p(,,-1en\lurp ,. hrn
oe
"r -e etie.1 o. l"\,-ts c,.(p. Ud- ,,o., -aJ ,,,1
r,fc\. Piri.. 12. No 6r, 1970. Do 109 74
.e,-n^1 Rrt fu R .,, _,x.p" ..\o.,tLI\
,- tJ.o np on -0
l.) sl BAIIV. I J _noUt tRRl_lRLr.\4 e,tHue"ceul 30. ILt stO\. t. \.1 d1d 54\Di R\. p. D, ,.. cp.ecr o
Tipcrr!,c o1 ,h(..-(p n,\\,onie,e. RILfM rernpcrd ure .lr ge ,.o^1 rhe .rpep ot
,o^' , ludo rC. V""a:h, mor. .r uno(l
suthtLh t,J)is No 6. Ma.ch ^t nn )t r:) "t a,t .,n ,. i B, \ ? ,. tS, \.
t' \(AIt^u.L \4.\|A\.R I lrho tOti.tt;oKlst
r I \.\rh p-or *\ -poir prdn,.on or .repf in .rru. lR. 31. R{l\l ORD. l-.{ .no It\4UsK.J,tr..-eeoJ.hdr
'!rnrcol.r(rc lioT.ho I |n)c t?tr\. I d d t. v. dened no rl. J.em(rr ."re ude, i1crr. rcmoo,,r..
,!r' \,r UnrleaiL\ otI inoD. t9o5 26nn
D
R,/ot, r 4!* tqan.5...6t \,, o 1r, 1oonp ri4 I
14. {RfHA\ARt :) rnJyl .a \\.,.-p;-_.,.,""rd", 12. IAHVLH M.t,UI tV\4 V..,-dtsRt5t tR.B..LfleJ
unr:r\,,t nd br.r\.,.1 rrc\\e. ,, ete\4rco le.rp(.brL.e.. ol r.ldrred ond !\.lh .te.are.j ,ehpe?,-re on Jrcef,
tl ua:,\ al ( .n, ,,r" ,fi, .P'' a. to. \o ou. ,,,(,-. ,44
c^n--ete.( tn4t on 1t,, r.ri Rd.,.,.,rj2, tq-7.oo.ol
no.
lr. l \!l A\D C l dnd ROS:. 4. D.. Rdfl, ,.cd ro"crere ll l\lO\ J V J"d sA\trt-R\ p. D,.ha.Jc e,,,uc.
unoe- rre-ndt p.oJjerr\ Uap . ia. .t t ,.,, ,, k B, ..o. n d D-edtr.,on oi.reeT J, a.-rL,drcd mo.,". ,,rder
14, No 40, ta6l. nD.5 1t.
h. vaaaor. reape, ,tur/ V!tr a.,ta..",rptrRp,.J, t,26.
,n y:,:!", K w. ard NEVTLLE, A. M., creep or ord No. j{3. la-4, pp log 7q.
.orrcl- dr lvrj I .1d rl-\d.ed .emn(rar-re\ ji / 34. II lO\. J \1 ln. cornonc"r.
l_S
JU nJl,6,1. I'16-. Do.9i l0l .-1Jer.u.rnr ed.orpre..;\c.r.e.\ ValJ i-p
iryd,.r, 17, No 50. l96J_ DD.2t s " tt u".,.p
l- \q\sl R. \. \r. ;nd tOH A. R p. cr.pp or
m.,* 15. {(lr OVVIf'll-t -t7 loq pre*L,c t,(Jn -[rng.
con\._.rc
"r hicl ien --r.,..re. 1{ / J.,a,J/. b8. lq t, ,r,( / "/r,r,,160. l0bl. pp. q51 86
l8 BA,/A\t.7 t.. Kl\,t. s.\ .rJ \,tFlRt. \, f,,d,,-r
36. HA\\O-\ | A prer e- to d. aHeLled b) r)Te
mol(ru" rorlrc (d . rFp 1c",. ot torder cd (cnen pJ,,e .u,ri8. P,..+,J"J t an,,pt- t,_tt,u." _t..u,,"i q. qp-o,
ar rempe.,rrL.e. va,,,a|, o.d l'16,1. pp. oLr ol
s,1- -,,';'_ tdn t2. 17. RADl\t Vt( H I t..\t r-rdpp.ndc,ccoo.c.rand.d
No ":r
72. ltrT'1, pn 447 56
lo BROw\t - $note\na\.
R DdroUt r NDl|.R.. thp,rtuer.eor
oadrnL 3g( aad r(nrperarurc .he t^r8 ,erm \o 8.'06t.nr. ta4 Jnq. tt u.tal_uB"t^a
\r.
//t.etp- .ptor
to,u.r ummon
^n o:.ru.e-.ra\tc .-e.p qednr \o hc rnd I o r r , e.e ( n ors.r_J-r.nn
r. Leatcd n nd;
I | a
.
R . I

.\. pJ . 2. \, h. laoc pp i.j 4,

. ig)-, *l jl vo. /0/
\orrr r\ r,eoe(p..rr1.,,,"r"o.*",., 38. St4\4 A\.I t
m.-ar.Jr.. De e
^rireep.
u-0cr.iJ1 n(d.^aDre..i\ p \ne...
a 1otcor.rer<
qat Jo nol_5_\.to<-
., .,i,,.,:"",r-2"
,, :,-"1.) ronuor.J.r- to.r4_pp
J,d r.AwA! Vt V cPep.,..nl*..,r pp.60.1 10.
ron.rp..'o. \rcteI R(:.rr,. 39. NAG4lqKl. \ d.d \r \tIt RA. q I'r( L.ecp
a4trta4 t ,.4,'p+ \ .ur !on.rc e. dL nE dL,u(t1ve cL -g 8," jph
bel.,
c /r. pp 591 6t8
ta,li|.p spp Ql p\b ..o'_." !.. .a. I !t,t(Frpt ^i1V ._4?, h.tct,rt4., -a _,Jot_--,i
7' Rt I t/. u A h\po.Jre!. ., I h( .,p
.t ,rJ,d(rco
lq'7, np 190 l
.?i.err oi. e3-J rh(rn".enccot.rm-.r., .o,*,.,rr"- 40 TrPlo\ .^R. R.o., t lt.-Jua., tnt t_ uat,,nt.
rnter\renle Pubtisher\. Nes \ ork. t9o(r n rl4
r onn(le
\s..:3I Lordoj ta.8. po Jhs 6- :11. I1UBPOI\KII \ U,, IBRACIvo\ \h
l.. HA\Sl \. I c. '1. ol\\rr \,r. \: rAn\cr\, sII,,
d-d I RtKSsO\:'1.. tenpcrcrure
._anr( er( on heL, \.our ot \emrcr
Jll ^A
Pr RCqMf\SHaHtK BK RJd."Io1d
{-"qp.n
id J1d
lo rr dnd
con.-ete L"de. luad At tJ._L,4rt_bJ t.\re aSo r4a
. r oror
.. r,tARI(
2a ( to^o.Dt
HAt J . r " itJ-sc dL b.,;;; .."n.. on o. r- in!rg). m l05l 8.
21. tqo7,
rerneklure Vd."idr -,/S,r!.,,r,,. f d_r.. \J.
8,eoo,
42 Dl _BRL,v:hll v 8.. tBR \CtVOv S )n..
np 1l I 15
2. r-\DYCI\ A \"..rrd Pt R(rAVl\\HrHtK B.r,
)5 Hlr,Kf )..t\. B crep.nrensr, drdeL_.rlo,.on.rcr. r
I fle.l ol n.ur , .'dJ,,,r Jn i, .o-e pr,pc1re. or \eJr
d/e, r,cdien|er Ure..Fp,.,r \.. a /-.r., IsB..ea- __.rrdr,,c,.ic-ek . rnLI.h Ud..tJ.
Lncrt
o .r: .i,,../ ,/r"r..
- u, x(r-1dr on Dflver..oto _Jo. De, ,oh-.t-pp 2L.196a, fi 14A 1.
16 JAF(ifRVA\\. a. H.. tilc.r ot c\nu..re ro hroh
43. TAYLOR, R.S and WILLIAMS, A. J., Thc .lesign
of
eaD^.,Ir,1..r I c dred.empc%r. -eut.,-, .un...rc.n n'c -.cd c,-.rere n,.*1., \e.rh wirr oa r*u re.
rrr.nr.j ,drc r-d..eep.h "r
reene r^ \,l|\l'r. P,,. t]t,ot4t_r...",....1 ..,. p"r,.,u,
h.r-dered -6i. \c\ o/,4.d'f !n.raL.
Lr CcneLn, i964, pn 44b 54
Chapter 8

Creep under dillerent

states ol stress

Praciicaliy dil the data on sreep given in preceding
chapters refcr to creep in compression. This is so because
concrete is generally designed so as to utilize its high
compressive strength and is rarely subjected to direct
lcn'ion, and dl.o becaJre. eep le.r. in comprc..ron rte
much easier to perform than under other states olstress.
However, in practice, concrete may be subjected 10 states
of stress other than unilorm compression. This chapier is,
therefore, devoted to creep behaviour under different
states ofstress and to creep under cyclic loading.
inleresting to review the influence on creep
uniform stress and slrain distributior
Creep in tension
Creep in tension is ol interest in estimating the possibility
of cracking due to slirinkage or thermal stresses, in
calculation of tensile stresses in prestressed concrele
beams, ard in the design of water-retaining strucluros-
The bhaviour in tension is also rclevant in evaluating
various hypoiheses ofthe mechanism ofcreep.
Application ofa truly axiai tension, even in shorttcrm
strcngth lests, presents con siderable dificulry (s? Ch. I 5).
With creep testing therc are additional problems: the
applied stress must be low, and consequently thestrains to
be measured are low too. and it is therefore dimcull to
measure ihem accurately. Il furthermore, concrete is
drying while under load, there may be concurreni
It is also shrinkagc ofa magnirude several limes larger than creep,
ol non_ wilh a resultant possibility of a iarge error in the
computed creep. This is probably the reason lor the
absence ofgcneral agreement on tensilc creep ol concrete.
ulan\rlle and I homa'r lound lhe tolal c'eep rn com-
pression ard in tension to be equal under an equal stress
(Iig. 8.U thc bumidiry varied while the concrete was
undcr 1oad. The equality of creep strains in the casc oi
basic creep was partialty confirmed in US Bureau of
Reclamation testsr ormass cLrred concrele for stresses up

b80

9
'6 40

50 100 150 200

Tlme under load -days
ais. d I Specinc creep of concrele in rensioD dd in compression: l:1.5:l nixi water/'cenenl ratio - 0.51; aCe al appii.alion ot
 1 t2 Creep under dilferenr srd,.J, o/srr.ss

2A

,a]
6

- 41 ComP'essro'
_---------

100

li, J *eep ot ras.

"",.,","," ,"..,., ,.. ,, .";t:;::t"
8 Specific

ro ore-rhru o rhc utr.nc.e r..n5i. ,r-e.g.h rt

ts.8.), On slress,/strcngth basis, lhe crecp in tcDsion is the Iower ol
Lh<.lher ,Jnd. D"r,. , x ,o,n.] rhe rare,icre.p ir the two. Somc
Russian rests suggesr that lor sealcd
len,uIl ro he iril." l\ hr!he- lhr. n c.,ipr(..ron Irder concrele- creep
in tension is 20 to l0 per cent higher than
Le.dre..rJ...al.(r ab.LLd ru. 1 rnder
rin,ior uecrF!,eo .or.ruerrbtr .o lh.. l,,e tnnE-reIn For morst cured concrete loadcd at the age of seven
creep rennor r. prooab, .md.er,hdn rn.un p,.,,i.r, dats, lllstons confirmcd the higher rare of roiat creep in
This behaviour was tound ro appty borh to mass-cured rer.ron rl g_8)r
dnd. rr rte ."me prper. J nrgncr cieep
.. rc'ele If ! R.1, d1o rn c.n.-et,.dr\rng...J retJli\e ,.
qLl]rd rr o .0 -r:,"" - rrru,rred conc-(re trr\ r(po (,r: \ri ma)
ner L(nl rt .E b.ar \4aT:i,rn. .Fn,. nule rral
I d kte rhe ,-JJific ,urii creen ot nerl cer(rr nj\re dr J . no.rl olh(oad sd. rJr[e.rrail oI rr,ricali.n dnd ox
relar \e hln ro ) o 50 per cen. .o o( do.r. h\.. lin\., .:"",...::"" rh]r ror .i,r,ne.rr.s n
rr r( co r.,Jer eqL" rr.rrrrrnenu.,pe.rr.
ligher in telsio. ihan in comtrcssion HoBcver. on a .l-drn'. IlLron,
hnJ g. ue-e oanirt.l cunfirn<o o\ Lhe

]V
:
40

6 20

60 124
Timeundertoad days
1,li,j.r;j,ji1:Xi",
, *.,.ured .oncrere r i.nsion and ii compEsr.n: age a, appri.a,ion oI load = l8 dalsiremlerarure
 Creep in l sian I1l
Age at applicat on oi oad andsrress

28 days, I O MPa r--/

^-.-

f
0 50 100 150 2aa
T me under oad days -
ri, /i..1 Creepolmoist-cDredordinarlPorllandeBentconc.etei,rtcnsionandinconpression:sroredar2l Candatarelative
hunidity ol50 l)er cenl.r

resultsshownin Figs.8.6 and 8.7.6 However, for salurared
concrete, thc results indicale that the rare ofspecific creep
in tension docs not exhibit a decrcase with time as is the
usual case in comprcssion. Also, whcn water-cured con,
cretc is exposed to a drying environment at the age ol28
days andloaded at 56days, Fig. 8.7 shows that, in con lrasl
to the 28 day loading, the specific c.ecp ilr tension is less
than in compression.
The plot oi elastic-plus-creep strains in Fig. 8.8 shows
the effect olthe stress/strength ratio for a single concrete

Tenston

. -'-.14
-'7
a
!

150 450 600

Time under load days
lir.8.j. Creep oiooist{ured corcrere in tenslon and in conpre$ion under a sress ol0.9MPa applied at the age oi seven days.r
I
t14 Crcep urulet diflerekt states t)f stress

app ed stresslMpal
Inrr a spec I . etash. slrain t1o F pe, Mpa) :
i

2A

10

T me under lo.d - days

30

Appiied sness ltrlpa) I

n tial spec,rr. e asric slra | (rO p"r Mpa) i
5 :
!;13)*""*\
.o 20

J rn

(b)
tY;,'f:.-"j:tlL
Time under oad - days
(a) l:lt'" oa-loload'' coDp.e$io.
ar applrafui
ol.oncre,econxnuously nored in warer.6
rg.,,,;1-'.",r r.,J -= in.r"l,
,rr ^se
2[days.

mr\.' ll.fpear. rnal c-cep i r .en,lon r\ p.rpo rona.

to ConL3 ,ugge.r ,har rhe rote ot microcrdcking
rne dpot.ed 5lrei up lo c.tre..,tr(ngth ratro r. m^re
ot appro\i- .ignrhc"nr ,n rhe (i,.e or creep in .(n\ion
Tare\ 0.<._C\o,d.\ to nd dn <!en hipher trm o" dl t.wer ,e\els of
slrcss srrenFrh ratio.
Dropoflronat t) arLt Domonc'. lc.l.o rnd,crLe thol
.reep Knowledge of creep ar hjgh tensile stresses is of
rn ren.ion r.,propo r^1.r, lo rhc anolied st-e\i
Ln lo rmportance in cstirnating the rcsisrance oi
nre\. \rrengrt r"rio. or 0.a drJ 0.0 tor.,,r,o,.o ana t", conc.ere to
\edle! coq.rete..re.pecl.rely. A. $ ilh cracking. For sustained tensitctoads, bothDonone.e and
compre*ion. .ignrfi- Al-Kuoar* dnd \ ornB ha\e
cant m,rrocrackrng p,obdblJ contnoure\ ro creep ae.on,rrurea ,f,. .r,,r-
in ence ol a rracrure 'rmir cnve,ope so lhdr ru.rJrned
tenlon Jr hipher varre. o, ,l .e* .rrenplh .alio. fher( \tresse5
'hL. liLrle JrFe cnce bers er rhe rehar r-o,1. ,n L beyond rhe lrmir ,nduce lefliarj creep.rnd. rhJs. ume
L tenron depcndenl td.lLre. t ur bd,rc r rcep dnd tor .reep o, qaru-
rn compression lrom "nd
this srandpoinr, allhough Ward and rared concrere. .he 'iTiLs J.e. re.pecrrety,0 8.) dnd -5
u ol
 Creep in tension 115
Applied strels /MPa |.
lnta specif. era<r c stra n rl0 6 per MParJ '

\'-'-'
al -' -l? '''''-i
o50

15 30 60
Tlme under oad days

the presence or absence otdryins(at a relative humidity of

4o
App ed slress (Mpa) I
l.i1ia spec iiceiasticslra n110 6 per MPa) I
1371-
30
'zo
"/
{ In order to appreciate thc dillerence between thc crccp
10
0 15
Time under oad - days
Fis E7 CreeprtensionxndincomFe$ionoiconcrelecurednrsarcr
Ior28 darsa.d thenslorcd inanala relarire hunidirr oi 65 percenr.6
(a) Ase at appli.ati.. ol load:28 days
(b) Age.r application of load:56 days.
the 28 day short-term strenglh,q while, for total creep
ldrying a1 a relative humidity of 65 per cent), thc limit
is 0.60ol thc 28-day sho({elm strengthlo (Fig. 8.9).
In general, the influence of agc at appiication of load
appears to be similar in compression and in lension,5 i.c.
e\cepr tor eJrlJ Jge\. c-cep reducc, d, rhc agc'ncrex\e,
This influcnce is confirmcd lor toral crccp lFig. 8.71 but
notfor creep undersaturated condilions (Fig. 8.6). On lhe
other hand, tesis by ihe same investigators suggesl that
65 percent)has praclically nolnfluence on the magnitude
olcreep in lension. This, ho\rever, \r as not the case in the
.e\r\ ol Rue,,/, qho ob,er\eo rhil rn ren\ion, d5 in
compression, simultaneous drying increases creep com-
pared wiih creep under conditions of no moisture
exchange. A similar e$ect is noticable from the results of
Davis et al.r for ordinary Portland cement concrete,
shown in Figs. 8-l and 8.4; after 100 days under load,
the values of specific basic creep and specific lotal creep
are 35 x 10 6 per MPa and 271 x 10 6 per MPq
respectively. Domonce lound creep in tension to be as
ror- creep . crccp o[ ,rlJraLeJ concrete ba\.c creep.
Also, Figs.8.6 and 8.7 clearly indicare total creep to be
grater than creep ofsaturated concrete.
ol saturated concreie and basic creep. we should recall
thai in compression \r'c generally apply the rerm basic
creep to thc creep of saturated concrete as well as lo th
creep of sealed concrte. This is becausc swelling of
saturaied specimens is usually negligible comparcd with
the load-induccd strain in comprcssion and, therefore,
30 there is little influence of the ingrcss ofexrernal moisture
on creep. Howcvcr, in the case ol saturated concrere
loaded in tension. the load-induced strains are small and
can be of the same ordcr ol magnitude as those due to
.q(l inS a. mea, Ied on a .eparJ'e LrnloJdcJ rompanion
specimen. Hcnce, it is likely that absorplion ol $,ater is
more influenlial oD crccp in tension, especially since the
porc structure is extended in the dircction ol the applied
Ioad. In vicw oflhe foregoing, we should emphasize thal
ba',c ,reel ,n (q.run i, ,rrcrl) rhar oI no moi,r]re
exchange, i.e. thal ol sealed concrctc rcpresenting mass
Movement of moisture could explain nhy lllston5
loLnd no influence ot rhe,toripe en\ ir ornrenr on creef ,.r
tcnsion applied at the age of seven days. Absorption
possibly contribulcd to crcp in ihe case of saturated
 116 Cteep u det dilferent irdtes .tf stress

Stress/strenglh raiio:

,6

6
100

-
100 150
Time since appl calion oi toad davs

::i":.1 :,:""11" "'r're'od'|o!'|e'pe!o\q oIonre'|e'|',ueo,n,"1 ,v,,o\dro'.,e\ r'eos,1,,,od nrrs(

p
; 0.8
2
6

6 .9

0.4
0001 001 o.t 1 100 1000 10,000
T melo r!prure(oo scate) _ hours
Fis.89. Innrene oI sunained te.sile stress on ltde ro rupture
tor
concrele dryil8 at a relatlve hunidily of 65 per cent.ro
0.55 0.60
Waler/cemenl.al o
specimens, the eflectbcingofthe same order of magnitudc
rr,. 8 /0 llPrenr ratro . r lreep o, loiuete .n
apprrcdr on ofr.dd 28 dar.. dsargdreemen
as rhal ot dr) irg creep rn lhe case oispecrmen, alto\^
ed ro ;:::*.i".,
dr\ Jnder lo/.1
A. in rhe ca.e oieompre(ion r.c/ Ch ol, rhe ie\e. ot The rnfluenlc ot nrr proporrion. on creep rn len!ron
evaporable sdler conrenl ar lh( linre at app'icrlion dppear. 1o be \rmrldr lo t\ar rn compre(.iun r.,, Ch ll.
ol
'oao r\ d \o a ,actor rn creep in rcn,ion Domone., le,t," lrgure. 8.10 ind 8.lt shou lhdr an increJse ,n the
5ho$ a gredLer rotal( reep [or con( reLe cured in sater rhan $drer cenent rdrro increa.e. c,eep while an increJse in
for concrete cured in a sealcd condition from the ase of aggreSare cemenl rJ.ro decrcase\ creep An rncrease in lhe
t$o dar, \r irh lhe 'odd apprred dr rhe dge ot 28 da)."The sater (ement rario dnd in rhe dggregdlc cemenr ralro
explaDarion lie, rn rhe tic. rhar rn ,e;tcLl con(-ete lhe re.Llt in an ircrea.e and dccredte. re.pecli\ely, in the
pro(e.s ol lidrarion teadr lo a ,^qer evapor3ble waler cemenr pd,le conrent a fundamenlal ldcror in creep.
Similarly, an increase in cement content jrcreases rhe
 Crcep in tension 1 t7
cement paste content and thus increases lensile creep
ll g.8 r2, lhe.nfiu(aceot rherv|c otcementoncreepin
tension is illustrated in Fig 8.13.
US Army Engineers'lcstslr have shown thai creep in
dircct tension is less than in the extreme libre ofa flexural
specimen, even ilinthe latter case rhe slress/srrength ralio
is lower. Some of ihese resulrs are, however, nor easy !o
inlcrpret and il is not possiblc to make any categorical
slatcments about the creep bchaviour ol concrete in
Fe\ure ll i\prol."blJ preteriDlet^.lLd) ren,,tecrceprna
field of pure tension, bu! in flexure rhe creep behaviour
may be modined by the strain gradient (se? page I361.
I rgu,e 8 l4shos. tr.e creJp bel rour ot plJrn cor crere
rnfle..rre. a "\
lnrriall).c.eep.nLompre,ionind rren,ror
(corrected lor shrinkagel is the same bur afrer about one
month underload the rate ofcreep in tension drops ollto
nearlyzero. It may be noted that the results, as presenled.
ar affected bv the fact that the measured shrinkage on ihe
tensionside wasgrealerthan on the compression side;the
reasons lor this are noi known.
ln lests on piain concrele bams ol Davis ,, dl_.3 rhe
creepon the lension sidewasfoLrDd to be somewhat larger
than on the compression side, but the neutral axis
remained substantially lixed. The influence ofdrying on
the tqo deto-matrnn, ua. nor .he ,rmt rhe increa.e in
aggre!ate/cemenl ratio creep due to drying on the compression side was ahrec
rjj , l?. Ilflucnce oI aggrcgate,/emenr raiio on creen oa concr.tc in
q rime,larger lhdn or rne ren,ior ,rdc lhr,mi) poinr.o
::trnon: aqeal aDDli.alion o oad = 23davs
the difle.cnce in the drying creep under rhc rwo types of
stress, particularly when a strain gradient is present.
Oberti\ testsrs on concrete made with pozzolanic
cement showed that the ralio of toral deformation lo
deformariol
^n
loadinC decrrr,c, s
h an inr re,,e rn age
at application ofload: values of5.6 for sevcn days,4.7lor
28 days, and 4.0 for four months have been found after
four years undcr load. A small but constant rate of
Time under road (days):
delormation was measured at that time.

A40 1 2aA
9

0 50 100 150 2oO

Timeundertoad days-
Fir., ?J lnluenceol tlpe ol cement or creep inlension forconcEles
Cementconlent wnhceme.Lconlentol320kslmrandwa&rlmentratiool0.6;agcar
kg/m3
application of load : 7 daJ,sistrensth at lhe age at applicadonoI load
on trer in ,.nsmn'Ior m'cecs sas ap|roxinratel! 39I MPa excepL Iu concrete with Tlpc ll.endl
iil,ii.';#',ili"1i'.ifliiLiii1en'i Lvlri.h hr.l, nrPn,rh or r,6MP, r'
 118 Crcep uder dilfelent states al ,tress

,/
^./ rension itbre
-,/
,-'-i'7'-'-
.--../--/..

5a
Trme urder load (los sca e)
i:d.3 ri. Crccp oI plai. oon.rerern fle\ur.,!

Further lcsrs on crcep in torsion were madc bl Ishai,ro

who used a very rich morra. with a water/temert ratio of
0.J) {e'-c Icd ro. 'i
dd\, Jnd rh<n pre.ondir,on(d to
'he re rlr\e hLmrd r\ unde- oau. { hich $d.applied
r. rhe
:o age ol28 days. Creep was measured bl the change in the
angle oftwist. The crecp time relation was tou;d ro bc
similar in shapc to iha! in compression (se Fi-c. 8.17).
I Reli rnts creep lo rhe ma\rl-um .heaftn! ,LrE\\ \how,
lhdr lhe re'alron i, ,rne.. Lr lo a hret \itue oi lhe
stress/strenglh ratio (Fig. It.l8) Thc exact vatue ot the
limit is not known bur unde. a stress of 3.4 Mpa faiiure
took place after two days under load.
At a relative humidity of80 per cen1, creep had the same
nagnitude as in water. but in sealed concrerc creep was
tmeunder oad hours about 20 per cent louer. It is not certain that thes; data
,.ir.3 /,i
Defleclio ol a piain concrcie beam dunnseadj- houN afte. dcscribe the influence othygrometric condirious on crccp
applicalion ol nud i6
in lorsion. cspecially as Ruetzll tound rhat thc relarivL
hrTrJir) urder tnal afec , (reep ,n ro\ on in a mann.r
It is interesting that in Brandt\ testsl5 the
1() nore
,rn rlar rorhar in.orrtre,,.r Dr!rqsbet^rcto"drngat,o
increasc in deflectio. oia plainconcrete beam was, durirg has a similar eRect unJer eirhcr strels s\stem.
some periods, step-wise (Fig. 8.15). This can be inrerprete; Le Camr.' lcit, '
,!oqed rhat thc d\ia ,hrinl"pe or
as a manifestalion olformalion olcracks or olslippage. ,oaoed rorsior .pe. iTcns i, rtre ."me o. ," non- oilea
Ilr:. ,mp.ie. .har h( .reep \rrJrr. rn rhc
"peiime1..
d.re.lion. ol pri,rr roJl conp,e\\,or rnd len\ior Jrr eq.rJi
Creep in torsion
and opposile.
The information on creep in torsion is even morc scarce The influence of rhe aee at appljcarior oftoad on creep
than or creep in tension. Andersen,? was the firsr io . op( ar, .o bc.im.lrr ?o ro rhe benar rou. rn iomprc*ion rn
demol,lrale rhcexi.relceot c.cep in.or,ior rr tq.r,l"1o lhdr. lor agr. ber\ ecn 2b jt0 Jai.. cjeep under a
he [ouru o rdrilllr\e \ rh.. creip lo be.rrrldr t,, creep rr gr\ en nre.. LlLcrei.c. $ itq "lld
r inLred,e in dgei lhe oe. rea,e
compression. Typical results oblained on hollo$ cvlin- "
betqe(n the rBo ljmit. $a! t$o- to Liree-told
dcrs $irh 20l1111 oI\de dr3Tercr alo t2-mm r;5ide Ro.. ' repolcd le,t. .,n creep in .hedr $h,!h rndrcJr(
diameier are shown in Fig.8.16. This behaliour was oon- i. .l.edr i. ,s ice tl-dL tn corpre\.ron uloe.
ILJL lhe c'eeD
hrmed b\ Drke d1d Dar .'. 1;p1ro,,.t" repo eo rhdr nrmenrali) 1c .ame ,lres, bJl rh( Jclait. ot lert! are
lhe rario ol creep rL, in.rdnraneou, Jetormdlron in r()1- ror knoun dnd.r r5 rhuetore diftrcrtr ro ju.rge rherr
.ion rs dopro\imarelJ .\e .. ir compre,.ron
""Tr
 Creep in bond 119

60 80

rl
T me under oad - days
L9.3./d. Creep ol mortar in tosion

Ruetzrl measured the creep of sealed, neal cemcnt Creep ln bond

paste hollow cylinders, 2.5mm thick, and compared lhe
relation between ton-elastic deformations in torsion and
in compression. He fourd a good agreement between the
average viscosities under the two conditions. calculated
from theaverage rateofcreep sincc application ofloadup
to between 10 hours and six days, and concluded that
creep in either case h a pure shear process unaffected by
the p.esence of pores- A summary of his data is presented
rn Table 8.1.
Creep in bond belween the concrete and the reinforce,
ment has been investigated only very little. It appears"
that for plain bars, splices shovr'd relative movement
'wjthou! the bond being broken. This bond creep, some
200 x 10 6 after a year, was found to be independent ol
the distance between the bars. Bond creep was iound to be
considerable when the bond stress is high (e.g. Davis
et dl'z3 measured acontinuous slip upto 8000 x 10 6 near

--?--
^.--;;-^

k2

100
Time under oad - days
Frs.817 CreeDandoeprecoverlinrorsionolno ar siorcd in raler ,o
120 Cteep Mdet djllerent srdrds .y'sriess
/irD/? 8 / (ieep rn torion a.d inconpresion"

tr.*.n r\r unJero =e8MPr

aon Tosion te{ u.dcr T= l92\'lPa
Durati.n ot ord, Crcep. Tr.ur.n \ loenroenl
( oI vn.osiu,

(10,5k9m Ls 1l

0,12
I B0 705 2.15 71 2:19
2 t75 r05 1.50 91 l.l2
1 190 14.5 4.81
212 t7.l 119
5 212 198 132 6,O
6 251 217
Nolc: i=6tica lr:t.-

I|erc is no agreement on the magnitude of the creep

! the magnitudc oithe creep Poisson's ratio and the elasric
!2
9r
41234
Maxrm!m shear ng srress tt4pa
Iir.8 78. Relation bel,eencreepin rorsion and naximum shelr
srEs
Ior moitar{.re{l in siier r!
lle end of a column alter a year). but there appears 1o be
no simplc rclarion between bond crcep and strengih ol
cor.rere t\(n the e\i.rence ,n.one
^[c'ecp rn bond r.
doubt. For instance, GlanviLie.'1a iesting rinforced con-
crcte columns with sleel short of the ends. showcd that
load was transferred lrom thc concrete to the steel b)
bond, and thcrc was no creep in bond The presence ol
bond creep would be clca.ly advantageous in climinaiing
slresscs in steel due ro the shrinkage of conc.crc. Unfor-
tunateiy, no data on the behaviour ofdeiormed rcinforce-
Lateral creep ancl creep Poisson's ratio
in uniaxial compression
Under uniaxial compression creep occurs not only in thc
axial direction but also in the lormal direclions. This is
referred to as lateral creep. The ralio ol rhe lalter to the
iormer can be termed. by analogy ro the elastic strains,
creep Poisson's ratio. Figu.e 8.19 shows rhe possiblc
thcoreiical values oflaterai creep and hence of Poisson\
Poisson's ratio: some invesligalors found it to be zero or
very nea.ly so,']6'1 othersL :3 reporlcd a value ol aboxt
0.05, and others yet13''?!' ro 31 claim no diflercnce berween
Poissons ratio. It ]s likcly that ai least a part of this
discrepancy is due !o diferences in iest conditions. Spcci-
fisally, when a specrmen is drying. the creep Pohson's
ralio is very much lowe. than when basic creep only
Iakes plaoe. This appears to be confirmed by the tests of
Duke and Davis,l3 and by Chuang ?r a/.,r': who iound
that undcr drying conditions thc oreep Poisson\ rario is
lower than under mass-cuing conditions. Possibly, rvhilc
in the arial direction the drying c.eep contributes to rhc
lotal creep defornration, the etrect old.ying is smaller or
absenl in the lateral direclior.In facr, Meycrrr found rhe
lateral crecp not to be affecled by hygromerric conditions
or by concu.rent shrinkage. Tes!sra on 1:3.5:1.5 concrete
have shown rhat lateral creep oidrying concrete is lowcr
than for concrelc stored wet so that ihe lateral dr],ing
creep is a conraction. It follows that the creep Poisson's
ratio under conditions ol drying is lower than lor wcr
concrete. Assuming the differercc between the creep
slrains under condilions of drying and in wet storage
approximately to reprcsent the drying c.cep, we find thar
the latcral drting creep is much smaller than lhe axial
drying creep. Table 8.2 gives a summary ofrhe.esults.
h has been suggesled that a possible source oldiscrep-
ancy in thc value ol the crecp Poisson's ralio lies in
the method ol measuremenl: Dayis ct al.r5 lwho found a
value of 0.2) uscd an enbedded axiaL exlenrcmcler, and
Glanville36 ($ho reported a value oi0.05l used a surlace
lhe 'c- reasor nd) b( rhe \xrlirE (\rerr
"f drlins creep ir c flcrenr p.r. . rh( .pecrnen. a.
demonstrated by the results ofDavis e, al.rs
In short{erm (80 min) lests lvans and Woodi found
the creep Poisson\ ratio ofconcrele !o increase with time
iiom 0.09 to 0.31, but durlng lhe rccovery rhe value
remained constant at abour 0.33. These high lalues ofthe
creep Poisson's ratio have no! been confirmed in morc
recent tesis and. also, a decrease in creep Poisson's raiio
with time has been obseryed r3
Tcstresults ofPolivka er al.:'q includc data which make
possible a calculaiion ol Poisson s ralio lor two cement
 Laternl creep and crrep Poisson's tio i uniaxial tonpressh l2l
,E

Pce= % (co.slanl volome creep)

MAINLY SHEAR CR.EFP

4ro =&(creep Po sson',sral o =

e aslic Po sson
s rat o)

/.+= 0(creep Po sson'srario =0)

:MAINLY VOLUMETNIC CFEEP

/aro: -1 (purevol!melriccreep)

r's 8.19. Salient values ot Poissont ntio under uniarial nEss,l

paste contents. The values are as follows:
Creep Poissont Olerall Poisso.
contenl by Poisson\ ralio alter ralio after 3.14
3,14 dals daysunderload
11.6 0.200 0.126 0.17
With only two cement paste cofltents, few conclusions
can be drawn but it appears thal, while the elastic
Poissont ratio decreases with an increase in the paste
contenl, the deep Poisson's ratio is almost constant. It is
possible, ofcourse, that the real factor is other than the
paste content but the important conclusion is rhat the two
Poisson's raiios do not vary in srep with one another so
that prediction ofthecreep Poisson's ratio from the elastic
Poisson's ratio is not possible. Equally important is the
observation that the two Poisson's ratios do not differ
substattially from one another-
Parrottre reported that the creep Poisson\ ratio of
sealed concrete was slightly higher lhan that for sealcd
hardened cment paste but the ellccts of aggregate con-
lent, type of aggregate and water/cement ratio on creep
SomE interesting inlormation on Poisson\ ratio oi
concrete can be dcduced from Kordina's test resultsa'] for
s concretes with dillerent aggregates. Figure 8.20 shows a
plot of the creep Poisson\ ralio oiconcrete after 675 ro
895 days under load al a relal;ve humidity of65 per cent
against thc (elastic) Poisson's raiio of the aggregate in ihe
concrete. There is no apparent relalion between the two
quantities. It is interestifig io observe, however, the wid
variation i.r the creep Poisson's ratio of concrete: between
0.01 and 0.17, even though the humidity condition in all
cases was the same and the concrete was about two years
old. I! js possible that some property of aggregare orher
than ils Poisson's ratio influences the creep Poisson's
ratio. This could well be the modulus ofelasticity ot the
aggregate (allhough this is not apparent from Kordina's
rcsults) or its surface properties influencing the interface
behaviour, e.g. bond microcracking- The problem is still
to be invesiigated.
E o.2

were not large- The creep Poisson's ratio of hardened

cemeni pastc was found to be 0.13 regardless of porosity,
stress, moisture loss, age at applicatjon of load or period
under load, whereas the elastic Poisson\ rario increased
with an increase in moisture content and was irflunced
by the type of aggregate and its volume concentration.
,6
Jordaan and lllstonao demonstrated that creep poisson\
ratio is sensibly independent ol stress history while the
elastic Poissont ratio increases wilh the level of applied
uniaxial stress and biaxial stress. The Poisson's ratio 0 02 a3
during qeep recovery tends to increase wirh timeao bur Poisson s ratlo of aggregate
can be taken to have a constant value which is hi sher rhan ai!/ a ,,
Relalion betwen creep Pohs.n\ atio oI concrete and
the creep Poissor\ ratio-41 Poisson\ rallo oi theconslnuent asBre8ate.
 122 Crcep tllel dilfemr srdrds r/'s.ress
7rrl.J.1 Lal.ral.reepard.rcepPoisson!rario

0.1:
Drl
0 18 0.19 01.1 0 2: 02:l 024 0.21 |:l
Sh rkag. lnoe loadingil0 6l
5,1 258 50 2t: 4t zat 3l 55,1
508 ,1)t ll:l 471 69:
.\\laldrymscrec!il0ri)
79 4l tm
2l:l 179 188
Lrtcra drlrng crce! 110 .l
118 112
l9 ll t6 l8
Dryine.reep totrsoo\ rtiho 0ll 0.17 0.19
Ba!c c.eep P.Ayrni rari.
[La ]c rccovery Pois$nr rati.
Sh rkag.slnceunloadi.glr0 .)
024 025 0.2i 021 0.27 029 0.25
:5 1t6 21 12' 11) 125
Arirl or.ep rc..!ery(10 6l
150 192 1ll 1i] 116 1,16 2ll
Latcralc.eep r.cove.r- (10 1 ,15 2t 54 :0 l5 50
A\ial drj-ug creep rc.ove.y
42
t-areral ir-"-.!og creep recorerl
1]
ll0 a4

0.11 0.:10 0:l 023

Ratn) i.tp r...t?r\ t t q p
0.29 0.r1 038
0,19 0.18 0.50
0 2:l 0.tl 0.tl
058 1.01

Kordina'r found ihe creep Poisson s.atio ro varv wilh
s[J.rtc. t, r,. bep r urr'r. rlc iar<ral
deformation m his lelts lagged bchind rhc tongitudinal
delormatron hui, after a time. rhc latter wrs overtaken bv
'\e lo [e] I re o\Jrd I P. ,. ,r'.
a.d creep deformatiod from Kordinas"r..rb".erree.,r-
rests snd rhe
rariation in it wilh limc are sLrmmarlzed in Table 8 3.'Ihe
\arialion with time in rhc creep Poisson s .atio aloncar is
presentcd in Table 8.4, aud it can be seen that rhis js
considcrable lor ant givcn concrct:no de6nite prricrn is
,edd'l\ Jr.ce.rrble.r o r. r. ditc.,tr rojLdr. ,,cu nu., o
\( ob . r.(,1 ra,r,rroni'r:-:roernL lrenl,l,..rro-.
Gvozdc\.' howcver lirund rhar the poisson.s ratio
PoissoD'sralioisinirlalll,hjgherlhrDtheetas!icl,oissol]\
ratio. The creep Poisson's ratio then dec.cases and
bccomes slabilized. Gopatakrishnan el al.aa found ttre
crecp ibisson s ratro ol a 1:t.5::1.5 concrete wirh , wirul
cen(nr ro o ol 0-' rr rcJ .. .,r .r,aleo ,r;r to r. rg(
be.u.1n 6 ,,o ,. 0 ou tL.re qr. 1lr 1!.tc.ndlic ,JI-
d'i.n n .1.. .reep P. ..or . ru io s rl' li ne Lnne, ,(-d.
For comparison the clastic Poisson's ratio ranged be,
ru.en 0.1^ poi\son'.
"1J 0...,. i.e \. r) clo.e r,, rhe cr(ef
r- i, Tr. \!orJ conFrm lhlr rndcr b.ic c-eep (.,r-
ditions the c.ecp Poisson's ralio is substantix y equat to
theelaslic Poisson sratio. Meyer:j also did notdetectany
ruh.,-11 n dil. r(nre be'sc(r lhr etJ.lic I'o,,,cn \ raLio
and the creep Poisson\ ralio lor basic creep, and interred
from this ihat the structural dcformarion of concretc in
basiccreep is similar to the elastic deformation. His range
ofvalues was 0.16 !o 0 25.
Creep and creep Poisson's ratio under
mull'arialslress
From the fact ihat there is lalc.al creep induced by an
a\,di.r'!...i1 to,.\,lhtrr..rndcr mLIri.r\rxl.lre.,.rnar)
direction there is crccp due to the srress apptied rn that
direction an d also creep due to thc Poisson s ratioeffecr of
creep slrainsin the luo normal directions. The question is
whether all tbese nrains occu. independcntly of onc
another, in whjch case thcJ can be readily deduced from

a,,1e,t.J Vanaton i.l.ralloEson\ rr(ro with rtne under l.ad

Tornl PoGson's raxo ar rineidavt afterroadi.s AEe of occurence (day,
Poiss.n{s *rn)
I ?10
02:7 0:45 0 202 r10
0.226 0 t,ll 0lt 6 0131 1.1
0t8l 0.280 0:l1l 0226
0287 0121 0208 0180 I6
0 l-{: t 165 0.221 28
0.117 1.6
0.220 011 0.21; 0205
0126 0171 0.094 28
 Creep and.reep Paisson's rutio urulet nuLtiaxial sttess 123
TzDle I4 Creep Ponson\ ratio olconcreleal

Crccn sandslo.e Rounded qua z Crusncdquarrz Cranile Basah Red

srndsrone
0.257 0.1r6 0.364 0.116 0175 4721 a.r2 0.151
I 0.21'1 0.0.11 0.256 0.155 0.r96 0.2,10 00ll
2l
25 0.240 0.214
71 0.10,1
28 0.218 0.110
0 069
109 0.117
111 0.200
116
119
120
111
121 0 120
1tl 0.102
109 0.219
211
117
222 0 r98
225 0.117 0.172

tlr ur88
0111
111 0.129
0 009
0022
0 151
824 0.173
811 0.t21
895 0. 0

ltniaxial creep daia, or whcther the behaviour is more atrected by the applied stress in that direction, or that axial
creep is afecled by the prcsence oflaieral stresses, or lastly
ln the iormc. case, the creep strains are said to conform that axial creep and Poisson crccp interact- We may note
to the principle oi superposition, which requires that the lhat neither non-linearity of the stress-creep relation nor
net creep in any dircction be equal ro rhe algebraic sum possible anisotropy of concrete vitiatcs the principle of
of creep strains in that direction caused by each stress superposition.
componelt acting separalely. This can be expressed as The problem was investigatedaa lor various combi-
. : r!r ndlions o[ conp,e'{\r 'lrcs.e. bur lo- onl) or( mr\: x
/r(e u.!, !-r !rur 18.11
l:3.5:3.5 concrete witb a watcr/cement ratio of 0.72.
where ..1, .,, and .,3 : axial creep slrajns for principal cured and slored at a relative humidily ol98 per cent and
stresses a,, (,2 and or acting separately. loadcd at the age of eight days when its cube strengrh
was 28.1MPa. The creep specimens were 254mm cubes.
ticr.u: creep Poisson\ ralio under uniaxial com
Companion tests under uniaxial compression were per-
and ., : ne1 creep in direction of t,l when the complex
formed.
Figure 8.21 shorvs typical results oI creep and creep re-
siress syslem acts.
covery versus time for multiaxial compression. Inciuded
If it can be furlher assumed that. under a unlaxial srress. are also results lor uniaxial compression at a stress equal
creep is proportional to stress (see Ch. 5) then [8.1] to one oithe stresses in the multiaxial specimen. Ii can be
seen that, at a given stress, when the load system is
multiaxial. creepis significantly lower than under uniaxial
.r: [o1 p.e,,lo, + o])].,e t8.21
where cse : specific creep. Tllc elTecrive creep Poisson's ratios in the th.ee direc-
Taking thc three principai stresses in turn, [8.2] yietds tions are of the lypc
three values of creep Poisson's rario, and these wiil be
referred !o as e{Iective creep Poisson\ ralios. If the .,: !p", - a..,1. +",11 t8.rl
prin! iple olsuperponuon i, valid rhe lhree efle. ri\ e ( rccp
Poisson\ ratios must be equal to one anoiher and to the whcrc cr : net creep in the direction of o,
creep Poisson's ralio underuniaxial stress.llthis is nor thc multiaxial stress system acts,
case, it means that the Poisson creep in any direction is c,, : uniaxial creep,
 Un ax a creeploraslress a,: 126 MPa \

- ioo

',)

20 30
Time unde.load days

Uniaxialcreep loraslressdu = 13 2 MPa

^--^-;:Eii;^--:-
_ 200 7'
'.1/
.'t-'"';''

"' = ,,u,,"
,,
8le
qg
l; N,-^-^-^

{ ,l-, 2E
132MPa 3 .f 7r
.'-'-lt \

.r = 6:l MPa | I
'_'
u

Hi

0255075
lb) Time under load days
Fig ,r2l Typrcalcrcep dme curves lor.on.rete under multiaxial c.npresion
Ill Biaxral compresion.
ibr l riaxi.l comfrc$ion.

= stress in uniaxial compression,
ou
and tcp.j = cflective creep Poisson's ratio in direction ,.
corresponding io a particular state ol stress
otj oj and ok.
The values ol eflective creep poisson's ratio lor different
applied stresses and pcriods under load arc compared
with the uniaxial creep Poisson's ratios in Fig. 8.22. No
systcmatic variation of creep Poisson's rarjo with tirne is
apparent. The ellective creep Poisson's ratio under mulli-
axial compression sccms ro be lower rhan the uniaxial
creep Poisson's ratio, the ranges oi the two values being
0.09 to 0.17 and 0.17 to 0.20, respectively. For com-
parison, the creep Poisson\ ratio in Hannant\ triaxial
restsro on sealed concrete averaged 0.18 alter 200 days
under load. King and Timuska5 also found a tower creep
Poisson\ ratio in biaxial comprcssion rhan under uni
axial strcss.
Furthcrmore, the value of rhe cfiective creep poisson,s
ratio in the three principal directions varies. The highesl
value (0-15 to 0.17) occurs in the non-loaded dircction ot
biaxial specimens buteven this is lower than the value in a
4.25
a.2a
9
015
I an increase in contraclion. For comparison, Fig.8.24
:!
0.10
^n
0.05
425
(:teep ani ueep Poisson's rdtio u der muhitjxiat stess 125
uniaxialtest.Theresultssuggestthat,ingneraljthecreep
Poisson's ratio is highcr in a direclion in which rhe ner
strain is exlen sion than in adirection ofcontraction. Thus
the magnilud ofthe creep Poisson's rariois a funcrion of
the rctative magnitude oi the principal srresses. It foltows
that creep strai s undcr mulriaxial compression cannot be
simply superposed. Figure 8.23 shows rhe relation be
tween creep.rand the instanraneous strain on applicarion
of load in the same direction .li under mulriaxial com-
prcssion for all stress combinations. In the same figure,
uniaxial creep is also plotted againsr the axial instan-
laneous slrain. The scatter of the points is parrly due
to the inequaiity of the clastic Poisson's rario and the
creep Poisson\ ratio, rnd partly to thc variarion of the
ellective crecp Poisson\ ratio under different stress
In order to oblain a clearer picture of the influence of
the state of stress on creep Poissont ratio scveral
relations were derived Lom the experimertal data. The
first of lhese is a relation between tbc e$ective creep
Poisson's ralio, /1"".1in any direction i and tlc instanta-
neous strain on application ol load slj. The value oi ir,
beingdependenton thcstressesinihe!hreedirectionsand
on th elastic Poisson\ rario, represents in a way the slatc
ofstress in the specimen. Figurc 8.24 shows a plot ofli.r.i
versus eir, in which !ce.t is the average of valucs at foirr
different periods under load. It can be seen that the
effectiv creep Poisson\ ratio is largest when the nct
eiastic strain is entension. and decreases percpiibly wiih
inciudes a plot ot rhe uniaxial creei, poisson,s ratio
againstthe lale.al strain on loading. A least square nl of a
second degree curve to the ellective creep Poisson\ ratio
\alues yielded the equarion
t"p,:0.116 152!"r.t + 184 x t01sli):. t8.41
For the same elastic strain .i . rhe unia al creep poisson's
ratio is larger than the cfective creep Poisson\ rario. h
appears, thereiore, thal the creep Poissont ratio in any
direction depends not only on the nct elasric strain in rhat
direction but also on thc magnirudeol stress actingin the

0.20 Figure 8.25 shows the relarion bctween rhe eflcctive

9
creep Pui..on\ rJl o t, e ,rnd rhe relari\e magnrrude ui
E TA
0.15 ^l pnncpal nresei Jellned
", o.(6j .r) Ihe frpurc
rndrcdre. lfdl rhe eJlecrire creep Poi$on'. ral ro dec-ea.es
6 sIhan n er.einrh(\alueoro ,6, . .^r. thepoinr,on
0 t0 'he r-a\.. rcpre.enr rhc \alue. ote{ecri\e creen Poissor \
ratio in the non-loaded direction oi bi .ial crcen resrs
lhe ,(alrer ol lhe.e porn \ -na) oe ure. n parl. lo rhe
0.05
inffuence ofthe absolure magnirude olstresses o and or.
A le".r ,qrdre h' L,l d,econd Jeeree cLr\e gi!e. rhe
(b)
to) u
0 10 20 30
T me Lnder oad days r,, , .01o0 ,r0-4 o . OOrrl "' I
ai9 8?, Uniaxial and eilecrile crep poissons rarios tor dfiercnr \" ",/
<rvPrd t8.51
/ci B-\ lo Vp,o .ovp , O
i5. Trir,,r J'VPJ d " Vp, Vp It musi be emphasized that this empirical equation is valid
^
only over thc range of valucs of + oJ ptoued in
"j/(oj
126 Creap under differeht states of stress

,Z
/"'"
,/
.l/
.r/
I
,/ -.,
g 100
^-,,-

-'-rz
100 200 300
lnsla.ianeo!s strai. 10 6
La.3.lr Relation bolween crep aier l.4an{j 28days undcrloadandinsranra.eoussrrain o. alplicadon ol load to concrete.

Fig. 8.25, and serves io indicare that the eflcctive creep Figure 8.27 shows an approximalely linear relarion
Poisson's ratio is affected by the relative as well as by the belween the roolmean-square devialoric componenr of
absolute magnitude of principal stresses. creep
It has been found that the volunerric creep (.r +
E,+.1) and also the creep recovery vary with rime +tG, E)' + G, s,)'+G. ,',F],tr
under load in thc same {orm as linear creep. Figure 8.26
shows a linear relation betweer the volumelric creep and and thc root-mean-square shear stress
the mean normal siress, l(o1 + o, + or), signifying an
overatl stress creep p.oportionalily. \llo1 lo,
o)'1 + o)'z + \ot o)'z1l'z.

a.2a

0.15 /r.p. = 0146 152.'i + 184 x 10r(.1),

,6

- 100 200 300 400

l.stantaneous slra n (.1) 10 6

lia d2r. Relalion belwen efechve creep Poisson's rario and instantaneous strain on applicarion of load 10 concrete.
 Creep and creep Poisson's /atio wdet nultiaxial stress 127

Time under oad(days):

.9 0.20 L 400

,6
i1 ,. r.. = o ''u
- 0.0,, . rr[,,:.
015 [*,-l " I
aE 20a

0.101
0 0.5 1.0 1.5

04812
Mean normalstress - MPa
Iis.8.5. Relalion btNe. efr@live crp
Poisson,s ralio oI @ncret. aid.8.16 Relatior belween volunetric creep of condele undermulli-
and the rclalive maenitude ol principal srresB, d:(dr + ar). axial compe$ion a.d noan nomal srress.

It appears that, in spite of some scatter of results, both
volumetric ard deviatoric componenh of creep are
affected by the corresponding components of stress in
a similar manner.
The influence oflate.al stress on axial fieep was studied
by tests in which specimens subjected to biaxial loading
for som time were late. loaded in the third direction.
Because at the time of application of the thi{d stress d3 the
rate of creep vr'as low, the influence of the lateral stress on
creep suscptibility in the axial direction could be es-
tablished, it beirg assumed that crp in direction d3 is
wholly due to the stress 03 . This creep was compared with
uniaxial creep under the same stress ard for th same age
at loading, and it was found that, even ir the absnce o{
crerpdue to Porsson. ellect. the a al creep ota specimen
conined by lateral stresses is up to 20 per cent lower than
in a similar unconfined specimen. This behaviou reflects
the influence of a lateral confining stress on creep sus-
cepribilly !n (he dxial direction. SLmilar behavrour $a,
ob.er!ed in Ina\ral te\ts in \,\hich lhe !tres' in one
direction was inoeased after some time under load. Ths
results do not confirm th observations of R. E- Davis

Time under load (days): 2a

I 4OO

3 zoo
F

510 15 20
sheafstress MPa
Root-mean square
Fis, 8,.?7. Relarion belwen .oot-ne{quaE shear c!e@ of concrele ud rool-nean{quarc shar sress.
 D8 Cleep u,ids diferent ates ofstrcss
er a/.3i who lound ihat lateral stress didnoi ared rhe Both C,,, and Q a.e obtained from the crecp reco\er
axialcreep. However, rhe tests ofDuke and H F r).vi\rs and flo\1 experimenlat data f.s.. Ch. l.ll.
dnd o' Hannanl'o -Eree guaJ;r,rl\ell u .h I'rc.e -r The uniarial crcep durjng the Lime irrerlai is the sum.:
Gopalakashnan pr
a/ a]
t8.61 and [8.7] while the crccp undcr a triarial system oi
Th( mair c.nclL.i.n, trL)n ttc re\ts o,CoDn,d \ u,hnJn slress is gi!en b1 the principle ol superposition for lh.
rollo$.. areep ,IrJer mutI,J\iJ, cJ,n three directions of the principat srrcsses, e.g for 01:
pression is lcss than under a uniaxiat comprcssion oflhc
same magnitude in the given direclion. But even under c, : (1E, + A,rdJ !",[(dso + AqJ + (A.r] + Asdill
hyd.ostatic compression there is considerablc creep. [8.8]
There is no syslematic varialion in creep poisson,\ ratio
withiime underuniarialormultiaxialstress.Theeflective
where 4er - elaslic Poisson s ratio
The iull histort, of strain is found b] repeating thc
creep Poisson\ ratio undermultia al comp.ession i s lcss
abolc procedure lor all the ritne mcrenrents and addins
than unialial creep Poisson s rario. varying bctween 0.09
the elastic strains in the usual manDer Figurc 8.28 showr
and 0.17. dcpending on the retalive masnirude ot rhc
the comparison betwecn measured and predicled strains
principal slresses. The cllective crcep Poisson,s ratio is
and. lor the parlicular concrere uscd (a lrl.2:2.0 mir
highest in th nonloadcd direction oia biaxi lv stresserl
!p(crmen. oLl c\en .nen il ..lose, tt-"1 lhe Llia\rdlc-een havin8 a $atcricement ratio of 0.4). rhe agreemeni is
sitisfactory. I1 may be added thai othcr methods ot
Poisson\ ratio. ID general, the effecrivc creep poisson\ predictingcreep uDder a mulii.rx ial stress can bc used with
ratio is higher in the direcrion of an ertcnsionat strain
the assumption of equality of elasric and creep poisson.s
than \rhen th nei srrain is a cont.action. Lateral com-
ratio$ these are the rate ol creep- principle of super-
pression reduces creep by rlp to 20 per cenl in excess of
position and the c$eciive and age-adjusted effective
reductjon through the Poisson creep. It toltows that the
moduli methods (see Chs 1l and 161.
effeclivc creep Poisson's ralio is a fxncrion ol lhc overall sone. (r b- ara l..Jrirl te,t,mr)be^r rnlere.r rr
state of st.ess in thc specimen. Creep under nrultiaxial
sl.ess cannot be simplt predlcted from uuiarial creep
elucidating pa cular points. Gambarovst measurcd the
meas uremenls. as & a s con firmed b] Chuang er al., Thus.
crcep ol spiratly preslrcssed conc.ete cytinde.s. and
. ri.rl) compa.ed it with the behaviour ol non-preslrcssed bur
'pcJlirs. r-c princiole or .uoerf.^r.ron ooe\ nor bound cylinders. lt should be noted thar such binding
hold for creep Lnder mJlrra\i, cump-e,,,.". rnd treLp
affects the fundamental properiies of concrete: tor in-
can be predicted accurarely only by an equation ot !h;
stance, the slope of the nrcss slrain curve for bo und. non-
type of[8.3] \rith the etrecrive creep poisson,s ratio civen
prestressed concrete would be higher than in the absence
b) an equJ,,oI o, ,hc rlpe 18.11. nLrne'rrcut
^i
coelilcients havc to be determined experimentally.
'c ol binding.
O!he. specimcns were teslcdr1 in a slecl tube wrapped
Hokc\er Ill,r,,n and Jord".ri5 prooo5e an uppro\ by a prestressing spiral. The tube reduccd rhe axiat creep
mate rncthod ofpredicting c.eep ofseatd concrete unde.
even more lhan spiral binding, pro bably because concrctc
rnultiaxial stress using a value of creep poisson,s ratio
cannol cxpand lale.allv between the spirats ard becausc
equal to the clastic value at the age at appticarion ot a
the tube prcvents all noisture loss.
uniaxiai load. and mcasuring the subsequenr creep and Furr\ tests':T sere also rathcr nDusual in that he tested
creep recovery. The raie ol flow meihod (spp Ch. 13) is
preslressed two way and one-way slabs. He observed no
used. in which there arc required thcdelayed elastic strain
ditrerencein the loss ol prestress:after 113 days this was 25
or recoverable creep and fiow or ireversible creep. When
and 30 pcr cent of the inilial prest.ess lor 11.8 MPa and
the slress varies with time, the period under load is divided
20.7MPa presress, respectilcly. Three qrarters of this
into a number of increments during each of which the
loss took place in the first 40 days. Shrinkagc loss was
stress history is rep.esenred by a step tuncrjon. For a time
allowed for in thesc calculations. Thesc results indicate
ircrement Ar during \rhich the srress is d. the ffow that rhe prescnce ol a biaxial st.ess does not aflec1 thc
increment Ar. is given by:
crccp behaviour in the lo{dcd direcrions: no measurc
ar;: oae,," [8.6] ments were madc in thc direction of the thickness ol the

where Ar"e : flow per unit of strcss during the lime

interval Ar.
The delayed elaslic strain during the increment, Ad, is Creep under allernallng loading
givn by:
The data on rhis topic are of interesl in structurcs such as
: (oC.!, d)(1 r 'n'"r('?) 18.71
bridges. Cene.ally. ailernaling or cyclic loads cause an
^s.! increase in creep compared with creep under a sustained
where Cd" : llmiting delayed elastic strain per unit loadcqual !o the mean stress ol thecyclic load. we define
stress. the in.rfase in creep under cyclic loading as cyclic creep
d : delayed elastic strain at the sta( of the
and it is important to realize ihat cyclic creep is measured
increment, relaliveto creep under a sustainedload equal lo thcmcan
cyclic stress and no! th. crccp under r sustaincd load
and 0: rate parameter. cqual to thc upper crclic rlrer\. Our definltion is based on
 B3
ai-
s No
o d- T fl
ca l: ll
li

J9

l3

B3
l-$
t: i
iti
iE t9 *
l"p
II
ti t*;
li
I^ *
e 0r - ulerts R; I
I
r^E
]FE
lil3
l-n
l3:
13!
\_
t;
t: I
6
it
130 Creep under tlilldent states of s,,ess.
a cyclic slress of the form:
: d
d 6M + (lndl)
,s,r
wherc oM : mean stress expressed as a lraction
staiic strength at application ol load,
A : range of slress, also expressed as afraction
the stalic strength at application of load.
., : frequency ofloading (HzJ,
and .:timeGec.).
Cyclic stresses ranging belween o, and a, can be de-
scribed byl
oM:lo, + o,)
where oj and o, are expressed as lractions of rhe stalic
strength at applicalion of load.
Thus, creep under a cyclicload should be detennired;Lt
thc valu of mean stress oM, i.e. at the mid-point of the
cycle sincc measurements at values of either or or r, will
yieid different values ofcreep if any change in the modulus
of elasticity occurs within the rangc of stress, A. Usually,
however, thechange in modulus ol elasticily under typical
cyclic loads at frequencies in the region ol 5 to 10Hz is
small.
Historically, Probstar.ns was probably the first in-
vestigator to observe the behavioirr of concrete under a
rapidly fluctuating (t Hz) stress of given duration and
found ihe irrcversible deformation 1o inc.ease with the
number of cycles- [n contrast to young concrete (two
lo three months old), the irreversible deformation for
older concrete (7 to 12 months oldl reached a stable
condition. For an uppr compressive stress of icss than
0.47 of the static strengthj the stress strain relation
became linear alter several cyclcs but this would not be the
case above the crilical strcss which is between 47 and 60
per cent of the staric strength and is the same as the
'endurance limit' for an infinite number of cycles. The
problem ol the maximum stress which concrete can
wirhstand under cyclic loading and the relevant field of
fatigue are outside the scope ol this prsent book; other
works may be consulted.l
Probsta3 also reported a decrease of the no.-elastic
deiormation with an increase in the age at application of
cyclic load; this behaviour is similar to thai under static
loadins.
Both ProbslaB and Lc Camusae investigated the se-
quence of alternating and sustained static loading at a
slress equal to the upper cyclic stress- There was no
appreciable additional delormation when a cyclic stress
follows a static load but, for a cyclic strcss followed by a
!lalrc !lrcir. the lotal derormdrion incrc",cd'"
There appears to be an influene of frequercy of
loading on cyciic creep,a3 creep generally decrcasingwith
an increaso in ftequency so that under very rapid cycles
1cg. A. M Neville, Pfupe,i.r,J C,nodd (lrd edn), Pitdan:
and Marshneld, Mass,1981.779 p!
the behaviour of concrete becomes more elastic. In
Probst's tests.as ihe final deformation ol his two beams.
t8.el referred 1o above, was approximately the same. Howeler,
in the beam subjected first io a suslained slress and lhen to
of the a cyclic load, there was an increase in the non-elastic
deiormation when the frequency of loading decreased to
of
0.37 Hz. Furlhcrmore, uniform cycling causes iess creep
lhan an irrcgular pattern within the same rarge of
Le Camusae performed extensive lests on concrete
subjected to a cyclic load at 8.25 Hz and showed that ihe
dclormation undr cyclic loading is greater than that
under a susiained load even when lbe sustained load was
equal to the upperlimil ol thecyclic load.Ii is shown laier
t8.10'l t
rhar rhi, not alua1. the ca.e shen rhe compari,on r.
based on the upper cyclic stress.
Theresulis of Le Camusae mean that lorthe same total
time, the deformation under cyclic loading is grea.er than
,hal undcr d ,unaincd Ioad. i.e. rhere is eirher an increa.e
in crccp or an accclcraling creep due to a cyclic load.
The foregoing eflect was confirmed by Whaley and
Nevilleso who subjected sealed concrete (o a cyclic stress
at a frequency of 9.75 Hz. IJsing a l:2:4 rapid-hardcning
Portland cement mix with a water/cemenr ratio ol0-5, rhe
inllucncc of thcmcan stress and of the range ol siress were
investigated when the load was applied at the age ol 14
days; equivalent sustailred load tests were also carried oul
at stresses equal lo the mcan cyciic stress. Typical results
areshown in Fig. 8.29 which clearly indicates the increasc
in crcep due to a cyclic load. Figure 8.30 shows that the
increase in crccp due to cyclic load (cyclic creep) is
approximately proportional to the range of stress up to a
stress,lstrcngth ratio of 0.4. At greater values of range of
slress, A, the rate of creep increases and, at A : 0.6,failure
occur. uhrLh r, r lrLigue railure. Similar re\r' corcring a
range of mean slrcsses for a constant range ol slress
indicated thal cyclic creep is generally proporlional to the
mean stuess lor early pcriods under load but, at later
pcriods, the curve does not pass through ihe origin
(Fig. 8.31). The explanation is that the creep under a
sustaincd stress equal to the mcan cyclic stress may itsell
be acceleraled and, as a result, the cyclic creep (by
defi nitionl would be overestimated.so
The limiting vahes ol mean stress and range of stress to
avoid non-lineadty between creep and cyciic stress due to
microcracking and, thus, possible fatigue failure, are 0.45
and 0.3, rspectively.5o For lhese corditions, creep under
a cyclic load can bcexpressed as the sum ofcreep under a
sustained stress equal to the mean cyciic stress ard of
cyclic creep which is dependent on both the mean stress
and the range of stress, i.c.
:
C"y" 129oM(1 + 3.874)r1l3 t8.r lt
where C"y. : creep under a cyclic load (10 6)
and I : time since applicatior of load (hoursi.
Ir the same rnvesligation,5o some other interesling
Loidon features wereobserved. Belowrhe limiting values of stress,
the modulus ol elaslicity and strergth of concrete arc
 Cleep un(let ahe/natins loadino t3t
Range oi st.ess (iraction oi 14-daystrenqlh):

0.2
01

10 100
Timeundertoad(ogscate) ho!rs
Iir.3.rr. Influe.ce ol runse ofstrcs on crep ofconcrete under a cyclic load ai a hean stres oa 0.35 ot the l4 day strcnElh r.

jncreascd to a grealer extent by a cyclic siress

than by a
sustaincd stress. Undcr a cyclic strcss, an initial risc in the
temperature ofconcrete occurred (4_5 to 7.C),whiclr was
approximaiely proportlonal to the range of stress but
independen! ol themean stress. The areaoi thehvsreresis
loop Jnd. hence. ddmping canac ) are oec-eai;o morc
rapidly under a cycUc slrcss, the decrease ol the damping
capacity being accompanied by a slow retrogrcssion of
the initial rise in tempcrature- A compa.json of creep
recovedes after the removal of cyclic and of sustained
loadsshowed no significan ! diferencs and, thcrcfore. rhe
cyclic creep is irrecoverable.5o

IVean stress (lraction of 14 dayslrength):

lime unde, oad (horrs):

300 t 124

Time !nder oad (hours):

3 200

a n

100

0 0.2 0.4 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

Bangeol siress Mean stress
Iia.8.. r Influen.eolrangeol st.essas alraction ol l4nay $rengra on Fio.8 J/ Influence oI mean sress as a fra.rion ol14 day sr.englh on
cyclic cree! .l concrele.ro .y.lic cEep ol concrers:.!nge oisrEss = 02 oI rbe l,l-day ste.gth.50
132 Creep undet dfute r sd,es o/s;/rss
The empirical relation ol [8.] l] is applicable to short
periods under load and for lhe conditions ol testing by
Fe al !e humidiiy of sioraqe (per cenl)l
Whaly and Neville.so Howevr, the general form of
[8.] ll was confirmed in a latcr series of tests by Neville
and Hirsr,s l who uscd ordinary Portland cement concrete
siored from the agc al application of load at rwo lcvels ol
relative humidity (50 and 70 per cent) after fog curing for 150
28 days. Thus, the influence of cyclic loading at a
frequency ol 5Hz on total creep, i.c. crccp under con-
T me uider road (hours)
ditions ol drying, was investigatcd. It was found thai
cycliccreepwas greaterfor thc higher humidity condition
when concrete was subjccted 10 the higher rangcs oi
stress. Thls somewhat sLlrprising influence, shown in Fig.
3 roo

8.32, was accompanied by small values ol shrinkage lor 9

the t\ro humidity conditions. The explanation5'is that
the lower humidily causes a higher moist ure gradient and,
hence, a grcater loss of evaporablc \rater from the
specimen srored ai 50 per cent rclative humidity. Hence,
in rhe cd ype-od ol lo"drrg nl'en condrtion."ppro\i-
male 1o basic creep, the specimen which has ihe lower
cvaporable water content has a lower creep potential(sc.
Ch. 6). Howevr. lor later periods undc. load when
.hflnLJe( Dc.o.rle'
';srin.nnrl) grerr(, Iu rhe 'pecimen 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
iorcJ rr d -e "r !e humrdiL) ol 50pcr ccnr.dr\rngcreep
Fangeolslress
enters rhe picturc and total creep under a clclic load
4,a.8 J.?. Irflueneolra.rcolstres asa lraclion ol28 daynrenglhon
would be expected !o bc greater.5l .lclic cEep ol ...rete under drling .ondilio.si mcan slress , 0.15 ol
'I he accelerd,rng eFe(, or c\clic .tIe.. r( rpn"'err in
Fig. 8.31. which shows the raiio of cyclic creep to creep
under a sustained load equal to the mean cyclic stress." microcracking and is accompanied by a rise in tempera-
A peak occurs during the first few hours under load ture of the concrete as thc slrain energy released by
and is followed by a decreasing fuflclion which tends to a microcrackingmanifestsitself asheatenergy5' (Fig. 8.34).
constant valuc this suggests that the ultimaLc or long At stresses within thc range ol proportionality of crecp,
term crccp is higher than that for crccp undcr a sLrslained the microcracking is not progrcssive and is not delri-
Ioad. The early peak oi Fig. 8.31 is probably caused by mental to thc concrete.

Ba.geoislress(lraci on of 28.day stre.91h):

/--\
,9

r_-r_. 0 1

1.0 100
r me under load (log sca
hours e)
lc'4.8.JJ Rrtiool.Icliccreeprocr*punderasusrainedloadequlltoafrean.ycli.slresoI0.l5oIde28-daystrenglh:.oncrelesloredal
! reladve humiditr oI l0 per enl ri
 Creep under alternating loadikq 13J

Fan ge of sl ress (fraci on ol2e.day strenOth):

:10 -,_.__-\_-.\.

.03
a

ri,e *o*
b / 3 e 10

:r8Jr'^vara "car"i-
h.*j
ro"Jr os
oninmkmdttemperatdreoIloncreteltue10acyclicshessdurinsrhenrsrIOhoursu.derloa.lhean
. s. 0.'tof '|e28-dcJr.frsrh..etdr\ehJm,orr!ot.ror"ge:,0per*rr.

U.rng Ue acli\atron energy concepl. t \, Ch

dEd
I0l. Hi.n
\e\iile-: derrved a rheorcrical retation ber\ een and ((r) : a parameter related to the activalion energy
and which is a function oitime.
unger d,]crrcrrre\\.... dnd (reep Jnder a sL.,ained
:::e The form ot /(rr ) r\ shoun in Fip 8 t< and r. timrred
ro
,horr period. under toad. Neve heteis, rhe u\elLlne5s
ol
rh,s dpprodch liej jn rhe po.sibrtir! ot predicring (reen
t8.121
uhe e A under d clclic toad trom crcep under a .u,rarned toair
- range olsrress. erpre,.ed a, a proporuon ot
shen long-rerm ddla [or rhe tJlrer drc araitrble.
lhred,tallc strenglh ar the age at applicatton
ot Orher Inre-rigdrors_, ", hd\e repofled thil roralcreep
under d clclrc stre\s r\ lec, lhdn rordl creep under
a

(fra.rion or 28.day srrenqrh):

0.35 70
---- 025 50
-

Time under oad holrs

Ii, 8..iJ InflueDe oI rine on the value of (oin fS 121.t
131 Creep under diflerenl sdres o/nress
sustained stress equal to the maximum cyclic slress ai
frequncies ranging from 6.1 to 25H2. According to P" : t("J t8.l5l
R(o.:)
Bazanl and Panula,55 ll the comparison is made on lhe
basis of mean cyclic stress, i.e. using our definilion ol L"/- ,'\l
cycllccreep, then there is an iucrease in total creep under a
,id d:
t''\""'2i
t8.161
cyclic stress. Moreovr, Bazart and Panula55 state that R(r.r) l
iotal cyclic creep is less than basic cycliccreep or, in other
words,the incrcascin crccp due toa cyclic stress is greater
lor sealcdconcrele than for concrete which is dryjng under
load.
whereR(o):,-'*{, -f, (*)'l}, t8.171

ln their proposed melhod of predicting creep under a and dM : mean cyclic slress, e{pressed as a pro-
cyclic load, Bazant and Panula55 assume thar the cyclic portion ol the static strength at the age at
lnad acrclcralJ. onli rhe ba.iccreep and lluL ur) rnC Lreep application of load.
is unallccled. For a further explanatjon oi the lerms used
when drying occurs eilher beforethe application ol the
in thc subsequent section, referenc should be made io load orduring the period ol cyclic loading, the totalcreep
Chaplcr 12. fo. basic creep under a cyclic load. the basic function under a cyclic load, O(r, ,o), i.e. elastic strain- plus-
crccp fLrnclion under a cyclic load, Ob"l"ll,lo), i.e. elastic total creep per unit of mean cyclic slress oM, at any age I
strain-plus-basic creep per unit of mean cyclic stress, at when loaded at the age to. is:
any age ,, when loaded at the agc ,o, is expressed as:
O(r, ro) : ob","(,, /o)
o."".(r, r.) : + 6b,",(.t,to)7p. [8.1]l [d,r,.'0.' o)4. u]l
E,1tl ; h
^d;,.rro.'
h

where oh"y.lr. ro) is in 10 6 per GPa, [8.18]

r per MPa,
E : ictilious moduius of elasticily lGPa) which is
where O(,,ro)is in 10
eslimared lrom u2.501, dl(,,ro,,"h o) : dryins creep coefficient siveD by
and p,: factor to allow lor a non linear elTcct belween [12.s8] to [12.62],
creep and sustained stress (see t8.1sl). and Ad;"y.(l, ,o, ,.h. o) = decrease in the basic creep coef'
ficient under a cyclic load due
In [8-13] the basic creep coemcient under a cyclic load to a reduction in the evaporablc
di","(,,ro) is sivcD as lollows: water cortent prior to and du'
ring the period ol the cyclicload.
d;.J.lr,ru) : q\b(..ro)(l + k.d,L1d") t8.111
The corresponding coefllcient for a sustained load is given
by [6.7] and, consequentlyr
A.r;"".(,, r0, r"b,o) :0.81(l - 10.4r'?)
d;(t,ro) : basic creep coemcient under a sustained stress,
. t r. 10fi.,..-.1
,
and is given by [12.49], '',.-l .d", (/,r").
t. : coefficient $ith an
average value of 2.2 and
which is mildly dependeni on frequency o) and
I r ,.,0I
slrength oi lhc concrele at the age at appli- t8.1el
cation ol load Iy1: ln
the above equation, the parameters fr, l,r,rn. r,n.o
and n are as defined ir1[6.7], while, in [8.18],4" is a lactor
for l, < 11.3 Hz. t. : 1.6;
to describe a non-linear ellect between drying creep and
fora> 25 Hz.k,.,=2.7 ifr]1<20.7MPa; maximum cyclic slrcss, i.e.
fLra>25 Hz,k":2.4 if l*r ) 48.lMp4
(bctwcen lhe above values, a linear variation -"t".+)
may be assumed), f8.201
Rd(0.3)
A - rJnge,,".JJl, .rre*. erpressed a,3 proporron
of ihe static strength at the age at application :'..,("".|)'[, (,".+)]
r: coeflicient r\hich is a function of 28-dav
"k".+) [8.21]
slrcrgih. as given by [12.53], The above relations were derived by Bazant and
and : factor to allow for a non-linear efect beiween Panulass from six data sets of other invcstigators,5o'
d, 5'1s3's1s6sr and a feature of the method is that an
cyclic creep and cyclic stress (see [8.16]).
allor"ance ismadefor thefrequency of cycljc loading. For
Tbc non liDcar laclors, p" and d" of [8.13] and [8.14] the ranse of frequencies (5 to 25Hz) covered by the
are, respectively, given by: experimental data used by Bazant and Panula, the in-
 Creep undet uery hiqh snesses 135

Value ol uppersiress timil (lvtpa)l

2.0
2.9
0.15 3.9

11.4
10.8
0.10 9.8
8.8
E 7.9

6.9
4.9

0.05

0 0.2 o.4 0.6 0.8

Numberofcyctes
Va.iation in Poisson\ ralio *irh the nunbe. of
- 106
cy.tes apltied al 1 Hz tor a 1:6 concrere ar

lLcnceot an incred,e in fi equenc] i\ to

increasecreepont) sl_eng(h measured rn thf con\entiondt resl.50 In fact, ir
rrghit) under d-clcrrc load. tn rhrs connection, ii A oi has been \ugge\led rhal iailure occurs al
to recall Probst,sa3 results in which an increase a limiling slrain,
'Dterest in regardless of whether this strain is reached
creep was obser red when thc lrequencl
was lor\ered trom
by a rapidly
, ro.u.r/H/. I.hu\. ior slow cyclic lodds. lhe creep applied hrgh srres. or a lo$er.uslained stre\5. ll soul;
lollow lhd r c!en $ hen no ter riary creep i\ de!etoped.
be diferenr rrrhough prev,ous 6nd,ngs creep
:llyii dn ry)
connm Increa\e in "ol
derolmatron under slou change
can lead to.rirne-iailure. provided rhe apptred stress
is hig;
stress compared with a sustained stress 5B
enough. Thi. $a, obser!ed ;n re.r,. rhe .rrer,
srrengrtr
rario.being higher lhan 0.85 tor toading ar \even
Ddta on" Pois\oo c ratio under a clclic toad and 2U
jo,rnd are \canl. oa)s and lxpher thdn 0.q6 lor concrete loaded
rrobsl'
^ Poissons rado to decrease wirh the _ al si_r
-]ump-e. monlh\.bu fhe criric.rl stres\ \trenglh ralio i\ higher
ot cJcte5 trom abour 0.14 to 0. t0 t I rg. LJ6l. al
The la ler a_ges at applcarion oltoad becdur in such a c;,e
ror\son s rdtro rs atso smalle, ior a lo$ marimum,lre!s: the
a rate olcreep and the roral creeD are lower
\arur a, tow as 008 ha\ been reponed
These \dlue( do The creep under high srre*. leadrng to iailure,
rot gve dccurate informatjon dbout lhe magnitude is ac_
\rmrr( rnvotved but lhe] demonstrdre ol lhe companred by a \er) hrgh lalerat creep. and
hence d creep
tbe preseace oI Porsson s,ra(io.in errceqs ot 0.5. progressively
dpprecrabie Pois.on crecp under conditions increasing
ioad,ng.
of cyctrc as internal cracking growsr (Frs.
8 .]7).
Tle slres! slrength ratio con\idered ir rhal at
lhe rrme
ar applrca(ron of load and. in tacr. in mant
cd\es rhe
Creep under yery high stlesses enecir\e nre\5 slrengli rat io decrease\ wilh time
owing to
rne rncred\e rn slreng(h ol concrele s ith.rge, provided
h hasbeen,hounearlier rhdlcreepincreases!^rthlimear lhe
applred slre$ rs nor roo hrgh. Asisdrscus.ed rn chapter
rdre unte$ rhe magnirude or rhe apptied 5,
"._:::l:ri1"g
rlr5. ( hr8h enougb lh^ an increa\e arting trom rhe compacrjng. or densF
rs
to produce creep ar an increasing Iyrng. enect ot rhe sustained toad and ij in
srrdrn-rale. r.e. rhe.o-called leflrar, creep,
in which cas; addilron lo
any rncrease rn strenSth on conlinued hyJrat;on.
rarrly 'i .dpptied
::1,1.,r\"::r,."
rrre)s .rdprdty he e\pre\\ion
hrgh enough imptie\ lhdr concrere tdrt. urder
lr,is likel) tha I a sucrdrned toad improies
strengrh rf rr is
a sustained ioad at a lower stress than aol iugh enough to caure propagation ot microcrdcking:
the shorlrerm otheruise. rhe rnflueoce ot load on slrength i. adier.e.;r
136 Creep u ler tlillerer, Jlrles ol sress
:075
q a.5a
Time L.der oad
Ld .rJ7 (lc.p Poissoni fttio oiconcreE at a hiEn stre$'slrenelh
Recent lindings have confirmed this for cycllc Loading
under \r hich microcracking adversely affecred strcngth.6z
In vie\l of this it is probable that the time-f lure
of concretc under a high sustained slress is related to
lhe dclclopmenl of microcracks a! thc aggregale paste
lnlcriacc. Such microcracks presumably de!elop under
a lcnsile nress normal to ihe dircction ol the applied
compresslve stress. Thc tensio. breaks bond so thar the
qualiiy of bond. as allected by the type ol aggregate, in-
fluences strength. To consider ihe problem lrom another
slandpoint, microcracking contributc! to lhe overall
observed crecp, probably in the longitudinal as $ell as
laieraldirection. Specilically, the beginning of ihe forma-
lion ot microcracks. termed the critical stress. is between
0.7 and 0.8 of the short{erm siatic strength for good
quality concrete but, as found b-r Hansen,6r ihe critical
stress can be less than 0.4 for concrerc madc wilh poor
aggregate and n high \rate.icement ralio. However. a
stressrstrDgih ralio lowcr than aboul 0.1 is below
thc microcracking limil ol any concrete so thal under
working srresses microcracking is unlikely to enter the
picture. The onlyexception is concrete loaded earLier than
1wo daysr an indireci evidence of this was obtained
Trc pLLLJirg di*L*ion reter to creeD in com-
p.ession the jnfluence of microcracking and ofcrirical
stress on crccp in tension are covered on page I14.
lnlluence ol gradlenl ol strain
As il was suggesled that the failure load of concrete may
be inflLrenced by the nagnitude of total strain developed.
it rs impo(ani 1o point oui that noi only stress but also
strain gradient influences the magniludc of nrain thal
concrete can withstand. Gencrally, a slrain gradienl
-,.krnr nd n. ca.r. th, ma,irtr.n
. 6.
strainthat can bc rcached belo.e crushing occurs bl up to
Li limes.ris It lollows from this that the use of stress
strain dala obtained from a)dal compression tests would
60
days
Blnr'
lead ro conservati!c resulis \rhen applicd to rhe ultimale
strengih in ilciure.
Nlore specific iests on the innucncc of stress dislribu
tion on crccp $ere made bt, Zia and Stevenson-66 who
found that creep under a non unllorm stress disiribulion
is relaled to that under unilorm nress by an empirlcal
tacro. R, . In their tesis. the largesl specific creep occurred
rn the most highly slressed fibre in ihe spccimen with the
highest stress gradicnl but Rl depends also on the shape
of ihe cross'scclion. For insiance. the values ol Rr lor a
lrapczoidal stress distribution irom 1.4 to 8I MPa vcrci
1.27 lor a T-section, 1.44 for a f.iangular section and 1.20
for a square section. Zia and Stevenson66 usd thcse dala
to modif) thc calculalion ol tlme eflects on dcneclion ol
prestressed conorctc beams of different sections bLLt it is
doubted that thc lactors as given above are iundamcnlal
in iheir naturc. Ralher. they represent empiriaal values
undr spccific cjrcumstances:the problem oi inlluence ol
slrain gradient and section shape on crccp i1 slill to be
sludied.
1. CLINVILLE, W.H..nd THOMAS, F G.. Sludies in
reinlor.ed concrelc lv. !unher inlesligatlons on c.ccp
o.1low oi concrete urder load. uailli ! R.\earch Techtical
Pdtcr N..:1, Lordon, 1939,4.1pp.
2. US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION. A icn ycar studr ol
creet properrics olconcrele- ca\crete Lutu)rukn! RepafI
ND SP JE. Denver. Cdorado, Jul) 1951, 14 pp
3. DAvlS. R. E. DAVIS. H. [. and BROWN, E H., P]astic
flo{ and lolume chlnges ot concrete. Prcc- ASmt- 37,
Pan 2. 1931. pp.ll7 10.
4. MAMILLAN. M., A siudr oi the c.eep ol concrete.
RILEM Bul.tin,Pu)s,No 3 JulI 1959,pp.15 11
5. ILLSTON. l. M , The creep ol concrete unde. uniar'.I
r.nsio\, Maad.ine oJ Cand.r. R.sdft'&, 17. No. 51. 1965.
pp. 77 E4.
aROOKS, J. J. and NFYILLE, A. M.. A comparnon ol
crccp, clasticity and slrergth ol concrete in tension and i!
conpre$ion. M.ra;,n. o, (rrn.r.r. ,( et.d/./L 29. N o. I 00,
1977, !p 1lI '11
 - Referc ces 137
gvqzDE-! {.q cre(p or con(rcre, jn: M.trd,ita r0. H_ANNANT, D J.,Thesrrar. behaviour
tt{|aa. Teln \1o,.!\. tqo6.Dn tt-,. or concrere up to
I \\'4RD. \,.1 A rjd aOOK.'D "5( -"o",.o_n,...,;".r"",.e,.paltl_,pto. .oat.,,n
I rr n.e.hJ,.,.n ot p4,tr,- etja.n,t,t, p,,\.utc t...l.lhr,tu,,onotCr\jJ
rcn.,e. e(p ri (on.rere ua"-.ap,,ttatne,.R{p-\h. I.gjre ..M,,.J, i"0..pp s _r
21. \w bc pD. rrt 8 ,t
! Dovo\r 'obo. p.r.ln,drdl ,en.i..,p-n:nJJJ,,L.(oi C{\,IBAROV. G A.. ar:cp dnd .h,rn^.ee o, rrair \
p,..,*,..d"";.,;,..;;,';,/htte,o,rtoa.8.No.t.teb2,
_ '"
-or. ere -V U4d, ,, ..,. n /. ea..J,.i.20.\o 88. ro.4. pp._t S_
PP. 144 52.
r0 *-KUBAIS'. M. A. and youNc. A. G.. rairure .r ' iHoM;di.i,';.
]2 CHUANG, J, W, KENNEDY. T, W., PERRY, E. S, ANd
il,jii]i,." oi fturriaxiar creep rroft
ne or cak'rete i"'i,, i","rete ,br Nucrea. Reacto6,
'; ;;;;::';l i*"Y*'
;:i:::5,'#",11';fi"','.'::'?1, -'i"t-;,r"ip r'st,,,,e spe.iat pubti.ati.. No 31.
Lgii! il lrecp or hardeDed i{,:|,#,3i:i;-
ptoc
pJsre and the influencc
'emenrt L crnJ .r. urviit, H G., on the influcrce oi water conle,t and of
ot iimulraneous shrinkag.,
oh the srud,r.
,/ cor./s.e, c_emenr a;;
aiyr.e .1,,a;rti,i"#'r"i"*r **o oi ptain concrere.
con!rcre \$ouation Lundon. re68 oD 161 87. n;;;it.i;;;;;;;";;;";:';ins,2, No. 8, re6e. pp. r25 r.
r s{rArKrN.A.!.cre.ooro**t".i..ractorr.p-,_ :+. corliiii-ir#N;ri,. i.,., NE'TLLE.
ng rr.e *r.
,prLn.,4,st.,"nce
or ra-se.,,"",,,.. ,.,.,".,i;;. r:;,
srrori./jrro.\o t?.,qh:l rn . q. *;.ii.';'"A 'r'ii,,i;,i ne\nlnNn orA.M. and
c,een 6r
| ARV\ eOnps Ol rtCr^,rtr-rii. r *"p .,,,." ""
.un.rte u|h,*;;_,; ',, r;,,;'r;i :;;;,::,;;:r,;;
'
'_vesiip3lrJrot .on.re.e/rdmor.a.he.m..uoecreoro
-,_,_iot.
,(.
rsi0 .. i
DAvts. R.t. O'qvrS U.t HA\flt.iO\. J 5.,
iusrdincd lrerurar Jnd rensre roa.rrnr\ 1..:hnic;t
\o Repdl il#'{r;.-};;"i;.';nder "na
sustarned s.ess. p,,.1
'.
pp.
Ohro R:\er
Ohio, Jule 1966,8
D.\i\rol r,u",,,"*. c,"..r".r. .,i,a.r.:.li,,ii iY,il['i' ,.q S".
.r -l cA\41,s. B. ReLne,(h-. 16. GLANVILLE,
.,.. W. H., Stu;testn reintorced concrete [L
e,np.:m. ,dr(. .u.
ra _..p * ;.;'.;':"""",.. unoe, ,oad. B!,Ji,./
o;.,: oe,..n c. dd bc,or r"me par,
r. Dero. R.'.,;,.';,,..;,,.);;,,'i".
1.,,:",j., ,;:1:,:1":i::ri,,!, Bitinent et des 17 EVANS, //. I undon. rJro! ra pp.
;:;:;: i;;j:l R H and wooo, n. u. r.u,.""..'" .Lit-i"ity
: oer";ir.1:'l i"'r;;,,,#,Ii"r".,"",. Jcr .drce.,ru,,o :'rbr''|d,nE m1,e,i!.. tNu.ia^ t1r. reo. rq,-. pp.
della Disa o2igtietta, c,ofuale d.t
l946.pp.l 16. S, :t. iijnli, G.p., KENNEDY..r.w.. pERRy, E.S. and
ce io cbile,s3.Na.
.6 BRq\Dr.q..Bdo.n,rpcr/r-'..be.onLqh(rce./fin,ner THOMSON. J.N.. ExDerimenrat derermiration of
p;;t";;\;.,;";.:";d.',":;..;;;',"..ii"r:,.ii:",",":l
f::'Jor;,:!";j1, h,\"a ta \a- /.,,.q.r lt \u t. 4hp,r .i cr^ryk rn,: ui 5pe,o, rutt,,,,ion ,,. tt.
r- emihsrN, p.. s*perimmrs w,rh mmreteir^r"^..i:r. iTi'f8#,".T, Larerai strains in hardened cemenr pasrc
..V.,-d DAvts. H r s^r- pr;pe1re. I " _0".
lidn'. Ah.Soc.of citjt Ehoi,"ero. 100. I er 5, pp.e49 r:.
'. DrIl ,"a i.,e:,";i:,"0i,", _,r,, ine of canctete
Rp,pat,"i,.,il
h ]0.r. t,i,,j-,i. rnS:ol.
!o..,!,eLrder.rnr,,.r!ombinedJ,^tr.'p"; ,jr; 4^. ;oR6;;'{,'j. j",, rrlr1".,.r "p.
.14.1s14 pp 88h so \4. rime.Jeperden,
re LAMBorrE. H., Le nuase du b6ton en ,o6io., xlruM st-i.. in *rl"a mr".J rrder systems ot lariabte nultj
A"/d',a.l"L \o l- 'oo2.nf J I'
ilili;;:i:il;;;;.c;:r?,.
j-..pp -a 8b. Resea,.i,23, No.75 76.
r. rsHAl. o. Ea(( andDeiincra*r behd,o'r
ho,Jr in lorlo. sr mp on creep or cunseiq .1turi.a,+r r;;;."*1"-";i
or cemor rlrdfbr'r,:. ii., ronleeN, r. r. nna pARRorr. L. J..
tohcrute ln{il,re Spe.ul puhtLa on
,""i'J,i,iitron o1 rhe strain in concrete
,,J* .rrr"_iii ,,-.".i. ,.,i. , r. sr, r. - ,r, e Delorhotioh
^o.o.1961,pp.6s
'I"?*-i;r^;"i-.-,:-a.r.-,)._.een.drc.-hrnkrgeo
hdrratp,opp,ti.at \,r\t.ta
i"',,:iit:,"ii,:,,,n:;:i:,l ,1riI;,i:;"i,";"',,,
1,r'-',,r.B-re,qolh.t.nJol.ro\rna,r-. rR, tte q:. XOnOttq. K.l\tImerr. o" rhe rn rence or L|e
t. ..,.,"r.gi*t .r",.1",""1 issresi,e\ on,hecreef oi
= :,l1Nf, r R. Bond,(reer and +nri,ge eflecrs m re
l( / Jo!,arl. J5. l9th nn rt q ";;;;*.Til;';;",;.
pans, No. 6, March re60.
- Dqvls.R. l-..BRowN. I H.anJ tFt ivt-$.s"." t.l i'UsiH H. KORDINA. K.Jnd HtLSDORt,, H, Der
lactors influe,cing the bond between co".rere ana
'.'u,c,-Aree'.p.".4s/v.r8.p.,,',s,,rpp,eiaoo r-n,* re a" .,*i"i"e,.ir,"n Charakren de. Zuschtase auf
,. 9-L l)u-f, r I w H YJJie. r rcrntured Lon.f,e I d;"i(;;:.,,J::li;:;.;)u,,.,,"u...0u,,tr.s,o,,t.
h"tna \u. r4o, .ao\. oD re r-11
rr nKrge ..ese.. Buittli.o R.-at.t r" h"i.a, t,ap,t ,14. GopAl A|\Rt5H\A{ x.", rt\ tf. A.M nnd
': \'. 7/, Lundon. 19t0 49 nn
rrr iii ii.1,;;l;;
B 'rrJ 10. \o. j. looo. pT |40 -*".br.on
\.r,,.(
fjllj,,"l;#ij:,i:;;"i,,"1:1;;iSl;$,#i
ro. /U.
16 ROSS, A D. Erperrmcnt\ on Lhe .r.-n ot concrele 45. rilrC,:. W. g. una rlV USK. J., Creep ot concretc under
under r$o.J,me^jonJr stre\inl, M asti;e oJ corcrct. -
;ril,I"Ji;;, ;;";;;i Zii^,,,,,,,",.
: R!..ar., 6,Nu i6 195,t. nn I l0
rynr, u i . c...p i",i ii*'"
-

4.t td."d-.64 tvb-.pp.788 04"Y"y **"**a "on"..,",

ou
t','.';13* l,Y;.ti,i,?,1"?lil: l}
,.#:i.ft.r11i,7
-' I-HIRvlll-. R. ut-d.oo \e tno$,b^, rhe pi,.," -. i,[oitir.,.. rh( rnl]uencc ot .Jpid\ atrcr.a.nts toad-
.rerorrarior
"rd ,,e,h.
Pari(,No. l, Nlarlh 19j9. oD 2t 5t ^,rrt1 "e;;-.;.:;;,; "";;;;,eo mrcrre .4,p rkr,,r,./
" i"xev'piiii)b'l""ooor.*rs,uoe.u, 48 iiiirfl;"i"J|.ll,iJf i,;u,
i,oi
.4reri.,r *"r,", ecr j,,","i li, iqli pp. "0.,".*u__.".
creep,n mds Lon( rere sl mn on Mx$ conlrcte.
L.^retct.t ,spcLutp$t,a(rn\oo.te6q,pp2sr r:r {.
+ iiC,qriu's.r.l":.,l5lf:ik#l,i;;,U::l*ff

138 Creep under dijlererr sratsi o/strss
Sirie F. No. 27. An dks Ihstirt Tethniqte dt BALin.nl et
.l.s Trardlr P!bl,.s. Pa.n, July 1946, 2l pp.
50. WHALEY, C. P. and NEVILLE. A. M - Non-elastic de
lormation ol concrclc undcr cIclic compre$ron. Marazirc
.y' Con.rere Researcft,25, No. E4,1973, pp.145 54.
51. NEYILLE, A. M andHIRST,G A, Mechanism of cyclic
creep ol conc.ete. DouSlas McHen.y hrernaiioral S],m-
posium or Concrete and Concrete Struclrres. ,1u?ri.an
Con.rete Institute S?..ial I'ublicution No. JJ,
pp.83 l0l.
52 HIRST. G A and NEVILLE, A. M., Actilation energy
creep otconciete under shorl-te.m slalic lrnd clclic
stresses. Magd:ide oJ Cor.r.r. R.s.a/.[ 29. No.9E. 1977.
r,p. ll 18.
51. SUTER, G. T. and MICKLEBOROUGH, N. C..Creep ol
concrele undei cyclically larling dynamic loads. Cenen,
otul Con.telc Resedt.h.5.No. 6. 1975. pr,. 565 76.
54. MEHMEL, A. and KERN. E., Elastichc and plastiche
Stauchunger lon Beton infol-qe Drucksclrwell undStand
belastu!8, Derir.ier ,,luss.luss rir Sra/rlberrr, No. 153,
196?,74 pp.
55. BAZANT, Z. P and PANULA. L.. Praclical predictions
ol time-dependent delormations ol concrete Part VI:
Cyclic creet, non,linearity and statistjcal sca!ter, M4rddh
4rl Srru.ur.s. Paris, 12. No. 69. 1979, pp. 169 83.
56 GAEDE, K., Veru.he nber die Fesligleit u.d die ve or
mung lon Beton bei Dru.k-Schwellbearspruchung,
D.rr\.n?r ..11s-.nr$-rr Sralliero No. 1.r,1. 1962.
4rl.
5l MICKLEBOROTIGH. N C., Creep ot conc.ctc undcr
variable loadi!8, M. Ehtl. Thesj- Cadeton Unile6ity,
Ottawa, 1972. 170 pp.
58. BERNHARDT, C J, Creet and shrinkage ol concrete.
M dteridls .htl Sttctut.s, Paris, 2. No. 8, 1969. pp 145 4E.
T
NEVILLE. A. M.. Tne inlluence oi cement on creep oi
concrete ard mortar. /'res,re$ed conoet. InnilnIe Jort
ndl, 2, No.4. 1958. pp. 12 18.
COUTI NHO, A. dc S., The iniluence oi the type ol cemenr
oD its cracking tendency.RILEM B .tin,Pais,No.5.
Dec. 1959, pp.26 40.
BERG. O. Ya. and KHROMETS. Yu. N., ltrlluence ol
lorg termloadinSon strcngth and deformation prope.ties
1978, ol corcrete, i!:1n!?srigdrioh oI Strcngth dnd Doabiliti,af
Conoete h Trunspart SttLcrfes(Ed. Berg, O. Ya.),Irda.
ol elstlo Transpon. Moscow. 1966, pp.:12 51.
COOK. D. J. ard CHINDAPRASIRT. P., I!fluence ol
IoadirS history upon thc comprcsivc properties oi con-
.t.te, Ma.tari e al Con.rere Resear(n, 32, No. ll1, 1980.
pp.89 101.
63. HANSEN. T. C., Cree! and slress relaxation ol con$ele.
P N, l/ Svedlsh Cement and Concrete Rescarch
Inslilute Stockholm, 1960, i l2 pp.
64. NEVILLE, A. M., STAUNTON, M. M. ard BONN.
C. \,1 . A n. d) belueen c,eep.nd 'he 13,n
"i the relariur
ot nrergth ot concrele. Symp on Structure ol Pordand
Ceftenl Paste and Concrete, SpaiaL Rerotl Na.9A,
Highway Research Board: Washinglon DC, 1966, pp. 186
201.
65 CLARK. L. E.. GERSTLE, K. H. and TULIN. L. G..
ElTcci oi st.lin grldient on the stress strain curve ol
nonar and concrete, r1al -/."r al.64. 1967. pp. 580 6.
!p t 66. ZIA. P. and STEVENSON.J- F.. Crcep al Condete u da
Non Un rh Slresr Disrnbrtiok antl jrs Elle.t on Cahber
af Prcstrcssed Co .rcte Beams, Unilc6ityof Norlh C!ro-
lina at Raleigh,lune 1964. 111 pp.
Chapter 9
Creep recovery
As shown earlier in Fig. 2.4, wher concrete which has
been subjected to a sustained stress is unloaded, the
recovery of strain is of two types. The first is the
instantaneous recovery, whjch represents the elasticstrain
correspording to the stress removed and to the modulus
ol elasticity at the time ol thc removal of the load. This
immediate recovery is followed by ar additional gradual
recovery, cirlled creep recovery, by analogy to rhe creep
under load.
The creep recovery is smaller than the prcccdiq creep,
i.e- creep appears to be only a partly recoverable pheno-
menon. This statement does not, however, make jt clear
whether lhe mechanisms of creep and of creep recovery
are diffe.ent from one anothff or whether the creep
recovery is simply a negative creep but the properties of
conoete relevant to creep have hanged whiie the con-
crete was under a sustained load,
Blelzackert points out that the recoverable time-
dependent deformation is really only potentially re-
coverable bcause, ofl rcmoval of the applied stress, the
reversed deformation and the time-dependenr porential
energy impose a teverse deviatoric stress on the viscous
elements. During the time required to recover the poten-
tial energy, fu her dissipations, relaxations and interele-
mental stress transfers occur. Moreover, as with creep,
hygrometric conditions within and wirhour the concrete
are faclors in creep recovery.
3ao
P30
0 40 30 120
Lr.9./ Principle ol sulerposition oI crepstrai.s.
Information about creep recoyery is ofimportanc ir
predicting behaviour olconcrete undervariable stress and
also in elucidatirg the mechanism ofcreep. Many theories
postulating a reversible or a partly reversible mechanism
oI creep hinge on the relation between crep and the
subsequent creep recovery.
Prlnclple ot superposilion
A theory of reversibility of creep was proposed by
McHenry'z in 1943 and is generally
principle o{ superposition.
Creep is considered as a delayed elastic phenomenon in
which full recovery is impeded only by further hydration
of cement. Thus, removal of load is treated as a negative
load which jnduces a creep equal and opposite to that
which would be caused by a positive load of the same
mag tude applied at the same time. McHenry stated the
principle as follows. The strains produced ifl concrete at
any time t by a stress ircrement applied at any time ro are
independent of the effects of any stress applied either
earlicr or later than ro. The stress increment may be either
positive or negative but stresses which approach the ul-
timate strength arc excluded. Figure 9.1 gives the gmphi-
cal represenlationl lr can be seen I hdt the creep reco!ery is
the diflerence between the actual slrain at anv time and
140 Crecp recouery

9. 50

Observed creep recovery Age al applicat on oi load (days):

Predicled creep recovery

-:.. ;._.-.__.-...r:-._.._-_

'6

80 120 160

Fis r? Creep recovery oisealed co.crete: obse$ed and predicted lrom the principle olsrperposition.?

the strain that would cxisl a: ihe same time iilhe specimen
had continued to be subjected to the original stress.
The principle, if valid. would be of considrabic prac,
ticat value in simplifying the calculation of srrain under
a varyrng slress: a few creep time curves for a conslant
slress applied to concrete at difleren! ages would provide
adequate information.
Experimental verification of the principle of super-
posirionwas obtained by McHenry, forsealed (simulared
mass) concrete (Fig.9.2), although he reporred a tater
series of tests in which the agreement between predictcd
andmeasured recove.y was less satisfactory.r Tests by thc
US Bu.eau of Reclamationr for mass concrete indicate
close agreement for one concrete (Fig. 9.1) but,in another
concre'e. llc principle ot .uperpo,irion underesrinJre.
the recovery lor young concrete and overesrimates it for
older concrele (Fig. 9.41 The foregoing applies to basic
creep; tests on conc.elc allowed to dry under load, i.e. in
thc case ol iotal creep, show less good agreemen!, the
creep recovery predicted by the principle ofsuperposition
being greater than the actual recovery. ln the Iight ofthe
p.esent knowledge olcreep, !his is not surprising becaLrse
dr! irg (r((p cnre-. r\e p'. ru-e: rhr. s uJld be gre"re- .n J
virgin specimeD ihanin aspecimen previously loaded and
inwhichmoisture displacement has been causcd bycreep.
In othcr words, only i small part ofthe drying creep may
Referring to Fig.9.1, according ro rhe principle ol
superposilion, the value ol (R
- 0)/P should always be

il Observed creep recovery

Pred cted creep recovery
- .l
. I ObseBed creeD reco!erv

--- Predicled c.eep recovery

960
U.loaded ar 28 days Loaded at 28days

R30 ,25
'o
-t.:i .

100 2A0 300 400 200 400 600 800

Age days AOe days
Iir.9 J. (rcepandcreepre.overyoimascon.r.rclhadesithTypelV Fra 9i CEepand.r.cpre.overyolmar.on.re&(nadewithTypctl
' vb.e',ed , 'd r.eJrj! I l.on '. 1.i' oc v
 Principb oI sltpetposition j4j
Tobl" o / aortu.ed o.e ed.reep retu\err {,, l rs o t, ot
!o rcrele5.-r]|eded rv "r.
load d. rt-e a8c ot .:8 daj. ar o rr ,o1]{ dr L.
load which gives values of (R - 0)/P of less than uniiy
ace of 540da\\ whcn toial slrain is considered, whilc the reversc is the
case wilh normal wcight concrete.
Noninal Aggregale
Backstr6m6 found creep recovery in flexure also to be
smaller than the value predicred bt, the principie of
superposition: except for unloading ar ages lower than 28
days, the creeprecovery ofbeams cured in waterlorseven
20.7
lt.0
26.7 3.2. 23.2 1.01 days and then stored in airat arelative humidityof60pcr
20.0 :1,6
cent is lower than predicted by the principle ot supir-
48.3 14.',1 0.1 to.l t.4t
po.irion. SL,me dcrual curve, ire shown rn Fig. r.t.
62.0 14.1 0.3 113 1.21
20.7 25.8 0.9 9.0 Ro..- mer.Lred rhe roral creep.t concrere ,;bje.red ro
2.78
ll.0 16.8 8.4 r 91 various histories of stress and compared the observed
483 9.1 0.1 7.5 t.t1 ralue, uilh lhe \lrarn\ predicled o) lhe prin(rple ot
9.6
ruperpo"il on H,. hrurng, are delajleo rn ch.rpre. tJ bLr,
for tests in which the stress remained constant. thc
unity. In Davies' iestsa on drying concrete at a constant predicted values olrecovery were greater than the actual
hrmidily.lrom l2 hours atler rhc cban8e rn Ioao on$ard., values, as car be seen in Fig.9.6.
P is aluays le" thdn LR 0,. Daviescon\idered therora_ Similar findings have been reported by Polivka er al.s
strain (elastic strain-plus-creep), but it is perhaps more who used sealed concrete, although here the predicted
red.ondble ro ve.rj) the pflncipte or superpo,r on w h recoter) $a\ bd\ed on an e\lrapolared continuing creep
relerence ro (reep sr rarns only Table q.,
ti\e, rhe -elevant curve during the period ofrecovery. In the discussion of
ddrr deriveo tom rhe ru.r re,utrs quoted b) VcHenry in the above paper, Kimishimaq confirmed rhat. in his
'he discL.sion ot Da\ ie\' paper' tor concreie, oi diFerenr experience, the principle of superposition overestimates
crrenglh\ \tored dr x rela ve humrd ot 5U per cent tt
)
can be seen thar the lheorerrcdl recov(r) t al$JJs largcr It seems thus that, in general, there is a small bias in
lhan the dclual recorcry. lhe diflerene in rhe ca.e of theorelr(al predr(tionc bdsed on rhe principte of.uprr-
lightweight aggregateis smaller rhan wirh sand and gravel po:.tion: I're rc'Llring dctormation i, undercsrimared
aggregate, brt the lalter leads to a greater scatter in rhe when the load dccreases and is overestimated when the
valueof(R 0)/P. This reduced differencc mav be due ro load increases. However, ir is pertinent to nore that all
rhe loser modulu\ ot elasrr(|l) ot trghrqeighr a;gregale. tr experimental data reported are restricted ro thc pre-
may be notcd thar in lightweight aggregate concrete the diction of recovery based on the principle rhat the
elastic strain on removal of load is, in these particular removai ol a compressive stress is represcnted by the
tests, alwayslargerthan the elastjc strain on appiication of addition of a negative compressive stress, whereas it coutd

Observed creep

- Pred cted creep recovery

o*-*o **o *-*,

)

:l_l ,

{1qE5-iil_:E!- -l
125 150

Fis.9.J. Creep rrcovery ofnonarinnexure obsn.Iand pEdicredtom rhe pi n ci ple ot supdposnion.6

 112 Crecp retuNt)

ll o*",* "*"0,"-*,
- -- Pred cled.reep recovery

"i 600

3
a
4oo

200
"_::-
J U.loaded a191 days
-'-l Loaded at 14 davs
___ __ J U. oadedaroodays

100 150 200 250

Fi1o6 Lleeprelo'er!.t.on!rere n L.mprc$ron.ob\erved.nd predictedlron rhelnncrple ofsuperpositionrspecioenssrored ar t7"C

rl".. k r.e \ h.!ji1oi oIpe.!.1. drrted.I... -.(vp_
dr a
'

be argued lhat the removal of a conpressive srress shouLd ai the age of 28 days, and unloaded ar 56 days, were
be .cpresented by the addirior ol a rensilc stress of ihc measured over a period of 28 days.
same magnitude. Thc assumprron of equalirl oicreep in Figxres 9.7 !o 9.10 compare lle measured recover] and
lension and creep in compression for the same apptied lhe predicted .ecovcry according to the principle ol
strcss is not :rlways correc! (se Ch. 8). . I .r rh( (a.e oI ba.ic cr(ep rn comp.e,, or.
In order to inlestigate rhis alternative basis of rh ',rpcrpo.irior
no improvement in prediction ariscs from rhe super-
pdnciple of supcrposition, tcsts were carried ou1 to posilion of creep in lcDsion, since recovery tends io bc
compare tbc aclual and prediclcd creep reoovery ot overestimated ai later periods (Fis. 9.7: curvc (1) (3)). On
concrete which had bccD previously subtecled ro a ihe other hand, there is an improvemenr in the predicrion
sustained compressrve stress and ro a sustained tensile ot "eco!e,. 'o, rhe .a.e . roral creep ir .ompre-.on
stress.'o Recorer) is predicrcd by applying rhe principte of rirg o8 cur\e, r, ,J,r. lo, borh cr,e, u..reep rn con
superposition: firsl. in the conrcntional manner, i.e. by pression, rccovery is consistertly overestimated by rhe
representingihe removal ofload by a stress apptied in lhe convention al applicalion of thc principle ofsuprposirion
opposite dircction to recovery, and, second by .epresenl (Fi-qs. 9.7 and 9.8:curves (l) (2)).
ing thc removal of load by a siress apptjed in the same The comparison of actual recovery and prediclcd re-
direction as recovery. Thc experimental data obtained covery aftcr a sustained tensile stress is given in Figs. 9.9
are ior ordlnary Pofiland cemenr concrete madc with a and 9.10. For saturaled conditions of storage, the convcn,
quartzitic g.avcl aggregatc in ihe proportions 1:2:4. and lional applicalion o[ the princip]e of superposilion also
with a watcr/cement ratio of0.5. All specimcns were curcd gives an overestimate of recoverl,: prediction is improved
in water untiltheageof28dayswhen the load \1 as apptied \rhen thc removal ol the tensile stress is represcnred by
to two sets of specimens, treated as indicated below. and the compressive stress (Fig. 9.9). On the orher hand. the
crecp was mcasured. There *ere two conditions of recovery ol lotal creep in lension is moreclosell predicled
storagc: coniinuo usly in warer ar 21'C, and in air at 21.C by the convenllonai application oi the pinciptc of super-
and a relati\'e humidily ol65 per cen1. At rhe age of 56 posrtion (Fig. 9.10: curve (1) (3)).
days, the load was removed lrom one scr oispecimens and, Although lhe above inconsistencies could beexplained,
al 1he same agc. companion specimens which had been to someextent, by experimental variation associared with
stored unde. the same con ditions were subj ected ro !cnsite the difficxlties ol mcasuring creep in tension (se, Ch. 8),
and to comprcssive loads. The other set conlinued under the average lrends ol lhc foregoirg investigalion suggcst
load. The subsequnt creep oi the specimenstoaded at rhc no ovrall improvemenl in thc prediction of recovery by
age oi 56 days. and the recovery of tlc specimens loaded the principle of superposition whEn the removal of the
 Ptinciple of superposition 143

App iedslress(MPa):

observed creep recovery 14)

I I
(1)and (4)

--=^rl
(1)- (2)

(1) (3)

,6

o5
a _10

015304560
Timesince applcationot toad io (1)and (4) - days
Fir. 9.7 Crep r4overy ol @.crcte in compression: observed and predded nom rhe pnncrple ot suDerDosrrron. specimens stored in
trrierrr )l',appliedslrer - 0rol the28.daJ{retrstb.'o

;s Obserued creep recovery (4)

{1)and (4)

'6

,9

Tmesinceappricationof toadio(r)and(4) days

I'is.9.8. Crep lmovery of condete i. compressionr obsrved od p.edidd flom ih pnncille ol suprpositioq specimens cured in
waler .t 2l 'Cr fron the age oI 28 days, speimens stored in air al 21 'C at a reladve humidity of 60 lEr @t and loadej to a slless
equal to 0.3 of lhe 28day srerglh.1o
141 Creep recotery

>6

&5

2A

Trme s nce application of load 10 (l)and (4) days

ai! 9. Creep recovery ol.oncrete in renron: observed and pEdicted iron the pinople of superposition;specimens slored in
9
walerat ll C and loaded lo a sLress equal Lo 0.1ol fie 28 d!j- streigrh '!

o
oD!6r1-d('aop. o' e')
t=:.==.-=-:^-=+
4

Predctedcreeprecove,y
7."" \l]] g
t3)

Time since applicat o. of road 1]r (r)aid 14) - days

Fs., /, Cree!recove.yol..ncreleintensin:ob\ervedandpredictedlronihepnncipleolsuFrposition:sp..lnen!.uredin*aler
at 21'Cilrom ihease ot28 days.spcimens stored in anat 2l'C a.d arel.tivehumidjly ol60 pr cenl and loaded to a slrcscqual to
0.1ol fie 28-day strergrn i'

load is rcprcscnted by aload applied in the same direcxon as creep. The general case ol prediction of strain from a
recovery. We conclude. therefore, that. desplte jts defici- variable lisrory ol stress by using the prlnciple of
enc),, the principle ol superposilion used in the con- superposition is discussed in Chapters 13 and 16.
ventional manner is a valuable tool in deslgn. It is, in lact,
closer 1o thc aclual beha\,iour ol concrete than the
Factors in creep recovery
assumption sometimes tacitly madc lhat thc changc in
slrain is aluays proportional1o thechangein stress, which Typical recovery curves are shown in Eig. 9. 1 I for m ortars
i'equ,\rLe1r roa..LninE P RLrip.q.l) ie reco\er) i. stored wct and storcd dry." Crccp recovel, is less than
taken from the final creep value \\ithout allowing for the crccp and thc slape ol lhe recovery time curves differs
rhar $ould hate heen indr ced b\ rhe continuinc lrom those lor creep time in t\ro respects. First, the creep
'rrain
 Factors ih ieep rccouety 145
Tlpe of cemefi, streneth, strcss aul arl,nixtwes
The results olextensive testsI carried out on 1:3 mortars
made with various types of cemcnt with a water/cement
ralio ol 0 4 are shown in Figs. 9.12 to 9.i5. Whitc ihe
Drv
elastic strains on loading and on unloading vary wilh lhe
strengih ollhe mortar (Figs. f.i2 and 9.ll). ard a similar
q
e$ect is apparenifor creep. the creep recovery shows littte
variaiion (Figs. 9-14 and 9.15). Ir appcars. therefore, that
thc magnitude ofcreep recovery cannot be retatcd to the
. slrength o[the mortar or to the propedes ofthe cement
lislanianeous
recovery
-/\- used. Since the magnilude ofcreep is inversely influenccd
Res dua deiormat on
by an increase in strength, an increase in srrengrh
generally increases the crccp recovery/creep ratio so that,
for a given stress, creep of stronger concrete is more
100 150
rcversible, i.e. a greater proportion of creep is recovered
Time sinceapplication of load - days
on removal of the load.
Fiq.9.1l. \ypical creep rccoveOi oI morta6 storcd dN and wel:
sfeshtrengtn ratio =
A similar efect is observed from Lyse's testsla on con-
0.4.
crete stored at a relative humidity oi 50 per cent loaded
at seven days lor 115 days and then unloaded. Table 9.2
recovery is much steeper during the first few days after suggests a higher vaiue of the creep recovery/creep ratio
removal of load. Second, the fuil recovery is complcred at a lower stress,/strcngth ratio and al a lower waler/
within a short time two or three weks - as opposed ro cment ratio, aithough the data are limited.
the slow continuation ofcreep overtong periods. Here, we On the basis of tesls ol Davis erdl.15 on concrete kept in
are concerned with creep recovery 'corrected' for concur- water under load for over six years and ther unloaded in
rent shrinkage which, ior the tesrs of Fig. 9.11, was small waler(Table 9.1), it appcars that creep rcoveryj as well bs
during the period ofrecovery. When thc rime-dependent creep, is generally proporlional to the applied stress so
strain recovery (including shrinkage) is considered, the that, lor a given age at application of load, lhc crccp
completion oltotal strain recovery is also rapid,1, and lhc recovery/creep ralio is independenl ofstress. US Bureau
dirnensions of the specimen become constant when
the change due to shrinkage is equal ard opposite to the
change duc tocreep recovery. However, when concurrent
shrinkage is appreciable, the time for tull complerjor is
much longer for 'corrected' recovery, and depends upon
mix proportions (bur rot on srress).1, RoU', found rhe
time required to complet 'cofiected' recovery ro be
longer for richer mixes with lower water/cement ratios
than for leaner mixes with higher water/cement ratios. In
the subsequent discussion, we shall consider the .cor-
rected' creep recovery, which is in accordance with our
adopted defi nitior of creep.
It has ben found that the time for complerion of creep
recorer) increase, q rrh an increa\e in rhe age at u hich rhe
load is removed. lor a conslant age d( appticarion ol
load.1r As the age at application of load increases. the
time for completion oicreep recovery also increases when
the time under load is constant.ts
In vie\r of the foregoiirg, two problems arise when -!
comparing the experimental data ofvarious investigators
on creep recovery which, generally, imply that creep
recovery has been conpleted. First, the magnilude of
cleep recovery is often much smaller than that of creep o App calion ol oad at age ot 28 days
and, therefore, creep recovery is affected more by experi
mental variation, especially when shrinkage occurs
. Bemovalof load al ageol i28days
during the recovery period. Second, since the time to
develop full creep recovery can vary considerabty, com-
parisons ol values after a fixed time after removal ofload
can lead to erroneous observations: this occurs, for Slrength at theage at changeoitoad - i,4pa
example, in studying ihe influence of time under load or r,, 0 /, F, (1-e ot J..' sr1 on .ta.. . r.J, , rr
I' L" io I or .odd
the extent of reversibility of creep, i.e. the raiio of creep "id"r Rmo\dinf .Jad o-r^'rd.ndoer rn !"r "pp or em.n..:.rred
cnd . or"d dl
" n . hrrroil "t o. nr. .en.. rr. olJeo ro
147MP.'rl '!e
 146 Creep recoDety

h 4oo

o App cation ot oad at age ot 28days

. Femova oi oad ai ageoJ loe days

slrength at theage al chaf geof toad tMpa

0 20 -- 4o------
- 28 day slrength _ [4pa
i., o./, lllrence or J.erg.t oreta..! n.drn al appr,ldlol or odd r,,. 0 /c l.fiuere ot ! rend'r on .eep d1d
d4r rcro.dr. tord ro. mo,kj,ndue$.rn \.r.;.f nelL:c rrld\ mdde sirh \dr.ous Fmenrl dge dr dppi.4r,or nr.oad t8
ed
, erdl.c h,r,d \ o.12 Fr cel. iro.iad.d oayr a8e r' Rmo\11 ol rocll _ 48 dd).. !u.eo nr d nored
;1"#'.f " ro
humdrlJ ol q5percenr,and oadedlo l47Mpa' ". a re. .\e

of Reclamation tcstst6 connrmed proportionality be-
lween creep reco!er) and rhe previou.ll ,usr.rned
apphed
,(rer' up lo a vatue ot 0.1 ot the )8-ddv strenglh.
Vamillanj dnd l sr^n ,a^o tound creep recoterl robe
prop^oflronal lo lhe preceding nre-. Hen(<,
se are
Jrrs,'Ied in inrroducrng rhe,frm specihL creep recovery.
r.e. creep reco\ery per u nit ol Drevrous stre*
laadditron,incecreeprecovcry andcreeparesimrlarly
-propo(ronal Io ,rre\. and .inL e creep i, inverrell influen--
(ed b) \t.ength.but creepreco\er) r{nor,qecancurmi\c
lhdt. uhen either lhe slre,s or the .rrengrh var)
the
creep reco\er) (reep rario $rh vary inrer\ci) urth
the
st.csshtrenSth ratio. Oicourse, we a;e referring
ro values
ol (res,\rrengrh rario wirhrn rhe ranBc ot u(p pro-
porlronalr]:.rt high !alues oIstress 5lrength ralro.
mrcro-
crackrng becomcsrgnihcant.dnd lhF. bvirs\er) ndl.rre,
r\ rrreco\erable creep rspp Ch. 51. Thu., an rncrease
in rhe
rar,o oelond rhe range or proponionat,r)
l1:,:":',1:,s'l
wrll ledd to a large reducrion ol rhe crcep recoreri
creep
ratio
No significant difference has beer observed in creep
reco\ervo[c^ncrelc t.p, Ch. .]r wher Cem,are rs used as
a
paflidl replacement of po land cemenr;.3lhe recovefles
ot bd.ic creep lordr creep. and creep at an elevared
lemperarureol45 C uere compared toiconcrcres ha! inB
\arioLs Ie\els ol cement replacemenr atrer undergoinp
creepal a consrdql \trcss !trenglh rnrro Srmila.tl.
rhe u.i
or pla:,rcr/,ng anJ at5o supcrptd.tici4ne ddmiilures
a,
walfl -reducing agen r\ or ds hrgh u orkabitiry agenls doe.
nor dppedr lo jnfluene ba.ic creep recotcry ;r loraJcreep
On rhc orhcr hand. rhe creep recovcry behdvrour ot d
poryeste."resrn con(rere sith,and as the
hne dggregare is
drflerenr l,dm rhat oi porlland cement conc,eles rn rs.
pase .26r. Fir.r. rhe .ecoier] rr proronsed.
l::!::l:,*:
espcralt) d( the (emperature ofl01
I,ec Fig. 3
second. the creep,ecovcry creep ratio rncredses s rrh
tr);d,
an
rncred.e rn lemperJlLrre. Al qoraAe remoerarure\ ot lg
and l0'C. the rdrro, qere )8 and 3o per cenr. re.pecrivety:
d1 lhal limc rhe recover) sas incomplere. The iniluence
of
temperature on creep recovery is discussed on page l5l.
Aggrcgore
4llhoJgh srre*es dr lhe aggregale matrir intertac maJ
rnlluence rhe crefp recorerv. rhe aggregale i,
not rhe marn
onvrng torce rn creep recover) rnd its pre,ence is nol
 Factors in creep rcco\ettr 117
?nrL9.-r Ceep recovery olconcreles wilh dilieEni water.rcemeni
ratios al diflercnl sre$Aftnsth ratios llor t6ts ol ret 14)

wate+enenr S&c$rslrengfi Creep

6)
Creep Ratio
(10 rccovery creelrecolery
(o 1 .*!
0.4 120
0.1 0.19
0.2 360 100 0.28
580 0.07
0.1 420 40 0r0
0.2 )2n 20

1200
decreasein thc modulus ol elasticity of the aggregare.
Using the principle oi supcrposition ot total strains
(elastic strain-plus'1otal crccp). Counto" compared re-
covery predicled by lhe lwo-phase composite modeis
given in Chapter2and developcd lorcreep bythemethod
i eoo given in Chapler 4. For Counlo\ own model, the specific
creep recovery /"r(r) at time t, i.e. rccovcry per unii of
previously sustained compressive stress. is:

-t r r I
' : (1
f-"(d a' ')l
l L._$.1 lt E..lr. rzt
I
I

--
-

010203a t9.11
2S.daysirenqlr - MPa where : (/ f.actional volume ofthe rggregale,
Iis.9.lj. InnDcn.c oi slrenerh on creet a.d on creep reco,ery ot
morlars nade wilh various.cmenN: age at applicallon oI toad : 28 E. : modulus ofelasticity ofthe aggregale,
daysrage at renoval ot load = 108 days;cured and stored at a relarive
hunidiry oI 12 perccnt,and loaded to 9.81r'lPa.r'
t"-(r,rr) : elTectile modulus of elaslicily of the
malrix at age I for a sustained com,
prcssive stress applied at age rl(, > ,1)
necessary lor creep recovery to iake place. This was
demonstraled by Mamilian,'? who found measurable
and ,.-(t. t,): effective modulus ol elasticity of the
creep recovery ofncat cement paste unloaded at the age ol matrix at age r for a sustaincd tensile
210 days (\rhen the degree of hydration must have been slress applied at age ,:(r, > r1).
high]: the results are sh own in Fig. 9. I 6. Ir is interesring to The effective modulus oi clasticity of the malrix E..
note that the creep recovcry of neat cemenl paste was includes creep and is given by [4.7] on page 43. For thc
considerably slower than that ofconcretelT this indicares le'1. delJiLed rn Chdpler 2 a (o1rpJ r.^n oterpenmen-
that the elaslic compression of aggregate influences the tal and prediclcd specific recovery (presentcd as speciiic
phenomena involvcd and. in fac1, Counio22 lound rhe residual deformationl is given in Table 9-4. Ii can be seen
magnitude of the c.eep recovery 1o increase wilh a that Counto\ model gives the best overall agrcement with

Idrle 9.J Creep rccove.y of concrete loaded at diflerflt ases and subrrcted to difl.ienr slresses lior t6rs ot ret t5l
AEe at afplicalion oI load Crep Creep recovery
(10 ") (10 ") c.eep recovery
-eep
2444
2t 5 003
41 9 0.01
2.1 153 l2
2447 4.1 391 l8 0.05
62 22. 003
41 22) 6 0.01
2121 6.2 192 10 o.0l
516 21
148 CreeP rctoretY

Applied slress (NlPa)

10,000

^ -.'-'\
rg.o i,

e
a h.
I
6000 IE
I d

a i

400 500
204 300
0
Tmes nceaPP lcarionolload - days
at the age ol210dals'-
Crep and fcep recovery ol neat ccment paste loaded al rhe ase ot one dav aod unloadcd

? !
detodation using Nmposne modets lor the tests ol Tabie 4 I
Tdbl? 9.4 Compaison of observed and prediclerl residual
ilJi;a-- sp".ifi &Iomalion as predictd obsened
eldsrory uf bJ mode "'d,d 'r,,
6
!on(Ere. E. l:tl0 'ner MPa) deformation,q.p
Conlosite Conlosite Hnsch Counlo (10 6!dMPa)'

-
s",r""r r,v..t"ir:-loscp,: ",--G6X: ll1) i 1o "
per MPq r','(36r) = 8'1 x 10 'perMPa)
5A
',1|.1 15.5 1.1 i5R 8.2 110 t1
25 54.3 233 51 14.5 16.4 11.9 30

50 55.4 15.5 2.9 . 9.2 9.9 9.6 1.2

25 41.2 2l l 8.',1 i5.9 17.0 16.8 3.9

61
50 54.2 15.5 3'1 9.9
l8
25 46.9 23.1 8.7 16.0 17.0 16.8

50 14.5 15.5 601 72.s 21.6

22.9 2',1I 410 )2.1 45.6 44.5

series 2 (C.nent pasle E -lO6GPairr.'-(407)=2939xlo 6 per MP4 r'e'('10?) = 5?? I

55 ll.4 112.3 017 66.2 75.9 71.8 t0.l

Flint T 4 55 21.1 112.1 1.28 66.8 76.1 12.li

108.0
12,4 55 26.5

i An auowanceNas made lor the crep of asgregate'

 Factors in rccl tctorct ) l4t)

t-a sofl mode

-------- Cou.lo s modet

?
_/-l -
-_-_-
-compos
Hirsch's model
Compos te hard mode
-_-

F
;E
22a
6
ri

2AA 300 400

Times nceapplicat on oi oad _
rir. ,.77 Crcep and feep recolcry in oompre$nr.: observed anrj predictcil Gon Iwo-thase composite nuleh h.p Ch .1)j
concretemadewilhcasl-ionagsrcsaieo..upyins25pcrenl oltltr;ul volLrme.:l

the experimental resultq a pictorial comparison js givcn

in Fis.9.l7.
Equation [9.1] impiies lha! recovery is grcater the
lower themodulus olclasticity olrhe aggregate, and this is
confirmed by the experimental data olTable 9.4 and also
by the data oiKordina.zr Figure 9.18 presents rherctative
creep recovery based on a creep recovcry ofunity lor an
aggregate modulus of69GPa. A comparison ofFig. 9.18 3.0
wilh Fig.4.8 jndicates a similar inffuence of the modulus
ofelasticity of the aggregate bolh on creep and on creep
recovery,but. based on ihe average curves, the decrease in
the modulus ofelasticity olthe aggregate results in a lower
increase in creep recovery thar in creep. Radkevichza I
found lhe creep recovery/creep ratio to be lower for 3 z.o
concrete made with expanded clay aggregate(which has a !
lower modulus of elasticity) than lor normal aggregaie
concrele:for rhe lq o r, ne\ or concrere loaded lor one Jcur
and then unloaded for two morthq the ratio was 0.09
and 0.13, respeclively. However, in general, tor the
normal range ol aggregates used in practice. the creep
recovery/creep ratio appears ro be sensibly independent
ofthe elastic properties oithe aggregale.
Creep recovery has been shown,s io be proportional to
lhe cement paste contenr of the mix (o. inverseLy pro-
portional to the aggregaie conlent), as shown in Fig. 9.19
but,ofcoursc, creep is similarly dependent. For aggregare
0 20 40 60 80 100 12A
Modu usoleastrc tyoiaggregate - Gpa
with a modulus of elaslicity greater than rhar of rhe
mortar matrix, Counto's resuhs (Table 9.4) do nol reveal Iir. c.71. lntluen. oI moduius ol ela$cnl oI aeCr.e,re on .elaliv.
cEep recorc{i oI con.rete (equal to I lor agereeale with a modulus oI
any signilicant trend in theinfluencc ofaggregare conlent
 I5tt Crccp r4.t ery
indrcrre, rh" .cco!er) {^uld bF (omn, e, ino qolto
be !0 ro 00 oer cen hrgne,. aler a ,r t-(r perrod ot
Siress/strFngrh rat o
4.1days.'?r
'lhe ob,e,\dIon ,h,r'
ba.rc.reep ard rorJJ Lreep rn
0.65
a'e re\Lrnhl( lo rhe.dme e\rcnt $c, nol
confirmed in other invesiigarionsl5.,3 in which the ages
at
application ol the load and rhe durations of creep;ere
greater than in Gambtc and parrott,stests. Fortheiormer
re\.-drJrngcreep rs \r,rJdt.) rr.e.overdbie. te,r,,.
on
I "
r:,''J.. concre,e and on f, neat cement pu\te ,ndicated
600
r hrghcr creep recJ\ery ,n dr)ing ,pecimen, lhJn in
$eralo.ed one, bLr rhe rd,ru ot cr(ep re.o\ery ro creep
ua',iirhri) hipl-cr in $cr^rored co,,crere.,e r g,eore.
proportion oibasiccreep is recovcred thanis the ca;e with
3 4oo Jr) ing ( reep: here. tF( dpe, Jl apftrcat,on ol lne oadand
r(mo\al ul rhe joad w e .e\ cn ino J I dJ\,. re.pcJivety.
0.35
Il rhu, lhat ue hdve confir(lrne'c\rden.c as lo
"eem,
$hLrhe.dr J ingcrcep i, rc\er, bleor I re\er.rblern nar rre
o2a
rhedcgreeoire!eFrbit ) dpDircnrlv \rr)rnga\cording ro
lhe conditior, o'tening. r.e age ar ippiiiari'on ot rne t,ad
and du-ation o, rh( load {lrernari\ett, it ,(<mc more
lildj rha I moi.r^r,re t-in.ter dJring lhe penoo o recoverJ
i. a le1 faLror.'0 Wilh na.ic creep lhere r.. or course, no
05 15 2.a mor,r rre r-an.[e. but. rn rhe. J,e ot tota, crcep. ,hr rnlage
Cement paste/aggregale ratio (an often oc(ur dft(r remo\r, ut lhe toao. e,Deciall\
wi;h
-., ! Pe"ro.b.r.e.,..- re.o\....rdce ieorprredt!,eldp mor.r cLred concrcre,LbjecreJ ro, ()cle o, ,oad at dn
.
(arlv age. for pre Llr red concrete and tor toncer pe, rod\ ot
.u.rdrned.rre*.,hInt,rge i. r,ua negtrgrite dur r|g
1 rhe
Denod ol rcco!er) A .ompdri,on oi the ddla oi \anou.
on creep.recovery. Similarty, on the basis of the creep
'eco\er) creeD rnve.trpdlors.uggesr. rldr a targer rere.,ibit,ry otdryrng
'rlio { [abte, 4.t und 9:t,, ,here \ no creea occur. shen rhere i, !gnincdnr ,hrintagc dLr;nC
J,pDrre.lr infl Jence ot lic cemcql Dd.reconlenr. Howe\er,
rhe per.^d of.cco\e-J In nlher \aord,. mor,lure
lhe darJ.^f lJble q '\uCg(\r ,hd he.reen,cLover) t.anstel
cr(ep rrom rne.oncr(le rn(rer.<\ .he (reen recorfl).
rati^ is hipher t,,r a rrlher mrx.
Increa\eo .ecorer) occur. ar,u rn , on.rerc I h,. h i. re.
wetled during rhe process oi recovery. This is ; usrrated in
Fig.9.16 for neat cement pasre.l? i,ffermitetrl obtainsJ
For the iests reported earlicr,ll the mean values ofcrecp
-e(o!er) o' mo- ar. tor rl.e $er dalaon thecreep ofconcretecured in water. ioaded in air
dnd dr)^loragc con- at a relativc humidityol T5 per c.ni for
drlron. are lta i0 , anJ 7. t0 .e.pe(li\etJ unloidco 1200davs and then
".
il rg\ l4 dnd o t5r Srnce rhc srandard derrarro,r, qeri ends
q JnJ hnatt) reptaceJ ,t. .on..r.,.
.rm ldr. it (dn oe a*umeJ rhcl lhe up under rhc same conditions as exisled prior to
creep reco\er) rs applicarion ol to"d I igJre a
sen\rbl\ rndcpendent ui .rorage conJrrion, tor rhcse recrdLdl 20 ,trowi lhd. borh rhe
deiormarion dnd e\pdn\,on Jfter ptacing rn qa.(.r
parlicula' te5l. anJ. rherefore. rhat dnrng cr(ep r.
are rru ren(ed bJ rhe pre\,ousty su.ldrned ,1.e,.. Ir ihould
irreverqihl.
bc nored tldt the srrdrns ot Fig. q.20 a,e .uncorrecled.
lll.ron. ' re.utls inJrcr.( crecp reco\ert of quru,dled moisrure for
r'ro\enrnl out. sh(.l Jn a'iouan(c made tof
'p(.'rmen. ro be approxrmatel) a0 per c.en, oirhe \ dlue for
.pecrmen, alrosed to 1,ry rnder lorJ ^
lhc srratn nr /ero. rrec\. an inerer,c in rccorerab,e,tra,n
rs
ar an a\eraSe seen 10 occur due to re-weftjng.
rera tre humidr0 otoJ per cenl:the.pecrmen\
$erc morrl- No in(red,c in r(co\ery tr-, oo\er!(d br lhe rerr. ot
cured lor \c\en dayq and ,ubiecreo .o toJJ tor 82 dd\..
{ Camble and Pirro ) in uhrch ,pecimen, uere.e-,aru
tar;er creep recorer\ ot lol.rl creep imp,res rhar oilrng
rdred 9 da)s after removrlolthe tord. Our rnterpretJtion
creep rs pa.tly reversible. Gambte and parrolt,s
teits,; oi this observalion is thar creep recovery was possibly
slou, rhar b.rh bd,r. t r(ep, nd dr) ing ("eeo are appro\r-
marcl) )0 per cenl reco\erable und, rhe,(iore. lo,al
Lo_no'e ed
"l rhe lime ot r( .arr_rar,"n an.t. hence, ro
addr onai recoverl occufl ed
crecp ,\ reco\crdbrc _
to rhe \dme e\rent. Ihe d.tla wer( Ob.err rion.r,on ver).mit rubutdr'nccrmen,ot$all
oDrarned lor uer-cr,red ,pecimen. .ubje(ted lo road
dl thrc\ ne* 0.1mm mJLle trum neJr cenent paste \ho$
the aue ol ,e!cn dd).. rrler uhich .ome ol rhe ,oaJed thdr
.peLrmen, qerc a rl.s ed ro sta I -
reco\d) r. in(rei.ed borh b\ drrirg ,no b\ $e rng
I drving al 0. .rnd lq day, dunng lle period o[ rccorerl. raoreor er. a hreh rccor erl
aller rl-e Jpplicatron ot rhe toad..pecil]en. uere untodJed
occur. $hcn thc cemcnr pa.re has a hiph eraporabtc
at the age oi I05 dd,. and Jitowcd ro rcco!r r tor J5 d.\\
morsturc con tent-end is near h ygrat equiiibrium tirough-
LogrlthnrL e\rrdpotalion ot the crecp ,...,.,) .r,',; our
lhe period o[c ceD
"nd c,eeo rcco!er). tor cemenr

Fes id uat deiormai on betore
Res id u al deformai on
?
:
0510 15
Previous sustained stress _ t4pa
4i9.9.?0 Inluene ol rese ing on crftp recover! ot conciele.rl
paste having a low cvaporable moisiure contenr and
shr.l r, rn l ygrdl eouil,blUm rhe reco!ery te$ nnd r.
^ rcco\er)
.o_nDleled rap'dr).r? T\u. Jppear\ lhal creep
ii influenced by the moisture conrent and the moisture
rransler in the same manner as creep.
1ce
Although tests by Davis e, al.ts (Tabte 9.3) show no
influence of age at application of load on the creep
recovery/crecp ratio, Meyers3r found the ratio to be
irigher for later ages at application of load. Similar
5.hariou is discerniblc in the tests of Staley and
r"
Pe.bod) Thur rr is li{ely rhar rhe creep reco\er) creep
rar:o is I rgher lhe later rhe agc al dpptrcalion ol toad and.
in lac! concreteloaded at an age ofseveral lears mav have
r Iatio a5 hioh ,. 0l
llL.on. re",r." rndicalc lhar rhe timiling ror ut malel
.dlue o[recore-\ s nor intluenced by ageat apptr(.alion ol
lo"d or b) time Lrnder oaJ, provrded sutlcrcnr lirre 15
allowed ior full recovery. The experimental data arc
presented in Fig.2.11, in which Ilsron,s term tor limiting
creep recoler) i. delaled elaslic strarn,spc page 1541. A
.rnrrdr Uend uas ob.e,\ed ed.,rer bi Lharr, ri ,g a 241
.!ho "ound rhrt e\cepr lor ,ho periods under toJd. the
rmrlrnB creep reco\e.! F ifldependenr ot rhe age ar
application of load or time under load. Hence. we con-
clude that, since creep at a constant applied strss de-
creases with an increase in the age at application ofload,
the creep recovery/creep ratio increases wilh
age.
Vost of the data obtained on creep recovery at elevated
iemperatures are for mass-cured concrcte. i.e. concrete
Factors in.re?p rc&lery- l5l
Slorage lemperat!re ("c):
6
6 25a
Tlmeslnceapp car onoi oad - days
l-ia. 9.21 Ct..p and creep recovery under biarial onpression tor
Faled concrete loaded al lhe ase oI l5 daysj applied strcs = 6.9Mpa.ao
which is sealed or, as an approximation, immersed in
water. Tests36 at lemperatures between 2l and 96 "C and
aiso tests at lemperatures between 17 and 212 'Cr7 have
shown the creep recovery to be independent of tempera,
turc. For bolh of these investigations, rhe concrete was
heated 13 days prior to applying the toad a! thc age of l,{
days. The independence of creep recovery from tempera
ture is appa.ent aiso lrom tests of Glucklich ard Ishai.33
and of Hannant,3e and irom tests undcr biaxial slrcss of
Arthanari and Yuao (Fis.9.21). On the other hand.
Serafim and Guerreiroat found thal the rate ot crcp
recovery ol concrete at higher temperaiure is greater
during the first four 1o five days after rhe removat ofthe
load but thereafter is not affected.
Iilston and Sanders' methoda'1 oi predicting creep of
mortarunder a variablc temperaturelch. 7)allows for the
developmert ofdelayed elastic strain, i.e_ creep recovery.
the rate ofwhich possjblyincreases with temperature. The
limiiing value of specinc creep recovery increascs with
temperature according to [7.20] (page 103), which is ap-
plicable {or saturated mortar loadcd ir torsion at tem-
peratures belween 20 and 95'C- rhe specimens being
heated to the required temperature at the age of40 days
and.ubie.reo lL, loao Jt va ous line, xtler hedl.ng. F;r
prediction purposes,lhe limiting value of creep recovery
can beconsideredto beindependent of temperature with-
out a significant loss of accuracy.az
An analysis oi Theuer's short{erm lcstsa3 indicates
that crcep recoveri is independent of remperature and
stress/strenglh ratio, as well as of storage condition
(Fig. 9.22). Parrortaa investigated the innuence ofvarious
temperature cycles between 20 and 60 "C duringaneight-
day period ofsaturated curing ofcement paste which was
subseq uently exposed to drying at a relative water-vapour
pressureof0.6 at 20"C. Theloadwas applicd at the age of
28 days for a perlod of 56 days and, after removal ofthe
load,creep recovery was measurd for 28 days. Generally,
the greater the maturity at the agc at application ofload
the smaller the creep recovery! the most significant
reduction occurring when the curing temperaturc cycle
l5) Creep rccotet),
400
a 3oo
15 2A
Preced nq stress/s1.ength rat o pe. cent
Iu !..2-?. ReLati.. beiween creef rmt pEcedinS jres*trcnsrh
rali! 1or Iheueis.o crcle stored 'c.rvcrj-
at dlfcrent rnpeRtLtresrr
ranged lrom l0 io 3-\_C. Thus, ii seems thal crccp
reco\ er) is in Il ucDccd br a hjgher maiurir y, or si renglh. in
rhe same rnanner as creep. rlbcit to a lciser degree. so that
Ihe c.:dt r.co\c11 creep ratio increare\ sliglllv with an
rr.f3ai. in n.rlLrnll
Creep recovery under ditterent states ol stress
Glucklich and Ishair tcstsr5 on realed moftar beams
.ho$eJ h ts\cr -eco\er\ rnrn rnderLr rrar,aliunrpre,.ror
Torslon also lcads to larger crccp recovery so thar it is
likcly that a non-uniform sratc of srress is conducive to
a bighcr creep reco!cry. Tbe e)tplanarion is probabl) in
terms o{ microcracking: a slraiD gradienr inhibits micro
c.acking (comparcd xith the same marimum strain
under uniform comprcssjon) and therclbrc produces less
irrecovcrable creep.
I - (r-l creen .,*u.rureo q,rl uri.r\ Lornpre..i.i
subject to recovery.aii This was observcd ".
!o be initiallv
Lon rrc'..1 oLr de.re. \ed.,na.h Inreo r^i\ (r.rrn
"tril
a iew days (Fig. 9 23). ln similar tcsts, clucktichlr tound
errallc behaviour and sone iendencl to errension. and
Poliika e, ai.3 observed a vcry small contraction.
Illston:6 reporlcd ihat, for con crcte subjecred at the age
of selcn days to load for a period ol75 days lhe crccp
reco'!eh" attcr tension w4s similar to rhrr aitcr compres-
sjon in thal the limiting value does nor vary \iilh lhe age
at applicrrion ol load or lhc time urder load. Atso.
lhe rate ol arccp recorerv tncrcases wrth age. Howcver,
thc magnitude ot limitxr-s creep recover) after tension
is independenl oi storage conditions whereas. alier com-
pression. rhe li'niting creep recoverl, is smaller for
wct stored concrele. On !hc olher hand. tens':3 on moist,
curcd concreie loaded at the age ol :8 days for a priod
o' )8 dJ). i.d ." rJ rl-d, mo .rLr( r. rnster ha. no.c in-
fluencc on creep recovery after iension (Flgs.9.7 to 9.10).
Whcreas, after snslained compression. creep recolery of
coniinuously salu.atcd specjmens was similar io that
oi specimens allowcd to dry from the agc ol 28 days
(7 x l0 " per MPa). afrer tension, c.ccp recolery of
saturaled specimens was small whilc creep recovery ol
dryins specimens was la.gc (13 x 10 6 per MPa). Durins
lhe period ofrecovery. moisture lransfer occurred so that
shrinkag appeared to a\sist rhe tensile creep recove.) ol
dryingconcrete and swelling appeared to resist the tensile
creep recovcry o[ssturated concrcte;it ma]'. be noted thal
cycn small swclling strains are ol a comparable order to
strains associatcd wilh tensile slrcsscs.
Under uniaxial cyclic compressio n. the increase of basic
creep wjlh borh the anrplitude of stress a.d thc nrean
slress is targely irrecovera'blea8 and. therelirre. crccp
recovery is cssentjally xnaflectcd bJ cyclic loading.
Creep recolcry has been measured ]n biaxial com
pression tests46 iwith unequal principal stresses) on
concrele stored at a relatire humidity oi98 per cent. The
crcep recovery in the nonloaded dircction was initially
contraclion but laier extension. It seems thus that both in
the biaxial and in thc uniaxial lests, creep recovery occurs
in tle absence of stress in the given drrection. thus sug,
gestlng that c.eep rccovcry is a function of the creep a1lhe
lime ofunloading and nol only oithe stress removed.
In triaxial comp.cssion tests with the pdncipal stresses
so proportioned thal the net creep strain in one direction
\ras ncarly zero, creep recovery was observed. Thjs was
exlension. Thus creep recovery can lake place even ifthe
net creep prior to unloading is zero. ln other Nords, thc
creep recoverl, depcnds both on the stress removed and on
lhe preceding creep.
i1 orLer rr.. \rdl ,^mpre.. ion re. r.. $ he-e . recp rn one
oi the principal direclions was a small extension. thc
elastic recovery was conlraction but the creep recoverl
was extension. Thus it appears thai the direction of creep
recovery under muliiaxial compression need not neces-
sarily be the samc as that ofelastic recovery.
Table 9.5 gives thc ratio creep recoverrJcrccp for
uniaxial and muhiaxial lests.ID general, the rario is highcr
rndir - mLlrr,l\ial .r-e\\.)\,(m. r.e d preire frofollrL,n
olcreep under multiarial compression is recoverable than
under uniaxial compresslon. From Table 9.5, il can bc
also seen lhat thc ratio creep rccoverytcreep decreascs
with an increase in the duralion oiload. This is similar ro
the behaviour unde. unia al comp.ession.
Recoverable ahd irrecoverable creep
As stated earlier, the logical basis ol the principte ot
superposilion approach is the assumption rhar creep
recoveryis in essencc anegativec.ccp. and issmallcrthan
ihe preceding crecp only because ola change in thc creep
porerrirl oi conc-el. lhu, il r. mpl,ed lhdl creef L a
single. reversible phenomenor Some invesligators, how,
cver. take the opposite view. For insrancc. Dutronae
ascribes creep recovery to a slighl sweiling ol ihe ccment
paste relcased from loadas theconcreteis returning ro the
state ol hygrometric equilibrium with lhe unchanged
surroundin g medium. Olhers consider creep as consisting
oltwo parls.one rcversible and thc otherirreversible. each
oithese being caused by a diferen! mechanlsm.
For e]tample. Ishai5o lound ihrl thc irrecoverable creep
increascs with each cyclc oi loading (one \veek) and un-
loading (three weeks) but at a reduced rate for each
 Recowable and irrecoteruble Ueep 153

Felat ve humldlty ol storaAe (per cent) :

.65
.98
^----^1,..

----,i
s

\_._.
oo
250
9
9
I
E

.9

254
01020304050
Times nceappticat onot oad _ days

'402r
teE I re p rn! sep r(o! er, ui 6n.
L a
nI':l nre$/rrrcnArh rrrio = u4410
re rc lor lwo retatile h umdities oi sloragq t:3.5:3.5 mir waie4cenent rati. : O.?i

successive cycle. He ascribed lhis behaviour to 1he as-
sumption thal a subsrantial part of water lost during
drying creep is not recovered, so that the irrecoverablc
deformation increases with an increase ir the period
tulder load The revcrnble creep initrd t rncred,e, wirh
time bLt soon reaches a con\rdnl ralue I I rg q.2,{1. Lhri ,
/,6r o.' r'.eDre!ove') rn rnia\iatdd TLt'r\.at !orpre...rn
explanationrs of creep recovery is by a rcverse visco-
elastic process: the stressed elastic phase surrounding rhe
saturated voids tends to return !o the state that existed
prior to loadirg but has to overcome the high viscous
resistance of the adsorbed water, icading to slow liiuid
nigration in the direclion ofrecovery forces.

Ratio Srres prior to

Ecovery
qeep removal oI

(MPa)
ar ehoval *;i;ir* 2a d;i load (Mpa) AEp;It-o da)s
(10 u)
00 "l
Di.trlion Dn{aon Dndion
L2:l
t8 5.6 122 022. 6? 65 6.3 41 A_29 0.21 031
t8 97 0.3r1 4.0 3.8 3.9 65 0.19 0.,10 0.35 28
28
))
5.0 170 0.25 4t 3.4 4.1 105 80 lll 0.29 0.25 031 28
5.,1 130 0.21 5.2 1.6 0 tt2 70 30 0.ll 0.50 0.25 22
28 160 026 10.0 ,.7 3.1 200 140 20 0.31 0.16 0.t2 28
28 10.0 235 0.26 11,2 9.7 2.1 235 r90 25 0:ll 0.31 0.20 28
28 L1.7 25',1 0.25 125 11.4 2.4 240 210 30 0.31 0.10 o16 28
28 t2.2 262 0.26 12.6 7.2 250 120 65 0.33 o.2'1 0.15 28
47 13.r 312 8.4 5.6 t0.l' t5? 82 92 0.19 0.31 0.21 42
l5 10.ti 165 0.23 13.2 9,5' 1.8 270 72 -15 0.27 0.31 014 l5
98 12.5 320 0.21 11.4 11.9 9.1i 275 287 10 0.21 025 1.50 98
6.2 0,03 13.5i 260 267 167 0.24 0.22
No,er A nesalive sign deno tes extension.
I Slress reached
this value in two sGps.
r

li,l Creer rccoD"t|

i looc

; 5oo

u'r tb! 2oa

Tmest..eapp .aiionofroad - days
l ra r il Vxriir,oi ln r...verabte a.d trr..o!eIhie creep ot monar $nlr rinr rr

The p.operries oi delaycd etastjc strain are rhe same

r.p,rdlc., o it .. o(\e,oprnp tollnurng rle
shet,rer
rpp r.xrr.n o .lle... or shel\er it L bernr re.^\ereo rol-
t9.21 t,,$ingthe,e-nor'or .',..,., q., r,.o in page t5t. ne
where r : creep recovery at lrme r_
rm,',rg !- ue_i..ror ,grit.J rr , b) ihe.rge oi
/,_ : ultimare crecp rccolcry,
rhe c.ncrrc. b. hi lrme ior (c\etupmenr'ot
"Recred
re.o\Jr)
,rc.eJ.e. $ilh lhe agr ot rhc cor(rele,pagc
andQ:{consta.t. t1<7 rrrd i.
rerrled to lh( con. Lrrent ,, re\(.,ib., conponenr ot. reep
Thr, cre.p..co, r! rporrr. ro ,( p nro,e r..drl\ e.,lo '1.,! p:j!. t1r. for u,, i"rer,",or rrne, rhe
\ r,c^1. ^hen,,n .non i( e..p .or u n,(n rhe
r(ld r,,n ocr"rer r\e.hrntse i1 Jet,r,eo .1.,.ric.rr"rn
r hd !- ue ut 0 dnJ rLr ctrnre Ir t(c,fic Fos A,,. ,. e\f,J..eo h,
\,.
Cl.'.k r..l-"rJ t, r... . rJ. t.,rer ,.r^,, ..no$eo l.llorr
,
lT,::.'.,'.,, .,. -'re,|!.| -aIe,' -eple.cn,e.] b)thd,
the L4: lo(d j., r:d,lll (a'',,,o,)
e c\none1.rd, co rdlro1,,,u(h
jnore
'n,lo.ll .o rl-. rhc .le\c.opreni. Jec.,re-rbted. .re..p (ocdtr. d,l(l e '&r,'a.r) +
t9.4
(\rr.rl." r,1,.rrt dFU pe,roo.b,^reo ht a,," pcrioc t

, , de -) e,l e.". . nrr,r.at lne,l:rtol

,,r.ror , or.rder. rhc r.. ,\errbre
cre(o J. " Je,a)ed .r.. .r rhc ".,pd Jrd .to$ p.llod.
cur pr- ln.-l!l;,,, "r
erd.1c \1 rrr $h..h .o1.i.1. or ..oio ana .t,,$
,.1' .^ .'t".nalnn'"'lL rw.,p ,od.ordc\erup1r(n
oi A^propciry of rhe nreversible compoDer
h" trrlrrnts \" r,<, o rucn cnnpon(nr be,rs .- lt"',r.. n-;nl\ . .coL. I ot creep (flow)
l*"_.1 ru rrres.. \o thrr
proportrunal ..n
r- raturealtLo rgn o) del nIinl
rL
'n.,r0. c-d<oenJe ,. ain. ..r.h r!
.d:dcd,.11 et,ta, 1o1o,,11 -" L,0,1 ll::t::-1crlr! dnd ,ro.. o,J ru inc rr.-s( . ,r_L
19.31 no0r.tL.-,1 (J..,.it\ uill limF., \. u, netrroneu
r lrtler 2. Jl ?.ro.iTe rhe c i. no,lo$ re in
lhe-L i, no
sd = detayrd elastic strain occ r.ing under 'r.l!n'ore^-r ncrn rnelt .Fr 'l h. r. .( ot dou decre. il
.r f.in.ldt
I rr(.\ v J. tin.L ,
-.'"! "s. ol rhecur'. r(.e nc.eJ.e.... rro,r.no(pen,terr
(.. or ,\ trF, o, . li,rory ...rarn;. ,rd" r. profo r,, :r ro
a1r t rr rrirl 1.1r.. ..r \t.ecrnc Je.. Jeo ,nc rpnrred \tre\\ !r "t
.r.r. i. .trrI t, r.he .rp,l rrJ ,tJ,\ The d,\ ,u.l or c.ceo n.o rtetareo.-.., .,..,,..n.n0
pc iod.. resn(dirc ), ,
I or .orponr nr. to.r . lhc od.r..r
tlre rccei. n..lhoo for
llll!,.i b|he ( om re rLror..e1 ,,r
rrel 'r ,t(
"r^:'l.p .p-,"i:t:d
iB-Itp. ."-8.. He-c ,1. lern n.d.lr. tlo,{ L
01 and 0r : rare paramelers rvhich are obrained LI.cd o J....r'be :r e\e .:o\ c,cJp strich i. .Lbo,\ro.J
f,un rhe .tone. oi,h. rin,d and , o$ ..
trnr. o..he re., .er! ( I,e t,o eu r, in .n-o.r\nnpnncrl t. e* n, ir! ll^s nr lhe.r.tJ.\ und(]
rndrr I n_lra tlor,.inJ. ronfone.,r tnrjJb.eqLen.dou
llq. q 25
'J.lr\eJ p'i.,c.lrn ,. t,, .r J\Jn c.,npu.:rr,,n.t rL(

-e
Timesinceremovaloiload,r days
ais. rrJ. Crep reco ve ry curve pl ol ted ro a semi-logarnhm ic s. ale
fg.ll:.,,=[;ninsvalucoidelayedelasticslriinorrecovery].d=delayedetasticstrainorrmovervatanv
ir
rime r sine removal oI load
concrete. size of member and relative humjdi ty ol storage,
an assumption inherent nr th method is that a single
function describes thc development of ihe delayed plastic
slrain wilh time for any age at application of the load
(see tl2.lol). An assessment, carried out by Hilsdorf
and Milller.s': shows that the CEB FIP, 1978 assump-
tion is rcasonably valid for the delayed piastic strain of
specimcns which have been moist_cured prior to the
application of the load but, for pre-dried .oncrete
large devjations occur from the delayed plastic slrain
cu es proposed by the CEB-FIP, 1978 method.
Withregard to thedelayed elastic strain, the CEB'FIP,
'oi8sr merhoJ aL.ume. rhi. paramercr lo be nn ,ncrea*
ing function of the time under load (sre Fig. 12.4(b)), i.e.
the limiting value of rccovery increascs with ihe prcvious
duralion of creep. According to Hilsdorf and Miiller,5':
thcre is no clear trcnd in such a relation and, from their
analysis, ihe avcrage value of the ratio of the limiting
value of recovery to the initialelastic strain at the age of
28 days is 0.3 with a cocmcient of variation of 30.5 per
cent. In their assessment of published data, Hilsdorl and
Miil1cr5': propose the adoption of the ratio ol elastic
recovery-plus-creep recovery to the elastic slrain at the
age ol 28 days as being a more accurate parameter; an
overall average ol l.l7 with a coefrcient of variaiion of
l4 I oer cent \\a\ obtained
lhe ( on( ere sociel) LCSI relhoJ ' lor e'lrm!ling
creep also includes an eslimale ofth limiting recovcry or
dclayed elastic strain. In this method. a value of0.3 of the
References )55
tooblain lnerateparamelers0r and Ql or
initial clastic strain at the agc at application of load is
assumcd to occur alter approximately one year under
load.
L BLETZACKER. R. w., The concells ol rheologv apPlied
to portland-cemenl colcrete, Pro..,ISTM, 62. 1962,
!p.996 1006.
2. MCHENRY, D., ,^ new aspect ol creeP in concrele and its
appli.atlor to deslgn. Pro../lS?M,43, 1943. pp. 1069 84
3, US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION. A ICN.YCAI StUdY OI
creep prolerties ol concrete, con.tete I'thotatory RePatt
No. SI .18. Dcnver, Colorado, July 1953, 14 pp.
4. DAVIES, R.D., Sorne experimenis on thc applicabilitv ot
the prlnclple ol superposition to the strains ol corcrete
subjected lo ahanSes of stress, with particular rclerence to
prestressed concrete, Masazine ol Co ..de Resea?h,g,
No. 2?. 1957, pp. 161 72.
5. MCHENRY, D.. Discussion ot refererce 9.4. Maad.i"e d
Con.rere Aes.ar.r. 10. No.29, 1958. r.95.
6. BACKSTROM, s., Crecp 3nd crecP recoverv ot cement
mortar, Prlimi,ar) Repo al the Filih Conqress ol the
thtemational Araciit rk [at Bridse and S,rt tutol Etui'
/.erirc. L6bon, Lo5h, PP 77 Rl
- RO\S.A D., ieenol -un.'ere Jntler \zr'.ble'lre". 1'l
J artadl.54, 1958. Pp- 739 57.
E. POLMA, M.,PIRTZ.D andADAMS,R. F..Studies ot
.reeD rn ma.\ concre'e, srmtorur on Vd. cJn.re e.
A-;,, ", t on.Htc Intiute Sp" t"t Phl'tka: 'r \1n-6-
1964. pp 257 83.
 l5h Ctccr rec,,trrt
9. (IMISHI\4A. DNcrsion o. rc]ir.!.e 9.8, 29 GOPALAKRISHNAN, K,S,, NEVILLE,. A,M ADd
pp. 283 5.
GHALL A 4.. A hrpothesis on mechinism ot crcep oi
l0 BROOKS.I. J.. P.edjciion ot Cieer Rccolen otConcrcte conc.etc with rclerence to frulriaxial comrressjon, ,.1Cl
i Jn .rce. 'r lc. fr... on /.r D /r, J!& r,/. 17. ,1.0. pp tr r5
lrn \ernr\ !l Lc(ds. oc(,b!r to-b tit no lLr ,rl \rH ll.Ph\ rt.h,c. i,hcte.r
lt \t\ll-1.4 \l t,(..\.i.ot.re(p.nJ,.L..r.1riun.on 7.h-.- 1,o1. t,t- l2 \. r 'J,,, np , d t,u t.,,,,n
L. -..|.,ri.i , ..ect, '
urr i" e tpdl . . p. o ,o, N, 86, Cetuent aid Concre.e Asociatiol Londo!.
L HERMITE, R., What do we kno$ dbour rrtdstic de-
1).. R^I l. I l.c ,-ir.. n L rnc.n ,..lcDe ...n, q.t
'..id..l d. o ,'..ro ' c'.,e. ,.,r-r., rornatron and creep ot concrele?, R/LEM Blll.rir. paris,
-
paste !ubiecr.d Lo uDitbrhh dslributcd st.esses. pr,..1nr.
No 1. March 1959. pp. 21 J1.
( a l o th. StrLu". aj C,,r/.i.. Cemerr and Corcrerc BAZANT. Z P.. ASGIIARL A. A., and SCHMIDT, J.,
| \.c1rjp.,.,. rd. ot . epfot , n.{r.no..rr ext
Asociationr London, I968. pp..11.1,11. ",r(..d
ILLSTON, J. M, Thc conrponents ot strain jn conc.erc
\t _t._. i_ a t.t't_, .,,t
Paris.9. No 52. 1976. pp 179 90
unJe' .r.,r ncd \t \t_-:rt. ..t 04 \t. l.l MEYIRS. B.L, Timc dependc.l StraiN and Mic.o
Xrr,rr./r l7 Nu.50 tr,,\.Fn I b. cracking ol Plrin Concrcre. rt.D. Dirs./rr,n),. Cor.e
l Ysf 1 . .. . .h. N ,.e 1.'\ een. .or.,.... \rJ r: i. Unilersity, Sepl 1967. 86 pp.
o. r . , r. r. R, ,.r- r. ll \u. 1.1. STALEY, H. R and PFABODY, D.. Shrirkage and
t5. DAVIS. R.E. DAVIS. ll.E. aid HANIILTON, J S., plastic llow ol pres Lresscd c ondcte. AC t J our al. Aa, jgl6,
Plaslic low ol concrete undcr sustaired slress. /,r,. pp.219 4l
.1.t7,t/,3:1. t9.t4, pt :15,1 86. 35. ISHAL O.. Eiaslic!nd ineJasric behavior otcemc.r
morrar
t6 BUREAU OI RECLAMATION, Ettt.l ot stress lelcl
Ir S
,' tu i.1 \\m. , iL. o. ( ..Jf ,. t an. .... llr,d,
oD creet ol lean mass .oncrete. r,tborutqr Re.4n ( r,., lr, /_, \, .r.P,h,,..,,., \-o .,L4.pf o)
\,' C /-'?J Dcn\er C.torcLl,.lut\ 1907.1t.; 94
tl VA\lll r\\.\l . rl.e ,.. t. i . r_. ,j.. er',: ,,,",e \\\(r R I \\ r.J\t\tr|| A \4..r.e.f r,.n el.
Ihltitut T.chniq!. du Batihtnt et des ltdtdr\ puhlitt 4r creLdr(.1 -(.J Jre__ | I tou, t. o,:. o^., pp. . <^-
\o. l l.{. Paris. Feb. 1959. tp. :21 l-1 l9
'elr
\E\ILLE. A }1. rid BROOKS. J.l. Time-dependent l7 \\ssl D h.{..no IorHt\ R P.. Lr..p nr r.1.
b.haliour oI (-emsile concrerc. C.r.(,r..9. No. l, 19?-r. .. nflc e d l,ie" rr . o ratL,e.. r, r ,.-,r,.r.. 06 \o. 4
1971, pp.216
19 \I\.1. -\ \t BaoL,(\ L I . .lepenlc
81.
GLIICKLICH, J. and ISHAL O., The efect ot lem
Inj-J , otd...r.e, L,. ,p,,.,o pe.rtLre oo tir delormalio! ot hardened cefte.t pasle,
Nu. 1o-5. pp. rl i
l0 irLr Rll 1_u t.. :.".t _. t t,,t t_nntR.nl..r,oa,t it-.n
20 BROOKS, J. J.. WAINWRTGHT. p J. and NEVILLE. Uat CtuhhL\ llrrta Juh roi,0. t:l pp
A.\4 ,r' cdepe'dr 'p.onr,..e.o . ,1.re,rcu.r..i.-s. 39. H\N\\\t. D .\.,d oehd.,,,
su!erplasticizing adDixture. Superf hsricizeN h Concrer, ar a rndF. -onn
Atherie Co .rete Insttute Spdntt pubtkatian Na.62.
p,,., t arl 1 p\-
.tt, t( -,.o,, I'r,.,.,., .",.,.t-, l.itntan tttil
1979. pr.291 11.1 //.,,,.',...P.T..\o '',\4J..J toc_ DD.57 I
2I_ BROOKS, J. J.. WAINWRIGHT, p. J. rld NEVILI_E. 40 AR,Hc\\Rl r:ro\t r u r -.p'o,
4. \.1. \rpc-n'd.r j.
.e, .tlc. r.r me-.lepend(r I pr,p.r I jc.
rna r-i an.,bi,...l .rre*.. Jr e.e\dr-J.empc.J.Ie.
ol a,r entrained corc.etc, Conocr.,, lJ. No 6. iune 1979. \la-" i1p ttah,,.. R....r/,.to.\o r0 ioo-
pp. 35 8.
56
!p 4!
22 cOUNTO, U. J.. rhe effed ot tbc elasric modulus ot thc 41. SERAFIM. L. J. and CUERREIRO, M. e..I!fluelce ot
8p..sJ e.- h. eld.,tr n .J1.,....,Jcp. n! - ee|j.r ,l rhc ..p ,, r...
or !oa.re r \Idrn rJ ,t t -. t,tr Rp\_,a,, tb \o ai .onir< e. /irLl \,
rr,4.rxr. Pan.. No.6. Vdich Luo0,pp 2t 12.
t96,1, pp. 129 38 1?. TLISTO\. r \'t anrr\A\t,l R\. p D,r h"r..rer.tir,
21 KORDINA. K.. Erperirnents on rhc intuence ot the and prediction oi cre.p ot a saturated mortar ulder
ur ,j fiegd,r. on rl-( . -eer o .d'r. hle,-mp.rd .-. VJ.t :-_- I t r-,et. p. cat,t, 2h
.o .r(rc. R/L/ \I 4,,,,...4. p., .. r, o. V,..,, .n,,,, \u 8c. tc'l pp. tbo '-.
pp.1 22-
4t lHIllF.4 r rie, o'ri-n.rd,l .
21 RqDKI\ l( H 8 I \f.rti!( J-1 ..eet J. e.p"noeo delo ..rion or Lo .".c. ., R,. i/ a,r
on r. \,ie..
,v,l
!laJ-(oncrele -n'1. r compr..ior. A,,.., 'Zr?/. ,b.r. .)./.. t8.
pp. I9,s 204.
\.8. looi.pp ..o4 oo. /,ri .rru, \r. (o/a.('olmon" 14. PARROTT. L. J., Recoverablc ald irecoverabtc delbr
qc.,l 1S.ien lic r"d trdL.ln.,l Rc.e.,,.h
O.;rnr/a,i.!: mation ol hcar-curcd cemert pasle, Maauzi e.f Cak.rete
l0 '
Melbou.ne, A!stralia.
-R.slardl29. No 98, 1977, Dp. 26
25. ROLL, F.- Long-rime crecp recoverr
1il I.kll( lt ip1.le
oi hiEhh srre$ed .+5 | lspAt o.Rhro.oel.to.hrLr.r o
-on.r(.- c\'rder \)nTi..rlr ,n e*p o ,on,,.r.. '1drJc.e\l-cre "n. rnoe lor.'re..e. lr /,oi4rJl5Ej
4ht ,,.r , .h t, . /4..r.,.. \r,, ,.J p-t ., n.r,. \n a.
1961. pp. 9,17 6.1.
1964, pp 95 ll4. qKRl5H\q\ I S.. \lVtLLt , \. \t .!o
C9PAI
)6 ilIStu\ J \i ,he..e.p ot LJn.,-t( Lrol u.k\ .l UH Al I 4.. r .3rioot.,n.rp..
Por*un'.
'c'.,.n. lIJ., :.r. .t t t. .. e R. _,.t. rr.tr.\o (..,oc) reeT . ndF. mun -
o\LL L!mp e.noa tat .t,.uta,t.6t..ou',np,0,rd 20.
G\\rlBl l.B R
Clli hll( ll. J F,,.o'oJtr3 o' r,rome.t
t.., rceTo -o,...rc low stesscs. =n,,".
27
- .om_ -..on d.'.dpARROt't.t. ceme.l p.sle under ]CI Jrarnrt.56, 1959,
irr J,. ns nJ p. inp. V a,.x,. o. pp. 127 lE.
( dro!'r Res!,n.i,lr,. No 1114. ty7!. Dn. 1t9 lli
28 BROOIS. r. J. .n! \t \ |, A \,t.. \.ornf.r,cxot
48 \\HAll) ( D dro \l \lI |. A. \,1.. \o. .tJ.r... c
. eeD .d...enp.h..
eld.rL1r. : .o...-rci o/ a ,a.,./r R.s.,,.r, 25. N. E4, r971. Do 145 54
compression, Mrrd:ire ry' Cord.r. R.r.ar.r. 29, No I 00, nr tRo\ R .rceoin.on..-e-_R .iu BL "..4 pdt..,
l9rr. pD. 131 41. No 14. laJl, pn t1 ll
 Refercnces ts7
50. ISHAI, O.. Influen@ ol sand conceDtration on delorha- Institul liir tsauslofftcchrotogie. Universitet Kdlsruhe
tion otnortar beams under 1ow stesses. ,4 CI Jorlnal 58, (T. H.), oct. 1979.91pp.
1962. pp. 6ll-22- 53. CONCRETE SOCIETY, A simplified method for estima-
5t CEB-FIP. Madel Code lat Conctete Sttuctut.s, Conie ting the etastic modulur and creep of .ormal weiShl
Euro Inte.national du B61on Federation Internaiionale coocfete. Ttuini s cente Publication No_ TDH 7176.
de la PrdconLrainle. Pdus. t978..148 Do. Cement and Corffete Association: London, June, 1978.
52 HIISDORF. H. K. and VIl IFR A S. (,apari.o,i oJ lp.
Methotls ta PrctlXt Tifte-De@htlent Strains of Concrcte.
Chapte|l0
Mechanism and theories of
Greep
A Ciscussion ol tie mechanism of creep is ol utmost
imporiancein arrivingat an understanding ol the pheno-
mcna involved but such a discussion is difficuh as our
knowledge of the problem is slill iBadequate. A number oi
theories have been proposed ovcr rhe years but it is
probably justified to say that, as thcy stand, none is
capable ol accounting for all the observed iacts. Yer each
explains a number ol obscrvations and accords lully with
some o. other o[ the erperimental resulrs. It is possible
that the actual creep involves rwo or more mechanisms.
Before accepting such a combined theory, furlher veri-
fication is. bowever necessary.
ln \iew ot lhis situation. it is bcst first to discuss the
possible mechanisms of creep. and then to consider some
ol the more complex theories proposed by difle.en1
Mechanisms
On a phenomenological basis, several broad mqchanisms
of creep can be distixguished. They are: mechanical
delormation theory, viscous flow, plastic flox. seepagc of
gel water, dehycd elasticity, and microcracking- These
mechanisms will now bc discussed in rurn.
MechMical delomation the orr
Freyssinetl attributes the behaviour of concrcte under
load to internal stresses set up as a result ol the change ir
the form of the capillary structure of cemeni paste due to
load. Hc assumes that under a comp.cssive stress th
capillaries are dformed and the water meniscus displaced
outward to a point where thc capillary diameter is larger
so that the tension underwhich the capillarv water is held
is decreased. This reduces the induced compressive stress
and partially offsets the applied extcrnal stress. However,
hygral cquilibrium is upset with rhe resuh that warer will
e\ aporulc ft om rhe capillarie. un I rhe r apoJ r pre,\urc r.
reduced lo thc ambienl value. The tension in rh capillary
\^ xter ri.e.. dnd lo mi rnt a rn eq rrlibrium rhe compre..ron
in the solid phase increascs, too. The rcsultant defor-
mation conslitutes creep, so that it is, in fact, a delayed
elasiic phenomenon, the delay being due ro lhe rimelagin
re-establisbing vapour prcssure equilibrium between the
cement pasle and the ambient medium. On removal of
load, ihe resulting changes in the pressure dillerences
between lhe water and air phases within the capillary
slructurecreate forccswhich tend !o rclurn the capillarics
to their original shapc.
Thus crecp is assumed to be compietely reversibie. The
movement, both on applicalion of load and on its re-
moval, is elastic but is delayed by pressures that develop
in the capillaries. This hypothesis cannot, ol course,
explain creep in water, and is not nowadays accepled.
In a latr paper. Freyssinettr expressed the opinion that
lhe presence of load on concrete 'increases the proba
bility of rearrangements \yhich lead to a reduction of
volume of concrete'. One pari oi the creep is due to the
tcndency of the hydrated cement pasle ioward maximum
stability underasuslained load. This part is irrecoverable.
The other part consists of 'elastic deformation dcferred by
thewetness of the concrete due to pressure', and, as stated
above. is believcd by Freyssiner to be reversible. Thus
creep is supposed to be due in part 10 the surface tension
effect and in parl to the tendency to maximum stabitity.
Whiie a part of the irreversible creep may be due to the
causcs postulated by Freyssinet, the theory does not
explain the influence of the various factors on creep and,
in fact, there exish no corroborating experimental
It has been suggested that thecreepoi concrctemay be in
the nature of c.vstalline flow, i.e. a result of slipping along
planes within the cryslal lattice. This would be similar 10
the plastic flow of metals and explains the early name of
creep ol concret: plaslic fiow. Vogt3 observed that in
some respects the mode ol deformation of concrete is
similar 10 that of cast iron and some other brirde metals.
For instance, if aller a period under a sustained load a cast
iron specimen is subjected to an addili onal load, the strain
increasc is very small until the stress strain curve ap-
proaches asymptotically lhc 'virgin' curve. i.e. the curve
q \ich ttou,LI ha!e been ooldrned b) d recr slre* incre.r.e.
Similar behaviour was observed by Vogt in short,term
However, in metals at room lemperature, the plastic
deformation takes place only it the applied stress exceeds
the yleld point. Some experiments have led Bingham and
Reinera to suggest that mortar has a yield point of
0.45MPa, while neai cment paste has no perceptible
yieid value- The value of this yield for mortar is so low as
to guarantee little accuracy ir its determination, and
Cianville's experimentss showthat, il there is aparticular
stress for concrele below which no non-elastic deforma-
tion occurs as a resull of loading, the value of this stress
is so small as to be negligiblc. Vogt,3 ard Jeflsen and

Richart6 obse ed crcap at stresses as iow as 1 per cent of
the ultimate strength. It is possible though thal ihere is a
conlinuous dislribution of yield values starting from very
low. In such a case, no sharp yield point would be
obtained and there would bc a gradual transfer of stress
btween the elements.
Furthermore, plastic deformatiofl is the result of slip
along the plane of maximum shear in the crystal lattice.
Undersuch circumstances, no volume change takes place,
As Lynam? points oul, however, concrete is several limes
stronger in shear than in tensio( hence, il would be
e\pecred lo fail in rension betore a 'hear 'lip occur..
However, this arsument is valid only if gross behaviour
can be taken to apply at the particle level as well. The
second objection to the slip mechanism is that crcep of
concrete leads to a definitc reduction in volume.
A partial acceptance ol the crystalline flow lheory was
suggested by Glanville and Thomas,3 who thought that
creepdl low \lresqes ma) bevi5cou\andal highclre.sesrn
the form of crystalline slip. Against this it may be argued
that the creep time relation for low and high slresses is of
the same general lorm and no fundamental change in
behaviouris apparenr. However, at very high stresses the
deformation of concrete somewhat resembles plasticity
(and it is reasonable to use the theory of plasticity as a
basis of ultimate strength design oi structures) but there is
afundamental dillerence from the behaviour of metals.In
the latter, the broken bonds cortinually re-establish
themselves by virtue of strong cohesion,q while in con-
crete, where microcracking occurs much more readily,
once the bonds between lhe aggregate and paste have
been broken, no mending process taks place. Some of the
microcracks within the cement paste may hal but only
after a longtimeunder suitable condilions of moisture or
It appars thus that some form of plasticity may enter
the deformational behaviour of concrete at stresses
nearing failure but this is not of greaa signjficance to the
creep behaviour of concrete under normal loads.
Yiscous aad isco-elastic fuw thcofies
The viscous flow theory of creep is one of the more
impo ant ones and thre are strong reasons to believe
thatviscousflow contributesir some measure to creep of
concrete. The basic argument is that hydrated cement
pa(le is a highl) \iscou, I'quid $ho\e \r(con0 increa\es
with time as a result of chemical changes within the struc-
ture, possibly crystallization, possibly agirg in the form
of coarsening (decrease in specific surfaccl of the paF
ticles involved-
Viscous flow as a mechanism of crcep was llrst pos-
tulated by Thomas,11 who considers concrete to con,
sist of two partsi cementitious material, which behaves in
a viscous manner when loaded, and inert aggregate,
which does not llow under load. When th concrete is
loaded, the cement llow is resisted by the presence of the
aggregate, ard as a result of this resistance the aggregate
becomes more higl y stressed while ihe stress on the
cement paste decreases withtime. Now, since the creep of
cementpasteis proportionalto the applied stress, the ratc
Mechafisims 159
of creep will be progressively rcduced as the load is
transferred from the viscous !o the inert material. Hence.
Arnstein and Rcinert'z inler lhat the rate of crccp should
depend on the nature of the cement pastc bul not on the
prope cs of lhe aggregate. In Chapter 4 dris was shorvn
1ol lo be rhe r J'e. l'r rlhermorc, rue \ Ncous llow require.
a constant volume,while axinl creep ol concrete results ir
a lateral creep corresponding to a creep Poisson\ ratio
well below 0.5 (se Ch. 8). If the flow were viscous, it would
be necessary for thc gel to flow into pores within the
hydrated paste. There is no evidence of flow into the
capillary pores or even of a decrease in the gcl porosiiy
but the latter statement is not certain.t
Viscousflow requires further a proportionality between
stressand strainand between therates of stress and strain
at any stress. These conditions are fulfilled to a con
siderable extent up to a stress/strength ratio of aboul0.5
(see ch. s).
In his other work, Reinerla considers creep ofconcrete
as r case of volume orisotropic llow. He argues that whefi
there is volume flow, apart from shear flow, the matc.ial
must bav a viscosity of its own apart from the ordinary
shear viscosily. I1 lollows, in our opinion, that concrete
musl conlain some holes inlo which the viscous phase is
moved, bul il is no! clearwhether it is the water or the gel
as a whole that constitules thjs viscous phase. There does
not appear to be any experimental evidence substantia-
ting thc isotropic flow theory of creep.
Hansenls thi*s rhat the viscous flow in hydrated
cment paste takes place ir the grain bourdaries or
'welding poinis'. Ir the past, there had been some doubr
whether solid bonds, like chemical or crystalline bonds.
can behave in a viscous manner. but it has been
shown'6'1' that this can be the case in the grain bounda-
ries in poly-crystalline metals when the boundaries
represent a compromise between the crystalline arrange-
ments in two adjacent grains. Thus cement gel would not
be unique in showing viscous flow in grain or particle
boundaries. However, some non-recoverable part of
creep would have to be due to time-dependent, permanent
collapse of the gel structure.
Hansen'5 considcrs it reasonable that the modulus of
viscosiiy, ,lM, as well as the delayed elastic modulus of
concrete, Ii, increase with the amount of cemenl gcl
formed. The two moduli must also increase wilh a
decreasc in distance between cement grains, i.e. with
a decreasing water/cment ratio. Thus, according to
Hanscn. it is the same factors that influence strenglh.
elasticily and defrcrmation under sustained siress. Experi-
mental results on the relation between rate of creep and
gel density las reffecled by slrength) were obtained by
Neville.l3
Parenthetically, it may be interesting to consider the
creep behaviour of permacrete,re i.e.'concreie' wilh
ice as cemnting agent at 5'C. The volume of ice was
I Drying, followed by a petting and dryins cycle betwen a relative
hunidily oi 100 and 0 per cent, produes nrevesible shiiitaee oI
cenen!pasteand anincreaseolsolid voluh.,hlch irplies!d&reasei.
lorosny and a de*ease in lbsolule deisny'l
160 Mechanisn and theoties oJ .rce!
04
i 03
9
9
e 02
Time under
Fio 1rl C..en a.d.reeD recorery oi r pcrmacrek bem L!
l5 per cent of the tolal rolume, the aggregate size
bing in thc range ot 50 !o 60 US sielc. Figure 10.1
!ho$\ the creep-lime curvei the similarity to lhe
behaviou. ol concrele is apparen!. parlicularly in so far as
the elaslic recorery and creep recovery are smaller than
the instantaneous strain on applicationof ioad and creep,
respectlvely. Since the binder is isotropic and homos-
e,leou\ i. nd) be 'u.pecled l\ar no moirrLre mo\ement rr
involved and the delorrnation is !isco-elastic.
Elas,ic afi e r -ejle ct t he otie s
Two carlier hypotheses relaring creep direct to shrinkage
are ofinlerest. Not so much a dilTcrcrt crccp theory as an
oulrighl denial of theeiristence of creep lvas expressed by
Maney.tro By considering distortions due to diflerential
ht gromclriccondilions and thc iact tha! crccp wa\ at that
time, usually mcasurcd by surfacc crtcnsometcrs, hc
arerred that the true creep is not appreciahle ai working
loads, the elTect ol ioading being simply an elastic change
due to thc changc in non-uniform shrinkage. This does
not explain. however, creep in u,ater or creep ol mass-
cured concrete. Moreover. the theory is based on thc
rather arbltrary assumplion that the axial time-
deformaiion ol a Ioaded specimen is roughly twrce ihat
oi a simiLar unloaded specimen when mcasured on the
suriacc. and \re know that this ratio is noi independent of
lhe maguitud of the stress applied. Maney also assumes
that in a ctlindrical member under a sustained load the
\hrinkage at thc ccnt.c is zcro and it iDcrcascs radially
according to a parabolic law. It seenrs that th.sc
sumptions cannot hold good in all cases.
Pickeltl explains th iact that creep depends on the
ratc ol drling ol lhc spccimen as a natural consequcncc of
non.ulrfo-11 .l'Inlagc Jnd d nor l.n<ur i c,, .lrrrr
relalionshipin conc.ele.In his opinion, drving ol concretc
does not resuliin a di.ect increasein the creep as such,but
it causes non-unilorm volume changes $hich produce
oad mrnutes
transicnt sircsscs. Thcsc. combincd with thc strcsscs duc
1o cxlcrnal loading, givc risc 1o a dist.ibulion and
nrgrirude oI .r-e*e,'dr drFe.elr [,on tho.r rn o ron.
shrinking companion specimcn. I1 may bc nolcd that
shrinkagc cannot accounl lor additional crccp ufllcss lhc
stress strain relation is nonlinear. From this it fotlo\,!s
that superposition ol stresses does nol produce a super
A somewhat similar approach was used by Vogt.'::
From lhe assumptior that the stress strain relalion
depends on lhe previous stress hiltory, so that the slress
slraln relation is multi-valued. he concludcs that in small
specimens, even ii shrinkage becomcsfinallv uniform over
the whole section. the deformalion after a lime unde.load
will be greater than deformation without shrinkage. The
'excess' deformation may be as large as the shrinkage
strain itseli This conclusion does not involve the concept
of creep but rccognizes that, at some time in the life of
cach clcmcnt. thc st.css cxcccds thc average valu owjng
to the transient differential shrinkage. Diflerential thermal
. rre..e. p-odr. e a, ni"r de'orqraronalelTec..
Sol t solutio theot)i
Lea and Lee:3 attempted to explain creep in a manner
similar 1(r the solid solutjon theory ol shrinkage. The
vapour pressure ofwaterin a gel is afected by the appiied
stress. with a resulr that the waier content of the gel and its
volume are aitered. Even in fully saturated concrele
immersed in waler. the gel waler is under stress. The sel
as cement as first lormed is unstable in that it has a greater
volume than tharwhich charactcrizcs its stable condirion.
fhc (\1..J(J .rd,c rcmrrn. a' long a. ,hc concrere r. rn
water but on first drying an irreversible change takes
place; lhis is grealer the lower the vapour pressure lo
which thc concrete is exposed. A similar irrevenible
changeis produced by ihe application of stress, creep and
shrinkage thus having a This argument

uoLld4cc,,rlr.or .nrto$Lrcepor .\en-o \ (orcrc. br..
nor 'ur rhe ,pDdr..nl h gh creef .,1 .ntc-medi ,r.. moi..-re
runren', A r..her rdrtr.ig oi rh.. h\n.rhe.. ., rt..
\r^uld cid u o e\De.r r'.( -e,J-at .t.jrn^ag. o ,
,pe.imer u hrcL r.,o .rnJcr sorJ.re( n lo b( c\\ lhdn lnJr
o a.rnid unoJ(ed.f(Jirer {l-rlF rn.Jct,t,I.hi:\nor
beer observed.,r Anolhcr argument aeainsr the solid
sol lion tleoryis Hansen,s observation , a thar ccmenl sel
.hou. reTdrtJble .rruL.u-dt .rao:,ir) .on
" frred \\; ,
other gels whcn erposed 10 cxternal toad or to-changes in
moislure contenr. The dimcnsionat srabilitl- is probabl,,-
due to lhe prcsence ot ijbrous pa ictes in lhe gel.
The seepage thcory of creep ol concrete was 6rst postu-
ldred b! I rnrrr rn totl \eep-pc i, a !r\nu, Fu$ o|hc
"ru "heJd o nc rti,per.c
d.pe-si^1 med rm rhrorJh
phase. Removal of stress from such a mr).ed svsren i\
chdracre o\ r D,r,Jt In ncJi.,re r.ro,e11. i" o".a
'/ed
bya slow elastic aftcr-eflect
as seepa.se is revcrsed. There is
thus a volume decrease under a compressive slress, in
contrast to plastic flow and viscousflowwhich invotve no
The seepage theory arises irom the observation thar
hydraled cemcnt paste is a rigid gel. and, in such gets
gcnerally,load causes an enpulsion of the viscous compo-
nentfronthe voids in rhe elastic sketeton. This resxhs iD a
redistribution ot stresses lrom the viscous componenl to
the elastic skeieron. Thus. creep jn concrcrc is taken to bc
due to seepage of gel water under pressure. tn this way,
creep is analogous 10 shrinkage bur the motive forcc is an
externally appiicd pressure instead ot a dirccr vaDour
pre\\Jre drderenlral $rlh rne ambierl medrLm. thc
removal of capillary \iarer has no eilect on deformatron.
At this stage, a noie on the nature of irreversiblc
,hrinkJge r,.e d-) iig .lrink"ge dr,rincr iron rotru-c
move.n(nrl rrc\ be oi inrer(sr.",llr, ,hn1k"re . mo,(
likeiy to be due to a dccrease in porc votumc than in ihe
lordl \olLme po-..i1).)a l he-c r. p.ubdbt)
". con"l"nl
o agrees wirh the influence ot ambicnt hu;idily on creep:
dr.o a de(rca.e rn rhe .pecitir .Lrtdc( o. I'rc nrdrrLe.r
phi.c 'ihe ,Deci.1. .Lrtrce oecrea.e. *i.h p-otorgc,t
mdist curingr but ihis stabilizarion decrcases onh rhe
rever.rblc .hri1(Jge arJ nor rhe irrc\er.iN. ,hrinkaee
ThL. rh( rrre\er.i J .tlntage rs - proce\\ ot
stabilization thceffecis of a changein structure and is
no conne(red wr.h rnc.nplete "e-uel.rng of rte inrern l
.rrl;(c. He n uth anJ 'l u.\:- h1\ rng.ho$ n rhJl corplere
re-wetting is possible.
B) conlrd\t { h lrcdecrcd\e rn poro.i.r L1oF..rreve,-
.ible .h..nkige. rhe r(re-.bte .nfinkole
lor rursrrrc
rlo\e.nenlr rl,nJepeiuenr ol lhe n^ro"itJ L,t .he p""re
'I l'e proce-
mL.r. rhereio, e. be.c'oieo ro ien,uper,,.,or
the-pd.re rh" I are irdependcnl ot prronri.. r.h
\uld(c ared modulu, ot etJ.rici.\ ot rhe.olio ",.pe.anJ
it r
thu.e
the composilion oi the solids. Hetmulh an; Turk,1
believe that lhe reversibte shrinkagc is the shrjnkage of
tThn is asins and lhould n.r
be contused wnh rhe behaviour undd
Methdn\ims 16t
pafliclcs bonded rigidly to each orhcr. lt rhev arc thin
. ,o,.s.. ,l .r,, ,k.pe. J , b(.. J"rr . J tol,n rrin.. I rhe
..1. ,r!e.n .e.uitJce I .. er-r8\ ot 1e.olid...r,.eo -)
I. r.n.* e r,r ro...p.re.r J p.,*.ole r r,\,n .-i
oI c'c(D. lh! r r.^r\ ]\ .rtpo ea oi ., . r]llari . ut rh,
.hdpe nf he.reep ,nJ .\r,n("re .r re c .\(..
general concordancc in rhe dependence of thc hlo
-rd rt-e
phenomcna on a large number ot variabtcs. Lvnamr elen
$(nl ..": lJr cour"l ol ol . r((p "1o
shflnkr e p,'rnrle\
lh. eep"lJ {r. . jpro-,ed ,r!'
eldborrrcJ b\ Seeo ' no e" JnJ I ee 't te|
e\pldndr.,n o \.ep. pe j. rh"l ^l Irt-e
dpf (,rion ut . 1
e\'(-n.rl. i(.. .o r,,n.-ete cJr \e\ d !,rnpe n ll-e,n.(,LI
vapour pressure and hencc in rhe gcl wate. conrenl. with
accompan\ring rolume changes. Now. since hvd. ted
ce1r.nr o,r.r( r. e... r'r" l! pcl, equi rhflum e,^r.
bets(c.l rh. ."rl,ri pre..Lre " Eioot
lhe qe rIo ,o!J
t a11e\ ork. dnd di. I bdr ce .i rh( e.llrhbriun' cd r.r. J
!hdnEe ir rhe pe udt(r .olte|r jhe r.rle o rcep. p.
dcpends on the moisrurc gradjent. Moreover. as water is
squeezed out, the srress on the solid incrcases and the
pressure on the \,\,arer correspondingl! decrcases. with a
re.u r1e redL.lion rn L,re rJr( ot e\lu \rnn o. rhe sr.(f
( reepi,dmJlte\rarruno. r.r..rctd\ n .-e..".t.hi.l rh(
i xil h,,rm Delqeel . ,e pe'"rJ . .ur.oundrr;.
The creep recover] ts simpty the rendency ro rc_
establish rhe originat statc of affaim wbcn the c\lernal
lodd h r. be( 1 ren^\ed H^$e\er. tu tre.o\Lr) i:f,c\e -
led b) l1e'^rmi.r^n ot ne\ bono. sher . (
fet pn rcle
dre
"l Jqed o.on e rlo.er i. one. ioLlre-.r. d r(.u ( of
creep. Thus a new stable position of rhe get p.rrlicles is
established lt should be emphasized rharit is Jnly the gel
water that is involved in the seepa.ee movement: neither
the capillary water nor the chemically combined $.aler
The concept ol fro$ ot get water along the capilirics
u ten ro-. rcle i. .,ured ii ur) nL s.,rer rrdpo-ale.
lhe oLlcr end.ot rt..Jprl"
[-on
e.,pr,.Juc.nplen.i, n.$h(h
dra$,s furtherwarerftorn rhe gel. Thus, the dricrrhe air the
nu'e rin'd rhee\"por"t,or. 1o lhe more r.,n J he In* nl
uarer trom he ger. Bu. rh( Cet ir.Jtirs hrero.copr. d ro rhe
le,. sJler , (on." n, rhe rcore ti m 1 ,nar $.,.c. I, he J.
( on,eoLelr J lhe nrr. rL.c graoren. ..ong rhe.
becor(',.flrrrr,,nu iher"tJo seepdgedecred.r. Thep.
-pr,,.rnc\
nrare rle cnnire.e \urtace uiL dr) o r more pa.i.\
oe.Jl,e nl the.ndlle lol", t|rrroral re.i,rance rr rhi
flow along the shorter channels.
Ih. .l-"ngL in h( i crinn a.olg rhe cdprltar)
,n1e ,
trrll he app ied ,t,cs. m,\ be ,r,.our,eJ rorLh-) rle
Io louing argrnen. prr toru]'d ,.\ Llndn $n(n.o1-
crcre'. elc.rical) conf c..eo ir \irder. rhe fl,,$ ot rh(
water by diminishing the cross-sccrion ot the capiltaries
and naking rhe gcl more dense. Thus both the head
Jnrlied inJ he tr'(lrolJt .e..!rJn\e !ro!\ roperh(. BI
Io, ll-. agrJ(ment q lh e\p<rrmer r.rl re"u,.. rr i nec...arr
o r..ur e nuL lhe i .lion gr,\r. dl J o\er rre rhan .hi
head does. Llnam bclieves that rhe law connecdrg rhese
t62 Mechanisn a d theoties of.rcep
rates probably contains lerms for the surlacc volume
.atio, water/cement ratio, finencss of cement, hurnidity
and tcmperature of the air, agc o[ the concrele at ap-
plication ol load and the initial modulus of elasricily of
A concrete specimen stored in air of 100 per cent
relative humidity is e).posed 1() iull vapour pressurc of
warcr at that temperature. This vapour pressu.c prevents
evaporation and the direclion of flow is usually inward
since the hygroscopic gel can thcn take up warer. This will
conlinuc until. with tlme. the equilibrium ber$een thc
oulside and inside vapour pressures has been reached. As
moisture is lost, thc gel shrinks owing 10 thc collapse of
pore spaces within il. Conversely, as these porc spaces
bccome filled with \raler. the gel swells. Since lhis
moisturc movement can also be produced by external
pressurc, j t would appear that shrinkagc due to the loss
ol
moislu.e and creep due to seepagc are interrelared
L'Hermitez6 does not accept the hypothesis that creep
is shrinkage under load. Admittedly, from the hygro-
metric point ol vicw lhere is a dependency between creep
and shrinkage but. according to L'Hermitc, it is more
correlarivc than lunclional. i.c. the two phenomcna are
lnked to a parl or lorm ol the h!dratcd phase rhai leads
bolh ol lhe phenomcna !o a similar evolution.
\e\ertheless. the seepage theorv ol creep has had a
considerable suppor!. This is partly due ro the similariry
between cement gel and rigid gels and partly ro the facl
that the theory gives an explanation ol the largc creep of
drying concrete compared with wet or dry concrcte. On
the oiher hand, thc seepage theory does not explain why
corr rer( dried in dI r qJ lhen ,ubrec,ed ru a compre*r\ (
stress in walcr creeps about twice as much as concrete
stored and loaded in water.t5 Horvever, the creep ol
co.crete under lersion in waler is greater than creep
under compression in water (see Ch. 8) and this accords
with the seepage theory.
An other obj eclion ro theseepagc theory arisesfrom rhe
fact that the measured loss of waier from concrete under
a compressive stress is insuficient 1() account lor the
quantity supposed to be lost by seepage.z) In fact, no loss
of watcr from concrete under load in excess of that un-
de. shrinkage without an exrernal load was found bv
\4dnc).' Vamrl dn:sano Nev,lle. o Iri5po.\rbt<rhoug;
thal none ol rhe.e u,eJ.ensiri\e enuugh equipncnr ro
establish very small difererces in wcight. In any case,
substantial creep in mass concrete, where no loss to
the oulside is possible, has bcen measured. Hansenrs
iound no dilTerence in creep of sealed and unsealed, pre-
conditioned specimens s ubjected to compressive stress for
453 days at a relative humidity of 60 per cent at 20.C.
He concluded that no external seepage rook place. Since,
however, the specimens were preconditioned, we are
dealing with basic creep only. and it can now be safety
assumed that basic creep does not involvc exrernal
scepage. Internal seepage is, nevertheless, possible. In
particular, the displacemenl of water may be from pores
oriented in a direction normal to the applied force to the
pores parailel lo that direction, whichwould have opened
out due to the Poisson elTcc!.r0 The problem of internal
sccpage is considered furlhcr in this chapter.
While thc seepage theory may not bc correct! there is
no doubt lhat tbe prcsence of evaporable water in the
hfdrated cement paste is a necessary prcrcquisite ior
creep to take placc. Glucklich,sl and Mullen and DolchI
showed thatmortarand neat cement pasre fromwhich all
evaporable water has been.cmoved do not undergo
creep. This docs rot necessarily mean that creep is due to
seepage as it may bc that the position of gel particles
reaches a minimum spacing when the gel water has been
Because their spccimens oven-dded at 110'C to con-
stant weight did noi creep, Mullen and Dolch3r conclu-
ded fiat there is an upper limil !o lhe time-dependent
dcformation. This limit is eqDal to the maidmum possible
drying shrinkage and is indpendent of the magnitude of
thc applied load. Mullen and Dolch call it the absolute
creep potential. A corollary ol the argument that there is
no creep when all shrinkagc has taken place is that
the source of creep and sh.inkage mechanisms is the
Upon re-saturation of ovendricd specimens, Mullen
and Dolch3':found a quasi-equilibrium level, lorrcspon-
ding to the residual value of non recovercd shrinkage plus
any delayed elastic deformation when thc cxpansion has
reached its maximum value at the given humidity and
load Thus the equilibrium creep potential (Mullen and
Dolch's term) is bollr load- and humidiiy-dependcnt.
Mullen and Dolchrz found a higher specinc dclayed
elastic strain'(creep arisirg ftom a difference in the
moisture condition) at lower water/cment rarios because
thereis, in that case, a lowe. volume of capillary voids and
a higher resistance ro flow of expelled water. and hence
a greater delay in the transfcr of load from thc water
phase to the solid phase in a saturared system which is
allowed to drain.
In mass co[crete, or even in thick concrete members.
water is always present. Hornby34 found that evcn after
seven years there is no signjfican! drying at more than
610 mm ftom the frcc surface. Even at a depth ol 150mm
the loss is only 16 pcr cent ol the non-chemically com-
bined watcr (i.e. water in excess ol thar corresponding to
a water/cement ratio ol 0.25).
Indirecr e\rdcn(e ot lhe role o,'saler in creep i. givcn
by Fig. 10.2, whjch shows that mortar stored in minerai
oil is not subject to creep while water-stored moriar is.35
Hrennikoff36 found that steam,curcd and oven-dried
neal cement paste would imbibe kerosene or light lubri-
caling oii without swelling but subsequenl soaking in
water would lead to swelling without removal of kcro-
sene. It appears, rherefore, thal kcrosene enrers only lhe
larger voids and is not adsorbed on thc surface of the
cement gel, thusmakingit possible lor waler molcules ro
lravel along this surface. The water produces a wedging
eflcct and hence swelling. Since this occurs againsl rhe
solid-to-solidattraciion.itlollowsthatthiswatermustbe
under strong compression. By contrast, capitlary water is
!rJrc ol len\ion. or.s.ri( rl).r'elkrng. rn a.ompre*ion
a
'n
lower than the ahospheric pressure. From lhis it lollo\'r's

015
Sl'pss "l'-lgLh rdr'o'
,9
9
0.05
Tlme under load
air.10.?. Crep ot plain nonar beamsinmineral oil and i' w'rer15
that regions occupied by the adsorbed water are not
available to capillary flow.
Hannant3' found that liquids with large molecular size
have noefrect on creep but methyl alcohol has some eflect.
Since a motecule of mthyl alcohol is 0.35 nm indiameter,
i.e. approximately the same as water, this would suggest
rhdl ihe molecule si/f is lhe crgnihcanl ldclor. some(imes
known as themolecular sieve eflect.33 The polar nature of
the molecules does not seem to increase absorption over a
non-po)ar liquid. From the quantity oi the liquids of
difrerent molecular size absorbed by the hydrated cment
paste, Hannant inferred that about 8 per cent of its
volume is involved in creep and shrinkage.
An interesting experimert, often used as a'test case'for
a creep h] porhesis. r\ hrch shor s the role of warer in creep
was performed by Hannant.r? He driedconcrte at 75'C
for 75 days, then cooled and stored it sealed at 27 "C for 50
days. Th concrete was then loaded in compression at 27
or 70 'C and the resulting creep was observed After 3 10
days under load, when rat of creep became small, with_
out changrng the load or the lemperatule. rhe specimen
$as re-\aturaled and shotred in.lantaneous expan'ion
followed by a time-depcndent contraction (creep) (se
Figs. 10.3 and 10.4). There is no doubt thus that water was
absorbed and it is possible thatsubsequent crcep was due
to its xpulsion. This explanation is contrary to that of
Hannant. who assumed that creep was caused by a shar
process belqeen lhe crysrals lubricated by qdler' Olher
pos.ible explanation. are con'idered tn rhe iubseouent
discussion of crep hypotheses.
Afactorin renewed creep on re-wetting is that new gel is
formed. When, due to creeP of the 'old' cement paste,
Contibution d t ioocrackittg to oeep 163
y',.
/\
j\
I
/\
,i
- days
stress is transferreal to the ncw gel it creeps, ard sinc it is
in a virgin slate, its rate of creep is high.
Jaegermann'" poinl. oul lbal cvaporation lrom con_
crereoriortosellingha.lr ooppo.ingeilecl. On thcone
hand. a den'er and .lronqer .lruclule ri created rnd
hence lower creep should be expected. On the other.
macrocracking may occur and, ifthis is severe, creep may
Cont bulion ot microctacking to creep
tr has been suggested in the past lhat the non_linearity of
the stress strain relation in concrete is due to creep.
However, work by Hsuao showed that the ron'linearity
aises from the presence of the interface between aggre_
gale dnd lhe hldralcd cemenr pJne Jnd is abtenr in ncJI
cement pa{e. O[ courie. creep r' lound in nedl cemcnl
paste as well asinconcrete. The roie of the interface is that
of providing a discontinuity wher microcracking takes
place, the llp of cract consrdered being knosn Js bond
crack. from H-u ' work"o il appears lhal lhc upper lmil
of proporiionality between creep and stressis probablvin
thJ region where bond cracks begin to ircrease. Bevond
this sdess leyel. strains due io bond microcrackingtend to
increase creep at a higher rate. No mortar cracks (i.e.
crac(s acrorr the malrr\, dre crealed bv ld,ge creep {rdin\
(up to 3000 x 10-6)jn either sealed or unsealed concrete
unless such cracks were induced immediately on appli
cation olload.al It iollows that in the absence of mortar
cracks creep will not produce failure aftet prolonged
loading. On the other hand, if the initial load is high
161 Mechdnism and Lheories ol cleep

Dry.g cont n uou s water absorpl ion

..)-
E soo

200 400 500 600

Time days
aig. 10.J. Iniluene ol waler mo,emmt on time-derEndftl sfalns of concEle under a compre$ive strcss al 27'C. (Elaslic slnin nol shown;
the o.isin oflineisater 75 days oI curins in water.)rr

Drying

27.C 70 'c ^b*'"'://""

/(
E

500

0 100 200 300 400 600

Iir. /r 4 Innuence oI wa ter movene! t o. r ine-d epend ent n rains oI concrere und er a compressive sress al 70 "C. (El.s1ic slrai n . ot showni
the orig]n ol time is alter ?5 daysotcunnsinwater.)rr

enough immediarcly to introduce tno(ar cracks! creep
under sustalncd loading will propagate rhese cracks and
cansefailure wi!h timet !hisapplies only ar stress,rslrenglh
ratros in excess of 0.7.
It i' imporr"nl lo rJre .hrr mr.rocrackrng i\ re.n,,n-
.ibc lor
^n) a po-tr' ot rne Jero"narr"n a*o,iarcd
wilh the sustained load, i.e. ol crcep. Thjs is the irrecov-
erabl part. The extent of development of the bond
crark, due o rreep depe]lo. or lhe q JnL \ o. bond
cracl. rn eri:rence p1o- 'o apprrcalion ul rhe load tt
follows that. in gencral, the later a givcn load isapplied in
thclife ofconcrete thclo\\,er lhc cr;ep.Ir also follows ihat
sealed concrete crecps initialty more because of the
absence of bond cracks caused by shrinkage prior to the
application of the load. However. afrer a lime. ihe rare of
crecp ol sealed concrete may lalt below thar of similar
unscaled concrete because the former has iess water
presenl for contrjbuting !o creep. In a precracked con
crete, bondcracking does notcontinue until thesustained
load has produced a strain greater than that atready
Possible nechalism of action oj ndnixttie\ t6S
sanrc stresshtrengrh ratio thar crccp deparls irom Uncar,
ity with ihe slrcls,/strength ratio.
Posslble mechanism of action oi admixtures
An attemprar to inlcstigate lhe rnechanism through
\lhich wateFred ucing and sc!rerarding adlnixtures aflecl
thecreepof neatccmentpastcundercondirionsof drying
was made bysludying thequality ofthecemenr paste, viz.
the physical structure of ihe gel and rhe p.opefiies ot the
waler, when lwo selected admixtu.es were used The
starting point was the assumption thar if watermovemenr
uithin the hydrared cement paste is the essential elcment
iu creep, then the spced or ease ot this movement is a
lactor in crcep.It lollows that changing rlrc characleris tics
of moisturc movement in cement pasle niight change its
crecp behaviour. One way ole$ecting such a changc is to
alter the propcrties oi water in cement pasre. e.g. the

Meyersal estimates thal microcracking is responsible

lor 10 1o 25 per cent ofibe total crcep defo.mation in
compre.ron for c eep in rcnnon /nd c eep unoc. clctic
Srress/stref grh ralio:
loiJing. rh< (onlribulron b) mr.rocr.ctrng is !robabt)
greater. Also- under compressive loadirg nearing ut-
timate. the role of microcracking is considcrably gr;ter.
An interesting observalion in Meyers'tesrs is that, while
,\rinkage. .hor l.lerm toau and ( recp all cau,c Jn increi,e
in mic,ocracxrlg. to. rh( .ame n ain rhe rncrea,e rn
microcracking is jn a decreasing ordc. for shrinkage,
short-term load, and creep. The devetopmenr of mic;-
cracks associated with creep has ben observed yisualiy
and also confrmed by noise measurements.a, Neither
cla,riL nor vi.. oL. detor mJrron\ prodLce nor,e.ince rhere
( no m( ocritk,ng dnd mo\emen.oLcurq al rhe mole-
cular level only. Or the olher hand, when a crack is
formed or exterded, the release of energy produces an
elasiic wave. so ihai noise is associarei] with disruption
ol internal structure. The noise can be detected bv 3
mea,Jring dc\ rce on lhe \urlace ot rhc .pecrmc1.
I rgure l0 5 show. dn aftn \ oerween lhe rarc ot creep
and the intensity of noise.al'The noise occurs at higii
,rre$e, on'J dnd oal) duflng lhe h^r da) atrer appt,ra
tion ol lord. ir i< knonn thdr considerable cre<p lake.
place under the same condirions. During this p;dod, a ,6
new state ol internal equilibrium is reached. and subse,
quent deformation takes place under a constant srress:no
noise is produced and rhe behaviour is probably vjscous
or elastic. Riisch's tesrsa, shoi!ed that lailure under
sustained toad is preceded by no;setess viscous de
fornations which link up with disruption of internal
structure caused by the applied stress. An unstable
condilion is produced and rhis leads to taiiure accom-
panied by a very high increase in noise.
The stress/strengtb ratio at which microcracking de-
velops extcnsively is nol constanl- Krumla3 found this io
occur beiween 0.55 and 0.60 when lighrwcight aggregareis
Tme
used, but Gvozdevaa fourd the vatue to be hisher rhe aig. /0.j. A6nnyberweenthera&otcreepof concreteandtheinrensnr
s ronger rle con!rere. Hr (lnfirmed ar,o lhar ill .l lLe orintcrnJ noise durlng fie nr dayoatoading.a:
 t66 Me.l,1lnism and theorid t)f leep
of the water. Another wa) would be to
surlace telrsioD
aller the physi.al strucrurc ol rhc get in which rhe
morsture moveme.t iakes place, i.e. oi the solid \,!aier
intcriace. Thc ierm $a!er rs takcn ro mcan ilr reatitv a
,.lrror o .Jlr.. r.l, J. e\i,r, h)dr., ed.em.ir pJ.re
Thc presencc ofadmidtures caD anect thesurface iorces
exisling betwecn ihe wrlcrand tbe gel, with the resull !hat.
undcr an applied susrailled srrcss. the movemenl of
moisture will be facilitated. Ir is kno$n that some ad-
mixtures rcduce lhe suface rcnsion of $,ater. a.d this
could resull in an incrcased nagnjtude and rate ot c.eep.
Howcver, it is :rlso possible thal rdmiriiures aflecr thc
morphology of thc gel so rhat the surfaces alone which
moi,ru,. ra. .o mo\i Jre cLJlded.
A morphological clange was observed by youngr.,in
the case of hydrared CrA when catcium lignosulphonate
was addedrinstcad of dre usualplalej, structurc there were
acicLlar interwoven crysrats. This bchaviour was. ho$,
cver not confirmrd in the casc of hydrarion ofC.S with
lhe sane adrnixiurc.
F\en ' r,. b(n.,\'o-r ot C \ * .h hn aJr.i\U re \Je
the lamc under condltions c{sting iD a h}draljng cemenl
Faire as in Youn!\ ie\tjr6 on purc C.A. rhc pr.esence of
.- ....'d .....:," ..._t(.r'\r.d\. o. tlpoflJn,
;r:. e, T:na.- i'.rinlcil rxt. rhe !luninatcs represenr
r.nl1 a min.rr pa.l oi Poriland ccment: rheir hrdrarion
prLrducli ar. not onh rmail jn dbsolute amount bur also
ha\e specific surfaces negli-qlble ln comparison $ilh the
producls oi hydration ol the siiicates. He believes. rhere
fore. that it is lhe hydration ol the siticare phasc that
is changcd by admixtrircs. More specifically. there is
activation or dc,activation ol the reaction bchleen the
silicate phase and water, so rhal wi!l a retarder rhc.c is a
lower amount ol tobcrmorire gel formcd at a given time.
Such behaviour represeDts a change in structure which
maybe responsible for a variationin crccp characteristics
Anothertype of s tructural change which could occur xr
hydraied ccmenl paste due to the presence of an ad
mixture is that associaled with the geomclry and disrri
burion of pores. These propcrties inflxence permeability
and strength and may well allect dryjng creep, wltich
probably involvcs movment of wale. in the gel. il rhis is
correct, then llc paste wiih a highcr creep should also
show a highcr loss of*ate.
due 10 a sustained load than
a nominally similar pasto without an admirture and
with a Iower creep. Furthermore, high-lempcrature
drying should lead to a difereniial loss of water in the
two pastes, if the admixture indeed afects the size and
distribution ofpores in thc hydralcd paste.
In ordc. to rcsolve the mode ol influence of admixlures
on creep it would. thcrctorc, bc useful to know whether
adm;xlures alter the surfacc tcnsion ol the mixing water
or whether they alter thc slructure of the cement gel in a
manner likely to irlfluence creep. i.c. spccifically. alTcct thc
densily or lhemorphology of thc gcl. Thc next questionis
whether eilheroi thesc cI angcs lcads !o a more rapid or a
higher loss ol water irom lhe hydrated cemenl pasle.
lnvestigations into the influence ol surlace tension of
the mixing water, loss ol capillary watcr. and dcnsity ol
lhe gel on creep indicated no consistent rrends wher
lwo admixtures (referred to on page 29)were used.a5
Srupachcnkoa3 repo(ed rhal lignosulphonarc admix
lurcs, whlle not significantly changing the rotal porosity
do alter the pore sizc distriburioni Bentur er al.ae havr
reportcd a similar ellect with rhc use of calcium chloride
Moreor,cr, Feldman and Seredaj0 found thar a tignosul.
pltonate admixture had a significant influence on rhr
sorption lenglh change characteristics on first drying
Theyproposed tlatthiseflecl could beexplained in tennr
of the abilitt of ihe adminture 10 facilitate a more drasti.
layering and rcarrangement of rhe lobermorite getshcct!
on first drying. In a later papcr, Feldman and Swenson5i
showcd that the cllect of large dosages oi calciurn
lignosrlphonate, hydroxl,l carboxylic acids or lriethano-
Iamjne. on first drying from a relative humidiry of t00 ro
40 per cen1, is lo increase drying shrinkage. Beyond the
f.st drying,llere was no dinerence in bchaviour berwcen
admixture and admixture-frec cement pastes when sub-
jected to cycles ol lurtherrverting and dryin$ surfacearca
measuremcnts bymeans of nirrogcn adsorpiion genera y
correlated with lhe first drying shrinkage measurcments.
The same workerssl postuiate that the influence of
,JnirlUr(. r. ,.n( 1,, inillrJ d(Bree ot di.nchron rn rerm,
ofalignmenl ofsheets nnd displacemcnt of ends olshcers
(se page 173), rather than a change in morphology or
chenical oonposrtjon of the ccment pasre.
In terms ol Feldman and Sereda\ model, Morgan's
.o\'raLior.'7 o1 ,nflnkatsc inJ creep behi\iour. u.ing
lignosulphonalc admixture with or without the accelera-
ling agents calcium chloride and triethanolaminc, are that,
arising from a grealer dcgree of layering, there is a larger
numbcr ol sites availablc ior ihe egress ol intcrlayer
water. AIso, the admixture altcrs the orienlation and
spacing ol thc gel sheets which lcads to rhe formarion of
new interpa(icle bonds on first drying.5, Subsequenr
\,letting and d.ying cycles show no influence ol rhe
presence ol admixture. Therefore, both the reversible and
,1c\e' nb.e componcnl, ot hr5r dr) rnp {hnnIage incre,r,c
and, as expected, total crcep is increased with the use of
these particular admixtureq baiic creep is nol aflectcd.sl
Creep hypotheses
Since no one ol the previous mechanisms can account
lor aU the observed phenomena, wc shall now consider
sonc of the integrated theories ofcreep, i.e. those which
ascribc!.ecp to more thaD one mechanism. According to
American Concrete lnstitule.sr the main mechnDisms
which describe creep are:
1. Viscous flow ol lhe cemeni pasle caused by sliding or
shca. of lhc gcl particles lubricated by layers of
2. Consolidation due to seepage in the lorm of adsorbed
water or ihe decomposilion of interlayer hydrate
3. Delayed elasticity due to the cement paste acting as a
restraint on lb elastic dcformation of thc skcleton
"or.reo b) rhe Jegregare :rnd gel cr).rJl.. rhrs co1rrc.
nenl accompanies items I and 2.

.1 Permancnl defo.mation caused by local iracture
(microcracking and crystal iailure) well as rccrystal-
as
lization and lormation oluew physical bonds
Ol thc above four components. it is gcncrally agreed
Ihat viscous flow and seepage contribuie to thc bulk of
creep.53 The main disagrecmcnt revolves around the role
of $ater in ihe
cement paste, i.e. whether rhjs is a
lund amen lal cause of creep (secpage) or .i hether thc cfTcct
rs secondary in modifying the movoment of gel particics
While a number ol investigators have proposed creep
iheories, oniv those represenlative ol diflerent schools of
rhought will be discussed in dctail.
Since no single mechanism among 0rosc considered in
this chapter car account lor I the obscrved phenomena.
vaishnav and Kesler5a suggestcd that seepage, delayed
elasticity and viscous flow may cnter the creep mecha-
nism, al lcast at lower stresses. At higher strcsscs, inter-
.rystalline slip and inte.nal ruplure of bond may con,
tribute to creep- thus leading io non,lineariry of creep
\ilth respect to strcss and resulting in non,recoverable
The initial rapid rate ol creep js probably due ro
sepage. a parl of the adsorbed watcr being releasedl
hencc a decrease in the volume of the specimcn rakes
place. Suchadeformationwouldcontinuetillequilibrium
at the particular stress and humidity. Ihe desorbed water
moves into empty pores and that part of it which is near
the surface of concrete evaporates.
This behaviour is reversible, providing the desorbed
*ater is available for re sorprion, except fo. ch anges in rhe
arrangement oi gel particlcs becoming permancnt due to
lhe lormation of new bonds as well as formation of new
gel particlcs by hydration during the intervcDing period.
In addition, there is some hysleresis associaled with
desorption and adsorption.
While some olhcr delayed elasticity phenomena, such
as transler of stress to aggrcgate, may rake place. rheir
elTect is very small.
To the seepage,lhcreis added, alrcr the initial period. a
liscous deformation at the poinrs of oontacl of gct
particles covered wilh adsorbed water. Such water is
highl) \r,cous dnd mJy hc urienred. l1e rclari,e morion
of the gel particles would appear as an irreversible
dformalion, time-dependenl beoaxse oi a change in
viscosity on aging and also bccause of changcs in the
content ol adsorbd water due to seepage.
Although crecp is sensitive to the ambient retalivc
humidity and is largc nrder condilions oi concurrent
drying. significant creep can take place in concrete
lsolated from the ambicnt medium. Thisis thc basic creep
and. according to Ali and Kesier,ss its mechanism is
probably due to delayed elaslicity or viscous flow ol thc
gel and t}e associated gel watcr.
The delaycd elastic behaviour may arise from rhe
molecular and possibly segmental diflusion in the amor-
phous componenls of the gel, acting in parallel with the
Cleep hrpotheses j67
more or less crystallin e coln ponents. To this diffusion m al,
bc added the deiormation dxe 1(] slo$ dissolution under
stress of calcium hydroxjd and other crystalline com-
ponents. Ali and Keslers5 considcr also as a possible
mechanism fic cllccts ofthe resistance of adsorbed water
to relative sliding of adjacent.gel particles. The solid{o-
solid bonds would lend to stabilize such movement. thus
re.ulring i.l delaled el,nic hehav,aur. r houL hn) \drid-
lion in noislure content, although the presence of some
moisture is essenlial lor the process !o takc place. While
nolmoistLr.c scnsitive,thismechanismwouldbesensilivc
to temperalxre owing to variation in bond forces as weli
Ali and Kesler5s suggest that the slow longlerm c.eep
mry be duc to thc viscous deformation of the disordered
latllces acting in series with crystalline components.
Similar viscous action may arise at the gel-aggregate
interface rnd possibly also in lhc non,crystdline phase of
some aggregates. Srch deformations would bc irccov-
crable and litrle sensitive to moisture variation but would
be afleclcd b) variation in temperature.
Tle es.enlidl tarure o' rli' Loncep, oi bd,.c creep ir
that it takcs place without a loss of water from the
concretc. The basic creep probably depends only on tbc
volumetric composiiion olconcrele. i!s dcgree of hydra-
tion, and on temperature, ercept ai very low humidities
when creep might vary wilh the actual relative humidity
within the concrete.
D.ying crcep (or xetting creep) ls the.esult of modifi-
caiion ol shrinkage (or swelling) by ihe applicd stress. It
should be emphasized that, in the case oi shrinkage,
moisture loss causes consolidation of concrete but this is
only partial, and probablyan orde. ofmagniiude smalier
than the volume of gel waler 1os! bccause of the restrain-
ing eflect of non-shrinking bodies embedded in the gel
and oi lhe elastic forces developed at points where lhe gel
parlicles arc joined by solid-to-solid bonds. Removal of
water brings thc very larg surfaces oi thc colloidal
structure closcr iogether and mobilizes strong suriace
forces. The applied strcss modifiesthe extenl of shrirkage
without affecting the loss ol waier, in that the simulia-
neous application of a compressive stress to a drying
specimcr helps attain a grealer proportion of ihe total
shrinkage potential corresponding 10 a givn loss of gel
waler than would occur under shrinkage alone for rhe
same loss ol watcr. The part of the appUed slrcss whichis
transferred to the gcl water has, however. somc intluence
on the hygronetric equilibrium and hence on the mois
t re loss. The e$ect rs not large sinc., ,rccording to Ali and
lies1er," a vcry Iarge external stress is needed to disturb
the hygral equilibdum to a significant ertenl bccause of
parlial consolidalion ol thc gel structure following the
withdrawal of warer.
The drying creep is sensitive 10 all organismic and
environmental lacton which aflect shrinkage. Table l0.l
gives the suggested jnnuences on both types of creep56
and Fig. 10.6 sho\,,,s thcir schcmatic representation.
Porvers5'- has criticized Kesler's hypothesis on the
grounds that load-bearing water is removed not by
squeezing by an external force but by pulling by an
168 Me(:hanisn ani theories oJ tre,r
1n61. /r 1 Sisnifi.ani la.tor afrc.tnrgcrcc! ol.on.r.lc under
modeue coDpressive nEsr56
lnllu(nkun hrn!.reep 1.
r T-1-l
recover:hie rrs.veBhle
.l
r
W
il _u
1t:
14

t;
Mii
z
I u H H t1

s
1
rl
ft' r"

tl
S

s
a

t
tt
lt
-
t]
I

Fi9 716 S.|cm.tic ret.esentrlion oI .Eep oi .oncrele wilh nnd

$ithout nr.isture erchnoge.56
N,re: P = primaryinfluence.S = se.ondar] nrnuence

internal tensile force. Thc tension must exist in dll the

water remainingin the stecimcn and musi beequal to the
tension required to produce a gi\ cn changein length. This
tcnsion is indicated by the lnternal vapour pressure: the
higher !h iension the lower the vapour prcssure. Using
the Kehin equation. Powerssl calculated tha! lor vapour
pressure in the spccimen equal to 50 per cenl of the
saturated vapour pressurc a! the atmospherlc pressurc,
the required tension is 1l0MPa. The physlcal possibility
ol tension is accepted by Powers bccausc of cohesive
forces between the water molecules and thc solid. rhe
mechanism ol incrcasing the tension being that oi
'hinnin-! ol iurr. c. frlrr. ,,r .'i rn(re".i.lr rl-e rren .cL.
cur\alure. or borr. L1) evdporJlrun. Thr. .il.r,r,ion
quires that all Lee water be absent.
On this argument, shrinkage and crecp are not funda-
mentally difl'erenl: shrirkage is caused by lriarial tension
in water.lhis tcnsion pulling the adsorbed ualer from the
load-bearing areas; creep is caused by an external lorce
whioh pushes the adsorbed waler lrom those areas- ln a
combined creep and shrinkage siluation the push'and the
'pull' ad rogether, although the problem is complicared
by the fact ihat the addition ol the two lorcc systems
usually means combining a triaxlal shrinkagc systcm and
a uniaxial creep system.
A further question to be considered is: il creep inyolvcs
such small amounts ol water, why is lhe movement so
slow? Powcrs'answersT is rhat siress in the load-bearing
u.tc'6 rr. r. rurul edrced and dl,o rhe.prce. i1
! i
rvh ich the loa d- bearing water exists are probabb, less than
four molecDles wide so that rhe water molecules there
are subject 1o slrong {brccs oi attraction $hich m*e
ihem behave almost like a solid. Nelerthclcss. lhc w.rter
moLecules are mob;]e: thei. viscosity is, according to
Powers. abour 50,000 times higher tlran that ol bulk
water. Pcschei53 found thevjscosityof waterbelween lwo
p ore, onm apa lu be I I r'n es h phe h,rn r1e \r.(o.r'\
Aii and Kesleri'qpoinl out, in ans\ler to Po$ers. thal
-e rle n.,prirude .r JN Urbdnce ol ilrernal .r!p-orrcric
equiiibrixm underload and thc resultart loss ofwaterare
much smaller than \(ould bc anlicipated if creep \r ere the
dircct resull of the displacement ol an equal yolume of gel
water. Thc cxplanation iies in terms of incompletc
condensation (consolidaljon) of the gel structure in the
wake of $ithdrawing moisture'. i.e. the gcl structure does
nol contracl an amount equivalent lo the volume ol gel
\\,aler rcmoved, even when under load. Thus creep should
not beexpected to bc dircctly and entirely rhe result of the
displacemenl ol aparlicLrlar volume of gel water. Forihis
reason. rhey suggest thc possibility of the gel warer
deformlng in a shearing mode under applied load x
phcnomenon already mentioned.

Ruetz60 recognizes the significanl rolc of water in creep.
This applieselen at Ioads approaching ultimatc. as shown
by thc fact that specimens dried at 70'C and then loaded
to 9ll pcrcent oftheir ultinulc strength did noifail after a
lew hours and the noise emission was zero- On the oiher
hand. ,,ve! or moislcxred specimens loaded to between
83 and 92 percent oi the ultimatc strcngth failed within an
hour. The loss of water is iundamcntal in creep inthat rhe
e\iaporation of water disturbs the molccular orientation
ofthe bonding water laycrs, thus promoiing stress relaxa-
rion. Condensation during rc-wctling has a similar effect.
As Ruetz6l sees it, themechanism oicreep is theslidingof
gel particles over one another in the very thin rnulti-
molecular adsorbed water layers. At room temperature,
many ol the gelparticles are restrained iniheirmovement
by tormat or ul a rrgid struclure ol lhe conneclinE \rirer
lajrers, this beinglheresult of the extreme proximity ol ihe
gel parlicles and of lhe consequent 'rigidity', on the
molecular scale. ol the walc. laycrs. As tcmperature
increases, more parlicles can undergo the sliding process
due to the change in rhe degree ol aggregation ol the gel
pa(icles.
In other words, the orientation of rhe liquid molecules
is disturbed by temperature and at a sufficiently high
lemperalure viscous flow occurs.60 The orieltation can
also bc disturbed by a mechanical deformation of the
liquid layer. Ruetz reporh that the quasicrystallire
struclure at thc surfac. o[ a liquid may be dcslroyed
by conrinual breaking down and re-assembling of the
surface, i.e. by evaporation and condensation. This e).-
plains the influence of water loss on creep. The points of
maximurn proximity between lhe randomly orientcd
needle sbaped particlcs arc strcss bearing but there is
adsorbed water beiween them. and the degree ol mole-
cular orientarion in these adsorbed water layers depends
on their thickness.
On drying. the thickness of the adsorbed layers de-
creases until the enlire rcmaining thickness of adsorbed
water is orienred. Further loss ol water rcsulrs in a
disturbance of the orientation- By difusion of disloca-
tions or foreign ions, rransport oi malcrial within the
Iattice structure may take place. lf a shear stress is applied
simultareously,quasi-liscous flow is possible.
A pure shear process is thus thc mcchanism conceived
by Ruetz6o and he claims 1() hat,e confirmcd this by
calculating viscosity lrom the creep mcasurements of
sealed thin specimens in lorsion and in compression (see
Table 8.1).
Ruelz6o explains rhe change in creep behaviour ol
concrele on rc'wetting by ihe volume changes caused by
rene$ed hydration alonginteriaces of unhydrated cement
particles and the existing gel, as first suggested by
Bereczky.6r This hydration implies movcmcnt of watcr
through the gel ro the clinke. grains, and even modern
lnel) drornd cemenr conldin, g-ain. J0 ro q0pn in si/e
On the other hand, with continuous hydration. there is no
disturbance of re-crystallization at diferent hydration
surfaces. This statement has not been proved and the
hrdrarion 'h<or) ui .reep eilher unJer conrinuou, or
Creep htpotheses 169
intermittentsloragcinwaterisnotborneoul,pa(icularly
in view of Hannant's obseryaiionrT that ingress of water
first lcads to enpansion and then to creep.
Cilosani's hrpothesis
Thishypothesis relalcs crccp lo bouds in thc ccment paste.
Cilosanirs considers two types ofbonds:direct welding at
poinls oi contacl. i.e. bonds oi crystallization, and bonds
due to molecular lorces through thin laye.s ol water, i.e.
bonds of coagulation. The loimer bonds give elastic
behaviour to the skeleton of the hydraied cement paste
and also its briitleress, while the bonds of coagulation
lead 10 plaslicily and viscosity manifested by creep. There
are. ho$e\e-..ome ob,racle, ro rhe \*cou, flou. dri,ing
from the disorder of crystals and from the bonds of
crystallization. Cilosanir5 interprets thc largc rcduction
of creep by pre-drying by an increase in the bonds of
crystallizatior at the expense of bonds of coagulation
whilc thc decrease in creep with agc is cxplaincd by a
change in thc typc of booding similar to that on drling.
Viscous movement at the bonds ol coagulation is
assisied by the increase in thickness of water layers on
exposure to a higher humidity, but whcn thc hydrated
cement paste is completely dry the bonds ol coagulalion
are eliminale4 and thccrystals louch one another so thal
viscous flow is not possible, and thre is, therefore, no
creep. From the above argument it follows that viscous
flow, modified by inter-crystalline sliding. plays a signlfi-
canr role in ihe creep of concrete.r5 The extent o{ the
viscous llow depends on the relative amount of the two
typcs of bonds and also on the presence of microcracking.
Attit atioa enery! appruac h
Polilka and Bcst6a poirt out that time-dependent de-
formation of concrete can occu. only as a result of
thermally activaied molecular processes of dcformation
and thereiore can be erpressed in tcrms of a generalized
Arrhenius expression for rates of reaction:
- o(;;Y, o^)},
r : r(". M. r,^) Ii0.1]
",e {
applied stross,
absolute temperature,
R: gas constant,
a parameter characterizing the molcular
0= apparent activation energy for creep.
In general, thefunctions F and 0 are only mildly sensitive
to lemperature, and therelore thc principal effect oftem-
perature on th rate of creep arises from the exponential
Whilein Newtonian liquids I and 0 ar independent of
lhe structure M, in the case ol crcep ol concrete the
structure changes with creep, resulting in a structural
cnect on eirher F or 0, or bo1h. li follows that the rale ol
creep changes with time at a constant stress and constant
temperalure. Thus by a rapid change in temperature the
170 Mechanism and theoties of cteep
value of O can be deiermincd lor the given errecs 'nd extcrnal force. Wittmann6s assumes thal a decrease in
instantareous structural state of lhe material. oorenlial cne-!] can al'o be cru'eo b) r 'hrinkrge 'lte_
Experimental results give no more than the order of Lr magn,r,rde. c,. I hen. b) an" oP) r^ | 10.51. rhe rlrc ot
magnitude involved, and Polivka and Best's work6a shrinkage i"h can be expressed as
should nol be interprcied to mean more than lhat the i.r : B'e rorno") sinh(bo"h) 0.71
irleep of hydrated pure C]S is thermally activated and
canno: be attributed entirely to watermovement, be it by Extending the analogy to the case of thc applied stress,
viscous flow, or by vaporization.
The activation energy approach as used by Wirt_
mann65 in considcring creep and shrinkage treats [l0.8]
them ascoordinated phnomena. He assumcs that shrink- "' Ri/"
age can be treated as beirg equivalert to a stress and can : changein activation energy due to shrinkage.
where x.h
therefore be added to the extemal stress to resull in an I quation I l0.r , thu. de'(rtbes 'hr inkage in a mannel
overall strcss responsible for deformation. The starting .rrrilar to creep. The'elor(. \\hen.reep anJ 'hrinlxge
poirlt for the argumcnt is that gel particles form bonds in
occur simultaneously, lhe rale of the total creep dc
position ol rest so that, to move theparticles furtherapart,
it is necessary to supply energy U. wittmann65 assumcs
lhal lhe roldl en('g\ ot lhc h\draled ccmenl ou.l( F lr: B'e (o/x'")sinh[b(o + d"J]. ll0.9l
distributed among particles, probably those of gel, in a
similar way to that givcn by the Maxwell-Boltzman Wittmann65 pcrlormed lesis on neat ccment pastes,
measured the time-deformation and derived its rate'
function for gases. It follows that the probability P of a
given unstressed particle of g1 having energy U necssary Figures 10.? and 10.8 show on a logarilhmic scale rhe
re[tion between thc rale of creep and time undcr ]oadfor
to overcome thc bond, i.e. to depa( from the position
neat cment paste stored sealed and drying frorn the time
equilib.ium, is given br'
of application of load, respectively. Figurc l0 8 shows
p = Be oRa., [10.2] a,'o lhe rdle ol .hrinluge q hen thc e\rernxl slre" i' Tero
shere I : acljvation energy. in air at a relative humidity of 40 per cent.
Thus, ior a given time under load, the equivalent
R : gas constant,
shrinkage stress o.h can be estimated from Fig. 10.7 by
d. : absoluie temperalure, and equaring rhe ratr nr 'hrinl'ugc to the rate oi'.a'ic crccp.
B : a constant. Hence, for creep under drying condilions, th tolal
equivalent stress (d + osJ can be estimated. Figure 10.9
(It may be noted that R x 6^ is thc mean energy of ihe
shows that, by using this procedure, the experimental
particles.)
results ol the drying specjmens fall on the same curves as
The application ol an external stress decreases the
those for sealed cemcnt Paste and, consequently, the rate
activation energy in thedirection ol the applied stress bv a
quantity Ir, with an equal incrcase in the opposile sense.
of !o1a] creep can be estimated from the ratcs ol basic
creep and shrirkagq for Witlmann\ tests, the average
Hcnce, the relelant probability of having cnergy neccs
equivalent stress/slrength ratio ovor the period of testing
sary to ovrcome bond in thc two cases becoms. res_
lor shrinkage alonc is 0.28.
pectively
we should nole that the superposition of shrinkage and
tl0.lia)l creep does not holdgoodfor high srress/stren gth ratios as
under such conditions cracking in the cement paste may
r10.3(b)l
take place. Thus, when there is high shrinkage, rhe
Fron [10.3], rhe resullanl rate of act;vation energy is deformation at stress./strength ratios approaching unity is
given by considerably smaller than when the 'tolal stresJ is pre_
dominantly duc !o the applied load. In some cases, with
P:Pt Pz-Be (orra^)((!/ia^) e (!/R0^)
hiSh shrinkage and a high waler/cement ratio, the cal-
culated equivalent stress/strength ratio can excced unity.
or r. :ap "R'.'.inhl -1 ).
\xu../
Lro4j Wittmann's. method should, thcrefore, not be applied
when thc stress/strength ralio due lo load alone is high
lfwe takel] to be proporlionalto the applied stress o, it For cement past, Wittman6r calculated the l'alues of
follows lrom [10.4] thal. for the cemcnt gel, the relation activation energy as follows:
between the rate of basic creep ab and stress can be wrillen
in the form used in studies of plasticity of cryslals: Warerlcenenl ratio Activalion eneryy &J per mole) after a time ot
ab: B'e (oixii, sinh(,o) t10.51
t1.l
*t'r"r. t o =
11. 00.61 0.65 9.61

Equations [10.3(a)] and [10.](bll are based on thcfacr It can be seen lhat theenergy requirement islarger in a
that the changes in the potcntial energy are caused by an paste with a iower watcr/cement ratio. The waterr/ccment
 Cteep hypotheses 171

r 0.1

i Stress/sirenglh ratio:

.3 o.o1
0.5
0.4

0.3

o.2

u 100 1000
T me under toad (log scate) _ hours
r,, /, 7 vanation rn the rore ot ba,c c.eD of seale.l n P'r (eherr
nie"\ nreralb ran$. ods'o wi h r.m. unde' load qr oifierenr

rario ako affec1s rhe vatoe ofr r t0.6,l, s hrch

the actrvatron volume, (66 i.e.
f i, retdled ro given b):

e(t) = eo + htos. t [10.11]

V
R0^o [10.10]
where 0o and r, : cofflantg
R01
_.8] "ub.r uring lt0.r0l and
rntegratrng.
lt0. l inro ft0.5l and
the basic creep rime retation becomej;-

cb: aoa'e ,0.trr^,Slnh/ f \

\ RA^a ) [10.121
The aclivation volume, or the decrease of activation
energy pr unit of stress,is related to the mechanical
work whereao:aconstant.
involved in rhe crffp process."" Increase\ in sdter
cemenr Accordrng ro Slraub and WiUmann.. t0.j2l F given
ralro and rn age at dpphcalion ot load resDectr!etv I
as a product oi three independenI functrons.
increase and decredse rhe acri\ation \otume;.-'tor;;
crele. \alues bet\^een 0.24 . j0 rdand t.O . tO .Bmm, tb: Ilt\ x fz(0^) x fi(o). tr0.13l
so that ,(r)=arr-; Il0):a,e ,9tRa"t.
Fqudtron f l0.q ldoes nor e\plicirty in \ otve rime bu( (he
arlrvarion energ) 0 can be erpressed a\ a tunctjon ol Lime;
the paramerer, is at\o slighlly dependent upon lrme bul
[10.14]
lhrs enecl can be neglected. tt has been shos n lhar
O(r, is
l,(,) =,.$"h(Rd-fdJ
172 Me&afisn and theoties ol creep

9
Slress?stren91h ratio:

o.0l

0.1 10 l0 100 1000

Time under load (los scale) hours

/,1 ..r' vdrr'olrn aco ornl.iePfo o'\r.3 F-'t'1e1 p."Pwr\r'n.u'da ordlvrdfeel

Iime under Ioad(hours):

---- 97-5
.^---,-'"
3.5

7.5

01 L..-.--17a
36

001

Ory ng

4.2 o6
skessistrength ralio
FJa,/09.vanationIlheratcol.reepUlncatcemcn!paste.bothseale'dundd.ying,withslresvslrengthralio,consideingsh.inkaSe
65
/\ in e.ur!alenr rrc$ l\P. 110 91)
 ( rpep hypolhc.e" t-l
I rbo\ c rhr<e ilrcri.n\ dre reJdrt) dercrmineo trom
he
flow oi water. Hencc, reversibte creep appears to be as-
crcep r'ne. cre..p lemperdru'c. :rnd relx\at,,,n e\|l,.r- sociatcd with water movcmenr.
menli. re\pecti\ el\. d hodsh [.r /.ro, orhL. merhod. . an
be Lrscd 6" Feuna and S.rcda'! hfi^thtsis
-Tleadvantage of rhis approach js in studying the
.
influences of iactors
The sinplified model of hydrated porttand cement
on creep and in the iormulari;n of struct rc. proposed by Feldman and Sercda5o in 1968.
ihese influences inro a creep tjme rclation. For example, uas di'crsed in ( hap.er 2 'l ne,- sor,{ empha.i,,ed rhe
.reen rn en\ion l-", beea comna.cd u ,h cre(t rn ra\cred nnlure oJ lhe c \. H gel and ,upgc.red tt_dr
(L,mpre\{ron" xnd crecp unoe. d .}ctr( lord t-J. been rnlera)er $drcr reloLarron play, dn rrnponJal role, ar.
.tudied.'3 lne acrivarrL,n ene,p) dpp,occh uJ{ u.ed lo lhouph rl r' n,,r nece..a l) rl-e rdte-dete -n,ningproc.*.
derive tlc relatiolr between creep under a cyctic load and Experimcnts using compacted botrle-hydrated cemcnt
crc(p ulder a .u,rxined loJd rc.".h 8l Varechat . rr.r, powder have demon straied howbondscanbe broken and
3l,o in\enrgateo lIe influence o, remperature uq (.(ep. remade, which Iends support 10 the viscous flow corcept.
Cdmbleond lL.ron o p.opose errendins rhc ucrirarron The ro.e ot do,orbed $d,e- i, nnl ,rsnificant o
ener$
"pprod.hror,heorl oi -are proce,sl ro arcornr lor I-eldrlan 'xLrvocared rtc ne.e.,irr ot d,.(\r e\pe.l
changes in moi..ure co enl. renpLrdrure and app red mental mcasurenrcrts ol physical chariges which occurin
n es in r m, nl r.rnd.Tt)-orienred changes rn ac- the m;cro-unih ol the solid parl oi the cement paste
lrvalron ener$ a, $elta.lhe drrected chdnge in a(li\ i.r^q sl.ucture as a resull ol changes in exposnre and intcrnal
eflergy li. Here, a component of locat random energy stress condilions. His tests on hydrated cement paste
change either reinforces or opposes rhe directed cner;i compacts and cement paste involved water sorption
change, and there is an cqual chance ot borh ca; experiments undcr high vacuum conditions in $hich thc
occurring. According to camble and llston.To rhis changes in length and in weight, solid volume and helium
app-or(h re',rlrs rhe lulio$ rng e\pre*rnn tor rhc ra re oi flow characteristics were measured and corretatcd wilh
'n
thechangesin exposure. As a result of this work. Fetdman
advanced the original hyporhesis of Feldman and
J = cN iar,, Ru^
,,nh 11 .n"h L Sereda,so and postulated tha1, in conrrast to the scepage
R0" RA" [10.151
concept of reversible c.eep which involves the movemenr
where C: a material constan t, of adsorbedwatcr,themainmechaDismof creepinvolves
N = distribution of melastable elements at the age a struclural change at rhccntrance to the interla]r spaces
at applicarion of load whose activation which become extended. Under conditions of drvins or
energies are approximately equal io the range an e\ternJl) apn r(J comnrr*re,r.e,. .pecific iegion.
of 0(r); the eflect oi age and pre_treatments ol he entrtnces lo Lhe interll!er \urlace conrracl or
(temperature and drying)roduce N. sepa.ate to lorm new interlaycr spaces. Some water
and f : function of the change in moisture conrcnr movementmust therefore occurfrom theentrances of the
and tcmperature. interlayer spaces. The solid materiat is unslabte and will
move towards a lower lree energy position and lower
In [10.15], rhe nature ol N and I is largely un- .Ldace ared. and further talering or crlsrdtt,/alion of lhe
known but, compared with [10.5], the additio;al term, i,,rccompanied b\ rncrear\ rn \oli.t \o.
"rl,cdle,apingl
cosh (F/RU1) is of inrerest because this means rhat the lume and in inlcriayer
space. Oniy the timited region of
rate ofcreep will always tend to increase due to enviror- the cntrances to the interlayer spaces is afected bistress.
ment changes under load, nrespeciive oftheir sign (since lhe rgrdl) heldinrerlarerwater
xnd the,<parationot rhe
cosh r:cosh(-x)). The effecr may be modified by major.r) ol rnte' a!er \paces
berng un"ffeclcd b) nrc.s.
changes in other terms but ir would seem to account for The abovc process
may be partly reversible depending on
ob\erved eipenmenra. phcnomena, i.e. creep can b( in- how closc
the laycrs have moved toscther.
creiied by borh drlrng and moi,rurc movimenr uhile Crcep t rh J\ d r,,rlbindlron ot seie.at proce*c. u \ich
under a sustained load a fcature which cannot alwavs FeldnJn 'cld*ifie.
d, eirhe. rdre-dererminints I.ucesse\
be e{plained b} rhe \arious hyporhece. ot c.eep.
or aclivating processcs. The rale-determining processes
Wirtmann6i calculated rhe microscopic activation consisl of layer collapse
and of adsorbed waier seepage
energy {energy per molecule) lrom relaxation of srress iiom theentrances
ofinterlayer spaces and arcas of ilose
measuremcnts and found the value very much greater proximity
of two sheets. These processes controj the
thall that expecred lrom a singte molecule of eitlrei water init dl rapio ra lc oi . r(ep
but i,( not drrecll! rn\ ot\ed in
or of a ,olio par trcle. S mitar crt(rta on. ot ma( roscopr( longer lcrm creep
In rdd ion. o.hcr proce\se\ ot ,neirr
acri\,atron ene g) renergJ Der molertrom creep mea\ure slippage, microcracking, breaking of and rc,forming ot
menls also rugCesred lhat rhe enrire gel pi.Il(te, are bonds are operativc.
involved in the creep process. The roje oi the adsorbed The aclil,ating processes are the moving togclher of
water is that of dccreasing the surface energy and, hence. .ur'ace. ol rarge
enrrance. ol rnrerlalcr space. rnduced
activation energy of the surface laycrs, thus increasing the b) r (omp-e,,ire ,rre.j
or n) drling Specihc region,
mobiliiy of the gel particles.65 Seltevold and Richardsrl of increased shear
or even rensile stresses are created
mea'ured rhc activilron energJ lrom creep rerovcry le.l, dndlhc) increase rhecreep
rale rhrough.lippage. micro.
and iound ,Irar rhe valJe apre(d wiln rhai tor rhc \ r.cou5 crackrnts. breakrng
oland re-tormins ot oond..
174 Mechnnism and theoties o1 crceq
fhc odflrcr lu,cd\e.r lhc 'esumption ol i-eel un Ic r'unu'nPgel'lr aJ.lrlJ mJnner' lhc 'lre" on the gcl
;l "i.;t;ii"r"i'"r'""'"""" r"i"1'"'i ;pe r''ne 'e'er"'{ec* rrri'r'ker) howercr'
"'i'rd': ni*''* on Lhe rnrer-.and Inrrxtr\'lallin( $rrer
".i,;,':,
brrne'ceparcrheo-1.i''i'.1 utr.'l*.ln'' on"J'i'"g qords rhe
rv conbin(dr dnd nrc'd)cr *.]iti 'n'' 'r'"
.,(,"'1"*: lir dcl 3rm^'r rroer niFl\ rln orh(r
hvdra,e l.h(n'cJ
waffi"'" "it ol hldrat; ccmenl paste is the
r;moled in addiljon to phvsicallv adsorbed 'ii'*i"-1Ji";"tion
ins collaose of the intcrlav". .pr"., t"t" "" tft" "futtic response ol thc solid matrix with cmpty
i\e re'rrr ".a "lr '"tti"tJiii"
i' " ra,se irIJ!ersrbre 'pure' rn betueen
-ii,;;;;;;.";i;;. *'r'i's 'l'h"''" dr'rinsui'te' bcrqecn rc\errb'e dnd rrre\cr-
oernancnr .h'inraee. Sub*q,.". "'l;";h;; of
sible creep ThJ former is soverned bv migration
iration or new regions or potenhal ".lna;;;;;i
ar relarile humidities above soper cent; wrttm"aiii. "i'i m'rnth' rhe
round an increasc in rate.r c,."p ill tr'c '"'giit'l"h;i';
;;;;';;';;i"c stab ized after alout tuo thc
"^pn"'y"'.ag"twaler,andtakernlaccatdninrlraLl!hish
p;;;"; '" "';'sible because thc mnse or Porc sizcs
hnmidirv from 42 io 100 per cent. lt rs tiom ih";;;; ot phv-rcrr
i"'"'tttf i' out'rde the rangc oi'aclron
fo'rlrons.$nichdorr'l er,u "fttn 't_tnr'yof ''n't'f"" i"t"tp""i.r" r..ces. on removal ofload. restoring iorces
w3tcr lirst commencs,,nu, *o,", -u**"ni'i.,li but this
within the soliri matrix cause comoLete recolerv
to occur and thus lead 1o " "il*t'"lr ;;';;p;;i; " '*** ;";;i;;; "ii"' " a"ra a* r" *i'ous reststanc or the
inslabililv.
"';;:;,;i"" leurran. r rhermodlndmrc 'lpp-oach connned lquid , ,
No$.rhe.reeprar,rgprace-- rn inrerp"r'icre and
rnrer-
'.
,".):;lJ:.-.pe;;;.,;,.,r,..pr.,i"ai,'.r'"1'*.. i'aiT'''n' rn ottgin'
in tne rLrd.{rnenral equdrior roarlow
i'ii"..'1"''ri* 'p^i'' 'rpeand
'o,
tl'" ';';;;;;'; "'" i"*'l""*tle ihc applied load causcs a decrease ifl
concenlration of watcr on tL. "iltiuJ 'llli- ""a or
ments or surraces or rayer"
",'ro""
th" ;h;-,;'" i;i;;;";licle spaces'which are within the rang
,i:;ji"i;; J;--;i;iion, ^",r t","a on ,h" ilJ;i;
",*ti",.;:;";i;;;, pr'l"i"rr"i.."'"'a'ia"e\thecnersYrevcrorrhesvstem
mobhL..orceplr\or\rrsr'dn'rrron''"r';.;;;;;: ih; p'**' i'' rhercto'c rrrc\errb'e' lhc 'quee/rng'
.
")',
,.",.,'*,. " ,,. i ".... s,. "" ""ii;:;::,: j:1:*:1.;:",;;:. ;lj;j'; ;T"I;:i:i,:d1T:
.'rc-,\'.J,cd\ocare.olrhe'h!'rrod'nrrr'r,cd/,''''''- ;;",;r.-. irre\rr,ib,e.reep d(,ornJrion J\er mJn)
d'sc!: in arer seciion
ed

.;ii;niXu'+Ii'.ilJ,fHililT,ii.jl,'.:il
page l?or e\r'r' berueen t" ti'lijii
'T'"""0'"u"'."rthecornpactinsaclionorlheirrever'
nbr;crecpandolrl'iin'rea'ern'hesubrlrr!oirl'esv'Len
o-e5.ure rreP ''r'.l
ivd*rionproduct'.o 'r,,'n.""'0"-'u"111'":i;ii! iiii':i:;':;#i:::;::*;[':,il*;'iJi:*i'l,il
^;r!$henrherelar,\ehum,d,rlctcecd'a!drueor :ti; ,.',;:1":,;;.., ,i t.*t ,,nd,crred b). 'rre".
r0oercenr.FxperrmcnrsJ'rnsaquJr'/broc\'rno''"ll :'::.-",,::;; ,'-","n.+r
t.i,""tl"t no rrre\er'rble c eep
^,,rrLrorare,houedrhaLa,,eru,,vchumro"ie'in').:*'9:l:l:l^:","":.'*']"lii:,1]*ii,';,,.'i,.'i"".""eri'
oi :O pe, cenr. rt e prarc. 'epdriled due
lo lhP '1''r ,rL,ce*. dnd r, tollus. lhal
nrc'rrc or rhc ad'orbed ,,,.' n'ln o"'"'n'ng 'he\'; l:q'lll! ':J:lt':l: i:::,.''.i" creeD i. due to rrnex'
i".j,.,Wrrf. ro,..,. Bolh inlerlryer \\alcr h\dratc becar,.e rhi, uourd
",,,,
i'*,' il,'.. ".n'nse rn el;srrc mod
'n.l
t'lu\ ani c'eep t'*ewronian r i'-'l l'* : i:ll -orrect.
tmarl' \tre ar( nor "r'e
oc(ur trnrer un) 'rrc- ho$e\{
hchdv:orr tr.a conrequencc "' ".'"''s "";;;;i";''ir t' ;I::lli:::n::::lll;):lil};'::;:';:1";t...,'
hishc,hum,diLie',hedino'nngo'*'""""''"i:;:
';.cLko.'[he,ha,rren'9::T:','c"l:,llt:i:,J:;.:l:::il'I;ii.|n.'i-"i+,,"*,g.i'ie'cr'':b'e'nd
seoaration o[ the hydratron proouCIS so $urer makes d ihe
,,eo inL,ed'e'. Howerer. uJrer Il*t'' '*'u i'"'"' t"tp p"'"i' "'' tr'"r " prrr ol bur i'''l'orbed
unaffe'red bv road' on
indi,ecrl) in sedrenrng i'"i'i"'i'* ro 'hnnLagc
onir' '"*'0"'*''''o';';":'nI 'r'' hJnd Jrflu'ior or 'nrer- nnd inrracry'ralline
,rrhouphrhemob,r,r].t,*,o*,0.0*,'*ii'l"ieri "'r't'
.';i;l;'i;i *il;;i';:i;;:lll":':'*T.'.',11")1.:ff,';,t ;'ii];
n,gn ,h. ,onp-,.'., ,,l: :l-:l::p i""'
difl usion ot the $ ale r m olecu les' " ,a"ii ttumidiiies between 50 and 70 per
".r-"iir.g" "f
lshai's hrpothesis ""l|"u".tt"t."", the intcrdpendence of creep and shri -
"U.ri" '\"'ii be considerci rince 'hlnkage senerar'\
lT5:i:l ;:.:",,'.',;:';',#,;l;fii','i:"l'";f"';
*t\\tt" it"''"" 's;
llia"t' 'n i'o''onl' 'trc'" 'rnd Lhr' rs
Lt1x. cr nr'r'he lodd i'disrflbu'ed
,oa,l. ,r* ."rr01.,.." ;,"r," l".oi*a \\ith 'r'e* du'" to,Lhe unphed load' the stre"
Dhasc.. " under .urrdined (ompre'\ion' rhe
iiflu,e. anJ mrenre'rolouer pre*Le ll;:''j";:r: 'i'i" l' -'ore\' "no in'rhcca'eol rreep I'e rn-
on *'"r' p'o''* and rhe rrc\er'ible
ico.,cnc!'. rhc 'r,('. he 'nlrd '"J;;';'; 't"' 'ii"p"'i"g rhe conptesron
rhirc i, an ,rcrca.r ir rhe oer,reo-era,rrc :;;;",:;;
:;;"lJ ")",i. pre'ence ot 'r'rinkape' al'o affecr rhe rnrcrnal
t:;;'';' on rnc pore \arer'm/v
,thi\"reumcnrr'sinilar'o'n"u""tn'o'ii'o"r "i;"c
,";;i, p'..'," and arceler''c the drflu'ionrh( or rhc scl
or road irorr rl.e cemenr marri\ ," ,n.':;ig;i..t'
ir" nop,l"r llal iFccr*imilarl\ rnlensrl) 'ur{ace
arLhouqh rhe phJ'c' cons'rt'*" ** "* "'o'1?',.1''""" "'i* 1hJ'' creep'and
Aller se\ erJld:r) ' under 'uu''nto tit ''"" on lhe len'ron ol Lhe water' 'hrinkage
'ooo ;': ''i' and canno' be merer\ idDerrmposeo
.,;i::;'.^;:;;ri;;;";' ;;,"s ',""''' '; '* '^' "*'t"'

Tle,e(ond .ntrractron in!olve, the delav(d crd(k irg
ot
d d-)rngt)drared..enent paste under loao
ari,r,rg trom
driierenridl5h-nldge rar) ing { irh rrne ar any pornL in rhe
.pecrnen. In I'l-.r.s te5l,'" un moflar
in lor.ron. on
re-wetirg after long dryjng tbere was an increase
in the
rale ol delormanon. ,ho\r ing tha
I a di5continuous chdngc
hdd ocrurrcd. I his i. due ro rhe reduced sr,rtarc
rhe \olid.dfler ue ,ng. whrch up.er.
tenrron ot
the.ldoilit) oi rhe
e\ining shflnk cge c' acks dnd rc,rlt, in a \ponraneou5
re
p'opJgalron in r direclion or;ented b) rhe e\tern.r,
toad.
I Ie sJme me.hanlm cdn also dccounl
tor an incredre in
the time-dependent deformation of axially_loaded
speci-
meh wetr."d dler protongrJ drJrng rspp ah. O) thr.
behd\iour has al,o been asc bed lo ren<$ed hrdrarion
butsuch an e\pldnarion i5 ot doubrfutvat,dir) be;au.eot
rhe rmmedrare ellict o[ re-we rnp
t he rrreco!erdble octormarion'i. larger rn a \pecrmen
d, yrng undcr lodd rhan in a set^lored \pecrmen. xno er
en
rarger rr lhe\pec,men remain.dr! ajler remo\dI
In rhi, case. rhe,urtdcc ren.ron iorces in the hqu,d
o oad. o
prodLce rnrernal compreisire srre,.es rn rhe sotid
e\en
alter rhe removdl oi lhe toad. lhu. increasing (he rrre-
coverable romponent oI the deformation. Sibseqlent
ueltjng u iJl resLtt rn addilronal recote,J due lo re.ret
uI
thece slre\ses Jepending on rhe magnirrrde
uj rhe lodd.
r nrs dgarn rndicate. the rnterdependence otcreep.5hrink
An important common factor of hydration, shrinkage
and creep is rheir lcndency ro increas; the
stability of de
mtastable componenls of the hydrated cement paste.
This\rabrli/arion mJy o( achrerej by chemrtat mean,,
shch rrydrdrion con.rribure5 to the dennl) and .rabitirirn
or the get. b) ph)\ica, mean.. in $hich shrrnt rge
remorc,
the hqurd barrie. bel\ een pr icles and produccs Inrerndl
r(orroprc pre(ure on lhe gel. dnd b) m(chanicat
meanj, in
uhich lhe e\rer nat toad produce. ihe compacring
rcrron
I h-e 5ynem, ol [or\es induced bv
rhese thrie merhod, are
d,thrent. The (hemrL.dl proces, i. accompanied
b) .m,r
rsolropr. .selting u hich producei len.ron in
conprersion in rbe l,quio I he phy.rcdt proce.s
rhe sotjd dnd
is chdrac-
lerr/ed by r\orropic tonrra(rion ol lhe .)\rem
ac a whole
!t. h len\ron,n
tle liquio and compreslon in lhe rotid.
s the'n^eclani*t p,oce,\ i. accompanied by toad
orrented delormalion\- \o thrr unia\ial comprec\ron
proouce\ a compresron rn bolh lhe \oird
and the
lrquid.
. The eflects of susiained loading and continued hv.irr_
rron are_rnlerdependenl d. lar,r. .,cep,,
conce, ned on
rhc onc hand. lhe tlpe dnd nagnitude
oi toid dercrnrne
rne orrecuon or oflentation ol hydrdrron
progre\s. ()n lhe orher hand. rhe hldrarion
and s .are ol
*hich con-
onues \atuie_rhe bod] i. delormed under
load rncrea,e, rhe
rrrecorerdble (omponenl ol deiormalion
The depos ion
or a part ot rhcproducl. ol hldrarion take, ptacein
i.rge
voro( anJ bondc lheir rurface. logelher
lhu, preventi;g
lull.recovery on remotalottoad Ihis proces,I
as.umed
b) Lhar " ro ced\e ater rhe nr,l tew $eels under load
when lhe mig.arion ol(api.tary uatercome.
lo dn enLl. ln
addrlron. lhe cpplicd \tre- orienli the rrreversible
hvdra.
tion proces and posibte mrcrocraclrng..",h"';;,
Crcep hypotheses j7j
re1ro\al o[ load the bod) remain. ani,orroprc. Ano,Ler
efl'el] oi hloratjoq. dno rhr. rs indeperdeni or rhc
to"d
Jclrng. rs lhe gro$th oi thc ,otrd phJ.e al rhe erpen.e
or
the ii,lLio phd\c. with a rc.dltanr increicc ir
sidiL\ an.
ilrenglh. and henle r decr(ase rn rhe rare and ;ag;rr-de
Ir miy be relevanl to re\l lshar's htpothe.i,_ b\
(on.rdenng hA suggesred mechunhms of
inFuer.e o
temperature on creep. He recognizes six eilects
ofan in-
crease m temperature. First is rhe decrease in viscosirl oi
the liquid phase which accelerates rhe detormational
ce.,e. Sccond 15 rhc dec,(dse rn oindrng <ne-p1 rrl.rn ;ro-
cr!\rdl\ and bers een gel panicJe.. reUccred rn rr rncr. dr(
rn eld.lic delo.mation and recoverrbrc creep. tn rd i,
d
decreare rn \urhcc lenqron oi lhe liqLro phd,e, refl(c.ed
'n Ihe,qelljng.f-0 a healed .pecrmen under pror.,ngea
eYpo.ure to 50 ro pe. ccnr relarrve hr-mrJrri, rn aoAr.lor
lo normal thermalciprn\ron: lhuc ,hrinkaAe r\ affec.(d.
I ourlh lhe iccelerated Jrling and emplJing ot .dprl-
dr] and^gel porei tjkcqi.e adecrrng.hrink;ce. j r,rh :. d
dccrea\e rn rhe ddhesi\ e .orLe. betu een rhe so,rd pd.l
cle
and rhe connncd liquid laters. Ihisconlr'oLre..o!\ro.,
abl) lo lhe compac,rng mechani,m rnd i. reflec..d rr rne
large increase in rhe ,r re\e-srbje creef. Sr\rn i, an rn.red,e
In rhe rare o[ htdr arion. l;kes i,e rncrer,ing ,o'rleu
h"l the
rrrevenrble creep Thu{ rhe effc(I. ol temperalrre
on
\reep.are narni) cduscd b) rhe ph\!..a. chdnge, ir .he
lrquid pha,c ot rhe pet.'t hr. i5 c.nnrmed e\pefinenra
\
Dv the lacl rhur lemperdrure ha. a (onsrderable,nFuen.l
on the creep oj \ el and \emi dry conc.ele bul not
ot or\
specrmenrLezah 7t
To e,timile aoprorlmarcl} rhc .rlrrm.ile bacrc creep
o
hld.aled cemenl pa,le. t\hai- .rs\ume, lhdr rhe,nrtan.
taneous elastic parameters of saturated voids are
equal
lo thos oi the solid matrix. Thus, Ihe instanraneous de-
formarion ol rhe pa,te equdls lhc etd\lrc rcspon.e
ot a
!ordles, solid bodJ. Howeter. d. alredd) suAce\ted.
under
suqlarne! loid. lte en,rre toad A gradud y transterred
lo lne solrd \o t}dt the ult,mate lotdl deformdtlon oI
hJd'aled cement pacte is equat ro rhe insranlaneous
clasl,c de,ormilion ol rhe ralne bod] $ilh the roids
empt!. Thus, rhe ratio of rhe ultimate roiat deformation
lhe inslanraneoui oeformdrron r. eqral to
ro
lhe ralrn of rhe
modulu.ol clastr(ily o, lhe reat bod) lo ,he moduJur
of a
bod) w h rhc \ord rario o{ rhe.o d mJ.fl\ Ihi,
\oid
ratio can be taken as the volume concentration of
'merd,table gel rn the h)ordled
cenrcnt pa\te, r.e. rhe
It follows th;t rhesmalter t he warer conrent in the voids
al the lin'e ar dpplicalion ot toad. rhe,arger lhe Insrdn-
raneo,r\,de,ormdrion rtor a gi\en ro,al vords rarioJ
and
lhe smaller the magnilude ol rhe uXimare creep._3
H;nce,
al\o the tnlluence o[ the mo^rure conlent oI toncrele
on rts modulus o[ elasn.,rv
Uhrle lhe hJpolhesi5 i. ptau"rbte rr ha. nor been
conrrmed bv med5uremenl! ot d(lorn.rlron. po,iibl).
becduse lu her h\dration. compaclion and lormadon
ol ne$ bonds iflecr lhe ,rrualion. An Jdd ron.t, .om-
plication arises from the fact that intertacial
particularly sensitive to excessive local tensile
dreas are
or shear
176 Methanism ani th?oties of creep.
stresses which cause irrecoyerablc discontilluous de
formations.i6 These de{brmations are mostl, time-
dependenl. like the delaved cracking process, and thus
contr,bute Lo the total rrecorerable delormrlion.
In considering revrsiblc crccp. Powers"e slarts from the
fact that hydrated cement paste consists ol irregular
quasi-crysiaUine solid bodics, moslly ol colloidal dimen-
sions. These bodics arc aggregated in such a way that a
large proportion ol thc inlerstilial spaces is nol wide
onough 10 accommodate as many iayers of adsorbed
water as can be held in the wider spaces at thc givcn
relalile humidity- As a result of this obstruction ol
adsorpiion, a disjoining pressure is induced. These nar-
row spaces may be intra- or intercryslallinc, although
Powers is not concerned with rhe iormcr.
It is relevant to note ihat this water in lhe places of
obsrructed adsorption has some inlluence on stre gthand
stiffness oi concrctc since. being strongly adsorbed. the
water caD nalntain a sialic .esistance against the forces
tr)ing ro erpel ir. Thus the water is load-bearing and
heDce it represenis a structural elemcD! oi lhe h!d.a!ed
cemenr pa{c. Thri *aler ir srable under a rrslained load
prLrrlded Ih; Ihickness of Ihe adsorbed film rs as required
for rhermodlnamic equilibrium
It ma) be no!d thal lhe coexistence oi films of ad-
sorb.d later oi dilTcrcni thickncss in thc same ccmcn!
paste at the same rime requires that tlre lilms be under
correcpondrngl) rarlirg pre-ure.3u Thi pre..Lre i.
derived from tensile stress in the bonds lhat hold the
(.ucture hgether and keep it from urumiied swelling.
Although some of ihe adsorbed water is load-bearing i!
is not a true solid and ls more mobile than a solid. The
length of time a molecule of water renains in adsorbed
state (the so-called lingering rime) is a function of ihe
cnergy lost when a molecule becomes adsorbed (in
addition to lhe normdl heat of condensarion)- This energy
is largest for lhe first adsorbcd layr and decreases for
successive layers, becoming negligiblc at the fifth layer.
Somelypical values givenby Powersre arcas lollows. For
the 6.st layer, the average heat ol adsorption is aboul
63kJ,/mole. the lingering time being about 0.04sec. The
corresponding maximum valucs are T5kJ,rmole and 2 sec.
For the second layer. the average valucs are 52.5klrmole
and 0.00022sec. lt is evident tha! lhe nolecules of
adsorbed water are not fixed bul nroye in and out oi the
adsorbed layer and within the suriace layer. Powers
r, al.siiound that all evaporabie waler can move through
hydrated ccmnt paste at a rate proportronal to llre
applied prcssur but the activation energy lor such
transport is mucb lighcr than the energy for viscous
laminar flow of bulk water and is higher the higher thc
proportion otgel $aterin the total evaporable water.It is
therefore doubtful that creep can be explained in terms of
any particular molecular arrangemeni.
When an external compression ls appiied to concrete,
the load-bearing water in the areas oi hindered ad-
sorption is subjected to an additional pressure. To
preserve hygral equilibrium water nroleculs must be
iransirrcd ironr rhe compressed region 10 the ambient
vapour aDd e\eniuall! out ol rhe systcm. Since ihe load'
bearing water cannol e\aporatedirect to fie atmosphere,
an indirect mode ol rransfcr is necessary. As a first stcp,
r!ater mores from the compresscd region to adjacent non
load-bearing paris of e!aporable water.l his transfcrmay
be by rapour diflusion !hro ugh vapour-iilled spacesbut is
morelikely to be by molecular diflusion within the suriace
layer because of thc smallness of water-lllled spaces
reladv 1o the mean free-path of walcr nolecules in the
vapour s!a1c and because of the iendency of lhe vapour
molocules to become adsorbed when they coilide with a
sudace. As a conscquence, the load-bearing hlnrs become
thinner and progrssi!e contraction in the dircc!ion of ihe
applied load takes place. This, of coursc, is creep.
Hanscnls raised an objection to this hypothesis on the
grounds tha! i! has not been proved that a large_scale
migration oi water molecules takes place \iithin th hy-
dratcd cement paste or that lhc nrternal relative humidity
is allered by the applied load.
The magnitude of thc creep depends on the amounl ol
waterin theload-bea.ing area thaimust belost to restore
eqrilibriumwilh the pre'existing relative humidity-7e At a
given prssure, the lree energy content ol a. adsorbed
latcr per gram of $ater is smailer the lhinner the layer.
(Free energy is ihat part of tht lolal energy which is
avaiiable for doing work by an isolhermal process.)
Therelore, as \r arer escapes, lhe lree energy decreases until
the local relative humidity has decreased to the pre'
existing valuc.
At the same time, ihe pressure on the film dccreases
because rhe load carried by thesolid iramcwork increases
in accord with the addilional slrain of the solid that takes
placc during crccp. This does not mean, however. that
creep takes plac. by a lransier of load from theevaporable
watcr 10 the solid. In lact, il the pressure due ro the
exlernal load did not continue 1o act on the adsorbed
film. il would.clurn to tbe thickness i1 had before the
application ol the external load. Thus. creep can be
regarded as lhe gradual dissipation of mechanically
induced swelling because a sudden application of load
creates a swoilen state relative to that existing before and
.elative to that at lermination ol creep.
Th( L\anf( .r \^rune of rhe l')drired Lemcil pJ{e h
nol caused direclly by the change in the surlace energy
of the solid phase but is due to the fact that ihe eflective
area for disjoining pressure is proportional to the totai
amounl ofadsorbcd watcrin thc system 3oThe disjoining
pre',ure ir r\e ge F a ma\im rm $hen rhe \pecimen i'
saturated and decreases as the vapour pressure decrases,
being proportional io the change tu the logarithm of
humidity. Any changc in thc disjoining pressure changes
also the surlace tension ol the solid phase.
Since creep is a functlon of the stress applied to the
load-bearing water, it foilows that, for a given ovcrall
stress per unit of paste area. the stress in thc load bcaring
water due to the applid load will bc lower lhe higher the
fraction of the g.oss pasle arca occupied by load-bearing
water.30 No\r, al a giren internal humidity, lhe fraction
ol the load-bearlng water is greaEr rhe greater the gel
 t t?Pp htpalhc\e\ I
conieni of the paste. Thuscreep depends on the densitv of structure arc forced logerher lor the first rimc. some ot
rhe hJord ed cerenr pJJc Io' Dusre. L,t Lhe ,ame them become ioined al points of contact by chcmical
maturrty thrs means that creep is smaller lhe lower the bonds which restrain rhe recovcr) when thc causal lorcc is
original water./cement rario, and is therefore smaller the removed. We think that this ctTecr may wel be pro
higher the strength ol the paste. This rheoreticat conclu portional 1o stress.
sionis of considerable interest i n relation to Neviltek i1ar,
on the relation between creep and stress/strength ratio.2e
The basic rcnet of Powers' hypothesisTe is that rever- Powers' hypothesis I exp.esses creel, in terms of thermo-
sible creep is due to ihc efi'ect ol an external load on the dynanics of adsorprion and desorption so thar walcr
{ree-energy conlcnt of the load-bearing water. Fo. equili- muslnot be considcred to have a passive (.r,iscous]rote bu!
brium within a system the frec energy per gram of watcr to be a slruclural component. lt is in rhe application ot
must be the same everywhere. Il the thickness of the thermodynamics that conrrovcrsy starls, for it is argued
adsorbed watcr laver va.ies, the obslructing body musi be by Feldman and Seredaso thar rhe equarions of classical
able to maintain gompensaling differences in pressure. As thermodynamics a.e not applicable io filnrs oi water as
tar as c"pilhri $dler i, c.n(erneo. thc compre,\ol or thin as those prcsent in the arcas of hindered adsorption.
lension in il wiu adjust to a value corrcsponding 10 the According to Powers.?e thecrux oi ihe problcm is that the
samefreeenergy as that ol the adsorbed water. Tbc same adsorbed $ate. requires an adjustment ol quantity as well
applies to the ambient gaseous phase- However. a com- as ol state ol slress when thc system changes from one
plicating factor is the influence of rhe salrs present in siate of mechanical equilibrium to anoiher. ie when
solution, which dccrease the frce energy. The so-callcd srress. relative humidity or tempcralure changc. Also, the
waterin hydraled ccment pasrels reallya solution but thc gaseous phase is in \' olved in the conditjons of eq uilibrium.
ol this on energy have not been srudied.
effecis According to Brown and Hope,3a th existence ot
Accordingto Powers' hypothesh,?, which is concerned interlayer waler would seem to invalidate the concept
wilh reversible crcep only, crcep recovery is simply crcep of disjoining prcssure. Also, Powers' measurements ol
in re!eFe. i.e. chdngei occur dJc ro a drop In pre,,ure iI specific surface area of cement paste and calculation
the load bearing water. Thus rccovery can take pjace of pore sizes based on sorption of water are disputed
without thc aid of the potential energy stored in the elasiic because interlayer penetration occurs; nitrogen sorption
lramework oi the specimcn. The behaviour underatensite measurement seem to provide more reliable estimalcs.sa
stress is analogors: a sudden tensile strcss creates a free- However, Powers?'qpoints out tharrhe laws ot thermo-
cnergy deficiency in the load-bearing .egions. $ilh a dynamics are valid irrespective of thc nature ol the
consequent shrinkage and then rime-dependcnt swelling, evaporable walcror the lorm of rhe physicalmodel ol the
allowing the specimen io elorgale under the constant cement paste an opinion which has been pursued by
tensile forc., i.e. to undergo creep in tension. Bazant.3':Provided tbe load-bearing waler responds ro a
On rhe br.r. ot Poker, hyfl,rhe,r,-" rhere is qome disturbance of irs thermodynamic equilibrium by diffu-
difference in he creepor'e.rled ana unseated,peci.l]enr, sion processes, the finai equations are the same lor anv
arising irom the fact thal in the former rhe ultimare ripe ol load bcaring uarir so rhrr rnre-la1er hlLlrare
expulsion ofwaterto lhe ambient medium is no t possible. water is also included
with the physicatly
'I hu.,he lna Idpour preqrure s ir hrn r .eated,p(umen adsorbcd u arer
i. in the hindred adsorbed iayers.53 In facr. a source of
higher and hence thc creep is lower than in an unsealed disagreement about the mechanism
of shrinkage and
specimen. The magnitude of this effecr is larger the more creep could arisc from rhc
tack ot agreement on rhe
nearly saturated is thespecimen at the time of applicarion demarcation betwecn physically
adsorbed water and
of load. It is doubtful whether rhe e,Iect suggesred by chemically adsorbed water.sr The demarcation. as based
Powers is significant because the quantity of water which on the binding enersy (84kJ per motc),
implies rhat all
can be expelled is small. Moreover, resls comparing the evaporable waler can includc intertayer
or hydrate water.
creep of sealcd and water-siored specimens showed no On the other hand, the demarcation
based on rhe limit of
diflerence,3r even though in the sealed concrete a con- reversibility of the isotherm of that parl
ot evaporable
siderable amount of water would have bcer used up in waler below the capillary watcr region implies
that, above
hydratiolr. the limit, the reversible pa is physically adsorbed warc.
The practical value of Powers' hypothesis is limited in and, below ih limit, the irreversible part is
the interlater
that it alplies primarily to revcrsible creep only, and hydrale water. Hence, with thc former dcfinition of
generallyless than one-quarter ol total creep is reversjblc physically adsorbed water,
the micropores (up to t0water
(.re Ch But even irreversible crcep is considered by molecules in thickness) arc probahly occupied in a
-9).
PowersTe ot 10 be a viscous, i.e- dissipative. process. salurated state of hindered adsorption-
Once a load has produced a certain irrecoverable strain. Bazant6r posluiates that an essential part ol the creep
re-application of the load woutd not add much strain. process is the diflusior of solids including dissolution of
This ther is not viscous behaviour. for some mechanism solids from the solid suriaces and rheir reprecipiration
at
must arrest the flow. But the flow depends on stress. diferent locations. Thc solids (probably Cd ions) havc not
so that the actual system must be visco-elasro-plastic_ been obscrved experimentally but this would be hardty
Powers accounts lor the permanent set as a one-wav possible because of their sizc. ThediflusioD of solids in rhe
eldsri. deformarion. shen ce ain 5otrd eremenrs ot rhe mechanism is nccessary to explain certain aspccts of the
 178 Mecha itm and theaties oI crcep
crccp and elastic behaviour, in particutar the irreversible
nalure(apa.t from aging),which arenot readily exptai ned
by Powers' hypothesis.6I In a dry slate, the sotid surfaccs
are as close as possible and, on rc-wetting, creep can
increasedue to the dissolving ofrhe solid surf;ce cn;bling
the parlicles to move closer.sr Compared wirh a com
panion (unloaded) specimen, the highcr modulus of
elasticity ol a specimen under a sustained load coutd be
due to precipitation of solids ai rhc boundx.ics of ihe
layers increasing the efectivc area and thus rhe sliFness:
rhi. effecr wor,rd be !re r rhe grearc, rhe appjred
srre\' Al\o. the decr(d.e in .rloduhr. ot eh.ttrrrl on
dryingwould bcexpected io be much grearerifno Iinksol
solids existed; these bridges must carry a significanr part
ollhe toad on a layer and, at the same time, be capable of
slow diffusion for creep.'r
Usirg a multiphasc thermodynamic approach, involv-
ing sotids and evaporable water, Bazanlrr has derived
conslilutive equations which purport 10 represent the
rcsponse of cement paste to strss, hunidity and iem
peratrre variations-
Concluding remarks
A satisfaciorv theo.), of c.eep musl explain in a unified
qa\ rLe bchr\iou- o'con..cLe ulde- vdnoL, en!iron-
mental condilions and under various stares oi stress_ The
assumption of diflerent physical mechanisms for each
.er ot condirron, qould rmpl) dn undut) cap ci.L.
bcha\iour olconcrere Thc lJ.k ofin inherent ditTcrence
belween ihe creep behaviour of concretes made wirh
a variety of cements, including the chemically diflerent
high-aiumina cement (see Ch.3), militates aqaiNt a
mechin rm ui creep relJlcd ro rhe ,lrL(rure o; robcr-
morite cryslals or to the dctailed chemistry of hydrated
cemcnt paste.It is much morc likely that creepis related to
the grosser structure of cement gel.
With these requirements in mind, the preceding dis,
cussion on the theories and mechanism ol creep, while
cxtensive, docs not yield dcfinite conclusions. perhaps the
only non,controversial saarement that can bc made is that
the prescnce of some evaporable water is cssenlial to
crcep. But evcn in this conrection therc is disagrecment as
to whether the movemenl of evaporable warer is the
actual cause oi creep or whether ihe role of water is
secondary in modifying the movemenr ol get parricles.
Changes in creep behavioE at elevaied tcmperarure
suggest that, at that stagc, waterceases to play a role and
that il is the gcl particles thar becomc subject 10 creep.
Moreover, experimental evidcnce of physical changes in
thecmentpastestructureundercyclesotdesorprionand
adsorption suggest that waiermovement is involved onlv
rn lhe inrrra'.lage5 ol.reep and thar lnng.rerm c.ee1^
associated with shear, microcracking, bond breakage a.d
bond re-lormation-5o Howeve.. correspondinE n,casur-
ments of slructurai changes when cement paste is sub-
jected 10 a sustained exlerDal load have yet to bc made.
The precise mode of water movement in rhc initial
stages of creep is dispuied and two schools of thought
exist. Thellrst onearEues that the movefrenr ofadsorbed
and interlayer walcr gives credencc to seepageinduced by
the contractions ol the ends oi ;ntcrlayer surfaces. Thc
movement of $ aier controls rhe initialrate of creep5o bu1
is not the prime cause of c.ep. The second point of view is
that adsorbcd water is under a disjoining pressure due 1()
hindered adsorptioq here. creep is calscd directty by
water movcment when sub.jccted to increased pressure
from the external load.63.3o The classic rest case of
regeneration of creep when dcsiccated concretc is re-
wetled to arelalive humidity in excess of 50pcrcent does
not resoive the problem. Wjih the nrst hypothesis, re-
welling causes new regions of surfaces at the interlayer
entrances, the coDsolidation of which enhances creep.5o
With the second hypothesis, rc wcttingimposes adisjoin-
ing pressure between the products of hydration which
weakcns the bonds.?3 However, experimntal evidence
using thin quaftz plates indicatcs that the disjoining
pressureis snail and insuficienl to accountfor the major
partolcrecp.saltisknownthatstrengthreductioloccurs
on re-wetting ol desiccated concrete, ,*,hich is probably
duc to ihe propagation of cxisling microcracks. On a
smallcr scale, it seems leasible lo postulate that other
discontinuities are also extended by condensatior and
relief ol slrcss concentration so ihat these and micro-
cracks close undcr the action ol external load and thus
I1 is generally agreed tha! the fundamental cause of
shrinkage and creep is the same. Under conditions of
drying, evaporable water is losl to theexternal medium as
tolal crccp occurs. Howevcr, when concrete is in hygral
cquilibrium, basic creep necessjtates the movement of
walcr to voids such as capillary vojds which would havc
to bc partially empty againsr ever the full hydrostatic
pressure of a saturalion medium, since no weight ioss
occurs. Ar alternative explanation ol basic creep is by an
increase in the specific gravity ol inrerlayer warer which
has beer 'ho$n lo increar< ds i re.uh of compre\\rre
stress.34 This means thar the volume occupied b, inrer-
laler $drer decrea.e. rnd rhere r. dn o\erall conrrdclron
The application oi the laws of rhermodynamics to
interlayer water and hydrate water is aiso disputed.lr A
part ofthe lrouble is thar there is lack of agremenr or the
definitions ol interlayer water and hydrate water, as
distinct from physically adsorbed water to vr'hjch the
thermodynamic analysis applies.sr Advocates of rhis
approach arc of the opinion rhar, provided rhe load-
bearing watcr (i.e. ;rrespective of irs lype) responds to a
disturbance of its thermodynamic equilibium by diffu,
sion processes, the analysis is valid; rhe di$usion of sotids
is dl.o ilc uJed to accounr lor irre\ers b e J,rlecrs ol creep
belJ \ ioJr. I lhe.Jccc..ot rhi,ir'troachismea,urcJb)
the development of constilutive equations which appear
to describe a range of environmenral influences of creep
satisfactorily, although rhe equations are complex in
ndtrre Jnd Inr tr"c cJl pLrfn,e.. emp ri..al equd,,on,
J,( ,equircd ro e\p,<11 (reep rr re,m. ot rhe \ariou,
whiie some progress has bccn nade in recent years,
there remajns a gull bctween h!rrothcscs based on
 Refercn es 179
observations a1 the phenomenological level and at the 19. SWINZOW. G. K.. Prelltunury investlgatlons ol perm.
lundamenlal lcvel. Allhough ihey arc dificutt 10 pcrform. .tere, Iech nal Re?art Na 127, US Army Marerial
some masurements of changes in the structure of the .oTm.1d r,l! Regro.. Re.eJi.. dnJ l.nrepn.g
cemenlpastedue to moistu.e transler I ave been made but Laboraiory: Hanover. Neq tlampshie. Feb. 1965. t9 pp.
generally there is a lack of expcrimental evidcnce ar the 20 MANEY. G. A, Concrere under susrain.d sorklng loads:
evidence that shriDkasc domiraies !ime vield. Pfu ..,.1S7M.
lundamental level to corroborale the various crep hypo-
41. 1941. pp. 1021 30.
theses. Dillercnces in opiDions are mainly cenrred on the )1 PICKETT,G.. Theetrect ol chaDgc in moisrLr.e-contenr on
role of walcr in the initial srages of creep, ;r being oeep olconcrete under asustained load,,.1Cr Jrrrrdl.3E,
gererally agreed that movemenr o{' water is associated 1942. pp. 3ll 55.
with initial creep while particle or solid movement is 22_ VOGT, F., Eflect ol shrilkage on the delormarior ol
associated wilh longer terln creep. Il is interesting to concrete under sustained loads, in ,ng,n.?rru srx.hr.s
(Supplement to Res.dr.h. u JourtaL ol Sciehce and its
observe that this generalization was expressed in pheno,
,1ppli.dri.ns), Butterworths London 1949, pp.217 27.
menologicai terms a quarter ol a century ago.r5 2l Ll A. L \.1 Jrd Jll. r R. \l'.nk.,Se.f,d..-.p rn
concrete. 7rp So.n1) il Choni.dl tnd$tty. SynL or Lhe
Shtinktse d d (:rackihl al C?h?nrnt, Mdrdidh. London,
May 19:16, pp.7 17
HELMTITII. R. A. and TURK, D. H.. Thc revehible and
1. FREYSSINET, E.. arne RinlLtion ia s les Techkiqws Au nreverslble dryi!g shri*age ol hardened portland cement
,Jror, Eyrolles: Paris, l8 pp. 1936, I and tricalcium silicate past.s. J aur naL ql Lhe P(: A Res.arc h
2. FREYSSINET, E., The delormdion of concrere. Maga anl DoElophcht Ldhordoies,9 No.2, Portland Cemenr
,inc ol CaN:ret. Reseoch,3. No 8, 1951, pp. 49 56 Asociation. 1967, pp. 8 21.
3. VOGT. F., On the flav ani Extensibillt! oJ C. ttete, 25 SEED. H B, Creep ard shrinkage ir reiniorced concrcte
No.ges Tekniske Horskple, 1935. pp- 349 74. structurcs, R.irrl.e./ {:oncrete Retiiti. I, No. 8, 194E,
4. BINGHAM, E. C a.d REINER, M., Rheologicd pro pp. 251 6r.
perties ol @ment and cemcnt morta.-stone, Pl)si.s. 4, 26. L'HERMITE, R. G., Volumc changes ol concrcrc, Pro..
l 5rht-,",h.'t "r g,r. r8ron
88 96.
1933, pp. fndah r,. ,r.wrr or a,.a,,
5. GLANVILLE, W. H., Siudies in reinforced confiere ltt: DC.2. 659 94.
1960, pp.
The creep or flow of coroete undcr load, Brildind 27 Nl-! ll I l-. A \4 . Rc.o,e-) .reep.Id oo.e^alon. JI
Research T.chhicdl t'dpq Nr. 12. LordoD. 19.10, 19 pp. themechanism
^t
ol creep ol concrete. ,1ppl. S.i. Rcs..9. 1960.
6 IIN(fN. R S.and RI{ HARI I f.Shor.Inec,e(p pp ll 84.
lests olconcrete in cofrpresiotr. Pro.. ,{STM.38, Pan 2, 2N MAMILLAN, M., Etude \ur le fluage du Mro!, ,lrtrrt2.!
1938, pp.410 17. Institut Te.hnique at BAtine t et des Ttutaux publits.
7. LYNAM. C. C-, Gro\|fi a t1 M.ieuent in partla No. 114, Paris. Feb. 1959, pp. 221 33.
Cehent Cancrcte- Oxlotd llnivereiiy Presi Lordon. l9l4 29 NEVILLE, A. M., Role oicemcnt in the crep olmorlar,
139 pp. ICI JD"r,al,55, 1959. pp.963 84.
8. CLANVILLE. W. H. and THOMAS, F. G.. Studies 30. TORROJA, E. and PAEZ, A., Ser concrerc and reinlorced
jn reinlored concretc IV: Fu.ther invesrigariors on
con.rcte, )a BtiLliha M dtelidls. then t:Ltsticitt dtul lnelae
creep or flow of concretc undet loa,J, Buiklih! Research r,.rf (Eds. Relne., l\'1. and ward. A. G.), Norih ltolland:
T-, hai atPopa v '/.Lonoon.!ol1.4app. Amsterdam, 1954. pp. 290 160.
9 FREUDENTHAL, A. M., The lk.la*i. Beharbtu af ll GLUCKLICH, J., Creep mecharjsn in cemerr mo.rar.
I \iaccaho \l priat\,nir \rrr,rrr,\ Joh.l \.e) and ACLI.ut al,59, 1962. pp.923 $.
NerYork, 1950, 587 pp.
Sons: 32 MULLEN,W. C. and DOLCH, W. L.,Creep oI porltand
10. NEVILLE, A. M. Propenies .f Can ftLe 13 cdn), cement pasle. Pro.. /1STM,64, 196r., pp. l146 70.
Pitman:Londotr and Marshfield, Mass, i981.779 !p. 13. NEVILLE, A. M.. Curelt problems rcgardins concrcte
11. THOMAS, l_. G.. Creep ol co.crete under 1oad. I rer
atio dl Astociatio ol T estin| Materiah. Londoh Cat- 'ndp .rr1.1rd lo.d,.g. P.r.. taiaattuarl 4*r. tr ol
lar Btitlg. a d Sttrcltal l:nqineqing, 26, 1966. pp. 331
,re.$, April 1937, pp. 292 4.
12. ARNSTEIN, A. ard REINER, M., Crecp ot cenetrt, 11 HORNBY, I. W.. The mcasuremelr ol moisture !, nrass
(Em.nI mortar ud co.crete, CitiL Ehsitarina akll p btic .oncfete. Ldbotabrf Not? No. /tr,,L,,Ni40/67, ccitral
L/rrls Rerizr,40, 1945, pp. 198 202. Electricity Rcsearch Laboratories (C.eat Briraln), 1967,
ll. l-tLD\1A\. R. t.. V<hanB1.r uecD o hvJJarcd 5 pp.
Porrlind.enenr p..re t \n.4t ano (,,,.tp R,., ,r,h,2, 35. CILOSANI. Z. N., On the pro bablc mechanism ot oeep ot
No. 5, 1972, pp. 521 40. B.lo i Zhel?zoheto\ No. 2, Moscow. 1964,
concretc,
14. Rfl\tR. \.4.. Or \o,ume o. i.olloprc Fos a. c\en- pp. 75 8.
plihcd rle (recp or conl.erc. qarnr \ r. R.\ 4t tq4o. .16 HRf\\IKOI l. A 5hr.n,d!e. ano .,e(p
pp.475 88. 'r.llire
cEmcntj P/o.. Ah. 5.. of CitiL Enuikets, Jalrtat aJ
rn

15. HANSEN, T. C., Creep and shess relaiation ot concrere, Ensineeti g Me.hani.s Ditisior,85, 1959. pp I l1 35.
Ptoc. No- 31. Swedish Cemert and Concrete Research 37 HANNANT. D. J., Thc mechanism ot creep in concrete.
lnslitute: Slockholm. 1960. 112 pp. Itatetiuls etul S .tt LNes, Puis, l. No 5. 1968, pp. 403 10.
16. KE, T. S., Expeimcntal evidence of the liscous behav- .18. MILLS, R. H.. Molecular sieve cfiect ln coDcrete. pr..
;our ol Srain boundaries in merals, prfs. Re!., 71. 1947. Pifih lnt- Slhp. o the Chtnitny al Cehent. Takla,III.
pp:533 46. 1968, pp. 74 85
17. KE, T. S., Or the slruclurc of Srain bourddies in met3ls. ]AEGERMANN, C H., Efect ol ExNsure ro Hjgh
Pni5. Rr.,73, 1948. pp.267 8. Evaporalion and Eievated Temperarureot FreshConcrele
18. NEVILLE, A. M., The inlluence ol cmelr on creer, ot on the Slirinkage and Creep Charactcristics ol Hardcred
concrele and mortar, Pres,ressed Cohoete Institute Jotu- Concree. /rJ,,r',.r th\ ficar,.. t D r.t t ot S.tpn, t.tr.l
nd,2, 1958, pp. l2 18. InnituteolT(hnology.HdLln,Jul! 1907, 114pp.
 180 Mechanism and theoties of creep
40 HSU,T. T. C., tnelasticbeha!iour ot concrcte under shorr_
crn./?.e, Cemcnr aDd Coloere Asociarion: Londo
tihe loading. Colloqunrm oi rhe Njrure ot Inet$ticiry;t
.oncrc edr ,sUu. r,d. I fle.,.. R Dra \u 1968, pp. 146 53
.r,r. ( o.ne.. < . Rl I l/ w. A h,po he.. r{ ..e Jeep {
Unire..ir):r'hJ.a. \en y,... \,\ i,)o).o-p t.n enl p1.re.nd rhe nH--ntp .
hd.oen(
4l \11 \l
RS. I 1.. t.mc Drnc-d.r. Sr.r.-. Vi(ro ibil., !p. 365 87. ^' nJtraneo.....iniag
cr1.krn8 Pid I .on(rete pr,r. Drs,rr,r "no
r,. ( ornel
^l
Ilni\er.iq, S(pr. rrb7.86 pp. 62. Bl Rl.,/l\\. 1.,/e.-n,-,uben. bcr de,He.r(.."r
42. Rl \r H H Ph-.."tp..\ter. rnrrer.r.Awt.oacrc.e. \^ 'roth$e rgen, Be,^n. t.":ndu.,t t.Zp.tLn., und
.it , h" RLat._ a,u.86. ,oo2. nn i_o - ^a
,/ah, Kdlt Atr t2. \o r. to.o,pn 6r BAZ\\l 7. p Ihcol ot .,een d-d,h..nka!. In,ol
(onLrrrc A*o.rrrrun Trnrstrrio, \,,u
4l xRI \4t t.. Dlnod^-. dq..mr.n(,3.r,o. trlt\.,r 'rF(..'rL!.urp. oprp.,. ot,..en oe.etorl(n.r. V..r,,
bcl^r \ \,. u., rr, (i ( , vrr . B. \, 1.BrJ...,.\r.jor
,.\ /r/al lc-h pp. I ql.
pp.137 14. 6,1 POLI\KA. 14 Bt \t. I H.. lr.e!bdtiul J th
,14. U\O/Dl \. q A.. Crcc- o. c^...(,/ P'. ].|erd | ryep "nr
nt u+,, b) D,.h'. \,j,,1"o,t-. \ct,,.
lLerdoq ktn.\4!s.os 19oh. oo. i t7 j2
.r \l.lrrr,nn ot r dtrt ,.'r.'d Bc-\eL\.Defr o. I \rt Inr,.eenngJ..
tgo0, 1t nn
4< ll \sOP f L. \rARD. V. q \l \ lt.. l. A \,1, 6( \( lfl V4\\. I hrc.he.oe,qt(ich/e,,i!e.rS,Lsmde
P-ossible mechalsms ot influelce "r,d
ot addxtures on creep
-cms, pa{e..1%. t.t.ht,.. s.a.t,o4 Lo.\n. , I
dp. Z nf .,o Rl-,.,,,,.at.d t,_a.. S. io^,,. ft ,08
:-
Llt. t,lilkra,I\_ too8.pD
,16. YOUNG, j. F., Hydralion oi tricatcium
l0 4t 66. KLUG. P. aid WITTMANN. F., Acrivation e.ergy an(
alumirare
'gnu..'nhond," doo tr.(.. \,rdq, t4. at I ar,t,t\ with Jme o c.eep o" hJ oene.t c.ren, r,a.re
j,_'i', on_'o.tr.canJ
earr.14. Nu 41, iqo2. nn B. ,12.
R.-
_ vat*at \ Lao,,,p._ao.15 1"-e pp o. i,
,17. TAMAS. F. D.. Accele.arion and retlrdarton 67. STRAUB, F. and WITTMANN, i.., Acrjvarion encrgy aD(
ot portta.d 'cri. .,ror ,o'rre of c^n prc.. \( .no r.n"t. c,ii1 o
cer(r' ltLlrrIo. D) aJdr,.\.., Slap. o. SllhrIc ol h, d.nco .eaen, tt t. H)d,-r- | ea-.at pa t. I h.i,
Poi .' d aFaen ere Sr,, ,r A. /.o,, Strt.ttre and prop?rties, Cehent and Concrete Asocia.
\.,r.H Jhs.) Re.er.-,,Bo"ro'eoo.n!.Jo. 7 tion: London. 1976, pp.227 30.
48 \lr p\, HtNKo p n t e .rnu. ..: o .o_,.rrc, 6ij HIRST. c. A. ald NEVILLE, A.
SSB. GKZh and Ca(NOi)r on +rucrwat porosrrl: M.,Aclivation elergy oI
monar porrioD ot concretc t,toc. I|TLEM r;t S,"np ar
oi c.ec! ol condete under short te;m sratlc and .v.ln
. ' ..c.. uarr. ., at C ,n, t.t, R"s. dt t. Zo. \u 08. ta -
!,., *,
^ -, i l c n\re. p. f ap,\ r\ 8. 8. J\.c.. pp. 1l 18.
1
r er) /, pli "t -,1.
9J 107. "
4a Bi \lr R. A v t.lu\t. \ 8., \ot \u.l i -n. 69. tenperdture. MARECHAL. J. C., Creep oi conc.ere as a tuncrion oI
,l./a,.ri4ls arl Slrr.lzrs, paris, 2, No. 8, 968.
Yl\Dfss. s.. ( re,n drd o.\j-p .h r .dpc .r .Jt, .n pp.111 I5.
1

iri!ate pn.rs I1 I {e,,. ot r...te,1reo.ur.rg., -^ d\VBI I lr.R 1nd ttL5to\. | \4. Rdr(
,nJ.^n,,at, RP.ftu r.9 \o.2 .o.o Do .ot /0. "rr. ".
m.,lrr o .en-n, p6 e drd .oncje.e Lt ,nrf reg m$ o,
o deto-
'l. tJLD\4A\ R t..r sl RIDA p.t qlernrod(l or \dr ahle. e*.no ture., nrenranJlemp(.d,L,e.//rJr4&
hrd dred P. llJld.enenl p..,(.. d, tro!.urp .^n t- ( h,4- Par-.- I h..,Strd..u,. rad pr. pet-h._cem"^l
'u.ed
rc.grh .hdr8e dnJ re(ran\. I n.upp.i Uat. t rt, dh
rh t. \,. b. tco8. n.. rno, 5,o. 2. \r. 6,t
ao_c.el( A*o.
J',/,, rri.- '. "nd ^r. I ordor, ta o,
sl i I I vOI D. t-. I "r,,d rn lJo ll-.
-P:
raa9. nn 151 o2 Rt('HqRDS. ( . w. \ion-rime
<" I'llD\4A\ R t,- 1r,d i!|t\so\ I c., \,,.tur e
c,eep ..an.r,.n to' hdjdened cemcn. od.te. J. An
(..r4tr S,,. 55, No. fr 1972 .o rs,i e
chd.geoi fr.r d ot .)dr por . -,). bA,/{\t.,/
"no.emen {
vinS ed p..'thel oJr-.;.-rhe,) ,t Je,o.-ioIor.
anrqlrr. ur.r1n,\l- e\ cpn.n, anJ t,.q,
No t, i9l5,pp 25 15.
Rc.ea,_.n,5 ot.on.re,e i th e\p'anar on ^td,) rnr.,een. Dc.rr 1.rg "^,
' prr.
52. MORCAN. D R.. po$ible nechalishs ot tnfluencc ot Ffl"cho on.,ercs uciJr;. ahp.j,,,..,.,.r.
St iat PLbt.- rtio4 !n .-, io-t, pp. r, , 2l
dJmN_- s.1dI) ine.hr.ltdse i"d creep n, er.n, pJ.re --r !!:l!!,
wlTTM4\\. t- H. D."r,..,.,o,
and.oa.1cre. Va,,.,"/. tto \ttd1Ltp.. t" , ?. \; ll0, -r, i._,r, tr1r."
.-''o t \pa ot ( oa .i,p. rhe Sra'( la.rir-re
197:1. pp. 283 9. r.r Techr..di
5' Ar I
,r
\h,.aaa,.
O \4^\4 | | I Il- roc v" rJ"r.a a. \tp,r an.t Re\carch tleh,rkr, Frntrrd 1971.17 oo
,1. i\RAl,\,/,A s. q d,e rheor. ot dr..ocd,:on moo l).
Rep.a t\ Sub.on ail"p l {ine ..n Cu! 1.ta M4al1u1qlu. t6. t9na, oo. t!9j 90)
cree ln.,,rre. Ddro . \pf,(moer
-. \ {lSH\ A\. R \ ro-2..oipp -' \l\tttt. c V. theor,e.;
'4 Kt\l t R. .. t , ( J ctr. on ur
.,rJ J.,rral.51, 1955. pF.41 60
-.(en in !oncre,e.,4(/
cr"eo o, (oi.r(rc ,J l] r. J) nrn,c prone je.
/ i,J,,r.ll 76 ISHAI, O., Time-dcpendcnt dcfo.marionnl behaljour ot
.'). i:".'.' 6rr: U \er'\ or Il.:no,.. 'oot. rqa pl1 cemenr pasre. mo.tar and conqere. pr.. Iht_Canl.onthe
'
\ll I anJ.Kt\l tR. ' L ( .eep ,n .^l.rp e u..h Ji d
wI-oLl e\.ranre ut n,..tu.( r,h the. n. .,.nr enl :.,r rp o! t on.\,e t eaenj dd, orc-ere A..o!r3r,u!.
1 a,l Lonlon, tq68, fp. l4t 04
.. All.!,Yl'r". \o.^?/.t ni\e.i,). r'r'n,..rool- p| -- IHO\'lA\ t- C. A cort'p,.on or.hc cr<p .,
\b. L1d I\!SI tR a f . \.1p,h.r..m, ot ..eep ..rre
- Jn( .e!n^r .o..r-re.ra,f,Jn, ., r.!" ,rlorc(d .olire e
-rol "no
r e.tim. or o ,he trm,j.ng \r. e,
:o-o(rcS\n
,doSt, tat I'\b", _,toa \,. o ,oo4 oD. .r 57 rL, \ , ,. t.J 4".r. . \, 2 ,o.l,nD oc -r
-_ 1n
<- -8 l\HAL O ft.,.,i. an.r nrtFrn rx,a,,i,,r.,-cn.n
POWTR\. t.r..DN(L..runo ret ro. rA:,i;p ) _r
'E Pls, HI LC lreL;to.:,\o. hrria,e,;,j ..Trk,en rull3-in o,nu-.s.Tp o.( reep or ( on!,err,4a.,r..,a
,^o qLtrrl/ !th.\ pt. re\. t n, tctr t4 t.tttp \pe, _"1 purlt.a,".t \.,. ,. ,ob4,
l,rJ,ir.a,.,h, s..r, /1,a.. porh I pp.65 94.
No 6. 1968, pp.
<o AII- L.ntl Kf\t529 3:t.
I R., . t . r ro\L.e,u jer .o. \)rt or
79. POWERS T. C, SoDe obscrlarions on the ilterpretarion
, eep or .-oncrere Ah.t, ah t aa r,-p t4.tttdt, st._._.at orcrec-dJ.r. RlLru Bur?,th_ p.rN. \u ,r tic. .oob,
Prfli.a!,,n l,r. 0. tqn4. pn 62 l Dp. l8l ql
60. RUfl/. w. thr rs. drfle.enr nLr.rcr 1e.hdr.nL E0 PLrwl RS..l_ r..T're .. modjrrm.,. of \,.ture.n.nt
creep rn concrerej pto.. tht. {.ah| oh the structure
d , . p U.,ta.,1. dhr S.,L,,Lre,. pd __ t.\o o rqb8,
pn 4ij- 507
 Refereces t8t
81. POWERS, T. C., MANN, H. M. andCOPELAND, L. E.,
floq.or 83. NASSFR. K \,r dnJ Nt\ LI, A. V,.reep o. con-
"aer\oir ,0.
spe.@l ReDot,
hardered pofltdld t'men, pa.re
Hignsa) Re.eaht Bo,rd. la)t,
crete d, elerdreo .ennerarurc.. 4{
pp. 1567- 79.
t Jauh"l. n2, tab,
pp 108 2l 84. BROWN. \. H. drd HOP|'. B 8.. theones ot creep.n
82 BATA\ l. 7. P.. I l-er modramics ot hinoered dd.orp or .onclele. Re'eaf., Rprcrt \o. -,. DeDanmenr ot Ci\n
and its inp,.."riors tor ha.deneo !emen( pa.le and rngineeln8 Qreen: Lni,er. ) d, Klns'ron. OnLario,
conc-ete c.h?i! and Cor.p. Re\carh 2. \o. .. ta .2, July 1972. 124 pp.
pp. 1 16.
Chaple|l l
Prediction of long-term
delormations lrom
experimental data

Since creep cannot be easily entirely separatcd lrom being:

elasric deformarion and shrinkage, the prediction of
all three time-dependent deformations is considered in tlt.t;: Alt h)B t11.11
Chaplcrs 11 to 13. Furthermore, the sum of these where (, h) : duration of loading
delormalions comprises the total strain, which is the and ,4 and B : constants depending on the properties
quantily ol rcal interest to the designer of concrete of concrere and on rhe srorage en\iron-
ment. In rectified form [11.1] becomesi
The heterogeneous nature ol concrete and the manncr
in \1hich it is atrecred bymany variables are not conducivc
logr(r,r0): / + Alos(l ..), t11.21
to simple melhods of prcdiction. However. simplicity is and a plot ol log.(t,to) against 1og (,
ro) enabies tbe
esscntial lor the designer employingcodes oi praclice, and constnnts / and B to be found. Variations of [11.1] have
ro $e.rrc laced with a compromise between accuracy and been proposcd by many invcstigatorss'e't0'11't1 in at-
simplicir). rerrp .,o uvercome rhe "au't of thc pouer e\pressron rn
Tlro approaches can be adoptedi ihis chapter deais overestimaring long-term creep allhough, morc recently,
sith the predicllon of long lerm lime dependent strain of the expression has been re-advocaled lor use for scaled
concreie whose behaliour in the shor! term is known:the concretel2 lbasic creep) and as the bcst ovcrall equation
general prediction from mix composilion, strength and lor many sets of data.13
operaling conditions is the subject of Chaprer 12. Crecp
under a constanl sustained stress is considered through, Logarirhnit eryession
out Chapters 1l and 12, while variable stress and strain The US Bureau ol Reclamation3 has developed a creep
histories arc dcalt with in Chapter 13.
expression starling with the assrmptio[ that the rale of
.pec,frc crc<p t inver.e ) proponronrl to trme, i.e.
Creep-time expressions tlc(t.t; _ Fltd
Evcr sincc it was realized that rhe progress of creep \vith d0- ro) (, r.) +,1
time under load lollows a definite pattern, attempts have
been made to express this relation in the form of an where 14 : a constant to provide lor a time shift
eq uation so that values ol creep may be p.edictd without , lo = duration of loading
performing long-lerm tests. Creep expressions can be and F(lo) : a parameter, obtained experimenlally. re-
dividcd into twocaiegories: thosewhich tend to alimitnrg preserting the rate of creep with loga.ithm
value and thosewhich incrcas inde nnitely, and, although of 1ime.
the former are possibly more common. there is no
experimental justification lor acccptance of an ultimate
The general solution for the initial condition of
valuc ol creep.l''? r'4 5
Ho ever, in pracljce, the a.gument
C(r,ro)=0whenr:0is
-l
is somcwhat academic since we are inleresled in an ((r,rol: F(ro)losl
frr
]+ r^t II
accurate prediction of long{erm creep during the Iife of a
structure of, say. 50 years.
tAt
The types ol creep exprcssions which have a limiting if / 10. TIle time shift is deiermined by thc iritial
\alJ( dre the erponenrial and hlperbolic erpre..ion'. condition and becomes unitv regardless ol lhe value of ,4.
and those which do not have a finite limjl are lhc power Sincc no fLrrther dislortion of the time element is desired,
,1 can be assumed to be unity so that
and logarithmic expressions. These four types are re-
vicwed, using thcsymbol c(r, to) for creep ar rime , under a a0,,ol- r(ro)los[1r ,0) + 11. f11.31
conslanl slress applicd at time ao.
Thus specific creep is a linearfuncljon of d1e logarithm
of the time under load (or, stictly speaking. ol log(,
,o + 1)). Good agreement with one'year experimental
Straub6 first and, latcr. ShantT suggested that creep can dalahas bcen obtained. atleastformass concreteused on
be cxpressed as a powerfunction ol time. thegeneralform the US Bureau of Reclamation projects, but creep values
 Eldsric s.rain ,in. erpr?sJio,rs l,!J
for short periods underload depart from the straight line.
r(r'ro):
k r"l t11.71
This is similar 1o the behaviour of the hyperbolic curve b-roo+{,h)l
(s below) and is not significanl in practicai cases where
A lariation ol the hi,pc.bolic expression was proposcd
long{erm creep is of primary interest Equation [11.3] is
by Aii and Kcsler:r'
usedby the US Bureau of Reclamationfor slress,/strength
ratios not exceeding 0.15. B
Thc value off(ro) must be obtained fron experimental
.(r,ro):.,1 +(,_ . t11.81
data for each type of concrcte and agc al application of
load but theoretically remajns constanl throughoul the Herc,lhe limiring value is given by., : ,4.
period under load. A leature of the term f(r0)is that it Thc equation uscd by ACI':6 is a hyperbolic power
maks a comparison of crecp behaviour of dincrent expression which was derjved lor represcnting several
concretcs easy because, for any given period under load, types of concrete, viz.
creep is directly proportional 1(r the value of-F(ro). 4(r
@t1.ttt:Ei\t
rL')D

taf
t .9l
Extuneltialeares\iun
P-;babl\ rhe fir.r e\ponenrrrl e\prc*ion oe\(loned lol where d0, ro) : creep coefficient (creep/clastic strain
ratio).
creep {a' rhur ue-:\ed by l nomar 'f-om con'iderd'r^r'
rL" * .,t (reeD. ld,er. MtHen-t 6 a*ume,l that. ,4 : a constani equal to ihe ultimale creep
"r " of load creates a certain
for a givcn concretc, application coemcienr.
creep potentjal and the rate of creep at any time is (l : ,o) duration of loading
propoitional to the amount of potential creep still 1o
and B and D : constants.
appear a charactcristic of visco-elastic flo\I' Thus:
Generally, hyperbolic exprcssions underestimate creep
dr(r,h) at early ages but for long{erm data a good agrccment is
- - rl ' ,\"roll I 'l 4l
rl'i' ryp( ol e\pre"ron
urual) lound. tor llr. reasorr. is

'where ,
- ,o : duration of loading,
c- : limiting or ultimate creep, shrinkage-tinte exPressions
and ,4: a constant. While therc is argumcnt whethcr or not crcep lends 1() a
Integration ol [11.4] with the boundary condition, limiringvalue. it is generally accepted that shrinkagc does
. : 0 when (r - t,l : 0' Yields: do The.hrinlage .imc crpresror'.ommunr\ u'ed
!(r
'o.
Jrc,hereloreoilhee\ponerrial
3 '- o- rhe hyferbolL
c(,,,o):r-[1 -e "i)]. fr l.sl
power'z6i3 types, i.e.
For a partjcular concrete and given conditions, the elr '" r) [11.10]
constants.- and ,.1 can be determincd lrom a plot ol the "l
rate of creep against creep. Equation [11.5] has not
shown good agreement with experimental data bul an
improvcmentis achievd by adding a further exponential
or
t
lr
+
(r. d
B1 t

where r,h0,r"h.o): shrinkage at time I measured

I Tl1.11l

Lern ro lll5l " Orhcr vdridtion'

- the c\ponenLial
"), the start of drying ,.h o,
e\pe.sionhrvebeenproposed'q ")orr innrderru
acaount for age at application of ioad and rlative - ultimate sh nkage,
r"h-
humidity of storage. and /. B' and ,n - constants

Hypefiol;c exprusliott
Hyperbolic relations between creep and time wcre pro_
poseJ by Ro*" and Lormdn.)' Rosst ern'e*i'n i'
(r ,o)
r\t.t.): A+Blt-tn)
whcre ,4 and B: constants.
When (, - ro) - ..,, the limiting creep + l/8, and thus
lhe limitrng c'eep cJn be obt" ned drrcL li trom (\perF
mental rcsultt a plot oi [(t io)/.(r,ro)] against 1, h)
qives a straight linc ol slope B. and the intercept on the
;rdinate is equal to l. Ross':3 observed that ,4 and B of
[11.6] vary step-in-step, the mean value ot,4/B being 137.
In order to allow lor discrepancics atearly ages. theralue
ol,4/B should be taken as 100, so ihat [11.6] becomes:
Elastic strain lime expressions
Ir this section a distinction is made bclween the de-
of
pendence of the ciasric strain al the time at applicaiion
tl l.6l
load on the time takcn to apply the ioad. and rhe
dependence of the elastic strain on time since application
of load or on the age of concrete.
ElIect of rte of loadins
Since elastlc strain at appiicalion of load and subsequent
creep are not easily separated from one another, it is
important to dcine a starljng point ior creep (s,, Ch. 2).
Th; eiastic strain depends on the rate of application of
load and, at present, not allcodcs of practice stipulate the
lime for application ol ioad in the determination of the
 181 Prcdirtion af lontJ tem delomations
tom expeinental duta
ela.lic m-odutu,. fLr,rher morc. pLrbrished
.:"'. rhe roddins rrme. $hrch on
da rd crecp do \dlarrr rr -1odutr. o ctd.rciry $ \ trne (o
Tne
:::-"1111. hrmpe;, d ,. ro, a, s:ren b) l tll, i..hoqn in
companson ol e\tlerjmental data. :rppl).rhe'oao
relalion belncen moJulu\ rrg L ,- and rt corii-T. rhe .ralemelt made in Chapter
,A ol eta\ticrr) and lr.ne , ,,o,r'Fry rrrat an rncred\e rn l.me to appl)
,j*n,'",jrllt lhe toad hac been proposedb) Balanr dnd the Joid Jrom
ranurd., r le .pecific tr"srr .lldin Obt.,,,l, l":.::'9"d' to ruo n,nIe' \,gn,h(anrlJ ,ncreases rhe
\lrarn-ptu\-bastc creep per un rt
r.c eta\ric
ol.rre,s ar anv rime r anJ :li.ll r",, bL s,rhrr rhe r".lge or 2io r0 mrnure.,
roaoeo ar rhe age .o. is expressed rne InLrease In ela\tic,trarn r. lmalter
a,: For a given age ar appticarion oI load
(r and a given
slrength, [11.12] provides a merhod of .srandardizin;,
o,r.ro) -- BLt,^t") 0.051!r_ r" r" tt, rzl
; {t-
L | -l lrme roappll ,he todd io..ne t ompdrilon
the
or creep dr ld or,
allerndlrrel). a medns o, dlto\.\ i1g'or dimerenr
where E' : fictitious modulus ot elasticitv based ro appry tne Ioad rn djJterent cascs
lrme, ra ken
on the asymprote ot a ploL ofcreeo
ve.
sus the logariihm oishort trmrs rn,ler

n :
load (see [12.501),
,-ll1l.ti'"" o:,1:.n rhe.rarrc modurus o, era.ric,ry
and B. and n coefficients which can be expressed as ll-. hyperbolic-po\ler e\Drrssion becnu,e lhe
I r t2 s rl \rrengrl-age eipre5sron i\ of rhal torm
lli'11";;;' ""''rrensrh mooutJs and .lrentslh go hand rn hdnd
dno, generdfl!.
I:r:.sJ]en de:h.and ror smd !atues of Io. mo-i.r<ured
,. resr du,drion, concrere dnd .redrn.cured Loncrele
!. r,ne ,pcr,rc basi( 5train A equat
lo the reciprocat
tcunng period:one to
rn.ee daJ,l ACI:o retared rhe modutus
or _roL
moduius o, etasriciry, E lr"). r.e at;nv agc f.Lro),
r^o,rhe moduJu, ar rhe age ot )d da1..
d,r. u1 the
I=IJ, + Bt(r.) .
roro$rngexDresslonl
E.(.or E + o.o5t](, -
l' ro).. [1r.131
E"(,"):8.,,(r#%)
i ,:'.. l8.o.ry .rrersrh. e.s r0 v pa. rhe pard- [] 1.151
_"1^.": L-d
ner:r' aand,lcan be.ouno t.om
It2.<0|roIri coeftcienrs which depend upon rhe
so rhat L1J.1l'l becom<s:
5J.1.
:T]:1-11q
olterren, dnd curing (ond ion\ t,pp rab,e tJ ripe
5).
Un rhe urhe. hand. tor slalrc modulus ot elasrrcity.
*=#r+1oe(,-,0)o1sl. [11. r 4] ^
a_dTair,and Panuta:. dd\ o(.rle the use oi I t. l]] u h
L d
varue or lrne lo appl) rhe loid
equal to l0 | o.ys. rj7

20
Time loapprythe road m nules
jllj,1;1rr;i,iTffii:^"*entoappry tieroad on bo.rurusoraariciry a, rreaeoizraays.using[r
r.r4] anda$uminsa2&
 Atcuracy of prcdntio lE5
ll Ilgcnal.lhee_rrorco(rll:ientiorcreenaran) agertor
r1r"y = g lt + a[l'o) '+ o.o5]]lo ' I lt tr,t
''-' concrele,Jbiecredro uadJranediie-age,uFdeinedr,:
For the dynamic modulus of elasticity, a rimc to applv
rhe load of 10-7 days is used (se? t12.551). In an eartier
, TJ t.(r,,.) j
,: a(t,tJL . (r, r,,)l'
tr 1.l81
paper,lr 1.161 was stated to apply to moislcured I

corcrete and, for drying concrete, the age to should be where .(r,lo) : observed creep after time (l
- ,o),
replaced by an equivalent hydrarion period ,.q which is .'(.,to): predicted creep after time (, ro] es-
given by:
timated from a shortterm tes1.
.,lt,to) = mean observed creep for a number of
fr1 + dll.
-..h orl
r".. r^o -f(r ,.""t,1, . i,, ,^,,t1, [ll'l-l observarions n.

where
t'- L r*, ll
P:[1 +(10-0.1,r)a] 1,
11 : relative humidity (per cenl).
,,h.o : age at the start of drying,
and l1ir"h = shrinkage 'square half-time'(spc 02.161).
Accuracy ol prediclion
In virtually all of the equations discusscd in this chapter,
the constants have to be determined experimenlally, i.e.
short-term creep tests must be underlaken using 1he
actual mix and storage conditions. Also. the assumed
strain time equations do not always satisfactorily fit thc
e).perimcntal data, so that longlerm vahes cannot be
estimated with confidence. Generally, the longer thc rime
over which the creep and shrinkage have acrually been
measured the bctter the prediclion. This can be seen
irom Fig. I1.2, which shows the error coefficicnt M afrer
periods under load of 7 to 180 days for a number of
Equation [11.18] can also be used to estimate the error
coemcient for shrinkage by substituting the equivalent
shrinkage valucs. M isthus analogous to thecoemcient of
variation but deviation is measurcd lrom the rrue crccp
or shrinkage. The accuracy of predictior can be assessed
in terms ol error coeficient and, if a value of 15 per cent
is acceptable, tbeD the minimum test duration for any
method can be determincd. For example, to predict one-
year creep in Fig. 11.2, a rest oi 60 days du.ation is
The principlc oi experimental tcsting to detennine
a short-term value of creep in order to estimate long-
term values has beer established historically. In 1933,
Thomasls found the ratio of ultimate creep to thal
occurring during the first yar under load to vary little
with agc atapplication of load;according to him, rhe ratio
is approximateiy equal to,li'l (Fig. 11-l). Kruml3s found
that for lightweight aggregatc concrete, creep after 10
ycars is approximately 1.3 times the creep after 300 days
under load. A linear relation between two-yearcreep and
90-day creep of various lightweighl aggregate concrelcs

320
E

.9 15

910

12A
Actuallime under toad _ days
tir. rr.2. Aeu,acy of predictins creep aller o.e year under load irom shortrerfr lests.
 136 Prcdntun aI la g term defomdtions lro exrctimentul lata
crror coellicienlol prediction by short.lerm lests at
nofmal lemperature.
At normal lcmperature. prediction of five_year crcep
and shrinkage lrom l8-dal values can be achieved with
9
acceptable ;ccuracy by the method of Brooks
and
Nville.3s 16
Here. thc relation betweD creepand cement
D<lne cont'rl \
L\co I 44 I l'
lhc long_lcrm spccrllc
rr.ep i. Ctr.,ol cnd .he '1o'_lern 'peLrrc crcen i'
C(1, to). ihen f.om [4.4]:
c(,,lJ:,1tco,,r0)l' [11.20]

whe.c ro : age at applicatio. ol load.

4 : short term rge.
Age at aP1licattan ol taad nanths t = long-te n age,

/ , / r !c ,r;or dr"r''e l rD ol Jr'-tre 'o .,nd ,{ _ d Lrrcrion ol lhc cemenr Pasre lreep rarro and
:,;p ,; ;.. ; ,,,r' r",. "nd,s "' "p' L"'. r '' ''d 6ld r.e. 4 - ("lI,rol i( r{tr''oj- '
No\\. d:elJ\trc time Parameter: 'dlt.t.)- '
.r btec.eu ro rurd :,r lhe ngJ ol '1e dJ) sa' den'1'lraleLl
- l is as dcfined in [1.2]
r."'" ',, ...r".,c \ e{fol'rl' ll-e 'horlcr Lhe 'csl\ $here i,, . .""',," ",ri''i""r rarro 'hrrnkase "ar
a ,, ,"i"
--,;;. . S. --. .ro I rr ' b' \"LrphL 'h rr a '" olld
to th cement pasle content by an
', .f,.wnti to te rctated
,.. '', -1., ' . . '\e rh' p c'r ' 'o ur
I J-(ep Iro'n
r,' Ia.+l' Ihu"hrrn"aCe ' 1r'I5o)crn
ii . eta*,J ;r'air ar appiicetion ol load Sereral attempts "tpr...i,'n.i",f"'
L-.,.-ki.rr,ra. ro iilatc uhimarc crcep !o the elastic he \ho!,n ro toll^!\ lhe relatron
,,1. ,...a:1.,,,i" ro he rar'(r n obabl\ 6,h(r,1"b.r) :,'l'['.h(,1'r.h.o)]' [11.21]
-. .,rd "i'te.o".1(, up^r co'-
, * 1.,",., ' depeco'r e ''e 'ro-1;e .imoor. cre analogou' lo those rn lll''01'
properttes ,1,1.,.. 1ns
ditions. Relations berween creep and the clastic
**"a"*t"pcd bv the US Burcau oi Rccla- ""i';i'""" : i,",ryi. ot h\e']eat crcep Jnd 'hrinkase
and r . ace al the start of dr)rnE'
"i""r"i.i"
;ai;;"'" which aep;ars !o bc a valid approach lor a a range or agsregatcs and mix
.r"".l-\ r",1 '." 'g...", 'i"^' Hoqe\er' lhe gcneral ;;;;; ";;**
' ,t,i,' to,ni tt''r ., *o' dppro\rmarer,
i""i""l,,iii.,t r,,,.-"pp",,.r, o^ ror been esrablish'd ;;;;;;';;,. ,rd courd bc e\preeo in rineal
.onsrrre"ed rrnJamentar i ;;;:i'; ;;rr,
l' no r'r0l
";i l";;il-,,",., ir
i", 'r,i,^r,e;,, *,',t*a' long-rerm
i..i""i ,rr"t tt" ..artrs ot clasticitv ol concrere is ihe iJ*
unir) rol
'e" rhJn shrrnkage
;;t' ;".r..,. 'n the masnirude or crcep OrhcrtxLro\d\ ,, , .-^, , )8 rlir'and. Lhereiore
,..,',,1i'', .,,"* t"*'ion or 'horr rerm shrinl'ase' Ior
o, .tc'rr('r) ha\e rL' be con'rdereJ'
"..iri.,r,".o.r,,r.
r,"""'i.J u, K,rrm,,
" he'e. r\e creep (oem( ienr rrarr^ oii1".."i,..rt,.rc"' UrLt I l8r,robelc*'han l5pelcenl'
be predrcled lro'n 7_da)
or lo"Jr r'.onsrdered ""a 'nnnxage can
-,"'J".".',ii..,*,.,, "ppr,crtr.n ""';..,..,
,*,.- r.,i. L, .,..p" u ,.'' ol 28 davs durarron i'
i"-ti , rr..t;.. "l ,t," ihange in modulus ol elasticitv '",,r
ti-". a.nlri"nt and slress/sirngth ratio' -i.
"rtr. "onaitions
In an :rremr' lo reduce lhe Jur"lr'n o[ .,i., to \(nl\ lhe abote relhod' fi\eJ(rr dala
'l-'r'_lc'mr .i.,,i.r i"'..,irr'"^ r'4o $ere hrleJ ro Lll'l0l dnd
ro* or u..,..r' rrti'lc "nd riszka
".;.;'il,,;
i"iioau."a u""a"rur"a crep tcsts in which a higher rirJi ,,
r"r," ir t ',l,'rm'rizc' rhe de'dil' or rhe(a'es'
retrs
rac'{ ol rnlormdlron rn 'ome
lrr r( ot n"rn!( i'J'eo. l-or Lghl$eighl aglreg"tc antrlr.i.l rnd, due to a
r(rrDe
,i. ,. ', ar,, rr"n u'e'i sd' )8 dJ!'' I igu-e' I l'a
.;;--;;. :...'.,, .;.-ecr .r renpe-trrLres or 45 and "ir.rr:r
to be a linear i" rj i.ii"*,r," *t"ti."s obtained after one vearandfive
ii:- utt". **n a uv" ,nder loati was lourd
(. \r/ tte r(gre*ion Lnes heing gi\en in
run,l,oa ol r00 d.) bJ'iL creep il )l '"..'.,,...01^t,."',"_
i' aole r 1.2. iogerher uirh rh( error coemLienrr
at 45'C: C",oo = 0.96Cb7 + 7 t .'a". *Lr- relations lor estimating long-
""*.a1lrom l8-dn) talues the cuefll-
,,o +r,ri'.g(
al65 "C: a.,no = 0.9lch, 2 [11.19]
'"#...",
\4PJrafrer .i""''"' irr..:or
*o t i'.lll ha\e bcin 'lereln'incd as a
"prr
"+ ''
,\cerc,'*,,,,'neL hcbn'rc.'reepll0 i,".i1." l')r tr sa' round 'n"' "o' 'enrblr '
100 da\ s rn \\ oLer at 2l'C. ,i". * ro )ic'o rhe tollos ing equatron':
days in water at '"i.p*,1-t "f "'
and Cor: specificlasic cLeep after 7

elevated temPerature'
but' C6(''ro)=050 ro)0rCb'?s I1.221
Theaccuracyol [11.19] wasfound to be acceptablc
*1.,1'ni. "pp.n,.r, "* "pp'red 1..01. rcre $ rrh a
rJntse,orrl, r, rp
or d,rre,en,xpsregJ.e'.''o,edrniLrunqen:.,:;J:i:,,,"_i25,troe,r,,, orq ,'".c:q t11.231
,n. error (oeli.rtnt inLre,r\ed and s as no beti
 Atcurocy oI Pt?diction 187

Details ot creep and shdnkase data uscd in

the analrsis or t1l zol m1ryl]:

Basic Tolai Shnnkage

l8
lo ' zs: 14 18

21'C
Neviller6 hardeninS
Po land
20
Tvp. L too , zOo Fos at 28,90
1OO x 355 2l'C,
150 x lO0 moist al
2OO r 400 21'C
250 x 500

?0,?O t 280 Water al 1.21.

nrkm df,bienl q0,I80,
' remPerarure ln5'710
400/800

50 per cent

Ma(oct'o tlP IlI ar 21'C

150

100

or (39)

o'----------;6-foo 150

specillccreep al2Sdays and aionevear - 10-6 per ['lPa , r, /r.J Reere$roi lie' ol I \e'iear 'Per'hc rorJ cMp ulol c_eo
I', //1',"lRecre''ior B, rr oFe tr r^r
'rih"c re(l'p ''r'ep i^,"J.,e,,"iJ,i',"a B'dr;ne 'edr'or 'rtrren'no ed unde
I i ;. i .,' I )edr ipo 'ne' " r "ed uide'
"i ""i
138 Predick)n of lans'tenn delortnations Jrom experinentaL dtna
tion and the US Bureau of Reclamation\ logarithmic
1500 lunction.s Resarding rhe shrinkage exprcssion [11'24]'
\\e.hoLld .ai rh.r a nvperbotc erp-e-ron is normalll
dccepled but Ihe proDo'ed e\p ec'ion '' a 'Ighl imnro\e_

All rhree eo;atiuns dre )en.rol\ independent ol m)\

properlier. aggregale r)pc. \r,/e o' 'pecinen and age al
r 000 i'noii.,rion ollo,a. ano, in Ie-m or errorcocllcienr' h\e
? t/" ,li..,t,". e'rrmnred Io $ rrhin lb, lq and l'lperc(nr
"re
ior baric creeo. Lotalcrecl and 'hrinkage' Ie'pecri!el): lhe
...,".oondrne q5 ner ccnr confidenle limrl' at five )ea^
arel2.l l0 'per Vpa. ' 02 r0 'pel MPa dnd
+236 x l0 6.
500
Improvemerts in accuracy can be achieved by increas_
o . (39) ins tire duration of the shorlterm test, as shown in
l;. I L7. but r -hoLld be rcmembered lhdr rhc highc' cosl
ol_renj in term. ol rhe lrme nccessar) lor lheir pertor_
mance ha ' Lo he serghed again d rhe mcrginall) impro\ ed
.ccuracyof predrerion. hquarionsl ll )ll-rofll'24l.hdre
0 500 15oo b""n shown to be valid
1000 id ior
for other
ot data3o'a1a'?'n3'aa nor
shrlnkaqeal2sdavsandalonevear 10 6
userl in their derivation'36 and these equatioff are'
Fr, //r R.sression lines oI iile-ve.i stmkase d concrete upon there{orc, considered to be appropriatc lor estimating
',ii".i' leilTii l"i' l;;
isr,, .* v""''" derormations ror periods in excess or five vears'
Relations between 28-dav creep and shrinkage alrd
theirlong{erm values can de.ived from th expressions
be
of Branin et ala5 an<l Meyers et 41,33 which are also
: ,a'(i',brs)'
s"h0,1,h. o)
"' "- outu to'ob,r'n overape \ alues oi lhe (oeftcienl' in I I '9
i
r'
where ,{' : [l 53log.(, r"h.o) - 4.171'z, the following creep time expression was established:

: 100 . (,-r")oo
and d'
,90 +-92 tosJrtu) r"): -l -i!1-r- c(r, i11.251

In ih above equations, where.(r,lo) : creep after time (, - lo) in davs

(10 6 per
Cb(t,ro) and cll,lo) = specific creep and .- : ukimate creP coemcient
MPa)'
: shrinkage (10 6), The relation betwen long{erm creep and 28-day creep
0.J,,,.h o)
c,s is lodnd by eliminalins c- from [11.25], so that:
Ch,u, Czs and "hrs - laiues at (' - lo) or
(r ,"h.o) = 28 daYS, : 2.35(t - r")o 6

and G - ,o) and (l - l"h,o) : respectilely, the durarion of

c(i, hl 10-.1; _;lo.r c.. 1.261

loading or shrinkage (> 28

days). l-or orediclrng l\ F\eJear Lreep ol rhe Loncrete' gi\en
tt w l be noled lhal none oi lhe abo\e e\pre"rons in lable 11.,. the u.e ot lrl.lbl underesrimared ba\ic
ol creep dnJ thrinkdge. The creeD. and ovele.l,m.rled Iolal cteep. A simila e\ercr'c
Dredrcrs ulLimare !alues
exore.sionlorba'rccreepLll 72li.apo$ertun(rronbut ..'al.o dndertaken usinA Ro.i' hvperboh( relation
ior rol"l creep. lhe e\pre"ton ls a logarilhmrc_pouer (i11.61) and, in this case, five-vear basic creep and tolal
function, which is a compromise between a power func_ creep were both slightly undercslimated.

7,ri. L, Relations belween file_Ye ar and shor! teim d elom alionsr6

7

Delomation Nlmbr ofslsoi dala Dutalion oi short_tem le$ ErDresrun lor h\e Ycar defomaLion
(daY$ tcr;cp 1o'perMPa.shrnkaBe l0 ^)

6 58 + 2.2rCb:s 15.4
28
0.4! + r.l8c6r65 9.8

23.01+ 2.13crs r6.8

28
9.50 + 1.12C16r 5.0

11.7
28
365
 Relercnces t89

910

100 10,000

Dural on ottesl (oq sca e) - days

36
Fis. I1.7. Eror coemcient in predicling ffve_ycar cEe! and stuintage oi concEte lron sho't_lem lests

ALl. t. and KESLER.C. E.,Rheolosv otconcrete;arev'cw

For shrinkage, Branson er al.as and Meyers e. d1.33
ol iesearch. Blil?rin No. 476, Ensineerins Experiment
evaluated lhe constants in t11.111, viz. Station: Unlve6ity ot Illiflois, U.bana. 1965. 101pp.
(t STRAUB. L. G.,Plasticio\4 in colc.ete.rches' Pro. ',, '
- t,n,o)
I tt.2'71
6.
s". o, CD, Erd,r.ero.56. Jan lal0,pp 49 tll
d+(r-r"h,o) 1. SHA\K. J. R, The pla.ric floq ol concrere. Su"errn \o.
where d = 35 for moist curing and d 55 for steam : 9/. Ohio State Univ.Bitt EnsineeringExperiment Station,
curing. A relation between long{erm shrinkage and Sepr. 1935,62 !p.
US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, Creep ol conffete
2r-ddy rhlnkage . rrs r obrarned b) e'ininiring , h, under hish irtenslty loading,Conoete Labantotl Repart
rrom U 1.271, viz. No. C 8rr, Denver, Colorado, April 1956, 6 pp
9. JENSEN, R. S. and RICHART. F. E., Short ljne creep
tests ot concreto in compression, P/o.- lS7'M,3E, Part 2,
l918 oo.410
2.25(, - r"n. o)
I1.281 16 I RlliiRl( H F t
17.
oer da' Sch{inder und Kriechen
35+(r-,"h,o) des Betons- Osreriaic/r,scne Bdr.e,rsclnr,, 5, No. 8, 1950,
pp. 137 41.
andfor steam c rinll:
11. SLr-tCln, n., pie rg"r" Theatie des stohlbetons, FaDz
3-11(, r.h o) Deutlcke: vienna, 1947, 110 PP.
"-'r [11.29] WITTMANN. F. H. and LUKAS, J.. The .pplicatiofl of
55 + (, ,*, 12_
rate theory to time-depeldent delormation ot concrete.
Equation [11.28] has beer iound to estimale five-year Masa ne af Catrete Resedr.l,26, No.89,1974.pp.191
shrinkage satislactorily, as indeed has Ross's hyperbolic 1.
13. iAzANT. Z. P. afld OSMAN, E, Doubie power law lor
expression36 ([11.6]).
basic creep ol corcrete, Matefiak atuLStuct$eqPatis.9,
\o.40 ta_6. pp. 1 | l.
14. I s ARMY l\GlNfl RS, lnve\rrgr'io. ol -eep 'n
corcretei review of literaiure on creep in concrete,
1. TROXELL, G. E., RAPHAEL, J. M. and DAVIS, R. E., M6:eltaneou, Pd\er \n.a lJ), RPpoa \.. /. Us Arm)
Lnqrneo W,ter*,r. I \permenl Sldlron. vtcL'bu'g'
Long-tlhe creep and shrinka8e tests ol plain and re
inlorced concrete, Pro..,4S?M,58. 1958, Pp 1101 20. Mi;sissippi, June 1955,22 PP.
2. FLUGGE, !r'., Mecharical models ln plasticity and their THOMA_S. F. C.. A conception oi lhe creep ot uffe_
use lor interprctation ot dep in condete, Tecltnll.al Rport inlorced concrete and an esdmatlor oi lhe ljmitin8 lalues,
No. 8, Divrsion or Ensineering Mechanics: Stantord Uni
T
hp S:/uctnal EnaineeLll. No. 2, 1931. pp. 69 73
leBrty, Calilornia, No\. 1950, l\ pP l6 MCHENRY.D., A new lspect oi creep in concrete and its
I DAvis R I i,d DAVIS. H. L. I lotr ol run',erP u_der application to design. Pr;c. ,4s?M. 43, 1943, pp 1069
the action ol suslained loads, ACI Jownol,27, t93t, ol
pr.8l7 901. t1 ,r i t nvu Nvel. N. K1 ., S ofte Ptoblems in the't heot!
4. GLANVILLE, w. H.. Studies in .eintorced condele III: Creep i Caniete SLtuctutes, Pergmon Pressi I 'ndon
The creep or now of
concrete urder load, Br,ldino Enelish Edr 1966, 290 P!.
Resedrch Techhicol PdPet Nr../r, Department ol Scjentiflc l 8 LYiE. L. The shrinkase rnd creep ol concrele Magazi'e
and Industrial Research: Londoq 1930,39 p!. ol conqete Resedtch.lt,No. 33, 1959. pp. 143 50
190 Predktion ol long-tern defornations iom e\perime til dat.t
19. L'HERMITE, R. C., volume charges ol concrete, Ptu.. _l-l KRUML. f..
Dlhodobe delormacne vlasinostj lahkych
Fottth thl S!n?. oh th. Cn?aistry ry' ( enerr, l, Wash belonov.rreb, i!I_r adrrrir, I3, No. l. I 965. pp. I 37 44.
Sr
ilgton DC, 1960, pp. 659 9,1. 14. NEVILLE. A \'1. and LISZKA. W. 2., Accclcratcd deler
20. MAMILLAN, M, A study ot the creep oi concrete, minaiio! ol crcep ol lightweight aggregate corcrete. Cn,il
R/lU M Bullcrin, Paris. No. 3, July 1959, pp. 15 31. En|ineerinq aal Publi( wotki Rerien,, London.68. No.803.
21. ERZEN, C.2.. Expression forcreep and its applicalion to June 1973.pp.515 19.
prestressed conc.ete. ]1Cl Jo!/nal,53, 1956. pp.205 214 BROOKS, J. J and NEVILLE, A. M., Estimatilg long
22. ULITSKII, L L, A method of computins ffeep and r m . r eep J _ d . h r n ( -8c ron.Lort rern, re.r.. vatrr:.r"
e r r

shrinkage detormstion ol concrete ior practical purposes, oJ Canctete Reseorch. 21.No. 90, 1915. pf. 3 12.
Betah i Zhele |obetoh,No.4,1962. pp. 114 80. TmnsLal bn BROOKS, J. J. and NEyILLE, A. M., PrcdjctiDg long
Nr. 60J0. Commorwealth Scientilic and Indusbial Re- 'erm creep ald.hrinIdEe trun .horr-rd m rer.. lrJ,, 4
search Organization, Melboume, Australia oJ Con.tete Resedrch,30.No. 103, 1978. pp. 5l 6l
23. ROSS, A. D., Concrere .teep dar., Thc Stuttutdl Ehltih..t, PICKETT, G.. Effect of ageregale on shrinkrge ol con-
15,No. 8. 1937, pp. l14 26. oete and a hypolhesls concerning shrinkage, !Cl Jorraal.
24. LORMAN, W. R., The lheory ol concrete creep, Pr... 52. 1956, pp. 5El 90
,1STM,10.1940, pp. 1082 1102. MEYERS, B, L,, BRANSON, D.8,. SCHUMANN, C G
25. ALI. L and KESLER. C. E., Mechanisns ot crep i, and CHRIS-rlASON, M. L.. The prediction ol creep ard
corcrete, Symposium on Creep ot Concrete, ,4aelican .hr;'\dge f.operrie. o co'cre.e. H.glqar\ aoa4rs.,or
Cancrct. ItLnn e Sp.cial PbLicatbh No. 9. 1961. pp. 35 Repo, No. HR 136, Univemjly ol lo*a. lowa City. lora.
31. Au8. 1910. 140 pp.
26. ACI COMMITTEE 209, Prediclion of creep, shrinkage, t9 L'HERMITE, R. C. MAMILLAN, M. ald LEFEVRE.
aDd temperaturc 6&ccts in corcrele st.uctures, Designing a \r-\eJLrra.lrdriJ( (.hd.h6,-r lJ lelorm..rion er
for Efiects ol Creep. Shrintage. Temperature in Colcrete la rupture du b6ton, .1,nal.s tns|itul ],(hnique I BALi-
Struclures,,,lh./,.a, CrMret. I hst ilute S pec i dl P uhlit dtion ,ehL .t l.s Tturdtx Publics. Paris, 18, No. 207 E. 1965,
Nr. 27, 1971. !p. 51 93. pp. 321 60.
27. WALLO, E. M., YUAN, R. L. and KESLER. C. E., Free 40. HANSEN,T. C aDd MATTOCK, A. H.,Thc influcnce ol
shrirkage ol concrete and mottzt, T- and A- M. Repott size and shape of member on the shrinknge and cree! ol
Na.66,1. Univenity oi lllinois, July 1966, 17 pp. conc.ele. ,4CI J,,r al,63. 1966. pp. 1017 22.
28. BAZANT, Z. P., OSMAN. E. and THONGUTHAI, W., 41. PFEIFER, D. W.. Sand replacement in structu.al li8hr
Pracdcal formulation of shrinkage and cteep ol concrete. oeightcorcrete oeep ard shrinkaSe sludies, ACI Jounal,
Mttqidls and Sttuctwes- Paris, 9, No. 54, 1976, pp.395 65, 196E. pp. Ill 9.
405. 4) JONES,T. R.lllRSCH,T. J. ard STEPHENSON. H. K.
29. BAZANT. Z. P. and PANULA, L., Simplified predicrio! The Ph\sical Prcp.nies ol Stuctural QtdLity Lishtw.iltht
ol concrele creep and shrilkage from sbenglh and Conqe t e.'f e\^ Transportalion Insdlute, Texas
.4s st e lt ar e
rJrx. Sttuct*al Ehsineetiag Repart No.78 1016103. a \4 U i\pr.ir) aollet. Srd on Te\d.. lo<a 46 pp
A
Depadftent ol Civil Engineeringi Technological Instj, 43. HUMMEL, A., WESCHE. K and BRAND, W., Der
tute, Northwesrern University, Evanston, Illinois. 1978, Einflu$ der Zcmentari.
des WaseFzenent Verhaltnises
24 pp. und des Belastungsaltere aui das Kriechen von Belon,
30. REICHARD, T. W., Creep ald dryinS shrinkage ol light- Deutscher Ausschuss.f Stdrlr?ror, No. 146. 1962. pp. 10
weight and no.mal-weighl concrete, NBS Mr,or.dp,rr l8i 14 70.
No. 74. National Bureau ol Standards. Wxshilgion DC, 44. HANSON, J. A., Prestres lo$ as aflected by typc oi
1964 30 pp. curing. Pr?ltter5e./ Con.rer Insfi!, .Iorrral 9, No. 2,
31. US BUREAU OF RECLAMATION. A ter-)ea. studl oi 1964. pp. 69 91.
creep properiies ol concrele. conoek Labatdtoty Rep.rt 45. BRANSON, D.8., MEYERS, ts.t.. and KRIPA-
,!d. JP JE, Delver, Colorado. July 1953, 14 pp. NARAYANAN. K. M.. Tifre-dependenl deiffmalio! ol
32. US BUREAU OI RECLAMATION. Creep ol co.crele non composite and composite sand liShtweight pre
predicted lrom initlal moduius values, Coacrere Ldlora .rre..eJ .or.rere n,rlui.. /rir H-gh"ot (aa,^-i.a
or Repatt Na- C l212,Denver, Colorado, July 1967. 26 Res.arth Rerytt No. 69 /. Unive6it, ol Iowa, Iowa
p!. City,Iowa. Fcb. 1969.
Chapter 12

General prediction of
creep and shrinkage
from strength,
mix composition and
physical conditions

Thc basic malhemarical expressions of Chapter 11 con- thecoefrcients had to bcdetermined iromtests. Similarly,
r.r.1 .oetr(r.nl' $hi{l' ha!e lo \e oerermrned e\pc'inen_ Hummel,5 L'Hermite,6 rnd Rutledge andNevilleT reiated
lally; thcse coeficicnls accounl for thc various lactors creep to st.ength, shrinkage and cemenl paste conlent,
aflc-uns detormal,or. $ hrch are.on!oered 'he ear Ii(r re,per,rrelr, bur sgain..ome e\petinen,al rc'ling i'
'1
ch.,.re; ltaborxlron !r rhe'e 'oefficrenl. rn rern' ot sen<rallr nece\ar) lo Jcrcrmine ll'e coelll(rcnls in lhc
known basic properties ol concrte is a natural corollary various equations.
of this approach, cspecially since iherc are considerabie
dara availabie in lhe literature. Therefore, it should be Melhods ol prediction
po'nb.( t. crl(Jlule coem(r(nl' ano ndrdm(ler\ for
defined in
oreJrclrnq moJu rr' ot ela.lrc r). crccp and 'l'rrnkage ol In thefollowingmethods, thecreepcoeficienlis
any concrete under any condirions lf this is the case, thcn lwo ways. Firstly, the ratio of creep at any age r, after
lests in the application ol load at the age ro,lo the elastic slrain ai the
the need lor lime-consuming and expensivc
laborarory cln beavoided, and only theknowledgeof the age of 28 days isi
composiiion of the mix, slrength ol concretc and iis C(,,,0)8",s
d,s(,,ro): t12.11
opcraling condi!ions are rcquired.
T$o approaches are used. ln the first, a 'slandard' where d,Jr,,ol : crcp coefficicnl.
sirain time curv for a 'standard' set of conditions is C0,ro): crecp per unit ol stress, i'e' specific
assumed and is then modified to account for the various creep,
"acrors. In ,he.econJ, arries rf algebral cquJrion' i' and ,",s : modulus of elasticity at the age of 28
wriilcn 10 account directly for the effect of the various days.
facrors. These app.oaches arc not new, although recently,
with the recognized need to allow for time effcts in Secondly, th creep coeficient is the ratio ol creep at
structures. there have bccnmany publications advocating any age ,, alter application of had at time to, to the elaslic
the adoption of specific methods for design purposes. l-ive strain at the agc at application ol load ro, so thati
di{Ierent methods are presented in ihis chapler including
d(r,ro) : C(,,,o18"(ro) | 12.21
the most recent recommendations. The relative merits
and drawbacks of each method ar assessed alihough, at where d(,,.o) : creep coefrcieDt,
the timc oi writing, some mthods are so reccnt that a :
C(r,rol creep perunit of stress, i.e. specificcreep.
comprehensive comparison of accuracy of prediction is and E.(ro) : modulus ol eiasticity at the age at appli-
not yet possible. tation of load lo.
Rossl was thefirst to suggcst a creep prcdiction chart ifl
1917; Fig. 12.1 makes it possible to estimate the coelicjenl Thcrefore, from tl2.1l and [12.2],
B in the hypcrbolic expression for creep ([11 7]), and
hence it is possible to predict creep at any timc up to the ,,,, ,",
E"tu"1
-;-''"'d ,i, r., frz r'
ultimat value.
'standard' curve methods were proposed by Wagner':
ln 1958 and by Jones e, dl.3 in 1959, the 'stan dard' valus 1. Comit6 Europeen du Beton (CEB-FIP), 1S703
of creep a! any time or ol ultimate creep being modificd Crcep
by factors 10 allo\'! lor cement type, ambient humiditv, ln this method, the creep coefrcient is drs(t,lo), i-e. as
membcr size, age and mix properlies. defined in [12.1], and is estimated as follows:
Hansena was probabiy the first to express creep alge_
braically in ter s of composition of thc mir! but some of o,sg,t.): k$,\k4k5 u2.4)
 192 GeneruL ptetiction aj ueep nnt shinkage

Relaiive hLmtdiiy (per ceni):

246S
Slress MPa

Age ofapplicalion oi toad (days):

0 010 0 008 o 006 --6i 0 002

rr,/)r. Ro.,',.ld1lorp-Nr.rolol!re.r.DUbtnheojr,la.r-.,rne(h, gr,e.,hevdtLeorArDl -r.Ttelclreo.rdleoapphe\

,otkarrdJs%\.dssrsdr..ro,,ald.ro,c dJo.),orbe"d,e,..r<n,;r,,o.ro,rineJo1p..lr,.li6.j,.i"ili.*", *.*,
where /.1 : coeiicient tor ambient humidity (Fig. 'I l.e
12.2 a), coemcienr for the age al apptrcarion oi lodd r. l.
1,, = coemcient tor agc at applicarion ot load based on lhe hardeni.lg ot poatand cemenr concrere a ian
(Fis. 12.2b), a\ erdpe tempcratLre ol 2n,C proleLreJ tron an e\ce.si\
e
i3 : coefficient lor concrete composition lo.' ol -noi,lrre. lt lhc concrere hordens at a rempera-
(Fis. 12.2c). rure orh(r rhan:O C. the age al dnplicarion ol .oad
and ia : lflg l) 2b1 i. ,ub.rrleo b\ rhe (orr;,pondrnB degree
coeficjenr for lheorelical ihickness ol nardenins (mxtunt!1, \ iz.
(Fig. i2.2d).
The theorelical rhickness i,o is defined as: D: XA(d + 10,,C)
[12.6]
/l"=2 ! [12.5]
shere , - marunr) rday ( I rnd Ar rep.esenr, rt-e
rumbcr ot da)\ dLrrilg qhich hardenine ha. ,Jten p.dce
whcre : ,.1" cross-sectionat area of member (mmr), at t, c.
3ner
and u : pe metcr of cross-section exposed to drying The elastic strain plus-creep per unit of stress
VPa). or creep lunclron O,/.,o,. is gj\en a.:
(I 0

nre aevctopmenr of creep with rime is dcscribed bv the

coemcienl (s ll ,p. tl )e, *,,,",=#.r;11'3 1t2.7)
 1. Comiti Eutorien du B'ton ( CEB-FIP ) , 1970s 193

Slorage envrronmenl:
1

1.2
q
q
.o1 1.0

0.4 0.75
10
0.6

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 0.2
Relalive humidity - per cenl
0
7 14 2A 56 90 140 360
Age aiapplication oI load (log scale) - days

30
4 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000

(b)
Deoreeol hardening D(log sca e) - day'C

2.4

1.8
Cemeni conren, (lq/m):
1.6

0.8
1.2
,9
I
1.0 06
=
0.
0.4
0.6

o2 04 0,6 (d) Theoreli.arthickness,ho - mm

.ia.12.2. CEB FIP. l9r0 crccp !redicrron curvs (se []2.41).3
(al Coeficient lor mbienthunidity [t
6) Coencient lor age al application ol load Ll
(c) Coemcienl lor confete conposition *l
ld) C6emcient lor rheoreri.at thick.ess,r"
G) Deveropme.t ol coemcient 15 wiih tinc.
l04 C, r,1', Np.1t-tionrl,,,,7.nJ hunL"g,

10
Theo.elica thickness(mm):

E 06
,9

0.4

50 100 500 r 000 5000 10,000

Time u.der oa'i ( os sca e) days

where E"(loJ : modulus of elastlcity at the age al appli- where li : coeficienl for ambienr humidiry (Fig. 12.3 a)
t: : coeliicient forconcreie composition, which is
According to the CEB-FIP, 1970,3 the selant modulus the same as for creep (Fis. 12.2c),
ofelasticity of [12.7], r"(GPa), can bestimatcd from the :
streDgth ol standard cylindcls. ,,",1MPa), viz-
kr coeficient for theoretical thickness (Fig.
r2.3b),
E"(r):5.e4ll"y,(r)11'':, 82.81 and k5 : sane comciert as for creep (Fig. 12.2e).
rnu lh( Lcvclutm(11 or .rrnglh {r'h -Pr N gr\e.] ,n
Equation [12.9] applies ro normal weight agsresate
Table 12.1. concrelcs and, lor lightwcight aggregate concretes of the
The CEB-FIP, 1970 method applies to normal weight same compressive strength, shrinkage lies between one
aggregate concretcs and, for lightNeight aggregate con- and two times rhe shrinkage of normal weight aggregate
cretes. the Iinal creep deformation should bc deduced by
extrapolation lrom tcsts. Alternatively, creep may be
estimalcd by assuming E.,s 10 bc that for normal weight
aggregatc concrete and incrcasing the creep coefficient 2. Comit6 Europ6en du B6ton (CEB-F|P),'1978e
d,s(.. ro) by 1.6.
Creep
Shrinkage In the CEB-FIP Modei Code 1978,e creep is dividcd into
The shrinlagc deformation, :i.J,,r.h o), measured from irreversible creep (plastic flow) and reversible creep (de,
rhe stari ol drying ,"h.o is expressed as: layed ciastic strain). In addition, thc plastic flow is sub-
dir,lded into a component representing flow for the lirst
r.6('. r." 6) : Aii.A3t 5 lt2.e) day u nde. load (initial fl ow) and subsequenl flow. Thc ba,
sic assumptions ol this model are discussed in Chaptcr 9
1dDl. /J / Thc cflc.t of age on the..tio otslrensthal any ase to
The creep coemcieni is tha! given by [l2.11. ie
lhe 28-dar stuenglh accoid ing r o CIIB FIP,19703
.r,s(,,r0), and rs estimated from tlre sum of delayed elas-
_ tic strain. initial flow and delayed flow components, i.e.
s,.."rtl,.",i"lat4
(dals)
.1","" O*lt.ta): l.A,)) + fdljd(t d+o,l1tl\ Btl,oJ)
b d- Pordandcement Ra pid- hard enins Po land cemenl
[12.10]
3 0.55
0.75 and
28 1 I
90
160
1:0
rl5
1.15
r.r,"r:osIr -M] [12. ] 1l
 2. Cohlit, Lutapien d B&on I CLB-FIP ) , 197ile 195

1.2

Slorage envlronment:

9 - 08
!:oo e
z
.9
; 0.6
: 2oo

100

- 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40
(a) Fe ar ve humidiry - percent 0 100 200 300 400 500
(b) Theorelicalth ckness,r'o mm
r',9.72.J. CIB-FI P, 1970 sltriirage predictioi cu es{sr.1129]1.3
(a) Coemcient lor ambienl lumidnv,ki
(b) Coefrcienl lor theoredcal thrcknes. t,.

In the above equations, r" is thc initial flow, and the d., is the notional thickness cocmcient which takcs into
strenglh ratio ,t(4)/"t", is obtained lrom Fis. 12.4(a). accou t the mcmber size {Fig. 12.4c) by the nolional
AIIernaI\e ). the ,t-engrh ratro cdn be e\pre..ed J.. thickness Io which is siven by:

: Lt2.12l ho:)4
/- D?6\4r+os%/ t-12.15l

and, therefore, 2.111 becomes: l. :

where cross-sectional arca of the member (mm,),
ft,,.rrr_r l,, : perimeter exposed to drying (mm),
,.fi, o.ql I l-'" I '. lt).rjl and i,:
L \4.2 + 08510/
1.27o coeficient lor ambienr h umidity (Table l2.Z).
The strength ratio uscd in [12.12] and [12.1]l is shown The piastic flowparameters of [12.10] are p.lt), which is
in Fig. 12.4(a). It can be seer thai thcre is a discrepancy a function dcscribing ihe developmenr of delayed plasric
between ihis strergrh ralio and rhat ot the CEB-FIP. 1978 strain wilh time (Fig. 12.:1d) and depends on the nolional
curve (also shown in Fig. 12.4(a)) used in t12.111. This thickness Io, and rr(tn) which is afunction to account for
discrepancy is greatest ar rhe ages when load is firs1 the age at appiication of load, i.e. when ro. (For the l:
applied toconcrte;e.g. at the age of 28 days rhe diilcrence step-by-step formulation of thesefunctions see page 259.)
betwen the two approachcs is 14 per cent. AlrernauvelJ. rhe -n rerm ol l l.) i0l can oe w.lnen as:
The function, lu, describlng the development ot
delayed elastic strain with iime is given in Fig. 12.4(b), and
dd is the ratio ol limiting delayed elastic strain to the
i),t lt,\,) "'"' -L\r '.n,,t'f
tt,t,.tt-r,lt
\,.r
tl
"-H,/ I

initial elastic strain at the age ol28 days which is equal ro

0.4. Altern atively, the following expression can be used tor
the delayed eiastic strain: where the time delay r{ is f,"",t". ("", r^blj;l)]
ln order to accounlforrhe" ambient"tr"temperaru re d u.ing
ddrd{t r0) : 0.a10.73t, -, oott' otl+0.r?}. curing, if it is appreciably difibrent from 20.C. and for
cement type.lhe age of the concretemust be adjusted, i.e.
[12.14]
The last term of []2.101 includes dr, which is rhe flow
coefrcient: d x dr,. The term dr1 is the ambient '.: jo L ltalrMr+ rol^,Mi 1t2.171
humidity coeficien! (Table 12.2) lor fresh concrere of
normal consistency (slump). For low consistency, dr1 i:
where 1 lor normal and slowly hardening cemenls,
should be reduced by 25 per cent and, for high consis- /r : 2 for rapid-hardening cemcnts,
tency, dr1 should be increased by 25 per cent. The term and I : 3 lor rapid-hardening high strensth cemenrs.
 196 C?ncral pr?Jiction oJ , tccp otd shtinLoge

1.0

0.9 .",r:"_--r---:
0.8

3l
a! -"
s
0. CEB-FlP- 1978curve

,q 0.

0.

0.

4.2

0.1

1 20 50 70 100 500 700 1ffn

(a) Ase, h(los scale) - days

1.0

0.9

i
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

20 50 100 200 500 1oo0 2000 5m0 10,000

Time underload,( ro)(oS scate) - days

s
.E

.1.12

---t---J-
' >1600
(c) Noiional thickness ,o mm
I'is- lr.r. CEB-FIP, 1978 cr*!, prdicdon @mes Ge t12.101 and O2.14).,
lal Developmot ofstEnglh wrrh ase
{bl DeveloDmen r ol ddaved elasri. r,'n Mrh i'me
(c) Influ.ne oi norional ihict.es on c@p
(d) Developmenl of delayed plaslic strai! sith rime,
 2. Camiti Eutoftet du Bitan (CDB-FIp).1978e 197

Notionat lhickness, ho (mm):

.9 0.5

20 50 100 200 5000 10,000

Ase r(loo s6ate)

?abi. 12 2 CEB-FIP, 1978q coe6.imis ol crep and sh.inkase tor The elastic strair-plus,creep delormation under a unit
us in l12.1ol and fl2.21l
stress, or creep function (10-r per Mpa), is given by:
Relative Coehcie.a ol
environment humidn,
(per eno orr,^r: L+d':srr'Io)
'' EJh) [ 12.18]
8,,
+100 Now,

lo
:
4(ro) e.stlyr(roD'/r [12.19]
110
and, from [12.]21 and []2.191:
20 -120 l5 /,
EJ'u) = 8",,'(4)
1.0 +iJ [12.20]

In [12.18] to [12.20], the unils for modulus ofelasric,

iry E and srrengrh 1/r arc CPa and Vpa. respecrivety.
IaDl ./2.J Vatus ol4 for use in
lt2.16l The modulu. of elasliciry rhat obrarned when rhe toad
is applied in a tjme oI one ^ to five minutes. For loads
applied more rapidly (30 to 60 seconds), the value of 4
should be taken into account more precisely (se? Ch. 11).
50 130
100 425
200 5?0 Shfinkage
400 8?0 The strain dueto shrinkage which occurs in an interval of
800 1500 time (, t,h o) is givefl by:
2500 -
o"h(t, r"h. o) : ."h. o tp"ht) - /r.h(,"i.0)l [12.2r]

Also, d = mean daily temperature of the concrete ('C),

occuring during a pedod AtM (days).
The adjusted age of the concrete ,. is then used
foregoing stimates for r to obtain the coefficients of
[12.10] and f12.111.
D.h.o: basic shrinkage coemcient: s,h1 x s"hr; 6"h1 de-
pends on the environmeni (Table 12.2) and ,.h,
ir the depends on the notional thickness rro (Fig. 12.5a),
4h : a lunction for ihe developmenr of shrinkage with
time (Fig. 12.5 b)and depends on ih,
 t.a ut nprat pt cdt.ttan ot ,fecD and .htint<a,te

12A

.9
,9
5 08

50 10a 400 600

Noiiona thickness ho mm

0.9
Noiionat th ckness, rolmrn):

0.8

4.7

.9

:l
0.3

a2

01

500 1000 5000 10,000

 3. Ametian Concrete I
stiruk (ACI ), 19781o 199
,:age ol th concrete, adjusted il the ambient Thecoemcients which allow for lhecomposition of the
temperature is diflerent from 20.C according to
t12.171(/. = r),
k!:0.82+0.00264&
and [12.28]
where sr = slump of fresh concrete (mml
l"h.o - age at which drying starts, corrected, if necessary,
according to [12.17] (/r : 1).
4:0.88+0.00241 Lt2.2e)
3. Amedcan Concrete tnstitute (ACt), 1978ro where s/d :6ne aggreSare/total aggregate ratio by
Oeep weight (per cent), and
The creep coemcient is d(L to), as defined in tt2 21, and is k\ : 0.46 + 0.09 A L-12.301
expressd as follows: >1
:
orr,r"i:fffia-t,r u).221
where ,4 air content (per cent).
The elastic strain-plus-crcep defonnation under a unil
strcss (10 3 per MPa), is given by:
where (, : ,o) time since applicarion of load,
and d,(ro) : ultimate creep coefficient which is given
.t,,,"i: rfu r, * d0,,";
bv' 1t2.31)

o _Q; : 2.35 k,k\k;klk6k7 . 112.231 where E"(ro) - modulus of elasticity at the age at appli
For ages at application of load greater than seven days calion ol load ro. whicl r\ rclared lo )b.ddJ comp.es{ve
for moist curing, or greater rhan one to three days for strength,ry,rs, by:
steam curing, thecoeficient for age at application ol load
/.! is estimated fromi
E.(/o) = 42.8 x t0 6tp1,r(ro)lrl u).32)
and
n', : 1 .25 t; 0' 1 3 (moist
curins)
/ii : r;o oes (steam I U2.241 -t^
1.13 cunag).] .1.,1(.or:;l;t/,,,:s ll2.33t
The humidity coemcienl ,rl is:
: $here /. r. in CP..,-rrtrot. /.] )8 are rn VPi.,a . densil)
k'l 1 .21 - 0.@6 h, (h > 1o) 112.25) ot (oncrere (lg mrr. and 4 and I depenJ on rhe r!pe ot
wherei : relative humidity (per cent)_ cemert and curing conditions (sud Table 12.5).
Two methods are recommended for determinins rle
member thrclness coefllcienl k;:
Stuinkase
(a) A1)eruse thickness
shrinkage ar time t, measured from the slart of drying
For average thickness < I50nm, /rl is siven in Table 12.4.
t.h ., is expressed as follows:
For average thickness between 150 and 380mm.
for moist curing,
*1 . tt4 0000qtr tor ,/ ,or. lyearl
k. - l.r0 0.0000rd tor t, - ro,- t1c,rf --'
it).261
s",(,,,."r:*+*s""-
where d is the avemge thickness of the concrete member
under consideration (mm). t12.34,l
(b) tlotumelsurfa.e rauo (d > l80mm)
ki = +fl + ll3e roo:rrirs,'l """(,,",")=jffi"",.
shere / S - !olume ,uriace rduo lmm,. {As can be seen whcre E"i: shrintage (10 6)

from Table 5.1. /:4(ZSl ) and s.h- : ultimate shrinkage

:780 >< t0 k\kikik\k2vii-
6
[]2.3s1
Table 12.4 AC7.1978t4 i*p a.d shrinkase coeficients for averase
Idblp /rJ Values ol rhe @nstanls I and B lor use in thc Acr
19?8 modulus-age epre$ion,o

50 l.l5
15 1.L1 I.25 I .100
100 t.t 1 1.11 1.00 0.r5
125 L04 1.08 rll 210 0.92
1.00 1.00 a.7a
200 Generul prclliction of creep and shrinkase
consequence, it is prelerable to present
the
shrinkage. As a
For curins times ditrercni from 7 days for moist'cured shrinkage before creep'
expressions for
."."*L. i}rJ*" *"m"ient i; is given in Tablel: 12'6;l' ior
'"r-rl .rr;rg l" , ner rod of onc ro lhree dals' - Stuinkase
The humrdit\, loeflrcienr (ki)is:
ii.rl.t"i. "l ***" '.h(r. r'h.o) at anv lime r' measlrred
, - ,.OO - O.O,On.,OO' , ,n''
1, f'2.Jbl from the start of drling l,h. o, is given by:
tr = I0U 00lU h. (x0 < <
h i00) l [ (, o) l"'
r."

'
-h*e l, : retative trumiailv (per cent)'
the
,.-,,,"o, -k;,..1r,, *',.,., I rr24n
i*n -"tnoas are recomminded
for determining
where *i :
a coefrcient which depends on thc ambienl
member thickncss coefficieni Li: relative humidity ,?, i.e.
t.) ) at4\de thrk ess t+ = 1 l0 6
h3 (,1 < 98 Per cenOJ
lt2.44l
, l'0 mm. /'a i'gi!en rn Table l2'a : ceni)'
"','"."".,1"t**
For avera'ge thickness between 150 and 380mm:
k+ -O.,lh:100 Per
- 6), is related to thc mix
J

The ultimate shrinkage, ti,r-(10

l,- l.2J- 0o0l5J. lorrr -rhor' l,r3a parametcrs by the following expressronsl
t. - l.lr 0.0u15J. ror rr - ' h ol '"u'1
I tea' '
s"h- : 1330 - 970)
where I : the average thickness of the concrete
member
under consideralion (mm).
),: (3902 '+ 1) 1

z : 0.3s1(/", rr,'z . . r(q)'] u2.451

tb) v.,lunelsutfute rctio (d > l80mml
[12.38]
u
i,.rt(l''
The coericienlj shich allos for ihe composition
o[ the lr+lf '
'
^l1,1 12

l,: :0.s9 - 0.0014"1\ [12.]91

where \ : slump of fresh concrie (mm)' where z must be > 0, otherwise z : 0,

ti;: 0.10 + 0.014 F, (r < 50) tr2.40l
ft; : 0.90 + 0.002I, (I > 50) I: total aggregate/cement ratio,
I
wherc F fine aggregate//tolal aggregale ratio by weight
- q :
(per cent), coarse aggregate/fine aggregat ratio,
k;:0.75+0.000611 [12.41]

where 7 : ccment contenr lkg/m3), I: fin aggregate/cement ralio,

and /r; : 0.95 + 0.008,1 lt2.42l
where ,1 : air conlent (Per cenl). 1 = water,/cemnt ratio,

4. Bazani and Panula's model ll, 19781r lall ratios beints proportions by wrghtl
(MPa)'
an,l /..,,":28-day cyhnder slrenglh
a model
Followirg earlier publications,l':'r3 simplified in t i),is t,,r,. nn. uee,.gdte I'tii marerial'mallc' rhan
a' oroo-o'ea fo' e'Limdting bd'i( creep. Ioral ( reep dnd
+ I mm a nd rhe remirnder i' coar'e aggl'gale
ra)' Tle
".hrin[ ,;e wrrh Lhr' laleil'nodcl lhe inpul dala r(quired 'ize
*-nn,,.,,.^'n
'r,', I'r.dl1 I'rermed rheihrinkage sqJd-e
are simiiar to those for the CEB-FIP and ACI methods
r-,ilrl.t l.,i.,irrli dr shich,.h 0'<' l he !dlue of
de-cribed prevrousl). Iolal crcep i' conrrdereJ "l"i
'epa' i,,,,,' a"p*a"., ,t'" ,ir" ot the member andis estimated
ratelv trom ba.rc( eep b) rnrroducinga dr)ing'reep te'm
in the creep furction, and this term is a function of
,,,*:4t.;) D,,".1
[12.46]

Idble /r.6 Age coeficienr ior sbinkage r! lor uF in 112:l5li

where /r" : shape lactor : 1.0 for a slab
1.15 for a cYlindr
Shrinkage ase coc6cien!
1.25 for a square Prism

I 1.2 : 1.30 for a sphere

3
tt : I 55 ior a cuDe.
l0
091
14 / (mm),
= volume/surface ratio
086
28
0.75 j
 5. Concrete Society (CS ), t978ts 201

and D(r"h o): drying difusivily which is given by: The drying creep coefrcieni dl(l,lo,r"n o) is given by
the iollowing equations:
Dlr,,"):24+# !2.471
,r',(/, r", r,,,") : E.ti(,o) or''(1 tt" '*\ "t'

[l2.58]
The basic creep function, i.e. elastic strain-plus-basic creep
under unii of stress al any time , for concrete loaded at the
age ol ,0, is expressed as:
e.:(r +ffi). \ Lrr,
Ba6+- [12.59]

0.0189
ob(,,,o) :;tr + di,(r.ro)l [12.48] Bd=0.0056+1+'Jr+ t12.601

where ob(r, to) : basic crecp function (10 3 per MPa), I i"r ''
and @or,.r0r basiccreepcoeflicienl whrch r.grven as: .-n.rnl I'r,..,."
L'o'
l" . t')'' l,oro!''
.." 1 -085
di,(r,ro) : Btlro)-'+ 0.051( ro)'. 112.491
D2.611
It should be noted that di(r,ro) is based on a fictitious :
where s/d line aggregatc/tola1 aggregate ratio. If / * 0
modulus, E , which is the asymptote ol a ploi of creep then Bd = 0.0056. A1so, in []2.581, kf is siven bv:
versus the logarithm of sho( limes under load. The
parameters E', B, m and ,l are all functions of the 28-day ii:1 10 trn'5. I 12.62)
strength, viz: The coefficients ,?, ,(1tr)"h and E h- are eivcn by 2.521,
I [12.46] and []2.a51, respectively. In [12.62], the ambient
=- 0.0110b l.20.lL/..,*r ' ll0 '/MPa) I).501 humidity ,r is expressed in per cent.
The total creep coemcient based on the modulus of
B: 0.3 + i52.2(l"Ds) " [12.s1] elasticity al the age at applicatior of load 4(lo)is
n :0.28 + 4?.541(/;yDs) 'z [12.s2]
d(r, ro) : 4(o)o(t,,o) 1. [12.6]l
r:0.115 + 0.183 x 10 llyDs)r/ [12.s3]
The foregoing expressiors for the total creep function
where,t,r,s :28-day cylinder strength (MPa). apply to the case (t,h.o < ro), i.e. when shrinkage starls
As discussed in Chapter 11, lor small values of test before the load has been applied (see also Ch. 6); rhe
dLrration (, ro), 02.a81 and [12.49] can be used to meihod does not cover the case of (r.h o > h), i.e. when
determjne the sla1ic modulus, or dynamic modulus, i.e. shrinkage starts after the age at application of load.
tt Bazant and Panu1a13 give further expressions for
- -:Lr . 8{\,or ' r0.0s)r0-'l Lr2.54l taking into account the efrects of temperature and cyclic
tt.\t^t r: loading; these aspects are discussed in Chapters 7 ard 8,
ll _: _ respcctively. For a further improvement in accuracy oi
.
rl,tvrt r1 Lt B((/,,r I 0.0s)t0 "l
-_ [12.55] prediction, they recommend the
which consists of additional empirical
use of their first model,l3
relations, more
whereE"(lo): static modulus at timc ro measured in a
iime of 10 1 days,
and 4Jro) : dynamic modulus a! time ,o measured in a 5. concrete Society (Cs), 197815
time of 10 I days. Following an earlier methodla based on the CEB-FIP,
The coemcients of I2.541 and [12.55] are determined 1970 rccommendations, a simplified melhod for estima-
from the strength reiations 2.501 to [12.531, and ihe lrng rhe nodulu. ot elasricrO and ullrmale creep is
usual creep coemcient d6(t,t0), as based on the static rccommended by the (British) Concrele Society-15 The
modulus at the ase at appiication of load (ro), is given by: modulus of elasticity is estimaled from strength as

d{r,,o) : ,.(r.)oh0, ro) l. [12.56]

ar,"l : r.,,
[u.o
* o.uf]] u2.641

The total creep funclion, O(/,lo), i.e. elaslic strair-plus- E.,s :20 + 0.2L,,s 1t2.65)
r
basic creep-plus-drying creep per unit of stress (10 per where 4(lo) andr",llo) - modulus of elasticity (GPa)
MPa) is expressed as: and cube strength (MPa),
o"r/.,^, -" '.;:- *"l
,rllr L r- respectively, at the age at appli_
o,r.ror- l12 srl cation of load lo,
and 4,a and f,,,s : corresponding values at the
where O6(r. ro) : basic creep function ( 2.a8l). age of 28 days.
2A2 G.netal ptedi.tion af oeep duL shinkaqr
The valuc oi 20 in I2.651 is appropriaie to an average given is dd : 0.3, which compares wilh the CEB-FIP.
high-quality dense aggregate but, for less dgid aggregates, i978' value ol 0.4. Thus the specinc creep recovered or
values of 10 to 20 are morc appropriate. The strength specific delayed elastic strain developed is [0.3/I"00)].
ratio tl"(to)/l",,s] is obtaincd eitherlrom measurer,ents
or from Table 12.7.
The ultimate creep lunction o. (10 tr per MPa) is
6. Proposed modilication
expressed as follows: Crcep
As ;modification ol the prcvious method, Parrott'3 ol
o" :-(rI
+d,l [12.66] the Cemeni and Concretc Associetion proposed thal the
cocmcient ot 20 GPa in [12.65] be replaced bv a value
delermincd lrom ics! datato p.ovide grcater accuracv and
where d" is the uirinate creep coeflicient which is to auow lor thc modulus ol elasticilv of the particulnr
obiained from Fig. 12.6. aggrcgateused when th;sis not allowed for by the strength
Thus, knowing th ambient humidity, age at appli oilhe concrcle. Also, in this vcrsion, the strength ratio
caiion ol load and effective section thickncss (ssg ,.,,(ro)i't,,s (Trble 12.7) is assumed to bc independent of
Table 5.1) the ultimate creep coellicient can be estimated lhe ttpe of cement and, for a given agc. is equal to the
from Fig. 12.6 which is based on the CEB-FIP. 1970 average of the values given in Table 12.7.
recommendalions.3
Although ,here i. no Dro\rsi,Jn f.rr c't m"ttnp c.eep r"'t' l
coeHcicnt continuous function of timc.lhe Concrete
as a
i,,J,.'1, :;;:''
I!r/? /2 -- DevellrDmentof nrenarh
"ilh
aec'\alue!ut
rr.".
I '
Society suggests rhat approximalely 80, 50 and 30 pr cen t
[/..lr,rl
ol the ultima@ crcep coemcient occurs after six months
underload, i.e. (ro + llJo)days. for effective thicknesses of
s'knc'h dL.l l
< 200, 300 and > 400 mm, respectively. Furlhcrmore. for Ordinary Ponland menl
no moislurc exchange, baslc creep will dcvclop at a rate
correspond;ng 10 an effective thickness >400mm. ,1

Tn-- CS nethod includes an estimale ol the ultimate 28 1.00 r.00

creep recovery or delayed elastic strain which occurs after 1.20 l.l5
165 r35
approximately one year alter removai of load. The valuc

Average relat ve hum d ly Average relat ve hum dily

> 200 o0tdoo.s (Un ted K ngdom)
< 400
4.2 3.2
2A Age at app calion oi oad
30
3.8 2.6
8 3.6 2.4
2.4
26
q 3.2 2.2
24
3.0
22 2.4
2.4
2.6 2.4 r8 2A
2.4
18 1.6
22
20 t6
E 1.8 1.2
5 1.6 1.2
10
1.4 365
1.0
1.2 0.8
1.0 0.8
0.6
a.a 0.6
06 04
0.4
4.2 a2

30 60 ?0 90 100

Relalivehum d tY Pe.cenl
air. -/J.6. CS 1978 dala lo. prediclrs uilimale f.ep codn.icnl '5
 Comparison ol Yedictionnethods 2AJ

any of ihe proposed methodscrn be easiiv

usedsince only
Shi*ase i"''t f'llrr"agt "( the cuncrcle propcrtiestheise'rrmare\
-t''-ii" rcquired
V,hres ol shrinkase and swclling atler periods "f
e^oosureor,\morrh.a,.r r0)*"'*s'""';i;i'ri:
p'ur"i oneor 'onrr'cn'e"
'
loi rariou. relaL:re humrd ie\ or \rorage drr e'leclr(e oDnrneu
f'lirffel" performed 2n assessment of the
section thicknesses. The dala appl) t"
ffitsOort
""tt'itit'rn"i" p"ttou'tl Ot*t'bed melhod' ol oledictrna c'ecp e\cefl
N,\hhrgh-q\ra\\\\. {cn\e. non_ ' tr',nl.tnB ogeregi'le' anO ''
"nO
\h" $o'l rete$\ $e\\od' o\
\on.'e\e' ha\\$g dn eie.\Ne \a\er .o,rrem i'; D;t'.t.r"tn"' \he ; 'r\\ela\her \han
ol the oigrna\ Nc\gh\ ot ! o. oo s**t "t'ttut"Ndl or{ o\ t\e Cotcre\cSoin\f{ vtrt
"";"$;N,
il"i* co-ntent differenr from rhis value, the used. Thc effects
"o""."\". ol rarying agc at application of load,
".igir"f Fig. 12.7 is adjusted in proportion to the relativc humiditv ol storage rnd membcr size on the
'rriirt"g" "l
water conlent. ultlmale creep coeflicient, as defincd by the CEB_!_[P

comparisonorpredictionmerhocrs $;;::H:.mffiH;l;"?l;,,*lllf*Tffi:ffi:
Thefactihatthercareseveralfundamental]ydifferenldryStorageenviroflmentsandforsmallmembercross-
.iif1oa, of p..ai"ting rime-dependent straini suggests sectioDs (Figs. 12.8 1() 12.10). w h the methods of Bazant
relation
a degree of uncertainiy in this area of knowledge and, and Panula Model 113 and CEB-FIP, 1978, the
ortrrJrgrl un intcrcsting chaltcnge is posed ro th re_ betwcn creep and age at appli.irion oi toad is a tunciion
,"".inJ., trr" p."r.nr ,ir-uation is;ificuit for the engineer of rclarive humidity of thc environment. Whcn lhe agc
tacerl wirh dciign problcms. and relative humidity decrease, cEB-FlP, 1978 predicls
The unirersil ;ccpLance of any meihod must be an increase in creepbur, rccordingto Bazanl and Panula.
preceded by confirmation by measurements on actual creep decreases (Fig. 12'11)'
itructures but, untortunately,ihere arefew long{erm data Thc accuracy of prediction- using four methods
(noi
ol suficient u""u.""y uuuituut" to undertaie such an lhat ol the concrere socicly), was assessed by the error
exercise. However. in lhe first instance, veriljcation using cocmcient ( [ 1 ] . I 6l J on 6l seis of experimental laboratory
laboratolytestdatais,ofcoursc,necessary.Atpresent,data.Djflerencesbetwecnpredictcdandmeasuredcrecp

Averaoe r" dtrr. av.raqa rala",e -Lnrdrlv

150 300 600
150 600 h rmrdiv ndoors o r'ooo siu_il"o hi qdof'
i
I
50
400 |0
:l 240

75
100
45

90 40

50 80 35

250 125 30
200
60
25
2a0 1Q0
50
200
2A
1 50 75 40
150 100 15
30 a
1 00 50
100 10
2A
50
50 25
50 10

-
0

100

240
100

-2aa
0 t
L

L
_,*
_., ti
30 50
Sweliirg

IL
60 7Q

Fe alive humldltY - Percenl

80 90

F,4..1-?.7. Parrolt: dala iorpr.diclins shrinkage and swelling of high_quah, dense asEregale corqere
Ls
0

-50
100
t50
0

l50
t,"" l-,*
204 Generul prcdiction of teep and shrinkuse

Methodof predicrionr

"-\-{B FlP,197o

!
e5 ".r1,r" "-.
9

;!

=2
\i:T::\ gz-e- : ...--
Ac r, r
---.-
=_=\:

1371024 100 360 1000

Ase ai app cat on oi load ( os scale) - days
a's. /23 Inouence ot age al applicalion of load as pr.dicled by yadous nethods; rel.tive humidny : ,l0 per enlr dianeter ol

functions, (O(r,ro)), ranged irom 26 to 45 per cenl; the
creep lunclion was selecred at constant intervals of the
logarithm of time, e.g.1to 10days and l0to 100days. For
ultimate crecp,extrapolation was used in acco.dance with
Ross's hyperbolic relation ([11.6]) or, in the case of
Bazant and Panula Model I, 50'year values were used.
The averageerrorcoemcient between predicted and extra'
polated ultimate creep strain ranged from 3l to 105 per
cent. For the prediction both of creep function and of
ultimate creep, the CEB FlP, 1970 method yielded the
best results. ln general, the more elaborate prediction
methods were not necessarily the most accurate, and
paradoxically the number of sleps requiredfor predicting
the ultimate creep by a particular method seemed to be

Melhod ol pred cilon:

-'-..-.t-_q.,{1._
3a
I
cea.relia\'..-
3s --
-t--CS,1977 \
ac 1978
___="r_=_=:{l:::_\
a2
E

OL
2A
B-"laiive hum dily Percent
ais. /2.9 Innuenc oI storage enlnonnenl on ulrinale c@p mefrcient as predicled by various
m;rhods: age at apDlicadon oI load - 28 daysr dianetor of cylinder = 50mm.16
 FinaL cammenrs 205

Method ol prediction:

cEB.FtP,I97a

93 --- -c-s-1-e77 ---- ...-

-:'\.------:::- -- /o
- !l::.1? ----
-.c-tq
"'-----_
__\__---
BAP i
-:----- -::---r-:-::
E
---
=1

600
Diameterofcy inder _
Iia. 12./0 Innune ot sp{imcn sne on ullimate cre! coeflicient as predicted by larious methods: age ar application oi
load =28days;Elatilehumidily:40percen1.'6

inversely proportional to thc average accuracy of the which the presenl Australian Srandard 1481 is based.
entire set of test data considered. In fact. Hilsdorf and However, the authors themselves acknowledge that more
Miillert6 suggesl that an ultimate creep coctficint d_ of corroborating data are required.
berneen 2 and a i, ryprcal lor 80 per cenr of srrucrur.rl
concrete applications and for all exposurecondirjons. The
range of error coemcients obtained lrom the assessment Flnal comments
of all themethods is of similar order and, rherefore. none In spite of all the recent suggested improvements in the
is ne.rrarib more rliable rhan the simple approach oi gererdl merhod! ol e,rrmaling 'ong.rer nr creep. ir appear,
usins d. -
3. that, for design p rposes, litrle prog.ess has occurred since
Recent work by Roper and BotttT suggests that some the first edition of rhis book in 1970.
Australian concretes arc described better by the CEB- Th.. ma) ,eem ,urp srng bur rhere \rill remdrn\ .r
FIP, 1978 model than by the CEB-FIP, 1970 model on serious absence ol reliable knowledge of thedevelopmenr

Meihod of pred clioni retative humidiiy:

.9

.9

-="----_l
".;;;*;,*:;=.1\\
100 360 1000
Age al app cationoftoadro(oqscate) days
I'ir /2-lT lnfluenceofagearappricationotroada.dof(oraseenlnonmo!onrheraLrooiulunarecreepLoeflroentvftharoad
cep coe6ciot wnh the roal appl*d ar one rear as pre.li"t.a ty , uao,i. .iit o,:.:0,u."t., or
apllied at ago !o 10 lhe ulrinale
246 CeneraL predittion aJ crcer and shrinkaqe
of c.eep with limc for dillercnt values ot cffecrive thick,
ness and indeed ol lhc valueol ultimate creep ior di$erenl
thickncsses Elegant mathemarioal formulation shoutd
not mask these unce(ainties rnd aliow us lo toroer th.l
rhe ornL' ot xn, equal'on i5 n^ m.re ret.rbte rldn rhe
data used in its formularion.
Such drla are limiled and do not xlways include a the
inlormation about test condirions which a particular
modcl requires. The data are often used selectively and
thereiore 'excellent' agreemenl is reported belween the
'new exprcssion' and irs parenrdata. But what of crecp of
dr) concrelc to be made in the futurel Wc are unable !o
coDvince ourselvcs, and even lcss so convince our readers.
that there is a reliable melhod to be recommcnded. We
can commenl, nevertheless, lhat a simplc method is pre-
lerable to a complicated one for the good reason that it
is simple land not proved to bc inferior). We can also
exprcss the view that a merhod using physical and
observable componenls is prelerable to one based on a
hypothetical division ol strain (as is the case wirh rhe
CEB,FIP. 1978 approach).
This is as helpful as wc can be. In thc cnd. for a gencral
estimate of c.ccp, the readc. can selecr any method; lor
g'(uler -ccrrJ(\. pred tll^n l.on ,l-o-r 'trm rp.r. r.
oullin.d in Chaple. 11.
necessary, as
1 ROSS. A. D.. Conffete creep data. The Sttuct tdt
lnrineer, 15, No. 8, 1937, pp. 314 26.
2. WAGNER, O.. Das Kriechen unbewehrten Betons. Dell
scher AusschussJir/ Stdhlberor, No. 13i. 1958,74 pp.
3. JONES,T. R..HIRSCH,T. J. and STEPHENSON, H. (,
lhr Ph\-.ol h,.r, E. a, s,ru.,utol Qu,lit, Lnht
4e.aht A |jrcgatr (-otrr..,, Te\e Iran\n..ldr,on In\r.
tute, ColleSe Station. Au8 1950,4b pp
4. HANSEN. T. C., Creep ald srres.elaxation ot concrete.
Ptoc. No. ll. Srcdish Cemert ard Concrete Research
Institulq Stockhoim.1960, 112 pp.
5 HUMMEL, A., Von Einilus der Zemertart. des Was
.er/ereF've,l"hnL.e. JnJ Je. BelJ.,ung.-tre\ .ur Jd.
Kr e.hen \or Belur. Z.a r/ Aa/( (J1, t2. \o. <, .q(o,
pp. 181 7.
6 LHERMITE. R., What do we krow about lhe plastic
deformation and creep of concrete?, RILEM Bultetih.
Paris. No. 1. 1959, pp.2t 51.
7. RUTLEDGE, S. E. and NEIrILLE, A. M..Influence ot
cement paste contert on treep ol lighlreight aggregalc
c,,!rere R.s.dr.n. I8! No.55.1966.
concrete. ,\rard:/h. ry'
PP.69 7:1.
CEB-FIP. 1nr.r,din,iol R.ohhennatiots lot the Dcsish
ard a, r.,," . a\ pa\,,p1,- dad
',,.r,.a5r,,,,,r!\
Ra,.aaenda., .a- , -Tr,i I ur ,peen d- Be.on t edc-a
tion llternalionale de la Pr6cont.ainte. FIP Sixth Con-
8ress. Pr.8ue. June 1970: publjshed try Cenent and
Concrete Asociation: London, 1970.80 pp.
9 C.EB FIP Model Cod. Jot Coaoete SttnL|ures, C:oarte
Euro Inter.ational du Baton Fed6r!1ion Inrernatiorale
de la Pr6conrrainte, Paris.1978, 1:18 pp
t0 ACI COMMITTEE 209. Predntian ol Creep. Shtihkaae
ond Tempe9rrre ElJitL5 i. (:or.rere Srrr.fu/.r,2nd Draft,
American Conc.ete lnstiturc, Deiroit, Oct. 1978,9E pp.
BAZANT, Z P. and PANULA, L., Simplified predic-
tlon ol concretc creep and shrinkagc lrom sfength and
mix- S,tulLurul F. oineerihg RcNtL No-7E 1Ai6105.De-
p$imcnt ol civil Engileerilg, Norrhwestern univesity.
Elanston, I11inois. Oct. 197E,24 pp.
11 BAZANT, Z. P., OSMAN. E. atrd THONGUTHAI, W.,
Praciical torrnulation of shrinkage and cree! ol conc.ere,
Materiak ahl SLruoures, ?aris,9. No. 54. 19?6, pp. 195
406.
i3. BAZANT, Z. P. and PANULA, L., Praclical predlctions
ot tiBe dcpendent detormations oi concrete: Parr 1
s 'inLrJ(. Pd'rll 8..tr cr<p. Pir lll D \ing..ecp:
Pa r Iv T.moer"r. -c ere., .1 b".ic .rcep. Pr., V
Temperature eflecl on dryin8 creep: Parl Vl Cyclic creep,
non-linearity and statisrical matter, Mdt?tials t)nt
Sr!.I res, Paris: Il, No.65.1978. pp.301 16jpp.317 28;
ll, No 66, t9?rl, pp.4l5 24:pp.:124 l4j 12. No. 69, 1979,
pp. 169 74j pp. 175 E3.
14. CONCRETE SOCIETY, / Sinple Design Method lat
Prelicti g the Eldni( Modulus dntl Creep oj Slru.rurol
Crr.r,te,l,o!do!, 1978, I p.
15 CO\CRfrl \OCll- l). A .,mptri.ed me.hod,ur e.Ima
tlng the elastjc modulus and c.eep oi normat weight
con tete. Training Cehtre Publi.atian No.TDH 7376.Ce-
ment and Concrcte A$ocialion: London. June 1978, I p.
16. HILSDORI. H. K. aro Vi LL|-R H s , umpdf,..r
"/
Up.h. t !- Prpdrt Tn,-ttpDphd.nt Stt)in' at t.n,Nt!,
h.ur.r lL Bji,roffr(i n^loAi(, I .ve...ur K, rl..uhc
(IH). Ocl. 1979. 9l pp.
11 ROPI R H hnd 80l t. C.. R,.,a .oa,,p,, rt!.r
t"tldcar.. (ad, P.rttioa. a S\r.4tao" ahJ a^.p.
School ol Civil Elgineeri.g. Thc University of Sydney.
April 1979. t9 pp.
18 PARROTL L. J.. \ npli"ed re.hod. oi Dred(ring rhc
oe'urn: Io- ot .'rut rrdl .un. -re. o.,,loan.n, R,t"t
Nr. J, Cemot and Corcrete A$ociation: London. Oct.
1979.11pp.
 Chapler 13
Prediction of stress and
strain under varying history,
and relaxation ol stress
Most of the data on creep have been obtained under
conditions of constant stress ard yet in many praclical
cases stresses can vary with time, eithcr gradually or
abruptly. Clearly. it is essential to know how to calculare
the resulting deformation when thc stress varies. On the
otherhand, sometimes it is desired to calculate srresses in
concrete on the basis of a knowr strain history. Regard-
le*otwherherlhenroblem toncor calcutallng.lressor
strain, it is necessary to have dara relating the eiastic,
creep and shrinkage properties under the same con-
ditionsj these data can be obtained from tests or bv
p.edicron merhodr as oi,cu,sed rn rhe rwo prerrou,
chapters. Shrinkage requires carcful keatment since. lor
example, wher a member is restraired. relaxation of a
compressive stress occurs due to both shrinkage and
Rclaxation and creep are two manilestatioffol lhc fact
that the relation berwcen srress and strain in concrete is a
iunction of time. As stated in Chapter 2, relaxarion is
usually defined as the variation in stress wirh time at a
constant strain, rhe behaviour being illustrated in Fig.2.6.
The problem or rela\alron i, of Lonsioerabte imporrance
in the design of p.estressed concrete structures and in
calculating internal stresses in mass concretc due to the
thermal cycle. Also, relaxation influences to a large extent
the resistance of concrere to cra.king due to shrinkage
and the redistribulion of stresses inhyperstatic srructures
subjected to movemenr of supports. In cases where thc
strain varies due to changes in restraint, the problem
becomes that of a varying strain history.
Relaxation tests show thal the loss of stress due to
relaxation js influenced by various factors ir a manner
similar to creep.1 2 For example, a higher cement paste
con tent increases creep and increases the loss of stress due
to relaxation, and both creep and loss of srress due to
relaxalion are approximarely proportional to the initial
stress/sirength ratio. The relaxation of a reinforced
con(,ele beam Jnder con.ranr dcflection h qualita vel)
the came a. lhal to- p.ain con.rete. Howcrer, rhe
developmnt of relaxation is fasier than that of cre.-p
because the stress is continuously decreasing.,.a.s Thi
relaiivcrates of the two phenomenawere studiedby Klug
and Wittmann6 who deduced theorericaliy that the half-
liie time (the time ar which one-half of rhe ultimalc vatue
has been reached) of the creep process is always larger
than the hal ife time of the relaxation process.
Methods ol calculation
Calculation of strain from stress and of stress from str2in
rnd the.olulron ot rhe parrrculdr Ldtc ot reta\dtron ot
stress under a constant strain can be accomplished by
variousmethods which are discussed subsequently.ln this
chapter the emphasis is placed on the relation between
relaxation and creep;rhe estimation of strain lrom stress
is presented in lurther deiail in Chaprer 16, which inrro,
duces the analysis of creep in structu.al members. In
the following analysis, creep is expressed as the creep
coefiicienl. o(,.,u r. ie creep dr an age r a, d p,opoflion of
the inir,alela.ric strdrn dr lhe Jge al applcdtion ot load ,o.
in accordance with lhe definition on page I91. In cases
where it is required ro express the loss o{ stress due to
relaxation as a function of time, a suitable creep time
expression (s? Ch. 11) can be substituted in thc ex-
pression relating relaxation and creep; some examples of
this procedure are given by Wittmann.T
In this and the subsequent chapters, the symbol for
modulus ol elasticiry of concrete 4 is abbreviated ro E.
Effectiye modul$ nethod ( EM nethod)
For a hislory o{ varying stress under condilions of drying,
the total deformation at any age, (r), is expressed as
Lrrl E -,.0,,, |tj.tl
where o(t) - stress,
6,h(,) : shrinkage,
and 4 : eflective modulus as given by:
- E(r")
"'- tt * oL,.,"tl tll'2l
where E(ro) = modulus of elasticiry at the age at first
application of Ioad ro,
and d(r,ro): creep coefficient ([12.2]).r
Substitutirs [1].21into [l].11, we obtain
dr) '[l t.rr,.ror]+1.5ll). ltJ.J.l
".,
r Alt*narivel],
d,!(,,,0) can b usd (tr2.ll).
 208 Prcdi.tion of stress akd strain under t)atling history. dnd rclaxatiat ol stess
It should be nored that the cmective modutus is based on
total load-dcpendenr srrain, i.e. exctusive ofshrinkase
Wl-en the_qlrail history \a-,e.. the .lre* \ gI\; by
rearrangins [1].31, so thar

:
"r,r i;ffiI: r"r,t -,,,r,1 03.41

. For the pa icular case ol prre rela\alron. lhe

oerormal ron
ro(dl Melhodofcai.u atl.n:
rs con,lanr {equal lo the rn;r ial eld,ric strajn
at application of load) and e.h : 0. Hence, f r 3.41 becomes

drr Ello) [.'(.o)l

I + 4btr.ro)LEr.or []3.51
I

P1,.,^1:Ill:
nlto) I +
I

t13.6,l
fh\t,t.) I
where R(r, ro) - relaxation ratio.
Eqlation [13.6] applies ro concrete which is in hygral
equilibrium with the surrounding environment and solhe
creep .oefficrent ab is thdr co esponding lo bacic creep
Howerer. r he,amc equJrron i. applcable ro relaxarion of
stress under drying conditions when rh inirial elasri.
strain is allowed to increase in accord ilith shrinkase. In
thi. cd.e. rhe (reep coefficienr i5 lhar correspondi;g ro
total creep d.
Ro.r and Seeds devetoped a rcta on berwrcn re-
ldraronandcreepinas'mitarformrorhar oiI IJol.anJ
they also allowed for the coniribuiion o{ shrinkage ro
rela\alion b) an e\pression of the,)pe:

Age days
,",0,]
",:i,#h[iffi
Using rheological models, Troste related ultimate
tl3.7l air. 7.i.1 ltelaxation ot st.c$ at a constanl sl.ain ot 360
calculaled by vanous medrods.a
r 10 6
d
str-ess due to relaxation to the ultimate creep, so that
f13.6'l becomes
ato:ffiao *fi,ao(,) + d.h(,) t13.91
n:" 1+ d"-
I

[13.8] For a variety of problems, [13.9,l can be solved but

when thisis not possibte a numericat method can be used.
where R- : ultimate relaxation ratio, such as that of England and Illston.ll Hete. two con-
and db- : ultimate basic creep coefljcient. secutive finite intervals of time are considered, Ar1 and
( lug and Wi
mann atso derived LIl.bl from r he sotuLion AI). in trhich lhe nean srresser are or and 02. re-
ol a Vollerra integrdlequation using the usualLreep_rrme specrively. and rhe chdnge in specinc rorai creep during
Lt, is llE(td x Ld. Hence, from t13.9,l, !i/e obtain thi
l. ycepr ror ojd con.rere. rhe I- M mcrhod F gene, aly un- rclation for the change in total deformationl
.arisldcrory tor rhe reasons giver on page 2'4-. atrhough
rl F srmple lo use dnd onl) a srngle creep rrme curve is o"=#loo*ho, o,)+ar,h [13.10]
required. Frg. r.i.l compare, rhe ob.erved Io.5 ot stress
due ro relararion sith rhal predicred b! this dnd orhfr shere A) and Ar.h .especrile changes in rolal de-
methods lormalron dnd shrinl\age during rhe lime inrer!dl Ar,.
U hen it r. desired lo calculate rhe stress from a knoun
hi.ror) of srrdrn. J tl.t0.l i, rearransed so thdr:
Rate of crcep n rhod ( RC nethod)
aonsrdenng the ca'e ot {ress var}i.rg (ontinuouslr
wirh
trme. the change of srrain r. grien-br rhe dijleienrrat
a"+fr-a"""
equarion dercloped bt Dnchingcrr0 Lp. t6.,ll). Rc-
I a6 1
[13.11]
arrangrng thrs equation, we obtain E(r.) E(,)
 Methods ol cdlculation 209

For relaxalion of stress. A:0, and so [1].111

f ".
E(rorlr; I
,, ^.hl u3.121
-;-_
Elt)
and, if the modulus of clasticity is constant,
6r E(ro)Ao,h
[13.13] Methodofca c!1at o.:
I+Ad.
Equdrion LlJ.lll applres ro rel.\dtion re'ultrng from
lolal creep and .hrintage. When concrele i' in hvgral 600
equilibrium wilh lhc 'urrounding en\tronmenl. i.e. rhe
case ot o.rre relaratiun. I tl.o I cdn be 'ol!ed dirccr ly sin(
dE(,) : d6.J0 : 0. Therefore,
dtl\
-' dp" . -1-d.(rl-0- lll.l4l a 4aa

Rearranging t13.141 and integrating vields:

f.r,|1 L*__. _._
loc"l ""r] E(r)
loc.R',.,or- rr;',i@,,,.,or. lrr.lsl d
l\'-.-.-

the constant of integralion being determined from the

condition , : to, and o(0 : d(to) when the modulus of
elasticity is constant, [13.15] reduces to
o 50 100
log" R(l.rol: dblr.lol. t13. r 6l Aoe
Thus. the relaxation ratio is direcdv relaEdro thebasic r'd,n t r
(hould be l,a ''?l .onrr-.on o' lnr.d o\ dr8e'e nerhod'
creeo coehcrenl ds sat lound by u hitney.r: lr deirednnp rnd rhcn incEa\ nenre$ " "
nored Inar L1J.l6l also applie' Io condirions of drving
when relaxation occurs due to total creep, i e. the initial
elastic strain is allowed to vary with shrinkage; in such a ( onsideUns cond ion' of hvsral equilibrrum. ior rhe
case. d is substituted for dh. inrrralelasuu rtrain ro'emaln conslanl, lhe lncremenl ol
Th; advantage of rhe rate of creep mthod is that only basic creep during an interlalof lime must be equal to the
one creep time curve is required but, for a variablc stress decreasc in elastic strain plus the crep recovered ai the
history, the method is generauy unsuitable (se Fig. 13.2) end of the interval, i.e-
becaus of the reasons Eiven on page 249. In particular,
rhe method underestimates residual stress after relaxatior []l.l8l
(se Fig. 13.1) because it negiects creep recoYery under a
decrea'ins stress.rl
#or"= ffi*0.1,,1
It will be noted thal [13.18] is analagous to I l].111. By
An emiirical relalion ber\reeD Ielaratron rario and
substituting [13.17] into [13.18] and integrating, we
cteep coefrcienthasbeen proposed which ailowsforcleep
obtain:
recoveryl by assuming that the creep recoverd in an
irtervai of time is proportionalto the decrement of stress
at the beginning of the interval Also, fo constant
'{1' |
1o*.1
- Ld('orl . 1og. n1,.,",
decrement of stress, the creep recovered is assumed to be a
corstani proportion of its limiting vatue, since' with an
E{r) I
II Frl
increas in age, the slower rate of recovery is oflset by
lonperinlervdls ol lrme. Ther a-umprrons arc ba'ed on
= t=++r.r*/.0" dht,.ol
lll,ion" findings,r' qhrch are disctssed in Chrprer 9 ll
lr p3.lqr
follows thal the creep recovered can be expressed as
and, if the modulus ol elasticity is constant,

dr(,): rr"p-do(,) u3.171 Trl

where d/(l) : crep recovered after a declement of strss
los" Rrr. ro' - Li--r...,,.r,.,",. l.l.)or

dd(r), As in the case of [13.16], [13.20] also applics to the case

ft = a constant, ol relaxalion under conditions of drying when the inirial
: elastic strain is allowed to vary with shinkage, i'e db
: d'
and r"e. limitlng value of specific creep recoverv'
I

2 10 Ptediction of siess and strain nnder uaryi g histoty, a d rclaxation of stress

If r"e- :0, 3.191 and [13.20] reduc to [13.15] and
[13.16], respectively, i.c. to the rate of creep solution.
The rectified form of [13.20] was verifiedl using data of
various investigators1 4.15 and i1 was found that a single
relation expresses relaxation as a function of creep, the
relalron beingsen,rbl) independenr oillpeot aggregJre.
mix proportions and storage environmcnt. For the latler
factor. relaxatio, masurements were bascd on a consl.n i
lolal strain after allowing for shrinkage as measured on a
companion specimen. The experimental data and the
overali regrssion line of the rectified form of [13.20] are
shown in Fig. 13.3, the empirical reialion being
frl
Iog.I .. 0.0q0 . 0680drr.,0).
. l-- LIl.2ll
where E(r) = rnodulus of elasticity during At.
Using this single reiation betwcen relaxation and the
creep coemcient, we find that, whereas the RC merhod
dr and dr: the mean stresses during At1 and Arr,
rcarly always urderestimares stress, [13.21] predicis
within t 15 per cnt of the observed value for a
stress to
period of testing of lour years.
Rate of fuv nethod ( RF nerhod)
The basis of this method is a division of creep irto an
of creep can be isolated; sumcient periods must be
allowed for the delayed elastic strain to be developed and
for creep recovery 1o be completed (Fig. 13.4b).
Essentially, lor a numerical solution, we use the same
procedure as for the RC melhod, i.e. we divide the period
of prediction into linite intervals ol time during each of
which the slrcss and themoduius ofclasticity are assumed
to be constant.l' Considering two consecutive intervals,
At1 and A/2, for rhe case of a varying stress history,
the change in total deformation As at the end of Ar, is
given by:
1a"lo.' o,) - -: Ad,
- -
Lttt L,
Lt,,) " r Acr' A..o flr.7)l
respectively,
Adr : change in 8ow coefficient during Ar, (flow
coefrcient: E(ro) x specific llow),
: A6"b chance in shdnkage during Ar,,
and Aed : change in delayed elastic strain during A/2.

irreversible component (flow) and a reversible component
ldelayed elastic strain). The influences ol inrrinsic and
environmental factors on thesc components were deter-
mined by Iuston,la and are dealt with in Chapter 9;
further details of these factors and of th RF method are
given in Chapter 16. Two experimertal curves arc re-
quired as shou,n in Fig. 13.4 so that the two components
As discussed in Chapter9, the change in delayedelastic
strain Aed consists of rapid and slow components corre-
sponding to the initial and subsequent development of
delayed elastic strain, the rates of which are proportional
to the the concurrent change in flow. Also, the limiting
values of each component are proportionat to stress-
Hence,lhe change in the delayed elastic strain is given by

i---

ls
.i#
frr^

(15)
^
0.5 15
creep coffic enid(r, b)

aio 1J..i. Compa.ison ol lhe logarithm olthe invers of fie relaiation ratio an.l creep coemcienl olconciele.l
 Meth(ds ol 4l.ulaliun )lt

75

a
50 d

E
,a
tr

! lvlelhod ol calculalion:

a
80

>51

'6
i ultimaie recoveryor lirniling delaved

,6

80
(b)

/,a,i{ l\aP_n(rra \enl.'on''r\e!'npo1''r'okailtur Fe

(a) Curve olciastistnin Plusceep

(b) Cnneol eP recoverY.

[9.a], i.. ,'. I t ( omoan.nr "'Ire Rl me.h'd \ l "r\er n"'h '" o'
Lro:lorCo,.,. d1){1 e-rd'"rn(io)o'r} .,;,;,;,,..,,;". Jtn,o,,.t.ic,.j.i1F n r.,,....r1.:4
+ lo,Cdr- dr)l1 - e tAi'/d(ro)o'r] [13 23]
l.xation- we obtain
where th symbols are as previoudv (see t9'31 and [9'4])'
r o, + Elr"\t^t,l - e ldcnErbrol Acsh

l' lll)sl
The same equaltons L
r J ' 2 2 l d n d l 13 2 1 can be u'ed
inlenal
ro calculate Lhe.rre,s rn lhe Irme Ar) uhen the
strain history is known Thus, the expression for t, For the case ol pure rlaxation, As.h:o in ihe above

j!+r", ll - r' r^or Eihra'rl the R f merhoJ F 'uperior to lhe RC and rN4 merhods
ac+
for predicting strain under a decreasing stress and re_
+ eo.{1 e tdc't'cdo't} Ae.n laxaiion ol itress under a constant strain' However'
Droolemi aris in predrcrrng rhe behr\iour oi older
e tro'E.o)o'r] I"i-*" Cr,. lo,. I isure' ll \ and I 1 b 'ho$ rome ol
fr*ffi*t"''tt
+ Cd,-{ I e t&n'(l")o,ll
'*"
England and lllston's rsults.1'

[13.24] InDrowd Dischiryet nethod ( lD ncthod)

A' a ,ImDlificalion ol rhe foregorng erpre"ion'' ir'1' -.rr,oa irn t'., timplficdtion of rhe R l- merhod
",
m that rhe de,aved ela{ic.l ain It d'sumed lo develop
Lnsland ani tllslonrr )latr Ihat Ihe varialron ol Ihe qiLh Ihe
i,iulus of elasticitv with time can be ignored and that i,.r,nraneou'lr'and rht'etore can be inLluded
,ii,i.tauru..'i,in.'" g.nce, rhe rule ot creep method d'
ii" n..r',en". ot a.iar.a eldstic srrain caD be repre'enred
hr a eroonent,al rerm insread of Ihe rdpid dnd slow lormularedbl DFchrnger.r cdnbeapptiedrnututhcreep
i.'r'. 'insle
ipptling these modificarion( ro the case or re- i\ replaced by lhe irrtersible componcnl lliowl'
212 Ptedntion oJ stress dnd strain undet uat !-ing history, nul rcla\dti.)n ol stress
stress lrom a hislory oistrain, we have:
,(ro)(Ao + i',(1 + d,-)
' ^r.J
t +dd.+Adf t13.281

and. for the parlicular case olrelaxation due to load ard

Melhod ol.3.r.t on: shrinkagc:
o1(l + dd-) E(ro)^lr"h t13.291
1+d.,-+dd,
When concrete is in hygral equiiibrium or when
relaxation accords with total creep only, [13.26] can
be solved analyticaily. Rearranging this equation, we
oblain
do(r)
[13.30]
oo
m;;1"'
:
Now, since ddr dd. intesration of the above equa-
tion yields:

log"R(/,ro): fll.31l
ffiao,"r
and, if the modulus ofelasticity is constant,

log"R(r.ro):, tl3.32l
r!;0r,,.r.
li may be recalled that, sincc

0 40 80 120 dd- : E(ro)cd- : E(ro)r"p-

Aqe days l.l2l
is idcntical with [13.20] with k l. :
Lr. 1J.6. Coopanson oI relaxarion ol srress calculaled by the RF As may be expected, the ID method is an improvement
oelhod and by other mcrlods.ll on the EM and RC methods, and is similar ill performance
to the RFmethod exceptin the early stages after a change
ofstress. A iurther simplincation o{the ID method is the
Implementation o{ the method can be achieved by assumption of a constant value of dd-(see Ch. 16). The
performance olthis merhod can bejudged lrom Figs. 13.7
introducing a lictitious modulus of elasticity 4 at ages
greater than,o whichis sivenby [16.20]. Recallirg [13.9], and 13.8.
ard replacins d by d', we obtain
Method ofs peryosition
The method ofthe principle ofsuperposition is explained
6ttt fr .h. f
"" ldoh).
d,r,)-
' E(ioldd' tllr(r) I Eko) d,""ll) on page 139. For a variable stress history, each stress
| increment produces a resulting deformation component
t13.261 conlinuing for an iffinite time, while a stress decrement is
(: Cd-): limitins value of specific considered as an incrementwitha negativesign. The total
where dd.iE(to)
delayed elastic strain-
strah is estimated by superimposing creep curves (and
shrinkage, il applicable) of virgin concrete. Thus, creep
If the modulus of elasticity is conslanl, the relation
fo- rordl deformrion ior a conrinuousl) vdryrng \l.e\\ timc data are required lor the various ages at application
of load at which an increment or decrment of stress is
hisiory under drying conditions becomes:
applied. and since the method requires a new creep curve
6(t\ whenever there is a cbang of stress, the amount oi
- (l
I

-. dd, Elrol
d.ir)- dll, dd , r d"(' r + d. ,"(/).
experimental daia can beconsiderable. The daia can take
the form of a creep surface'r (see Fig. 13.9), which is a
113.27) three-dimensional figure whos surface represents the
When the above differenlial equation cannoi be solved variation of creep strain wiih age at apptication of load
analytically, the numerical solution is given by consider- and iime since loading; a single creep cu e is represented
ing two consecutive finite intervals of time as for the RF by the intersectjon of the creep surface and the plane
method. Applying this procedure !o the calculation of defined by the age at application ofload.
 Methods oI calculation 213

138

Melhodol.atc!talion

Melhodofcatcutahof

t 600
I
t..t-?.-i

-: 400
rl\
'tI F; =;l=il \
\ ",*,*,."

[-r
,6
\o.\'- ooseruedr'l
I
"..q.1--J
:
200
i-!rL.-i
t_l_, )<:-i:; -"--
-;>-..-_
100 150

rr9. ,J.-. , ompan.on .t ni..n. .dtcrtdred fron , rsn-ble

nislory by rhe tD method and by oLher methuds
'6
61; 120
Age days
r,f /?8 Rda\arr,or .r.s. cdt. Ltired t ) rh. rD re.r <,dndt-y
",

,6

0 5r0 30 50 75 100
Time under oad - days
fir. /.i.9. C@p su.tace fo. use in the applicadon of $e pnnciple of s u perposi tio n.
, ,
214 Pretidion of *ress and siain u;det titltJii s histoty, and relaxation of strcss
In order to obtain the total delormation resultingfrom eslimated for decrements of stress. With the Trostle
a varying history of stress, a srep-by-srep procedure is Bazant'3 mcthod. a coclicient is Lrsed which allows lor the
usedin whichlhe variation in strcss is treated as a series of influence ofaging due to change ofstress. In Chaprer 16,
small finite increments and dcc.cments; specific creep the term we use is aglngcoemcient and, here, we shall refer
strains under compression and tension are assumed ro be to the TB method as the age-adjusted eflective modutus
equal ir magnitude. Summation ofihe tenns is achieved methodl3 because oiits ciose relation to the EM method.
by nnmerjcal inlegration of which there are several For a history ofstrcss under dryingconditions, the iolal
procedures (see p. 253). delormation at antr time r is given by:
Calculation ol stress lrom a krown history ofsrrain is
accomplished by rearrangement oflhccxpression for rotal {,):u_+"n(tt []3.311
deformation, and, as previously, relaxation is estimared
from the condition of no change in tolal deformation. whcrc r." : th asc-adiustcd trective modulus, i.e.
Figures 13.1 and ll.8 show that this meihod over-
estimats the stress alter relaxatio& although the pre, E(to)
diclion is superior to the EM and RC methods. A further
E.": 1 + "/(t.ti6i,tr)
t13.341
comparisoD with other methods is given in Figs. 13.2, 13 5, :
where x(r,,o) the asing coefficient.
13.6, 13.7 and 13.10. Themain disadvantage ofthe merhod
Substitution of[13.34] in [13.33] yields
ofsuperpositior is the requirement ofa larger number of
dr) : +
E(.J tr /(r.
r")d(r. ro)l + .."01. t13.35l
Tnst Bazant nethod (IB nethod)
Equation [1].151 can be compared wirh [13.3], which is
Full details of this method are given in Chapter 16.
Lhe eqLi\dlenl e\pre,sion ior rhe f \,t merhod.
Essentially. the method can be regarded as a modiiied
lersion ol lhe EM merhod to allow for the inlluencc of The aging coemciert depends onthe age at application
aging on creep.13
oiload to, thc tjmc under load (r,o) and the form of the
creep-time function. Values ofl(r,to) ranging from 1.0 to
A failin-q ol the EV melhod is the lact that, ai ages
greater lhan the age at application of the first load. ,o 0.5 with an average of 0.82 are preserted in Chapter 16
(Figs. 16.11 10 16.16) for difl'erent creep time functions
(for which the time-dependent strain is known), creep
and various ages at application ofload and various times
is overestimated for increments of siress and under-
under load.
When it is required tocalculate thestress fiom a known
lrGtory of strain, [13.35] becomes:
E(r")
o(t) : k(') ,""0)l t13.361
! + t{t, ro)d(,.,o)l
and, for the particular case ofrelaxation due to load and
shrinkage,

d1J : to(o) E(,o)lj.h(r)l

u3.371
[1 + l(,, ro)d(,,,o)]
When ,i(,) : 0, we have pure relaxation, i.e.
Melhodoical.rlation:
R(r,/") : i13.381
[1 + x(r. ro)d(r, ro)]
Here, the crcep coeficient d(t, ro) is that for basic creep
when there is hygral equili brium and is that for total creep
: 400 when the initial elastic strain varies with shrinkage.
'6

,9
E 2oo 1. BROOKS, J. J. dd NEYILLE. A. M., Relaxation of stre$
tr i. concrere and lts relarion to crcep, ACl J outtd1,73,197 6,
pp.227 )2-
LE CAMUS,8., Recner.fis Expiri entdles sut ld Delot
matiat du Raton et du Bitun Atni, Patt U, Difornotiots
Le,res, hstitut Technique du Bitiment et des Travaux
0 50 100 150 2oo Publlcs, Paris, 1947, pp. 1-19.
Age - days SHANK, J. R.. The mechanics otplaslic flow otconcrete,
/CI .Iorrnal32, 1935, pp. 1:19 80.
fid. /J.1r. Comtarison olsrrains calculated by various metnods lor a ROSS, A. D., Creep olconcreteuider variable stres,,4CI
J awhal, 54. 1958, pD.739 57.
 Relercn es 215

5. MCHENRY, D., Toward a gcneraked treatmenl ol de' 1,2 ard 3, April, Ma) and June 1965, pp. 513 17,692 4.
layed clasticity in concrete,.ABSE ?ublicatbL\, Na.26. 846 7.
lnterlatiordl Association tor B.idge aM Structu.al 12. WHITNEY. C. S.. Plain anC reinforced condete arches,
Engineering: Zurlch. 1966, pp. 269 84 ACI Jowndl,28. 1932, ?p- 419 519.
KLUG. P., and WITTMANN, F., The correlalion betweer 13. FREUDENTHAL. A. M., The phenomcnon ol stress
creep delormalion and slres relaxation in confiele. Ma- relaxation, Pro.. /ISTM.60, 1960. pp. 986 99.
terials and Sttuctut.s. Patis, 3, No. 14, 1970, pp.75 80. ILLSTON, J. M., Tie delayed elastic delormation of
1. WITTMANN, F., Uber den Zusammenhang von Kricch- concrete as a coftposjte maletidl, Proc- tnt- cohl: an the
verlormung und Spannungsrelaxalion des Belons, Seror- tru, tLH 4 t n,t.tp.aemenl and( oncrele Aso!iaLlon
utul Srdhlbetanbau.Mat.h 1971, pp. 63 5. London, 1968, pp. 24 36.
ROSS. A. D. and SEED, H. 8., Discussion on shrilkage 15. ROSTASY, F, S,. TEICHEN. K. Th.,A'd ENGELKE. H..
and creep in concrete, Proc. Sytup. an the Shritkos. d d Bebau 2tt Kldru lt des Zusohtuenhanaes aon Ktiechen
Crdckihu ol Cenentite M a|./,als, The Societl ol Chemical Md ReLaxation bei Namolberon. Otto Graf Institut, Uni-
I.dusiry: London. May 1946, pp. 40 l. veruily of Sluttgart, 1971, 128 pp.
9. TROST, H., Spalnungs-Dehnungs Gcsetz eines visko 16. NIELSEN. L. F., Krieclren und Reiaxation de! Betom,
elasthche! Festkbrpen wie Bcton und FolSerungcn fiir Beton- Lhtl Stdhlbetonbau. 65, 1970, pp- 212 5.
Stabtragwerke aus Slahlbeton uld Spannbeton, B.or, 16. 11. MCHENRY, D., A rev asped of creep in concret and ils
No. 6, 1966, pp. 233 48. applicarion to design, Prr.. lS?M. 43, 1943, pp. 1069
l0 DISCHINGER, F., Unte uchungm iibcr die Knicksi 84.
cherheit, dic elastiche Verformung und das Kriechen des 18. BAZANT. Z. P.. P.edictio! ol creep eflecls usirg age
Bton bej Bogerbriicken. Det Batihqenie*. la, \937: adtusted effecnve mod!1us m erhod. ACI Jour a|.69,1972,
No.33 4, pp.487 520iNo.35-6,pp.539 52iNo.39 pp-212 11-
p!.595 621.
'10
19. I ROST H Au.qi,LLn8e I de' SupeTo rrron.prin/ip\
11. ENGLAND. G. L. dd ILLSTON. J. M, Methods ol ,nf krie.h- und Relaxalions Problebe bei Belon und
computirg stress in concrete from a hisloty oi measured Spannbeton. a.Ior- lad sI ahLbetonbtu,62: No. lo, 1961.
sldain,Citil Enuiweting dnd P!61i. I4lor(5 R2,i.s,60, Psrts pp.230 8t No. 11,1967,pp.261 9.
Chapter 14
Rheological models and
damping
The siud-r ofihc relalion behveen slresses and strains in
themost gencral sense is called rheology Theoreticai idcal
bodies with strictll defincd rheological prope ies hale
been postulaled, and these can be combined so as io result
in rheological behaviour similar !o that ofreal malerlals.
As far as concrete is ooncerned, a number of attempts
have been made ro simulate lime-deformation by imagi-
nary rheolo-sical models consisling ol elemcnts. each of
qh.h epre.cn'. r 'oecil'. Jrlo'malional cnrrarlefl\.i.
of a givencomponeni or phase of concrele- This approach
is Lareely empirical and its success depends upon the
ability ro assign a speciiic part of thc deiormation ol
concreie ro a glven elemcnt of the model. ln other at_
jemptr. a number ol rheological elements arc combined
simplt ro approumale the observed olerall deforma'
!ional pariern \ri!hout regard 1o their physlcal signiii_
cancc. The laiter approach is lird more than a melhod
ol Iitting in an equaiion, and ils uselulness lics mainly
in lacilitating the setting up and lhe solution ofdifferen-
tial equalions invoiving time. stress, 3nd delormation,
or their derivativcs with respect to time. The soluiions
ol these equations ]ield deformation as a lunction
of stress and time li.e. thc creep equation) or siress as
a iunction ol dclormation and timc (i.e. the relaxa-
rion cquation).
Elements ol rheologlcal models
Thc idealized deformations which are used to build up
rcal behaviour are elastic, viscolrs, or plastic, and are
represented by a spring, a dashpot and fl lriction element,
re.p<rl.\c /. I he bodie. {rh tre.e ide-l h.learprope-lie.
are referred to as Hookean solid, a Newtonian liquid, and
a St Venant body respeclivcly. we should emphasize that
ihese mechanical devices do no more than reprcsent the
deiormalion bchaviour it is nol suggested that lhere is
any behavioural similarity between a rheological element
and lhe mechanism of deformation of a rcal material. [n
fact, rheological modcls represeni physical properties of
continua and are, iherefore, concerncd with the macro-
scopic point of 1ic$ on1y.
In addition !o the basic elements spring, dashpot and.
less ircquenlly. a friction some of the more
elcmenl
elaborale rheological modcls also use other mcchanical
devices such as springs movrng in dashpois wilh dash-
pot walls cxerling friction on the spring, unidireclional
da.hpor.. 'urpr.on element.. and 'elc ol <pnngr gr\ ng
way under different load lvcls. The use of these ad-
ditional elemenis rccognizes a departure from sinrple
visco-elasticity, for which springs and dashpots are
A perfectly elastic body is one that exhlbits completelv
reversible dcformarion. Il the load'deformalion relation
islinear. the body is represented by a linear spring with an
t14.ll
where:( : extension ofth spring,
{: its compliance,
and P = applied load.
lf an elaslic body is non Hookean, the sprirg is
non-linear and thc equation is
r: I(P) t14.21
$ith r :0 for P :0. Thc funclion f (Plis single-valLred.
Ir is clear ihat during a loading and unloading cycle of
an elastic body no energy is dissipated. the work done
being stored rs potential energy.
An ideal viscous body undergoes a shear deformation
a1 a rale which is a function of the appiied shear stress.
The deformation does not give rise to any potential
energy, all the work being dissipated as heat. Thc me-
chanical device representing an ideal viscous body is a
dashpot,with apistonrnoving through afluid oi viscositv
0. Unde. a sustaincd ioad P the piston moves with a
velocity di(/d, such that
t14.31
d,
uhere r : displacement ofthe pision.
The value of I in a Ncwlonian liquid is constanl; in
general it nccd not b so.
An ideal friclion elemcn! is represented by a block
resting on a flai surlace. when a force is gradually applied
to the block, no nrovement takcs place until the force
rcacbes the static friclion value. Thereafter, movement
takes place wilh the friction being indcpendent of the
displacement or its rale. This element can bc used to
simulate a yield point.
Basic models
The basicelements described inthe prcceding section can
be built up into rheological models ol varying complexity
There are two basic models knoun as a Kelvin (or Voigt)
 Basic nodels 217
Since' -owhenr 0 rhecorutronoiLl4.4l rs

t14.51
wherc rl(: :
dr) rerardation time, represenling the time
required for the deformarion !o attain a value eqlal ro 1/e
ofils ultimate magnitude. The value of a, is equal also to
the iime in which the ultimate deformation would be
reached at a constant rate of deformation equal to the

t initial value.

I
Figure 14.2 shows thc deformation under a sustained
load and after its removal: luU rccovery is approached
asymptolically. For this reason, a Kelvin model repres-
ents thephenomcnon ofdelayed elasticity. and indccd rhe
behaviour is essenlially elasric bui with time-dependencc
due to the presence of a viscous body sharing tbe load.
If the elemenls of a Kelvin model are nonlinear thc
shape of the delormation time curve would change bul
the general behaviour is similar.
(a) (b)
Iis. .U.? Basic rneological models: (a) Kelvin mode! (b) Maxwell

Load sLslained Load removed

model(or body)and a Maxwell model (orbodylshownin

Fie. I 4. I . In the Kelvin model, the spring and dashpor are
in parallel so that they undergo the same displacement,t
thelolal iorce on themodel beingthesum ofthe forceson
the individual elements. In a Maxwell model, the spring
and the dashpot are in series so that they take the same
1oad, thc total displacement being the sum of displace- 9
ments of the two elements. We may note thar. since no E
force, however large, can cause a finite insranlaneous
de{ormation of a dashpot, a Kelvin modei alone cannor
represent any elaslic deformation or relaxation. (The
direction of the force applied ro the model is immaterial.)
Let us consider the Kelvin modcl in some more detail.
When a load is applied suddenly, the element exhibirs
0
no instantaneous deformation but, ifthe elements are lin-
(a)
ear, the deformation incrcases with time exponentially.
Initially, all the load is caded by the dashpot bur is
transferred at a decreasing rale to the spring. Ai infinite
time, the spring would carry the entire load. Thus the
deformation of a Kehin nodel approaches asymptori-
cally a value equal !o the instantaneous deformation
of the spring a.lo.,e, yiz. Pa. Thc rheological equation
of the modcl is

p:1,-*,,9!
i.e.
s

":i.'*,
E
t14.,11

The properties of the elements are indicated in

Fig. 14.1(a), d denoling compliance of the spring and ,
viscosity of the dashpot fluid.
O Tirne i
(b)
air. 1r?. Delomatio.al rcsponse of basic rh.ological modeh:
I r. aI nodeh, an), honzonhl am is a$med 10 nove parallcl ro iisell: (a) Kelyinmodelr (b) Maxsell nodel.
 2tA RhealoOicdt tuotlets dnd dahpihlJ
(^n.idcring nok a Va\$(t mode, $hrn a ,oad rl
spp icd rh( e\lcn.ion oI the .pnnE i, \ _ ,p.
uhcre d
r' lhe (ompljancc o he,pnnC. The uetorm ,on Jt rhe
dashpot Irocecds at rhe rxte
dr.
she e, - \i,co.ir) or rhe,iqurd rn rteddshnor.
I he roral dclormrrlon oi th( body is
S;nce the load carried by the two elemcnts
in series is the
p:]1:,,1!
rdr
Hcnce, the differential equation oI the model
is
&"+t:dl
It can be seen rhat if the value of r is largc.
\.cos ) ol rh( da,hpor r\ hrrh. d N,t,rr$ejt i.e. the
nod(l J.)n flolicdl') to an rncljned .lrniChr tine on a de-
dcgencrdre\ inr!, a Huo\edn 5p ng. On rhe orhe.
lo lnu \Jlue o./. r.e qhe lne \pri1g i, vcry ,lirj,hinJ,
thc
'rooet detsenerule. ro a dr.hpor.
Srnce ils dcformrrion
'.,unlimrlcd. lne MJiwell morlet e*enlirl,v repr<ien.\
J lqLrd. figur( J:l.2rbr \hos. the beh"\i;u, under i
'u.rained l,'"d and dtler rt. remo!d,, $e (an \ce rhar d
pe-m'in:n .,1eformd'ron rema,n,., rt rhc spfiIg non-
-nd Ba arc nor cquat^lo one
rne"r. rhL dr.placcment, O \
-lorhcr. dnd iLhe oa.hpul i. non-,rner. rhe .rne AB ,\
curved
lf a Mxrwc I mudet r. .ubtecr(d tn I i,inslrnl d(-
ro malron .r e\hib,r. the prope
or d,:0, rrtollo$s lrom []4.0l rlar i ot .cl.r{d on. sin(c
where Po;s the imrial load. Thus rhc relaxation js
exponential and is complelc afier an infinire rimc
(Fig. 14.3). Equation [14.7] can also bc wriuen in
rhe form
P = Poe 't' tra.Tla)l
wherc ,r (: dr) is called ihe .claxation rime ofthc modcl
and rcpresents the time in which ihe slress retaxes 1() I /p of
,r. olpinil rd'ue. Tltr \4"\wctl n.Jet i. rhL, u{cfr,
rn
relamlion problems.
The Kclvin and Maxwell modcts can be used ro build
up rore (umpi.\ 11.det,. tn .ni, (onre\r,. n Fotared
'pnng urr dJ.hDor crn b. reC.. -d.d d. J Jegerrr. e Frodet
o erlhcr lvpe. lh< mo{ ba.ic built-up modct is thc
BIrtser. nuder,.r bod) I $h,Lh i.a.. re. ro,nb,nrrion rf a
KeJrn mod(l dnd a Md(set mude ,Frg. r4al
Tl( deto,maro .ecpon.e oi,r Burgcr\ modct i. a
"l
'unr ol re.nun'e' ulir. t ctr in 1nd Va\upt,comfl,nenr.,
as shown in Fi-q. 14.5. Thus, when a susiained load is
applied to a Burgers modci, an instantaneous deforma-
[14.6]
rion rdkc, plJ.c. tottoweo rr, J rrme dependenr deiol
malror rlcrei\rng ar a dccrearng rdLe anJ rending
lo,_narion trme dragran {trg. t451. On removdt oI
loJd. dn,n5l:rnldneoJ. reco\e"\ ruke,
ttuce. tollosed h)
,rne-depcndenl rero\ery c(pon(nriat) approachrng " J
hon,,onrd, sr.arghr l,no A parr oirheditornarron under
oal i. not reLo\ereo Th , lhe bchar.our.,r r Burfer"
model is qualitatively simjlar to rhat ofconcrerc.
Rct rirg ro I rg. ia.). ter u. u,e.ub.cflprs k Jno \4 ior
rhe Kel\in and M.r\u(jt compone . ie,oecrrrelr A.
belore. J reterq lo a da.hpo and . ro a spring I hen.
ror a

1t4.71

rrs. /r J. Retaxation ofa Max*ell nodet ar a consranl detotuation F g.l4.r. Burgen modet.
 Mo.lels far contrcte 219

ol the two Marwell modcls in parallel are unequal, the

behaviour oi the combined model is similar to ihal ol a

l,t'no.f oip,.rr.r.o.p,.r \ cJ n be.cr up bul Reiner

has shownthit thesecan alwaysbereduced to one of four
canonicforms. For a full treatment ofthis topic the reader
is rcferred to Reiner's book, Daformation, Stain a d

i/lodels lor concrete

E
Valshnav and Kesler3 consider that for at least a quali-
talive simulalion ol rheological behaviour ol concrete
subjecicd ro asustained stress and then unloaded, a model
should have the lollowing characteristics:
L initial set on applicalion of load, partly constant and
prrtl] srrccs dePendenr,
2 rnstantar)eous elrstrc de[ormrtion.
12 Tr.e I :l delaved-elastic deformation.
Fi!.1, j. Delormationllrssponse ola Dursers nodel 4. acrecf proprrl) depJndent un 'rre" "nd rine'
pre_
5 a pcrn-ranent rirrecoverrblcr l;me oenend(nl 'el
d.,min"trn! at stres!e. near,nq I Lr( !rlllmalc,
Burgers modcl wirh linear coefficienls 6. inslanianc;us elaslic recovery,
I (.v:rv dt,. 1 \r+rr drr ?. delayed clastic rccovery, and
P: .r=
ol - 8. permanent residual deformalion.
'K The conditionsll) and 12) can be combined and (5) can
be rErored uhcn con.rderrng loaJ.'n r\e
q^-king
'r-e-
\:r.!+rdM+x( ,,n;e lr'ecm'Lhar lhe beha\iour olconcrcte rn rh(earl)
sta;s aftcr applicalion ofload can be approximatcd bv a
x.i'in moaet and the hter behaviour bv a Maxwell
model. Hencc, in qualilative tenns, a linear Burgers model
r:Pa^,+1+P},tl e r'*, t14.81 can be used todescribe the deformation ofcotrcrete under
a sustained load. HoweYer, the quantilative agreement
wherc rrKl= r,(1K) is the relardatioD time of lhe Kelvin bctween the deformation ol a Burgers model and the creep
model. bchaviour ol conc.cte is not good because a Burgers
Il the load on the Burgers modcl is not constant with mooe, rmntie. an e\ponclrirr KJt\rn re.pon.e wrlh a
lime. rhe dlormation is given by the differcntial equaljon conrlunt relarJ-lron lrne, lLok,rl. and an rnFnile
l \4ars(rl c-eep. r rv. lr redlir). rhe Kel\in rc'non'e
' I J' I appcars to be exponcntial but not with a constant
P,..
' '" lr" ,' , ', ,.
d,. )r,r L, L. '.,^ ".. I ritardation lime, and the Maxwell part also probably
lcnds toward a limiling value.
[ 14.9]
Let us. iherefore, consider the case where th re_
On removal of load from a Burgers body. thcre is an tardation timc ol th Kelvin-type response (which is
instantaneous recovery du to the Maxwell spring. fol_ defined as ,1 jn the equation r : c-[l exp(-ll'1)] is
lowed by an erponential dclayed recoverv duc to the time-depend;nt. An dppropriate modei mav consist of
Kelvin model. lending asymptorically 1(r the value ofrhc several kelvin rnodeis in serics, having retardation timcs
original Kclyin deformalion on Ioading. There will thLrs varying by one or more ordcrs ofmagnitude. This would
rcmain a permanent deformarion cqual to the deforma' providefor rapid early creep or creep recovry. Because of
lion olih Maxwell dashpot on loading. ihe progress ofhydration ofcemenl paste under load, the
Thc Burgers model shows thc property of stress Maxwell dashpot should be taken to be of ihe age-
relaxation. For a constant deformation -x, the relaxation thickening typ; with iniinite viscosity at infinire time'3
of load is gi\en by This mav mean afinite or infinite creep,dcpending on the
law govcrning the age-dcpendence olthc viscosity ofthe
I r., ]r rr ero [ _ r_l fl4.10l M ax\,!'ell dashpol. The argumefll is, ofcourse, the same as
r!+l)k L trKlLM+'r)_l that applied io creep expressions ol Chapter 11: for
Other con]binations ol Max\!ell and Kelvin modcls are ..r*p'., n po*.t lru ol line_depcndence ol vi'co'rl)
\4r'\e'l nodel..onnLcred in 'cr e: or in lead. ro innar.e crcep $hi'c an e\ponenLial '"$ lclld' lo
" 'o r,*d lqo finile ultimate crecp. ifit is generally belicved thatcreep ol
parallclbehave in ihe samcn1anner(i.e. qualitati!elv) as a
single Marlrcllbodt H owe\er. \vhen the rclax.rion times concrete tends to ; finile limit (see page 182), the law for
,0 Rheoloaitul nadels ntl (lampin!
the Maxwell dashpot should be such as to saiisty rhis re- the Maxwell response at latr times, and obtained good
quirement. The Kelvin part, as already slarcd (page 217). agreement with crccp rcsults for concretes lor wbich the
has a iimiling creep. fitting was done.
Such a modiEed Burgers model, derived by Vaishnav We may note that, in gene.al. non-linear models are
and Kesler,3 is shown in Fig. 1,1.6- The viscosity ol the dimcult to solve analtllcally, and it is usually preferable ro
Maxwell dashpor is ol thc iorm usc lincar approximations.
I Over thc yars, a number of rheological models o[
uM::.& varying complcxity. mainly based on the visco elastic
concept ol concrelc, havc been developed by various
:
where 1.rt viscositv at Tero time, workers. and some ollhese will now be reviewed.
and 1// : a conslant governing thc ratc ol decrease of Ross's modela was the first one devised to appiy to
Huidity. concrete. The modclconsists ofa containerwith a porous
piston with a spring abolc and below. the container in
On the grounds that retrrdation time of the Kelvin
which the piston moves being filled with a viscous fluid.
model may be takcn as proportional to thc square root of
The system is shown in Fig. 14.7 and is. in fact. equivalent
time. Vaishnav and Kesler3 write the vis.ositv of rhe
!o a Kelvin model with a spring in series. Il lhe com-
Kelvin dashpot
pliances of the top and bottom spdng are tr. and a"
,,|2 respectively, and ? is a measure ol fluidity of the liquid
(inverse oldynamjc viscosity per unit length oldashpol),
lhen rl-e ,tflrcxron ol J n (,, d produces ar rnstanrJ-
where tk: a coellicient controlling the changc in re- neous deformation .r:
oa.- Ii the load is sustained. a
tardalion rimc. progressivc deformation ofthe second sprjng takes place
and U(. : uhnnaie speci6c Kclvin creep. unlil thc total deformation becomes o((. + ("). A1 any
time r after application of load the total deformation is
The compliance ofthe Kelvin spring is laken as equal to
rl. .p.Lil. L ul]arc Ke'Un.reen. e. ir - I .: otd. + a.(t . ,!rl [14.12]
The erpression lor specific creep is rhen ^-
On removal ol load there is an instantaneous recovery
i'1., followed by a gradual recovery. To simulate irre-
." I,ll crpl p(rrlll .'"tt ?t) ll. ll coverable deformalion, an opposing stress o, is assumed
to acl on the piston during the reversemoiion. Ilihe load
Vajshnav and Kesler3 fitted, by lrial and error, the
consiants 1o [I4.111, taking advantage of the fac! that
the Kelvin response governs crcep at early shges and

-:-
:=
==-
E=
-=
-==4
-=
-
===

4,, 1, ,. M.dined Bursersnodel.r tia. /r.7. Ro$'smodela

 Madels lbt conIete 221

ir, the recoverabl slrain q rs Othermodels of FliigBe are modifications as far as tbe
is removed at rime
variation in the viscosity ol the dashpols with time is
.,- n,l\o - 6,)e li n\qc oe 1114 + o,1' conccrned. Cood agreement of the behaviour ol Fliigge's
Rossa assumes shrinkagc to be equivalent to an inter_ mod61s with the actual creep behaviour of concrete was
nal stress a,b (re Fig. 14.7), so that shrinkage at time is ohtained but. of course. themodels were fitted to specific
given by
' corcretes. There was awide variationin the values of the
constants wilh the type of concrete, siorage c'nditions'
and ase at aDDlicxtron ol load.
Hcnce, the total deformalion when both shrinkage and o"!.r H.r*"' rheolosicdl models'i' shoqn in
applied stress are reckoned from lhe same instant is Fig. 14.9. The various elements are assumed to corre_
to ce..n' \oid' and agercgdLe 'and 'hu' an
pdsrc.
6: d"J4"(1 ? 4'/"r. 'pind
ox. + (o + f14.131
"i".",,' *"a. i".orr.ldre rhc ph){calcomponenti ol
The Ross model is suitablc as a 6rst approximatior 1(r rhe con(rere wirh rhe p.r'1. ol lhe model which i' more
creeDof Loncrele bul doe\ nol provide lor reld\dlion o[ than the usual search for overall agreement of deforma_
stress. I urlhcrmore, Buetlner and Bhav'ars ha\e sho$n iions. This model is substantially similar 10 Fliigge's
thdt lhe fluiJrl\ laclor in Ro\is nodel N nol constsnl' __'i"tf".
model.
Fldpse' dev;loDed rhe,rlogical moJel'. seeking mrinl, toot part iD developing several rheological
,",".,iinr wi't .ioeri-enrat oaro of Dd\i' and DJ\is- moaefs.in aaaition to tfre moilified Burgers model already
,ia ot Ctan,itte.d One ol lhese models rc shosn in air"u"."a. ffr" n..t o"" of a Kelvin body with a
Fig. 14.8: it consists oi a Kelvin model in series with two spring "onsists
and a dme{hickening dash-
dr:hDol'. one ol tthich lAr ha' r con.ranl !,]sco\rr)' !nd
"t*1.-.ott";.g
,"i.it I i I l..i,,rg..,,plancc I' in!er'el) proponional
i" *t'i"t t raken place Jnd rhe \ i'cosir)
rhe other (B,a vrsco.rly in(rea'ing wrrh 'he square ol
rrme
fhe da'hDr,r ol lhe kelv n model has a coelllcienr of "."" ^.ir'."i)
.i ir'. ir.t ror i' a po$er luncLion of rhe lime durrrg
visioir) inLrea.rnglinearl! \'\ith rime. I he\pringFl;near which creep has beel measured,'l hus lhe coetrcienli "re
$rth a complianle flk. a* : dra and u" - ur//
Reterrine Lo lig. 14.8. tre can obsene lhal undcr "
siets o. the detormdl;onr ol lhe da'hpol B and
"nn.L.nr
ot the Kehrn comoonenl urlimaler) altdrn fin're \alue''
road Howe\er'
rrz " tlr tand o:., u here, is lime under
the detormarion ol dJshpoL A conrrnue\ Io incredse
indefinitely at a constant rate.

air.11.9. tlansenimodelq
Fia. 14.3 Fingge: model.'
222 RheoloaicaL models and (lamping

where d, : compliarcc of the spring at unit deformation, application and removal of load, the iormer model can
,L:dashpot coefncient when the time during simulate creep and creep recovery only.
which creep has taken place is unity, The nodel described by [14.14] is of interest in correla-
and l:aconslanl. tion ol creep and damping characteristics of corcrete.
Figure 14.10 shows the model suggested by Cowan.t'?
The crcep time relation of the model is giver by This consists of a set of brittle springs (with graded
rupture strengths)in serieswilh iwo Kelvin models, one of
114.141
which has a dashpotwith a non-return valve. This results
shere..:l /o I/a.\/
'll I \I in non-recovery of some of the time-deformatior The
'\,1 /\r a/ model was primarily devised to represent the stress-strain
response of concrete loaded at a constant rate of strain
Thus creep is a power function of time.
and is of interest mainiy in that respcct.
The second model of Chang and Kesler's is a Max-
Freudenthal and Rollt3 constructed their rheological
weil body with a stress-softening spring and a tjme, model in an attempt io.ecognize the various phenomena
thickening dashpot.lo'11 The expressions for the spring
contributing, in their opinion, to creep, so that compo-
and dashpot coemcierts are
nents of their modei are identified with possible mechan-
u : uzo ar,d tM:alB isms ol the several postulated components of creep.
The model consists of three Kelvin models and one
where d, : compiiance of the spring for a sustained unit
Maxweil model, all in series (Fis. 14.11). The Maxwell

,r : dashpot coefrcient when the time during

which creep has taken placc is unity,
and B:aconstant.
The creep time relation of thc model is given by
c : cltl- a) [14.15]

wlere : "
",' lll -B)
Here again creep is a power lunctior of time. The
dillcrcnce between the two models is rhar. while rhe
second one can nmuldte creep and clasric delormarion on

Non.linear Kevin model

Non iinear Kelvin mode

Fig 7, r, Cowans nodel.rl aia. /,/./1. Freudenlhal and Rolh nodel.rl

 Models./it co 223
'rcn
'ine $ rh .l r \;.Lou' dd'l por rn r\e model' ol
course rhe u.e
mooe. ha. d l:near 'pnng and J dd'hpol lon 'r ti'cou'
resneLt Lo iorce dnd lr'ne lo'cp e\enr rhc lonf rerr \ I'co_
'"i"^ ir*.ll"",ol. a"ci rror ncce\raril) imo'ynr'h
n""-.,, p.*ci'..oO.a) be more rn acc'rd l\e
. "'L,c ,..oon.c ,n th.u' re'Lllrng'n rrrc(o\cr"ble 'rcep ;h'r;;i,h.""'"."" Jcrudll\ in\''r\ed'rIeco\eruFle
o." ,r,! fou'n moa.t' hr' a lincar 'nrrng drrJ J lilear L"'"". lrr,i.r, ,' h,. mh,r rn'r'e''.lrPL-e
rd'r"ho$' hr'
"r
a.'-lroo.io ,m ticco eld{ic rnleracrron in 'heal
i# *r,a=r,.'*t
*a flJ,d pFa.e' :n concrere lead'ng ro ' ..J.r. *
ll.r, ,.r',u' ", a 'prrnP 'rnd
' 'orpriorr elenenL
"i l"'1."1r...i,,.'o ire,.prc'enr rheeh\ri''cdcrron ol'h(
i*"r*"Lf" -*p (i.e. delaved elasticitl)'1rlThc second
non-er"porablc parr ot Ihe ')slim hile lh( \orplron
ii"r"i. *oaa it ,o.-Ll"ear wirh respect the applied ;i;".i;."'.'.",. r'." sl b)
r.,- "J *r'.'.r",t,. thorr-lerm c"r'olrdaLinn cllecl' 'urtaLes Phr ) 'epJ'"red r'
'.1'dLhrcknes''s'rp ro lo diarret
i,"i" ,"..[;..r,'. *epaBe' rhe r\rrd rnd d'r Kel\rn i"-J.".",'"e "",.,, "L.e
;"'.."'. rhe .orp ,on . remerr drFe sand rrom d
to force and ;;;;i;,
;;;i i*i". nonrinear- wi1h respect ro i..r,".i i, i^, 'r .on '1,;rrain J srJrir rorce in cin
*"*'."i' ir,.,,'.."'.'.ble LlctormarrL'n duerhc narrral')
cor'retc "i."l"i r", i.."'. r in rhc Jb'encL
ol a 'prinP rhe
i"'.," rnrcrnal re-diunren ' $irhin
;;". "ri'"
ih.l,',',"-*p.;Jnrs'r rrcudenrhdlanJ Roll' svstem.
o.t.f un.a Power'' noJe' lo'rlo$ [o lhJ
-.'*ra ro rncrir'ing torce' onli' $hrlc rhc orher ' B,r,",' ;lt r,difiusibl; I ro r.rkrn! rnro
".a., bolh rncrea'inU and derrea'rng l"rces
i",;;ii;" 'or,o' rn(aodiLro hc u'e' eirler J
rso
' reacl lo ,\'/ h.
ih;;p;;"., rreudenihal and Roll' model i' si!en ,...r^iir* a,n",,r't. ""Lc
l0r:
iJ;".r',,i".*.,.," va\sell(hninmodel{l is r/'ll\
by ro reDr(5enl rhe pl'){rdlcharPe' in lhe micro{ruclure rn
c: De BtNll ,i,,.) + ddK(l - e-,/',*) i.,-l , 'r,..,"a trra n. B^.\ moJel clr rrpre'ent J

+oa$-e't'-)+oa2\1 - e 't"') r14.161 cl'*el) d' derred b)

B: a constant,
""i, ".r,""".-
i'-",,-i..i.r''"rr,". numDer o, l'n"s ,n rhe chain 'he
where
to, rhc 'rdri'rr(r' nJrurc ol rhe
D: a constant with magnitude of unity but di_
1,
"r.,i"',."J.r "..-ounr'
;;;;";;4", rh.orprioF ercrenrs rrrrnde ed ad'orbeJ
time
mensions of
model'
[-i. ir,.,.,. Hor^cier. r ']rad'"nr'rge ol rhe Kel\i1
= relaxation time of the Maxwell
,1M that it applics to conditions of
+. t : is
ihe Kelvin "r.,1. -,ia-"iiri. r
"l
constan! waler contenr and in
ana,r,.,lr, ana t,, a." retardadon times of ,"a
""""i""i".p"*.*
.aaiii"". p.i.atof lime, erroneousvalues ol the
"i'i,r"and ri'co'irre' orrur uhith dc nol 'o-rc-''
l-n'. 'imotlncarion l$hich agrees wrrh bcha\roul o[ 'nrine moduh
.";;.,;;;i.r, bc rurther a"umed rhdr I - l0r', ii",'i "iiiir'.'rr,,''."' .hJrgc' rn rhe micr^' -r'r,c
:0r,,ona r, - xr r r(.50th:rr l14 lolbe(omc' 6; han'd, ,he ao' inrrgc or rhe Kelv n Jh"'n
rrr"-e 1o'rr1). ';.;ih.;
i"a"i-;. ilru, ,t."r-tt-in differential equations can bc
.:O"-,r,,1r s'i',.)+dd1(2-e I..i*A-*fri"t are useful for an explanation ol the
[14.17]
influence
" ol some factors on crecP'
that,rM, 1r and 11r are stress_ ;;;; of
; obtain a better r;prcsentation
It should be noted
rhe) (Fig'
'ctual
l4'13b) is
a.o."J.", tU al los 'tr<" nrengrh rJlio' can be
,""-a"i". d'" Maxwell chain model
..,'".ia.r.a.on.ron,. in $nich casc rhe node'become'
ii*"..ir," ""rr"' .t ,t'" coemcients have been rd
obtained
Rolli ' dnd
i., b) I 'eudenrhJl J
"rlia" '""r. "i "i*'
+o* g;oa ,g;...*, " 'rh '^me olhcr Ien' on creen anJ

- p;""..
creep reco!efy.
' .i,,i.ir". thc L'( or drshp'r' in rheolog'cal
m;dcls for concrcie as implving viscositv and non-
."""r"rrUiiity. and introducis a sorption element' Oi

(b)

air. ll.l: Posets'nodel

I'
,1 Rttoloqical models ant dam?ing
BaTdn cairc, ha, ,rom ,i:,:X.j:,;,T i'.lXI
,e\^nrmcndcd :il[[::.:l,,TJ;';.:""""11"]i;:1,1,,'l".illi'"
a-,i'|J.,'...^traindrRerenrrarequa'i:1f.1]];:""r;iih. u..",*,m",*',^,.."rbed\rarerr'propor(ronallothe
.u.i"'", jr" rhere ,. a connecuon b,$een
iu r in.e orer,rion o, chane.'r, 'hi ll'll'lliijr,i. rhe two
\xr'ablerempcraturcdnd"l'li:l;i;;:.1. ",;.,
i"n,.".-", .eem. pr sing d\ rheorogrca"ll:::l- *,r',o"".'r,*'r,,,*",(rutedirru'ioncdnrakeplacein
"".renL.
l hn 'r, l::Il:^ ;;'-;ix^,r"oritibrrum
of rhe tree enerev'
ili,iil.",',i.,,'**narurcpro\idcaphlncat '",''0" "'!i'"li,b'l[:iT[T:;]';[iJl:;.it"a"r"-iii"""r
i",il..i1*p,,.".'.*,','a*a , a,.is.no\\n
sorprion ercm-cl'l:':,.:;:i
Ano,he, mod''
o
'nvor!'nc "";,::i;i.j::*;;i;;.riri,.sor.p'ings,being,n-
;;;:i'r;,oporrion.rrrorhcdesrceorhvdtation'
r+.,+.rhemooer $hich dfpliell::",',;;";,:;;
rnrir 'b",1*.i,,r .reep ,eco\ (,) rdre-prdcebur I'
p..e on\. consi'r' "r '*a.
;;,,,'..,...".
Da'dr,cr. v. rhc \Ncou'
"' ''l*:;i:"ii.,;;
derormn"oq:'T:':;;;,;i .mrilerrhan nepecednr:,:T.:l]:il:r';':-Tl[lH
dr.hpotan.t ro"omero*ot ua
mu,.rr( drflu 'ion erernl' z.ld I lhe ela\Ir' cetL:.
".1*::r:"::il;:l'."'::illxll;:x",liiiiJ:."i'ili';i
*;:'l::L*si;. a.prings, ,o rep,e'en.h*t"':
::iJ$l[i;'.:::::':::''iiiT:l,T:-'Hl':]'.:H :;.;::";;ili;"u'pa' o'to"p'nc'rnnn'ra1tong
:ii;; ;;:;;;;'dl uhch represens ,':idt*:
exr'rins hnk<. Thi' ddshpor has a non-rerurn
!ar": l"' f::.'Xl['ll:::::;l'*:J::l''::'li',,::;;-Ti:l;
i lil'^^'ll''-- l{l the hourd F drr$n in oI
vi'cou' delo- \pr;nscrlis l4
',li-.^'so,rhar
'r.", ,l"i"i"'i.1. 1.,r,"*.
da,hDor rn pdraller LD., rep,e'enr' rhe
"J"li"i li.i,;.a *Jrer unre, ro md' dnJ ** ::$J:1TJ,L',illi'li;.,il; l;::;l;,""i, i.."i".
',
I'
"r
'''iiir-".".", ccll','1he cellcr con'drr'
-,,n'ns ruo 'orplion
.,-r,*, .{;;i;:l,lii* ,,;,i;"''l';f '*"1 l?:'iJi :.'iliL'll';::l 'JiJ
."I*i,.'"ii ,i ..i,a ',1,i,..'
ct
"':.1-,.^ "r il""*. smalt
,.p^
rhe rorc. rhe iircrron ur,t hr\e a finire.
rh d'p,ie,i road whir
ll.-il. Lii.l"lli
,o,ncroJd A.propo\edb,""""' '':;.;";ii;:;:
atd bv a rhrn rdver or f:'' l;;i,"i;; 8o,1 1-i.linn runc,,on "nd i,. nr\,
1116
r\\o:ol,o .L'rdLes 'epa ,'l|-1:,",::""::" ;", i",,",,. ir',. i,
, r,ncr,on,'
'rnglc
",ion
(ontrnunusl) rncreatinu and rr $rll ha\e a
hearinpad5()rbed$UIer'lheallangemen'oiC,dnd(r,de.ivcrl\earcLonllnuotl.,.lr
rosethe qilh 'pnng'S, dnd Sa rt 'uth tnl' ftua \drued and
'"at' one 'im'ring \alue n-o\ided lhd lhe 'um ol rhe lricrional
rh; srre.. on Cr and C- i" i" o'*.'ro" oppo'iit'io failurc load'
inoiher. rhe masnitude o' * -'ii'iiil'o i'li'"
r"'i"" & ' ""'i'der ot erements is equal to the

'n" "'**

r"
Fir 74.lr. Gopalatrishnan Neville and Ghali\ model

The model ol Fig. 1,{.15 consists ol several syslems
(oupled rogrlherciqcecrc.p. being. Jccord nglo fo--ojd
and Pae,,.r mo ecular in nature- t .n e\\entrall\ ,rrri*
lrcai phenomcnon. The elemenr. d'fer rrom one anor rer
in viscosity and frictional and elasticity coeiicienrs but
not in their intrinsic structure.
I he sld r i,rr rr dr,lrrbJl ion
^l nrength s irh rn con( ete
is represented by the unequal friclional coefficients ol thc
var iou. rou, elcmenl. in I ip. l4 15. With r n inc,ea\rnt
^r
axi al load, at some stage the frictional resistanc of a given
element is reached and the excess load is transferred to ihe
adjoining chains. This is analogous 1() the situatior when
a concrete 6bre in flexure reaches its ultimate strength.
Itis clajmed that the model oi Fig. 1,1.15 can describe
deformations due to shrinkage and swelling, as well as due
ro lo.d. A 'cJLcrion in rhe lelcl ot the lquid in a r<.er roir
exerts a suction force on the pistons. which will be
displaced. moving vith a negative acceleration, unril thc
load on the springs, due io their cxtension, becomes
balanced by the diflerence in pressure. Thus any difference
in tbc level of the liquid in the reservoirs will cause
damped movemenh ol the pistons, i.e. a slow deformation
indepenucnr ol rhe e\rer nall) dpplied to.ce. An rncrerse in
the ambicnt relative hunidity can be represented by an
increase in the level of the liquid in the reservoirs. and a
decrease in humidity by a drop in the level.
ars.l?.r'J. To[oja ahd Paq\ model.'r
to crete 225
Modelsfot
Th( irterconrecro'i be u(cI rhe diffe-e nr,r.n. rJn
represenl thc redistribuiion ol strcsses wlrhin the speci
men due 1o creep and shrinkage, but, because of an
absence of a lrc dashpot, relaxalion is not provided for
by the model.
In a springin a dashpot, which is extended by a iensile
load. only those spirals dellect which have overcome thir
lriclional resistancewith thecasing;theremainingspirals
-emJ,n undclecred. The rordl e\rei.rorr Jt rhe,pring i.
defined by equating the extemal force to the sum of
frictional resistances oi th spirals. lf fie applied force
overcomes lhe frictional resistance ol all spirals-failure of
thc clcment is deemed to have lakcn place.
Let X be the distance between the cxtremity of the
spring and lhc element of spiral dr. Let da be thefrictional
forceactingon this differential elemen t ol the spiral. Then
the total lrictional resistance 4,, or thc sum of all the
frictional forccs of a length of spiral X, is
J"r'ra'
This assumes that in the general case the frictional force
lunclion {(ri) is not constant along thc spiral but vades
continuously with the distance r.
If o is thc applied stress and Px is the force taken by a
,r
spiral section at a distance X from the end, then
a(r)dr:(' ar(x).
The value of 4 increascs with I,
while the iorce Px taken
by ihe difereni spirals decreases as the load is pro-
gressively lransmiiied to the conlainer through the fric-
tion between it and the spring.
At some distance & there is a section beyondwhichthe
spirals are unioaded, i-e.
o ar(xo):0.
The deflection of the spring in a dashpot is lhen
-: j" j-,o,*)"1
where a
"'*:'[""('
: compliance of the spring alone.
A more elcmentary version of the Torroja and Paez
modellr is shown in Fig. 14.16: this consists of an elasiic
spring in series with a spring transferring load through
friction to a casing,.and a similar spring in parallel with a
dashpot, connected in series to the first iwo elements.
The first spring represents the instantaneous elastic
response. When tension is applied to the second spring,
the spirals move in succession as the irictional resistance
with the casing is overcome, and rhe load on cach
successive spiral is smaller than on the preceding onc. OIr
removal of load, recovery takes placc but as the free end
of lhe spring is approached each successive spiral will
contracl lcss. so that there is some irrcoverable de-
formation let altcr remolal of load.
The time-dependence of deformation is introduced by
lhe quasi-Kelvin element (Fig. 14.16) but since the dash-
pol i, non-linerr wflh re.pec to .tre,,. an rncrea.ing
226 Rheolosical madels arul danpins

I number of spirals is stressed under an increasing load. i.e-

therpnngcanbe." dlo.o[len. lhedelormationrncrea'e'
to an asympiotic value but this value is not proportional
to theapplied stress. The limiting dcformation is the same
as if the load were applid instantaneously on a system

t without the dashpot in the quasi Kelvin model.

Movement warer is involved also in Bjuggren's
of
mod1,13 shown in Fig. 14.17, which takes into account
t+r shrinkage as well as creep. The elemenls A. B and C
represnt respectively the elastic, plastic and viscous
t=t behaviour, while D rcpresenls shrinkage. The equilibrium
position of themeniscus in the telescopic capillary tube of
D is deiermined by the rela.ive humidity within hydrated
cenenr f,a.re. I he cdpilldry [orce gr\c. ri.e ro Ienrion
between ihe tubes, which increases with a decrease in the
diameter of the meniscus. BjLrggren assumesthat both the
applied load and the capillary force cause elastic, plastic
and viscous deformalions of the hydrated cement paste.
Under comprcssion by a lorce P, themeniscus rises and
the shrinkage lorce decreases by AP". Therefore the
observed deformation corresponds to the force (P -
AP,),
butAP.can be disregarded when the meniscus is al lhe top
ais 7, /6 Elemenhrymodel oiTofq!and Paez'r or at thc boltom ol the capillary 1ube. As hygrai equilib-
rium is disturbed by the application of an external forc,
water eraporates from the capillaries until equilibrium
is re-established.
Let us now consjder the two models proposed by
Glucklich.''q The first of rhese, shown in Fig. 14.18,
consists ol two Kelvin models in series. connected in series
to two springs with a varying frictional resiraint between
them. One of ihe Kelvin models contains a non-return
valve. The slipping of the ends of ihe sprirlgs represents an
irreversible deformation on application of load. Thc creep
deformation is due !o the Kelvin models. one of which
provides for reversible, and the other {or irreversible,
creep
I he.ecoad rheoloqicdl modelol Cluck Lch,'".hown in
Fig. 14. 19, consists of a set of 'frictioned' springs (as in the
iirst model) connected in series with a quasi-Kelvin model.
The spring of the quasi-Kelvin model consists of another
1, scries ol frictioned sprirgs. Thus a part of the creep
delormation is reversiblcbut theirreversible part o{ it is a
function not only of stress but also ofdeformation. This is
1 a considerable meril of the model in view of the influ-
ence ol bolh of these parameters on creep rcovery (re
page 153).
Figure 14.20 may also be of interest. It represents the
behaviour of concrete based on tests in torsion.2o

+ Ishai'?l suggested a model for a quantiiative description

of visco-elastic creep in torsion. Since Ishai believescreep
10 be due to water migration in concrete of three orders of
magnitude, the model con sists of three K elvin m odels and
1' of a linear spring, all in series (Fig. 14.21). The general
rheological equation is then

t:xtts+r,tKll e r/"')+ra"l1 e'r''')

I14. ll./7. Bjugeren\ oodel:13 + 11(111 e !!') f14.181

B elastic delomation: I wedge, 2 .la{i. claNi where ] : angular delormation per unit lenglh of
C feepr l.losed cylnder,4nuid,5 porous pistoni specimen,
D l elescop ic capiuary lubes.
 Modelsfor (oncrcte 227

iia /r'./8. Glucklicht n^r nodct '!

li, /?./9. clucklich's secondnodel lr

r : maximum torsional shear stress.

r : compliance of the spring,
lr(:m) : retardation of Kelvin element.
, = viscosity of Kelvin element.
and l : time since applicatjon ol load.
The subscripts H andK refer to rhesprinsand the Ketvin
models respectively.
Thu' rhe generdl creep equJrron reqLire\ $\ rheo
rogrca paramerer\ dnd on( lor thc In,lanlaneouq
detor-
mation: flH, ukr1sK2, d(r, ,1, D, and ,3.
The rheological equation of a single Kelvin model is
y,-?,.(1 e '/")
where l, : time-dependent anguiar deformatio&
and I'. = limiting angular deformation.
By taking logaithms

I
La. /, ?0. Glucklich and hhai\model iorcrecpin lonnrn.ro
rogll fL : loe "L log
")
22t Rhe aAical notlels unt dam|lns
Iio. 7r.rl. lshai\model lor crce! in to^nrn':r
which is a straight lire whose ordinate inlercept gives the
vaiDe of limilingcreep and thE slope yilds the retardation
time 11 of the model.
Applling this approach to the assumed three parts ol
the cicep time curve, Ishai obtained the lalues of the
pararerer., cr\en in 'l Jb,e la.l. Hi' mechJni'm' r-e
a.,rmed ro ( nre,enl nechdnr'm l,.,eo rlrc udler nrg-a_
tioq mechanism 2, gel water migration and mcchanism 3.
cao ll<rr\ warer mr!-3rron. H. belie!e' r hal rendudl creep
. .ru.io br rhe ueoliri. uJrer mrg arron C\o/d.\.
however. is o[ lhe opinion tha! the coemcients ol the
! alue\ of taram(rc^ lor mudelaf rls. l4 2l
118.8
3l.l
111.4
rndantanous delormalion
varjous Kclvin el.menls cannot represent properties of
Uselulness ot rheologlcal moclels
RheoLogical models do no more than e)tprcss ihe de_
formati;n funclions in an alternaiive lorm but they are
useful lor visuaiizing creep effects and cspecially thc
5 rDcroorllron oi Jeorm,rron.. Orren. 're moLlel i' ar
,"neeA,o nr c\penr(.1ral rr'ull' bv lne rn'lri'i"n ot
.-pi'^" p"l,*.'.'. - 'hal. ir rdcl ir i' lhe i'rualdaLa
that Drdrct the model and not \ice \ersa'
r r.em ,rc in hor.coning' ot
rheolosical models. The) represcnt simply an empirical
approa'ch that is, simulation of real bchaviour which
cinnot be extrapolated to lurther knowledge and cannol
lead to a fundamental understanding of lhe phcnomena
,n\o'\ed.-' ln p"rl,curar., r.doubred lhar'uper,n'po'rnB
the deformatioD ol component elements in a rheoiogi-
cal model to approxjmate the observed behaviour of
concrete will hcip to predicr the behaviour ol rhe consti
tuents of concrete or to explain the nature ol movement
of the various phases.
Furthermore. most models have a form and fitled
conslanis that sui! a parlicular concretc undcr given
condiiions but arc noi generallv applicable.This parallels
the criticism of many creep expressions. According to
Philleo.'za therc are also some serious practical objections:
a model which correctly simulates long_tcrm eflect, such
as creep.does not producecorrect response to short_term
or dynamic ioading. and vicc versa Neverthelcss, models
:rre uselul as a means of mathematical represcntation of
behaviour under specilicd conditions, provjded no more
than thai is expected from them.
We have said that rheological models
jmply nothing
aboul the molecular mechanisms responsible for the
observed behaviour of concrete but give a phenomeno
losical overall descripljon of the deformalionai responsc'
It follows that the use of rnodels per se is unlikelv to
orovide areal understan{tins of the phenomena involved'
ihere is thus in this respcct quite a similarily betwen the
rheological approach and the theorv of elasticity' The
laftcr ;ho does not explain anything about the physical
mchanism responsible ior the observed mechanical be-
haviour of actual materials, which are usually assumed
to be isotropic and homogeneous. Nevrlheless, rhe
theory ol elasticily is a useful tool in analysis and design'
Rheolosical analvsis is an even more powerful tool for
)
srructuies sutlccied to load and deformation over Iong
periods oi time.
Coeflicient of viscosity r
88.9 1,10 0
32.1 111
34 r.29
ll2 00
850
 Dan\ing )2()
\11 rhis applies to whal Hansenrs calls macr(} or fiom thc iDcrease in ils temperature caused by dis-
rh.ologl. Entirely distinct is mic(lrhcolog). which is a sipalion of vibrational energy in rh form ofhca!.
.d\o rherelar or berweer rh-.necl". r,cd propeflie\ I he ro,. !ib-d, o ral ene-!) ul u \rbrdulC .)Lcm r.
ol mulll'phase composite materials ard the mechanlcal proportionaL to the square of the maximrm amplltude ol
propenies ol the phases. The approach is rhrough thc usc the system. If no cxtcrnal cncrg) is supplied aiter a non-
oi seomelrical modcls \rhich rcscmblc thc truc slruclurc conservative slstem has bccD sel in vibration. the total
ol lle materiel as closely as possibl. Henc, an undcr- vibrational enrgy and amplitude decrease continuously.
itanding oi lhc rlalion bclwccn structurc and mechani
cal properlies may bc oblained. If ,1 : original amplitude,
Generalll.micro rheologicalanalysismaybeusedonly U = vibrational Dcrgy,
$hen Ihe phases involved can be regarded as continuous
and A.l and AU represcnt the decrease per cycle. then thc
media. Cement gel does not fullil this rquircmcn! as thc
spccific damping capacity is
Jze of the phases is of the same ordcr ol magnilude as
tha! ol lhe larger molecules. A T,I
L r) cd'c. c\cn mr( o.rl(olotsrcal dld[.i' cannor ' I_i
provide a key to rhe fundamcntal processes in de-
formaiion and failure. The requisitc inlormaiion must be For small damping,
sought at a molccular or atomic level but lor practical
purposcs the bchaliour ol the composite structure has to
be known and this requires the use of micro-rheological '2A
melhods of analysis. lt follows rhen thal all the ap-
proaches are necessary for a satisfacto ry Lrnderslanding ol
p.opcrlics of conc.c!c.

Damping
whe.e J = logarithmic decremenl, i.e. the natural loga-
The damping capacily is that property of a marerial rilhm ol the ralio of two consecxtive amplitudes. Thus.
which causes vibralions in a specimen to decrease in tor small damping, the paramerer 6 is equal to one-half of
amplilude even in the absence of an erergy loss through the ratio of the energy loss per cycle to the total ncrgy
air resisiance, i.e. in vacuo. Damping is caused byinternal Per c)'cle.
ftlction and .cpresen!s dissipalion ol energy under cyclic ln the constant amplitude meihod (forccd vibralion)
stress. Thus, a perfectly elastic material has a .zcro lhc ogJIll-mrc dec'(nenr lor ,ma IdrmDilg *
damping capacily. and ii is the departure from elasticity
lhal is responsible for dampirg. This has led Vaishnav s :"(f' - f) [14.19]
and Kesler3 to suggest thal creep and damping are two
dltrerent aspects of the same phenomenon, viz. of the
inelastic behaviour of concrere.
wher l, : resonanl frequencY
Let us consider a spccimcn subjcctcd to impulse. For a and, and ,, : frequencies oneither side of lbe resonanl
giren sizc and shape ol specimen and a given mode of frequency at which the amplitude of
\ibration, the dynamic response is characterized by the \rbra.ron r' 0 707 I'me5 'he 'rld\ mum
damped natural ftequency of vibration and by the rate of amplitude.
d.ca], ol its amplitud. Thc lrcqucncy depcnds, inler alia.
In thc dccaying amplitude method (ftee vibration)
on the elaslic properties ol the material, and the rale of
decay of amplilude depends on the rate of dissiparion of
vibralional energy. Thus. lrom the observed dynamic
" t. 4,"
tl4.20l
rcsponse, two parameters can be obiained: the dynamic
modulus ol elasticity and the logarjthmic decremenr. where ,4- : amplilude at an arbitrary peak, e.g. the
These paramcters are primarily a function of the internal initial amplitude,
strLrcture and composition of the material. ard ,4.+. = amplitude at ,1 sycles after ,,1-.
Damping can be determined by sonic rests, which can
be in the iorm ol either damped free or damped lorced Equarion [14.20] is, strictly speakjng, valid only il
vibrations. The frequency of yibralion. or the velocity of damping is independent of amplilude. Otherwise, the
sound. yields the elastic properties, while the damping is value caiculated represeDts a mean value of d between
determined by the loss in eflergy of vibration per cycle. ampiitudes,4- and,4-+..
This loss is usually obtained indirectly either from lhe From [14.20] it can be seen rhat, graphically, the
amplitude of thc rcsponse of the specimen at near- logarithmic dccrement is the slopc ol the line of the
resonant frequencies or by the decay of amplitudc of the naturai Iogarithm ol amplitudc versus the number ol
response \rhen in a srale ol free vibrations. Il is also cycles after an arbitrary pak.
possiblc to determine damping hom thc allenuation of I! may be inierestiDg ro note that for a Kclvin model
{a\c or d wd\e ful\e Dropagarrng lhrough rhe \pecimen fixed at oneend. with a vibraring mass ual the otherend,
230 RheoLosital nodels ani danping
the logarithmic decrement3 is given by and opposite in direction to velocity;the damping capac-
ity is inversely proportional 1o ihe amplitude afld to the
;, Tp
-fl [14.21] square of frequencl.
ll i' po.!b'e 1dr 'he rso r)pes ol damprng occLrring
where ., : J(1/mx) : natural angular frequcncy ol the one aftcr anolher are linked with the eariy rapid creep and
laleslow creep, respectively. As already stated,both creep
and damping are manifeslations ofan absence of purely
3 = compliance of the spring,
afld 1) = viscosity of the dashpot. vaishnav and Kesier3 found specific creep after agiven
Thus, th logarithmic decremcnt is related to the pro- time urder load for a given age at application of load, but,
perties of the Kelvin model or of any other rheological regardless of the nature ofcoarse aggrcgate, to be highly
model. Il is. therefore, possible to obtain the elastic and correlated with the logarithmic decremeni of saturated
viscous constants for a rheological model by subjecting it concrete. The relation was linear for stress/strength ratios
to vibration. Hence, the creep charactcrhlics ol the model not exceeding 0.3. The uliimaie specific creep is also
correlated with the logarithmic decrement but the re-
Specificaliy, reterring to [14.14], wc can observe that.j lation is lcss well establhhed. The relation is oithe type:
and,.1are functions oithe elastic and viscous properties of c"e= Aa B
concrete and oflhe sustained stress. These prope ies are
defined by the dynamic mod lus of elasticity, the logar- where c,o : specific creep after I days under load at a
ithmic decrement and the strength ofconcrete. By dimen- relative humidity of 50 per cent,
sional analysis 6 : logarithmicdecrement of saturaied concrete,
/- r and .1 and B are constants determined experimentally
alr,5
,.:Fl\.t., t.. II from creep and sonic tests.

t-e:c( .:t.5\ Smallcemenl Large

'-[ pasle and monar concrete
\ 'l,rr "/.!r ,/
specimens specimens
wlere Ed : dynamic modulus ofelasticity. . !1/el + wei
Chang and Kesler" oblained the functions I and G
o DrY I DrY
and hence predicted creep with considerablc success for a
limited range ofconcretes. We should note, however, thal a.*i
the Maxwcll dashpot cortributes to creep but nol lo
dampjng, other than at very low frequencies.r Thus any
correlalion is between damping ard a part ofcreep only.
Since the Maxwellmodel reprcsents the irreversible creep,
i ':..
itis possible thatitis thereversible creep thatis relevant to t).:
damping. E

c
Damping and creep ol concrele E

F\perimenlal derermindrion ot dampinp in !on(rere .

csscntially very simple bui some uncertainties arise from
the non-homogeneity of concrete and from a high de-
pendence of damping properties on the amount ofmois-

Fron studies of decaying amplilude curycs, Vaishnav

and Kesler3 showed that alter the initial part of thc
vibration h3d occurred and the amplitude was reduced to
a small value, the envelopes of the decaying amplitude
became straight lines- This is characteristic of friction
damping. The early part of the curves yields exponential
envelopes typical of viscous damping. lt appears, there-
lore.. that rhe inirial ddmping in concrere i, \i.cou, in
nature but later damping is frictional. Byviscous damping
is meanr damping $here the dis.ipari\e lorce t pro-
portional to velocity; thc damping capacity is frequency- 1 2 5 t0 2A
dependent but lndependent of amplitudo. In ftiction age (og sca e)- monlhs
damping, the dissipative lorce is constant in magnitude Fia. 11.22. Va.iaron in damping wnh age.r6

Iicreep is measured after 90 days under load and is
exprcssed in l0 6 per MPa rhen rhe vatues of the
for loading at thc age oI 7 days: ,4 : 1647;B : 10.0
for loading at the age of 28 days: ,4 = 1904: B : 55.8.
We should note that the togarithmic decrcment was
determincd on saturated concrcle. On drying, the value ol
J rapidly decreases, tcnding aslmptorically to a consran!
value. Thc presence oi water in concrere rlso markedl!
.le.r.c,e(p,.p.r n Al
It seems thus thar rhc knowledgc ot ihe logarithmic
decrement and ol the age at appticarion of load is
s fficient to prcdict creep for ihe condilions ofvaishnav
and Kcsleis tesls. No other dynamic parameter. e.g. rhc
dynxmic modulus oi eiasticlr), led ro an cqua y good
correlalion. Nererthcless, further tests are rcquired ro
vcrily and widen the scope of the rctaiion beiwccn creep
and lhe logarithmic decremcnt.
As iar as the variation jn the logarjlhmic decremcnt
$ith properties of concrere is concerned. it has been
lound:6:? lhat the logarithmic decrement decreases $rith
an increase in ase (Fig. i,1.22) and with a decrease in rhc
moisture content of concrere but is lirtie aflected by lhe
composition ol corcrete. 11 is possible ihough thai
the logarithmic decrement increases somewhar $i1h an
increase in the cement conteni ol thc mix and in thc
watericcmert ratio. Colc and Spooner.,' and Jonesls
con6rmed the small variation in the logarithmic decre-
App ed maximum bending
' E
ia
9
I
468
Period oloscllat onoriimeunder oad
au 1?r. Vanatlon rn delleciion andi. damprgwilh rinc r'
D.t ping anlleep o1 colt(rcte 231
lnent wilh composilion ofconcrerc and explain it by thc
lacl that the vaiues ofthe dccremenl lor hydrated cemenr
paslc and for usual aggregaies are closc to one anoiher.
The range lor hydrared ccment paste is aboul 0.01 to
0.0s.,,
Cole and Spoonerz? report .esults of C. W. Richards
and T. C. Hansen showin g that the logarithmic decremenr
increases wilh temperaturc in ihe range 20 to 90,,C in a
manner similar 10 lhe variation in creep.
It has been suggested tha! the damping capacity of
cor.rcte deoend,,,n Lhe appl,ed.lr.. but lrr, {a, not
confirmed bl, Cole and Spooner,'r who point our that. in
any case. any effect olstress is probsbly due primarily to
the priordamage to the spccimen:an application ofstress
tcnds to reslriot the relalive movemen! of surtaces ol
cracks. Tests on concrctc subjected lo cyclic loading
showed that the Iogarirhmic decrement decreases sljqhtlv
\^. h a oecrea.c t. ....," ,L-e* in rt,(,ange Oir ro
'n for highcr stresses.,e
2.3 MPa but is consrant
Ar lou ireouer, rc,. lhe togar,rh11(.Uecremeri ri!rca\e\
as rhe lrcqucncy decreascs. The defleclion curves for
heams under a constant load and their logarirhmic de
crcment are rcpresented b] curves oi similar shapc
(Fis. 14 23). Cole aDd Spoonerzr are of the opinion that
the processes that causc the logarilhmic decremenr to in-
creasc are aiso responsiblclor the time-depcndent strains
but the timc constants of rhe process are such ihat thc
etrect is predominant oniy at 1ow lrequoncies. We should
note- nevertheless. that Bueiher and Rhavsars did nol
stress([iPa):
l.
--.-;l 9
9
- se.onds
212 Rhealasicnl notlels anLl donrin!
0.06
E
004
9
0 40 80 120
U tlmale speciiic creep - 10 6
per MPa
Fis.14..1,, Plol ol.iLEp against logari(hmic decEnent lor.oncrcles ol
vari.u\mixproporlionsa dwithdifere.tlypesolaggregate.r
confirm the existence of any relation between creep and
ihe logarjrhmic decrement. Their results are shown in
Fig. 1,1.24.
From thc prcccding discussion it appears that there is a
strong phenomenological simjlarity ol thc inlluence ol
various lactors on crccp and on damping. The processes
rcsponsiblc lor thc two variationsmay $ellbe related. but
their narLrre is not clerr so that nothing can be said aboul
iheir structural similariiy.
I \Ll.l.n RrsLI R.a l..Rhpo,t) ,i.or.k,e:J.e.eu
ol research, B,llr,in Nr. 176. Eneilc.rin8 Experiment
Station, Unilcsity ol llhlois. Urbana, 1965. 101 pp.
2. REINER, M., ,e&rndrion, ,!ra,n anl rh{. H. K. Lewis
and Co. Lid.: London. 1960, 3:ll pp.
3. VAISHNAV, R. N rnd KESLIR. C. E., Corelalion ol
creep olcolc.ele silh its dynamic propertics. T an1..1.r,1. 23. BLETZACKER. R. W.. The concepts olrheologt, applied
Rzro, No.6rJ, U vesily ol Illinols, llrbana. Ocr. 196i,
194 pp.
4. ROSS.A. D., Cree! andshrinklgein plain. reinlorced and 24. PHILLEO. R E. Di\cussion oD Rel 2l. ibiJ., !. 1006.
presl.essedconc.cteja generalnerhodolcalculatio!.iCE
.Io!,tral, London.21. 19,11, pp. 3E 57
5. BUEITNER, D. R. and BHAVSAR, P D.. Crcet antl
Dahtins Chatatreristns alCor.r2r.. Depr olCivil anei
neerilg Unnersity ol Mrssouri. June 1966. 56 pp.
6 FI-UGGE. W. Mechanicalmodek on plasticitl and their
use lor interprctation ol creep i! co!trete. ?ecl,rical
Repor, Nr.3.Di!i\io! ol Engjnee.ingMecha!ics, Stanlb.d
Univesily. Calilornia, Nov. 1950.35 pp.
7. DAVIS. R. E and DAVIS, H. E..l1o* olconcrete under
Ihe action oi $rstaiftd loads. nCI JaurnaL,27, 1911.
pp. Et7 901.
lJ. CLANVILLE. W. H.. Sludies in reinlorced co.crete III:
Thecreepor flowolconcrete under load, Alillirg R.&dr.n
'Ie(hnical Papt No- 12,D.p1. ol Scientific and Industrlal
Research, London. 1910, 39 pp
,. HANSL\. T C.. Creep of corcrele, Arl/.dn No. JJ,
Swedish C.merr ud Concrete Research Institutcr Stock
ho1m,195E. lE pp.
10. CllANG. T. S lnd KLSL]TR. C. E. Prediction ol cree!
beh.tvior in co.crele ftom sonic propertiei, l'ro( Ilisivdl'
l(ere.ri'n 6ral/. 35. 1956. pp.436 .13.
CHANG, T S and KESLER. C. E., Corelalion olsonic
properlies ol .o.creIe ilith creep ard rcldaiion, P/r..
,{SrrU,56. 1956. pp. t25l 72.
t2 COWAN, H. J.. Represent.tlioD ol lhe inelxslic delor
madon ol conoele by means ol a ftechanical model.
Nurrre, London,178, No 4527, 1956. pp.2lE 9.
FREUDENTHAL.A M and ltOLL, F.. Creep and creep
rccolerr 01 concrct. ulder hiSh .ompresive stress. .1C.I
./ox,,,/. 5{, 195 8, pp. llll 42.
l:1. POWERS,T. C.. Some obse.vations on the inLerpretation
ol creep daia. RILEM B,/1.1i,. ParI, No. 31, Dec 1966,
160 18l 91.
pp
': B\Z\\1.2. P.. ll,co'\of-recpand hir ,.Ee l.orcFe
strucrures.ln Mr.,rraniar Tldar,2, (Ed. N.mat Na$cr. S.),
Pergaftoni London. 1976. tp. I 93.
16. GOPALAKRISHNAN, K S., NEVILLE, A. M. AId
GHALI, A., A hypothesis on mechanism oi creep ol
concrete \rith releience Io mulriaxlal compresrion. ,1CI
Jortnal,67- l91O- pp-29 35
17. TORROJA, E. and PAEZ, A., Set concrete and reirlorced
concrete. in RliAiry Muteridls t heir Elustitit! dnl I -
,las/i.n}., (Eds Reiner. M and ward, A. G), Nonh
Holland Publi\hin8: Anster&m, 1954, pp 290 360.
lE. BJUGGREN, U.. Beto.Sens reologi. peda-qogisk modell.
Nolisft ,..rtro, No 2, 196?, pp. 145 52.
19. CLUCKLICII, J., Rheological behalior ol hardened
ceDent paste under lotr stresses,,,lal Jo!/nrl 56, 1959,
pt. 327 38
:0 GLUCKLICII, J. .rnd lSHAl. O., Creep mechanism in
cemenl morlar, lcl Jorrnd1,59, 1962, p! 923 ,16
21. ISHAI.O.. Elasti. a.dinelastic beha!ior ot cement morlar
i! to6ion. Symp. on Crcep ol Conctele, AneticdhCohcrctc
lnstituk Specidl Publi.ation Nr. r, 1964. pp.65 94.
22 GYOZDEV, A. A, Creep ol concrete, i! M.trarita
Tradotla T ela, Moscoq, 1966, pp. 137 52.
to portland cemcDt concrclc. Pro. ASTM, 62, 1962.
25. IIANSEN. T. Cl. Theories ot mlltl-phase malerials aI1.
plied 10 concrete, cemeDt mortar and cenenl pa(e. Prof.
In1 Cotf- a the Stuttnft ol Con.rer.. Cement and Con-
crete Asocialion: London, 1968, pp. 24 :16.
26. KESLER, C.E. and HIGUCHI, Y.. Deterninarion ol
-p,(.. \. L en!" ul.^-.'ele b\ r. nc . . . ,ii,' r^-
c ,
.,isI.|l 53, 1951. pp 10.14 5l
penles. ,Lo..
21. COLE, D G. xnd SPOONER. D. C., The dampi.g ca
pacity ol concrctc. Pro..1nr- Cahl: an the Sttrcttte ofCon
./ete. Cefrent and Conftete Asociation: London, 1968,
pp.2l7 225
28. JONES. R., N.n-D.snu.tite Testih!1 af Contt.te, Cam-
bridge UriveNty Prcs. 1962, 100 pp
29. KOWALCZYK. R., OdksTtrlcenir wielokrotne i tlunie-
nie materialo{e beto.u. rr'}l, n {, Wasap,
'lrLrl_r.
1966. 7.1 pp.
Chapter 't5
Apparatus for measurement
of creep
ln o.dcr to be satisfactory, a load ing system for creep tcsts
shouldbe ableto mainlain aconsrant known stresswiih a
minimum ol maintenance and ol subsequenr manual
adjuslment. and should ensure a uniform stress distri-
bution over the cross,section of the specimen withou!
reoLirirg -I u.ldu ) her\) :,me.5ince rhe drmarc"rion
between elastic sirain and creep is not easily determined.
rhe apparaius should becapable ol applying tlle load very
quickly. It
is also desirable that thc loading sysrem be
re",.n 'blJ conp"rr ru In"Le po* ible op(| J ron n" r^on
wilh conlrollcd temperature and humidirtr.
There is no geDerally acceplcd standardized appdldrrs
lor creep tests on concrete, although there is a'standard
Melhod of Test' ot the American Socjely lor Tesling
Materials. This melhod is described oD page 243. More
recenlly. a procedurc ior rhe measurement ol creep in
compression has been issued by RILEM (CPC 12: 1978).
(20:1)
Fis. /j.1. Dead load lerer arm sFtch lor applrinc su{ained conl
Compression apparalus
The majoriiy ol crccp tests are performed on, and
rlc cfu,c he aDp"-arL. . Ior. c,,n,prJ*ion .pecimen'
prisms and cllinders subjected l.J a u,iaxial stress-
Broadly speaking, there are five load;ng mcthods: dead
load,spring-loaded,dynamometer-loaded,hydraulicand
s!abilized hydraulic.
Tl( Jead oad {.re1. llrhough (umbe-.one. i, no.
mally uscd in the lorm of a lerer arm ro provide a
mechanlcal advantage Such an arrangenrent is sho\rn in
Fig. 15.1,1 where the load is applied by a watcr-filled
cylindrical tank rhrough a 20:1 lever arm via a sreel ball !o
the concretc spccimens. This apparatus is also capable ol
being adaptcd to perform stress rclaxarion tesls by
incoryorrting an auiomatic controlsysrem which adjusts
the lerel o $, e ,u as ro mailrnrn,r coni.trnL srrdin.
ln the spring-loaded sysrem, one or more hervy coil
,Dring. dre hciu in a conprr*cd ponrion,gJ,nr r
,Jitable trare. rh.,D nS ano rhe.fecrmcn being in.e ie..
Because the stiflness ol the spring is less than that ol the
concrete. the magnilLrdc oithe sustajned load is oniy litrle
reduced by the change in lhe Iength ol the specimen duc
10 creep or shrinkage, and a sensibly constant load is
mdinriincd. \\ hoLr,, .n-nr. $ilh a.pr\rr(n com-
pressed behvccn two phtens hcld bv metal rods, creep
would rrpidly reduce the applied stress. The !cn sion in the
rods can, ol course. be adjustcd. and this is sometimes
done with thc spring system, particularly in rhe early
stages after application of load when the rate ol creep
is highest. This procedure improves thc constancy ol
the applied load. Figure I5.2 illustrates a simple spring
loaded creep frame.
Onc of rhe main difiiculties with
a sprirgloaded sysrem
lies in lhe applicalion of rhe proper load sumcjenrly
rapidl) so that no c.eep takes placc before the zero
measurcment is established. Also, tor large loads. the
process of application bi load becomes cumbersome.
In order to measure the applied load, springs can bc
calibrated belo.chand and the loadis then incrcased until
the sp.ing shows the desired deformation. Wirh some
lrames. th ioad is appiied to the specimen by placing a
hydraulicjack between thc two steel plales at the upper
cnd olthe lrame (Fig. 15.11. The load is measu.cd using a
load cell placcd between the lloating plare above the
specimen and the plate below thcjack. When thc desired
load has been applied, nuts are tighlened down on the
plalc above the load cell and the hydraulic jack can bc
234 Apparutus fot neaswement of oeep
removedloruseinanotherframe.Thejackcarber-uscd
for tightening up ol the frame after some creep has taken
place. T1Ie use ol a load cell between the two top plates
helps to achieve a concenirlc applicarion of load.
A modification of the springJoaded system, useful
when a high stress on concrete is desired. is to place the
spring in a lever system.'? This is shown in Fis. 15.1.
In cases where iargenumbers of specimens are required
ro be lesled ,imulrdneo rslJ. a crude and ine\pensire creep
lrame oi the typc shown in Fig. 15.5 can be uscd.r Two
concrete specimens a.e held in series with a calibraled
steel-tube dvnamometer byfour tie-rods. Since thereisno
spring, the loss ofload due to creep has to be compensated
manualiy by tightedng the four nuts. When arranged
horizontally, this frame can also be used conveniently for
tests in water, the frame supports being so arranged that
the surface strain can be delermined using a mechanical
gaugeimmediately above the walerlevel wilh the concrete
specimens immersed at all times.
High loads can bc applicd more easily and car be
maintained 1o a bigh degree of accuracy by the use of a
hydraulic system. This is jllustrated in Fig. 15.6. Such a
systeml iscompact and flexible:it is, in iacl, possible 10 use
it for application ofa predetermined variable stress. Tbe
application of the desired load is sjmple and reliable.
However. themaintenance of a sustained load is sensitive
to smali changes in the length of the specimen and also
aio 1J ?. Sprins-loaded ..ep t me.
to the ofter unavoidable small leakage of thc hydraulic

Spring

ri, /Jr Sprins-loadedrrNpfrrmeu rhi uc,l(eLl Fi, 1t., Leverspring synen lorcrcep tc$s.

Slrain
9auqe
Fi, lj.J simplified crcep trane wnh a dynanoncler l Jr. provided ,he rubbcr pisron cup
fluid; under such circumsrancs. trequent adjushent is
This difficDlty is overcomc in a stabilizcd hvdrautic
-v,rem'rlrg. l5 -' $h,.h rn eFccr h"s rhe rdranrape ot
lo$ renir\ilJ r^ ching(. rn ,hc tenprh or rhe,pecimcn
possessed by the spring system. but without thedisadvan_
tages ol the latter. This situation is achieved bv an
JU\i iar\ sp.jng-lodd\d hl,lrdut,c ()trnder whrch pro
\rdes rhe-.ldbii J ot tres,urc agari\l smd,t chdlge. in
lenglh ot rhe .pecrmen. A ,ribrti,,ed hloraLtic to:dinq
'J.
rem6 can bc u.ed nri,nLmberolcreep,pecrmenjal
the.ame rime. F..ent!.1). il ronsi(t. ot d mulor. dn oil
injection pump, an accumutator. a pressure-conrrol sys
ler pre$Lre (cll, dnd loadrng tr.mes. A diagrammaric
rcpresentation of rhc syslem is given in Fiq. 15.8.
A pressure cell applies the pressure at the bottom of
the frame, the reaction being provided by high-srrengrh
't
'lee lension rod. Jnd cotd-rolled .reel ptaler. he,e h;!e
ro bc \er! lhrcI o, hare.llFener.. Ihe pre$Jre cet,con-
'r', e*enliall) of a .hatou ,teel c)lindcr contdrnrng
a rr.rlded rubber Dinon cup ,upportrng a ,reet plare
(Fie l5.qr. An eleclronicd.ti ronrro teJ hldrauLc
[unp
produces pressurc which activares the cell. With con-
stant pressure maintained in the cell. a constant load is
apprred lhrough rhe frare ro rhe specimcn bedr rns apiin,r
Compftstion appuratus 2J5
Sing e
,fl4 7JD Hldraulrc load creep trame.
doe\ nor .tree,,e rn
Inihe system designed by Best e, d1.,7 the required oil
pressure for the opcration ofthe loadingcellis developed
by a diesel luel injection pump. Oilis supplied to the pump
from a reservoir with a capacity suilicienr to eli;inate
frequent monitoring. A tuel injection pump has rhe ad-
vantage of low displacement and high pressure capac-
ily- so that surcharges do nor occur, and consequently
pressure control is relarively simple. Best dt. achievcd
control by activating the pump motor wirh ", a vane-type
eleclronic prcssure regulator scnsitive to a small drop in
rherrne pre*ure. lhc de.ired pre*ure is pre\cr on thc
re!uldtor $hr(h. in contLn,tion qirh lhe rnjecrion pun n.
ma,nlarns rhc pte*ure and, hence, lne.lte., L,n lhe
specimen wirhin 0.1 per cenr.
A .ubsranridl los, pr.iure duL .o a oo.nb.e td rture ol
^l
the cor rroller or ot po$cr q ould .Lrin rhi eroerimenr and
.hould be pre\cnreo. lhi, is achrcred Sv'rnc,uorng un
accumulator in the system. The accum ulator acts also asa
surge tank but its main function is to maintain constant
pressure between pumpingcycles. The pumping system is
regulated to increase pressure when a leakasc causcs a
drop in stress on concrere of, usually. about 0.07 Mpa.6
Best e, a/.' obtained good performance with an ac-
cumulator similar to rhe type used to absorb shocks in
thc landing gear of aircrafr. The accumulator has two
compartments separated by a fiexible diaphragm: one
compartment is inirially charged with gas at a pressure
236 Apparutus lar neasureme t ol .re?p
aig. /5 7. Stabilized hydraulicload slstem lor deep tests
slightly below the operaling pressure, the other is con_
nected to the oil system.
Anumber ofspecimens subjectedto thesame stress can
be serviced by a singleprcssure suppiy andconlrol system.
This is not only economical but ensurcs also an equal load
on thedifferent specimens beingtested. However, shutoff
valves havc to be provided so as to permit cutting ofl
individual frames from the main pressure line while some
other lrames are being loaded or unloaded.
An alternative arrangement3 involves the use ofa llow
ofgas, such as nitroge& through aspringloaded pressure_
Fig. 1J.8. Diagrammatic rcprese.Giion ol a stabilized
Spring
reducing valve. This js set to produce the required stress
and then operates to make up any loss of pressure or to
rclea:e an) fl.c ofpressure due ro. lor instdnce. d ri.e in
lemperature. Such an arrangemeni is particularly useful
lor testsinvolvinga variable stress, as achangein loading
pressurc can be effected by a direct operation of the valve.
The downstream pressure gauge is used for measurement
of the applied load.
Details of thc various hydraulic systems naturally vary.
Sometimes, safety devices, such as a pressure reliefvalve
and a safety plaie to limit the movement of the floating
nydraulic load srstem tor cree! tests on a
 Atlparatus lbt dit'lbrcnt stat,,s ofstress 237

O =+
Pump

@
ars /J 9. PressuE cell tor a sllbiliTed hrdraulicload syslem.l

plate ol the pressure cell in case ol specimen failure- are

included. Stabilized hydrauljc sysrems have bccn found to
work satislactorily over long periods ol time.

Apparalus for dlllerenl states ol slress

TeNile creep tests are dificult to perform with accuracy,
to a iarge extent for the same reason for which direct
tcnsion tcsts ar often not reliable: it is not easy to apply a
unifornny distribulcd lcnsilc stress. Some attempts have
beer ride ro .r.e Jr.horrgr, embeod.o rn lhe ,pecrrcn ai! /51, Te ftame ior the detc rni nalion oicB!in lensnr.'g
but rhese may introduce an eccentric load. The use olend
plates glued with epoxy resin'is illustrated in Fig. 15.10.
Ho$,cver, thc use olepoxy resin adhesives has not aiways
proved successlul, cspccially ou damp concrere and where
the direcl tensile slrength is rquired; strength tests
generally produce lailure in thc licinity ofthc bond.1.to
A successful technique is io use a bobbin-shapcd Cappinqlig
specimenl''o with a steel cap through which the load cm
be applied.In ordcr !o minimize eccentricity, the concrete
be .Jfped , .,qg a ,ioJU rnd capprnc jrg
assembly shownin Fig. 15.11,1and the advantages ofthis
method arc that the caps are aligned io a precjsion-made
steel mould and that casting and capping are carried oul
on consecutive dals without disturbing the specimen. The
cap is bonded to the conc.ctc using a quick-setting cement
pasle which can bc oblained from a mixture of ordinary
Portland cemen! and high'aluniDa cement in the pro-
portions 2:1. A dead weighl lever arm systcm for testingin
direct tension is shown in Fig. 15.12.
Rossl1 used specimens in thc shapc oi rhin-walled
hollow cylinders wilh open ends. A unilorm rndial com-
pression is applied to the inner face by a flexibl pres-
sure bag, with the result that an approximately uniform
circumferential tension exists across the thickness of
the wall of the specimen. The ends ol the pressure bag
have to be supported independenlly so as to relieve
any axial stress in lhe specimen. The apparatus is shown
diagrammaticallt in Fig. 15.13. lt is possible 10 combine
this systcm with direcl axial compression on the concrete, I'rq /J.//. Mould and caDDing iie a$embly lor the narulacrure oI a
thus producing a biaxial tcnsion'compression stress. hobbin{haped tensile r.n specinen oi concrcle.L
238 ApparutB lor neasutemetlt t)[ crcep
Flexure crcep lests are much easier to perform than
dircct tension iests and. since relalivelv small loads are
reour-ed. r deJd ouJ 'v're-n, po\iol, combineJ $irh c
"''loun in l,g I 5 Ia.
ler, r.c:n b< u.ed, Toelimrnire rhe
effects ol gravity it may be preferable to place the tesl
beam in a vertical position.
Torsion tests are also comparatively easy to perform,
rhe eener.rl pr.cedur(r' beinr, l^ rFe dcad sei!,hrt and
orl ir o' n r con'cnrional.raric ror{o1 resr I F 18. I ).1 5r
Hinnanr' develoDed a mLhra\ial (ompres'ion creep
frame. sho\rn in r ig. i5.] 6. The lateral load is applied bv a
h\drdulic pre..L e olJ lhin hln oIorl l-dn.mttled ro the
.Decmen rhrough a leoprcne rubb(r nembrJre. Tle
memhrane t tolJcd o\er 3r 'he end'and grued to lhe

ars. /J.1r. Dead-load lever am syslem oI loadlng corcrcle 1n dnecl

F xed I ange
Fi, 7j.15. Test frame lor oecp tests in l.nion

Spring ring
O ring

La lj 1J Tensio. crecp tlane usinginlemal presure.Lr

Iir.lj.lr. Test lrame ior the deteminltion oI creep innexure. lcis ]J.id. Arrngementforxpplicalionof asu$ainedlai'r'ldre*'r

irside ofa steeltube lorming a closed oil system. Tle cnd
load on lhe membrane is translerrcd to a sreel end rin s hv
a rubber O-nnp.
In Hannant's loading system, the t\ro principal lareral
stresses have to be equal. In order 10 make possible an
application of three unequal principal siresses a mech
anical frame, shown in Fig. 15.17. was developed by
Gopalakrishnan r,/.14 The frame appljcs a susrained
tiaxial stress to cubical crccp specimens u'ith all edges
chamlered in order to make dircct measuremenI ofstrain
on the surface possible in all ihree principal directions.
These strains \rrere found to accord wiih strains in the
centre of lhe specimen.
The frame appliesa load to lhe creep specimen through
concrete plalens whose width is sligltly smaller than drat
of the specimen to permit access io the chamfered edges
for strain mcasuremnl. An aluminium plate is placcd
between the platen (possibty made of concrete) and thc
specimen. ln order to minimize the platen restraint, three
layers of 0.025mm aluminium foil smeared by polar
grease are inserted on either side ofthe aluminium plate.
Load in each direction is applicd by four high tensilc steel
rods, anchored over stiff bearing plates. A load cell in
serieswith the rods nakes possible a direct measurement
of load on the specimen. Tensioning of the rods and
adjustment ol stress are performed by a hydraulic jack,
using an auxiliary frame with an additional bearing plate
andfour steel rods coupled to the rods ofthecreep flame.
A method of subjecting cemcnt paste specimcns to a
syslem of triaxial stress ar high icmperatures (100 !o
300'C) has been proposed by Bazanr r d1.15 At high
temperatures, generally, it has been lound that problenrs
arise \i ith lhe lesting ofsealed concrete 1to reprcsent mass
concrete in nuclcar reactor vessels) because olthe lcakage
of seals due to diferertial movement ofconcretc and of
-a.iaxial
a,a. /J.17. crce! Irahe capable of alflring rhree unequal trincipal nresses.lr
Atpamt sIot dillere tstatesolstrcss 23t)
the malerial used for thc scaling jacket. In ordcr to
overcome this problem, BaTant , dl.1s advocalc triaxial
tests so thal bulgin_s of the sealing jacket is prevented
and lhu5 no moi\'u'( loss occl^ tr.m \pecimen.
Moreovcr, the same mcthod ol testing allows 'he creep ar
oversaturation to be studied. i.e. when rie pressure ofhot
waterexceeds thc saturation pressure at a gilen tempera-
ture. so lhal lherc is an increase in moisture content of
The apparatus, shown in Figs. 15.18 to 15.20, is re,
stricled !o specimens of hydrated cemert pasre because
ofthe high expcnse which would be necessa.y ior manu-
facturing a larger test rig to accommodate concrete
\pec:men\. \.4oreu\cr. tLe do\dntage o \rJ I \pecrmens
lies in their quick rcsponse (three minuies) to a change in
temperature or moisturc conditionls wrthou! lhe dcvI-
opment of internal stresses which can occur in larger
specimens due 10 tcmperature or moisture gradients and
which would hamper thc study of the influences of
environmntal facrors on creep.
The sealed test specimen, shown in Fig. 15.18(a), is
provided $ith stainless stcel end-caps and thc scaling of
the ends olthe specimen is achielcd by rubber O,rings ior
temperatures up to 200'C and by teflon O-rings lor
temperalurcs between 200 and 300"C. The rcsr chamber
(Fig. 15.18b, c and dl is made from stainless stecl and
the specimen is contained in a cylindrical cavity (25 x
111mm) having a wali thickness oi 44mm. The speci-
men is heated by meam ol six elemenls located in the
chamber wall and the chamber is encloscd by bolting the
cylinder cap (thickncss 17mm).
Both the axial and thc laterai loads are provjded by
water or air under pressurej thc sysrem for rhe iormcr
being shown in Fig. 15.19. In order io facilitate rhe con-
trol of temperature, a ceram;c insulating ring surrounds
244 Appordtus 16 measurenent oj teep
the test chamber: the heallng system used is shown in
Fig. 15.20.

Measurement oI creep
O rlng
Thc change in deformarion with time under load can
be measured by gauges ol various types which can be
categorized into four groups, namelt, electrical resistance
gauges, mechanical gauges, displacement transducers and
Cemenl pastecy ind calspecime. acoustic gauges.
(143x59.5mm)
Electrical resistance strain gauges, although inexpen,
Tellon iube(<300'C) sive, are generally not suitable lor long tcrm crecp tests
or Copperloil(>300'C) because of the dangcr of a zcro drift which mainly arises
from the creep oi thc bonding material between ihe
gauge and the conc.etc. Ol this typc olgauge, rhe best is
the Monfore standardizing strain gauge'r'which uscs an
unbonded element with a built-in standardizing device.
The iNtrument is mounted permanently and the zero
reading can be checked at any time, thus eliminating the
Boltom specimen cap problem oi inslability. An advantage of electrical re-
sistance gauges and displacemenl lransducels is their
suitability for automatic data logging in cases where it is
required to monitor the slrain ola large number ofgauges
(a)
Iir.7J 18 Details of lppararus lor trialial rc{s at high lenleralurer' Mechanical or mechanical optical gauges arc generally
(b) Triaxial lesl chamber th most suitabLe because of their independcnce of time
G) S{rionthroush.nambf eoects. Demountable mechanical gauges have thc ad,
(d) S{tion firoueh base. ditional advantage in that one gauge can be used to

* ri4-;i. -l
(b)
 Meaturcnent af ct..p 211

+ w.ier relurn li.e

E===.=

pressure lo 103.4 ilPa

Pressure regu ator

t,

l=====-'

Fi4. ij.l9. Melhod of loadi.gihelia\ial lcsl chadb.r oI Frg.1518 bvmeans of high_pr'sure water '5

measure strain in a large number of specinensl it is br '\e u.e ol d lIicrosc.pc rl ;g I5 )21. tor u 5Il mm guuge
common to use a gauge length of 200mm for \rhich thc lenern rhe *.n.itr\il\ r. r' ,eacl l0 6 Such d gaJge .
.)
sensitivity is 10 x l0 6. Lamb's roller extensomeier, rery light and easily installed.
uhrch .rre\ampleold'neci"nical opl(alnraints,uge. A good quality, although fajrly expensive, gauge is the
is shown in F]g. 15.21; the sensitjvity of such a gauge, Carlson strain meter. Types suitable for both sudacc and
having a gauge length of l00mm, is 2.5 x 10 ". internal applicarion are available.
Rossr! used a permaneally installed single lcver gauge Thc recent iypes ofdisplacement transducer have good
in which the mechanical magnilication is supplementcd long{erm stabilily and are very sensillve. There are two

o
-E}-
E
E

Iis rJ.rO. Healingsyslem usedlorlhe trilrirlle cnahber oI Fig 15ls'Li

242 Appatatus Iar neaswement aJ crcep
scae -l

l':":'j- ]l
!,,,,-ll
B'eil
C
Ir,. /.2/ t. \endri, r'dneener'of'drb'.e rer.o1e.e'!.1.r pmen'

(b)
ai, /J21. Acousti.(or vibralins wtre) srrain gauee
(a) Inlcmal acoustic strain eauge
(b) Sudace-mounted acousrh srrain sause.

A possibie disadlanlage of inlernal or embedment

strain gauges, such as lhe Carlson strain meter and
acoustic gauge, is the size of the gauge relative to the
normal specimen size. Although these gauges arc sup'
posedly designed to have a similar stiflncss to thereplaced
" ij;! er !- ' concrete, they can disiurb lhe pattern ofstress and strain
SPeclmer
distribution within the concrete. and thus the measure-
Fia. |J.??. Pemanenth insralled mecnanical leversauge.'1
ments refer not necessarily to the parent material (con'
crete) but to a disturbed system.
When selecting a strain gauge for creep masure-
systems, namely, inductance and capalritance, the latter ments. the expense is obviously importarlt, but careful
being slightly more expensive and sensitive. However, comideration has to be given to the suilability ol the
both systems are relatively cosily when compared with gauge for the number olconcrete specimcns required, for
other types of strain gauges, and their use is for special thc working environment. lor the convnience and time
applicatlons, for example, lor the measurement of cyclic requned for measurement, for the accuracy required and
crecp, for the gauge preparation iime.
Acouslic or vibraling wire gauges are available as
embedment types or surface mounted types (Fig. 15.23).
Control ol ambienl condilions
They are reasonably priced with a good
long-term
stability, and are suitable formeasurement ofstatic strain Conirol ol temperaiure and humidity is beyond thc
or ol ve{y slow in strain. The sensitivily of a
changes scope of the present book, and there are many stan-
gauge, having a 100mm gauge lergth, is 10 6, and dard methods available.rl For temperatures up to about
acoustic gauges can be used with specially designed dala 93'C, a bath can be irsed bul for very high rempera-
logging equipment. tures, a furnace is necessary.l3

Fiq /j 2./ Conlrolled lemreralure and hunirlily.rb,ner
Constant relative humidity (provided the tcmpcraturc
isconstant andisnot toohigh)can be achicvcdby passing
the air over a solution oi a salt with the solid phase
present. Such an arrangemeni is illustrated in Fig. 15.24.
For instance, at 20'C, CaCl,'6H,O results in a rclative
humidil! ol 12 per cenl. and sodnrm dichromare
(Na,Cr,O? 2H,O) produces a relative humidity of 54
per cent. Providing thc tempcraturc docs not vary by
more than 10.5'C, the relalive humidily is conslant
within +2 per cenr anywhere in a small storage cabinet.
Generally, it is desirable to remove CO, lrom the
circulating air because it reacts with many products of
hydration of ccment and causcs carbonation sh nkagc
at the surlace of the specjmen.re A variable degrec of
carbonation may inlroduce an unknown variability in
shrinkage and hence in drying creep. 11 is nol known
whether CO, has any e$ect on basic creep. ln order ro
prevert possible carbonation ol concrete stored under
saturated conditions. limc-saturatcd watcr can bc uscd.
Under conditions ol drying, thc use ol NaOH conlrols
both CO, and relative humidily at the same time.
ln conneclion with creep tcsLs it is somctimcs dcsirable
to measure ihe moisture condilion ol llrc
Various techniques are available. including neutron or
gamma-ray absorption, microrave absorplion, nuciear
magnetic resonance, direct measurement of the relative
humidiry ir a cavity, and measuremenr of resistance or
capacitance olthe concrete. A useful measurement is the
evaporable water contnt at the start and cnd oi creep
and shrinkage tests, although the dem,rrcation between
cvaporable and non evaporable waler is difficult; it has
bcen suggested tha! the former be defined as that lost at
105 "C. while the latter is thal held at 105'C and losi at
1050 'C.I o Similarly, mcasuremen t of creep and shrinkage
could be accompanied by tests to delermine the weight
changes during a cycle of desorplion and adsorption,
i.e. by the determination of thc sorplion isotherm. Such
ASTM method oftelt fot tte?p 243
additional inlormation is helpinl lor elucidating and
oorrclating behaviour at the phenomenological or en'
gineering level wilh bebaviour at the tundamental level.
Other lcsts are available ior detecting changes in
morphology of the hydrated cement pastci tor cxample,
opricrl nicroscop). 'uddce r!ann,1g elec .n m,c,o
scopy, and mcasu.cmcn! of changes in volume and
surfacc arca. Dctalls ol the above-mentioned techniques
have to be sousht in specialized technical papers.':o'rt'"
ASTM method ol test tor creep
A noteon the American Society lor Testing and Materials
Srandard Method of Test for Creep of Concrete in
Compression may be ofinterest. This is known as ASTM
Method C512-76. The method is applicable to moulded
cylinders ofconcrete with a maximum aggregate size not
erceeding 50mm. The test is, ofcours, onlycomparative
for diflerenl concreles under conlroUed conditions. and
gives no direct inlormrtion ondeflections ordeformriions
oi concrete siructures.
The mouids have to conform to ASTM Method C192.
concrclc. thc usc oi boll horizontal and vcrtical moulds bcing
pennittcd.
The ASTM Method prescribes a loading frame capable
of appiying and maintaining the required load on the
specimen. despite any change in dimension of rhe speci-
mcn. In its simplest form, thc loading framc consisls o[
heJder p.are, be inp.n rhe end, o rhelorded.pecimen".
a load-Taiflrin ng elemenr rhd r ma) be eirher a cpring or
a hydraulic ca psule or ram. and threaded rods to take the
reaciion of rhe loaded systcm. Bcaring surlaces of the
header plates should be plane within 0.025 mm.
Specimens ir onc lrame rnay be stacked but the length
olthe slack or ola sjngle specimen may not exceed 1.8m.
Springs may be used to maintain the ioad, the initial
compression being applied by means of a portabljack or
 211 Apparatus fot measnewnt o1 ueep
arc
manncri attached gauges relying on lriction contact
d resulq machrne. ll\pr;ng. dre uscd. d 'pherical hedd or a
sall ro,ir 'ho ld be pro'idcd ro en'u-e a\ 'Jl loadinE dnd
r i,...rr ihoLld be mcJsur(d on rl lec'r two
,1'r..od pr.11q' 'hou o be rrgid enough lu er'urc unifornr 'Lrarn perrphe J ol rhe
dlLrib,riron ol 'rre.t An acreptable lrame r' 'ho$n in 'nr.ed rrn lorml) or the
sause ,rnes
Fis. 15.25.
i*.i."" r"rcrn,r ' r,in nr r be mea'ured a\ral', lhe
n Lr be -l edn Ilrec lrme' rhe na\imur
ihe load should bc measured to within 2 per cent by a orr m lenelt tle mer'uring')'Lcm mun be
nermanenll\ rn'rallcd hloraulr( pre"ure gauge or by " iir. o, "gi,.pu" ro,'rrain ut lca'l a year $ilhoJl chdnge rn
irldrat,rrcjacL and " toad cell inset'ed in rhe lr"ne uhen "-.utf.
oi"o.'",ing
rhe load is dpPlied or adjusied.
*i,t *'.n l..n-ing'o Lhe 'randdrd \\sLcmsin\\hich
The axial iirain in the specimen should be determined
,r,. i u'i,ne .l,"in' ,-i.umparco ulh a con'ranr-length
Ua are(on'id(-ed mon r."iJblt' but unbonded
to thc nearst 10 x l0 but ro direction is given as to 'i*a,,4
6
electrical strain gauges are satisfactory''
whetherihe strain measuringdevice should be embedded'
F rr,c are ro be in rhe form.tc)lrnder' 150
drrdched. o. por l.tble. Ho\Lercr. il a porrub e dopdrarL\
| 6mn ln diumerer $irh a rengrh of rl leacl 291mm
'oeomen,
u'ed, rhe eauge pornt' 'houu be ar''cheo in a po'irivc r\ in conrdcl wrlS lhe nee'bcaring
uhen rhe
'De.imer
Dldres. I. lJ;arh mu'L e\ceed rhe gauge lenglh b, ar
lea'l
'p..'Incn. lt ho$erc'
in. a,ur.r.t ot't. thcreiscontr(l
with other sDecimen;. i.e. in a stack. a length exceeding the
oause lensrh b\ on,) l8mm I' adequar( but dumn)
i'rli*,' i^. io be protide,l dr rh< end'' rherr lentsrh
;ust be at last equal to their diameler (i50mm)-
The ASTM Method C512-76 requires that at least
5rx rDec'men\ be cd't from each bdlch o[ concrele lor
.,.t ies -noirion. f"o of lhe'e are u'ed ro dclermrne
ii"...-*.i'. nrensrh of concrete' rso are loaded
,n Ltre cieeo trame', and lwo rcmain unloaded ro in_
drate dcformarion. due ro cau'c' other lhan 'oad
Three curins conditions are recogniT-ed: standard, mass
and 'other'. Fo'r the standard condition, immediatelv after
casting, the specimens should be stored at 23'0 t 1'7"C
and covered to prevenr evaporaiion' Atthe age olbetwen
20 and 48 hours, noist curing at the same temperatur
should stalt and continue until ihe age of seven days
Moist curine"onis defined as thal in which lree water is
mantainea the surface of the specimen but neithcr
storase ilr water nor cxposurc to a slream of runniog
waier'is Dermitted. Subsequent storage should be at a
temperature of 23.0:! 1.1'C al a relativ humidltv of
50+4Dercent.
lr mi.s cur,ns condilion. are de.rred. lhe specimer'
havc, at ihe 1im;tcasting or dmoulding,lo be enclosed
and iealed in moisture-proofjackets, e.g copper or bulvl
ruhber. ard hav 1o remain in these jackets throughout
the test.
'Other cuting conditions' is a description of the sit_
uation when information is required for speciGc appli_
cations: test age and ambient conditions are varied
accordinglY.
It isimportant toensure axialloading whenplacing the
test spccimens in the loading frame. When stacked
I 150 x 75 mm specimens and external gauges arc used it is helptul to
I

.ii..l. ',,r," \arrarron arouno earh 'pecimen rhe

uope'bd'PD"re .pecrmen..hoLlJ Ihen be earigneo for grealer'lrdin
u;iformity. The stress/strngth ratio at the time at ap-
Spring
Dlicarron oiload must not e\ceed 0.4.
5trarn reidrng. .\ould oe ldLcn iTmeJiarel\ beto e
Lower base olate and after loading. two to six hours later, then daily for one
week, weekly up 1o th age ofollemonth. and monthly up
aia. lJ.2.r. Compresion fep ftaie conlomins io ASTM Method
c5l2 76. to the age olone vcar. At the lime ofeach strain reading,
 R.futn((s )t:
thc load \hould bc measur ed ard. itneed bc. adtusrcd the '1
BEST, C. 11. PIRTZ, D, lNd POI-]VKA, \1. A Li]Ad
. I .l leJ.t : De-...t tton nig synefr ld crcep nudicr 01 con$ele. .1)_I.\. Al1lsrr,.
, ! \. il rerd nu. , - rL. .or ,^ pc.i- N.. 124. Scpr. 1957, pp. ,14 l.
ircns should be takcn ar thc same lime. E, I l\TO\ I \4.1o...?.,. tor
The ASTM Mcthod C5D 76 dciines rhc tolat load-
t ..'..,.1oo,' Ie5.\o',' -o tn , a
9. AKATSUKA. Y.. Nfelhods olc!xluarins rc!nle.recp !nd
lh. difer.ncc ber$.cn the slr.in raiucs
induccd srrain as ,,. rcl 1 . .o. 11, rJ\
o' .: 1". d.r '.a .. r,.-.,t pJ.r ,rer t. r. .U,rn I ' I,r. .t t \ . r, "r'jjlL,rj., ..\..,.
m.Jde\ ,.r ,o. J| r .. r^ L,c (J. l',J...(t.lr ,rr. Scpt 1961. pp 1 ll
obtalred Use ol specific creep is rccomnicnded and 10 ELvhR\'. R. H and HAROI,\. W. Adirecl tcrsile re\l
calculalim of thc raie ofc.cep {wilh respect lo logarilhIn loJ c.n.retc under l{)rg or sho.[e.i, load]ng, Lr.i!a:r,r
'i irr.,/ ,e Bu-.,. o k.tin..,..orJ,fre..i.r, .t +. It ,, .20 \, b.. to, Tp.,
"r
(v? [11. r]) is suggested. ll Rr)\\. \ n r\p,.rr(... on hr.rt.o.r ( n!_.e
1J. 'uoo' .n..,'... \. e..i,!. \r. )" t,.',.e
It is urelid io notc the precision expeclcd rn such tests. R.s.ar./,.6. \o. I6.I95.1.pp. I l0 '
According ro ASTM Method C512 76. the siDgte- 12 cIr ' K|r H .jJ t\t \t o.' .er r .t...r.
opcrator barch precisioD has bcen iound lo be -4 ncl 1. t . -, . t _5q ' i0:. pp. o. .1.
.I:lr-.t, rror ru ir-b"rc.r t,((].ion o IIANNAN'] D J.. E.tLipDrcni lb. rhe mca$trehent ot
per ccnt as dclined in ASTM Rccommendcd praclicc crccp ol c.ncrcrc unde. multiaxirt .ompr.ssi!e sr.css.
E177. o\er the rrnge ofcrcep strains bctween 150 x 10 i, R//.[,U B ll!rr,. Dec 1966, pp 4tt t.
Paris. No. .]1.
GOPAI-AKRISHNAN. K. S, Nl-tvtt_LE. A M. and
ard 1000 x l0 I' It follows that thc .csuirs ot properly 1.1
CIIALI. A. Q..p Poisson's rario ol concrete und.r
conducted Lests ol duplicrrc cylinders frofl a singie balch n ultilxial cohrr.ssjon. ..1(-i ./o!na1.66, 1969, pp. r008
should ag.cc within 6 per ccnl of rhe alcrage ol l$o 10.
cylinders aDd within ll per ce.r of the arcrace ot rwo l5 B{ZANT, Z S
S. and MFttRL S.. triaxill
P.. KINf,
. I nJ(r. ro- a-fli.rre ct .n\re-\ tr,.m,.rfle-F!r odr!nc! oi\lurc coriroiled cr.cp ol h.rdened ccm.nt pasLe
tests
!t hilh Lempcfirure, IrnrdirL r,l )_r.t.rLr.s, prris. 12.
No. 72. 1919, pp ,147 55
\'{ON}_ORE. G. E.. A srandardizing slrain Sauge tor
mexsurcments requiri!s lon!-rimc srabitjry. trNtrumerra
tion lor MeasuinS Cha.actcristi.s ot Co;crete, Brlleri,
I IIROOKS. J \|VILLE. A. M. A comDaris.n.r
J. and No 176. High{ay Researcir Board. 1958. pp. I 8
'_rF.(.r..,..io! nd, o , ,1irf.. .."..r.. . aJ n li \ASqf R. l\ \l -ro \Mt I t. A. V (icen.,i .or,
compressior, L aad:,r. ,y' (rrr.l.1. R.rdr.r,29. \o 100. .,.. , .1.', ed '.mpetu. .(.. .r , rvi,rJ.. 02. o. \
i9i7. pt. llt ,11. pr. 1561
A \.1.. ..r'cd.'r. riro,.no..^.
79
I \f\ll.l 18. I Z. 8.Anna... .ior . !. rg.Frrwt.r..k.r'.
.-Rl
rde 'Ll . .o,I .ed.o.r.,.i ...\r-._._., t, 1.t.,
/1. t,r./ a. No. 15. lr5l. pn O tl.
'" .nt"',,u'e.. J tt- .t ,. lt ) F.-....h and
l. NEl'll LE. A NL and LISZKA. W. Z. Acccteraled D!ftbpwnt Luhotdtoti.s, 10, No. . poltta.d Cement
Aso.lalion, 196t. plr. .16 .12
dltcrminaLio! ol.reep otlichr{oght agEr.sare concrere, NEVILLE. A. l\'I.. Prop.llirs ry' C.n.r!r. (]rd ed.).
<iiil Lhsineo'ihn u l PrbL,. tt rts Lond.D,68. Pjtma!: LordoD and Ma.shll.ld, Mrss, 1981,7r9 pp.
No 803,June lir3.m 515 I9. ^.ri.n.. 1.I (u\4\,t tlr | .no 1,, t.,_. , ,,,,n .,,.,
4 LHERMITE, R.. Whar do $e know abour the .ta\ii. 'r'' - . \ b a.Tr|r.p \v .. q. ....,. I ^n\Jer
r.ortr.,:-i ,nd ..!po .,-.-e.. F// 11,8,...,rr,t",n. Institure. Delroit, SepL 197:, I05 pp.
No l. Nla.ch 1959, pp 21 5l
,s ALLI dDd KFSLER.C. E. Rhedtogr ot..ncrcte:are!i.i! tl FELDMAN. R. I . Mechaiisn 01' .reep ot h rared
Porildnd ccment prstc, Cd1( t dnLl C.n.rete Rdur.h_2_
ol rcsea.ch. a,l/.rn N,.7:6, Engileoi.g txp.rnenr
r '., \'rl 1.r'b, \,. \. ,o-2 t,t .) J
r :r 'o'.'n'rp FELDNl.qN,R.l- !ndSWENSON.E G..votumecharSe
l4tyt Rs. B L d r'At U. \. AnT".-r. d.J r. .rL- on iiri dryil8 ol hydrated Porrland cmenr iriLh a;d
mentatiotr lor cre.p and shrinkngc srudics, Hia}sdr {,ithour adnrixtures, (:atunL a d C.noete R.sea/ch, i,
Resaki} ,Ce.orl, No. 14. 1963, pp. I- l8 No l, 1975, pp.25 l5
Chapterl6
Methods ol creep analysis of
structural members
The preceding chaptcrs have primarily deall with creep ol
concrctc as a property oilhe material. The knowledge ol
this prope(y is ol imporlance in underslanding the be-
haviour olconcrete and in utilizing it properly. However.
from the engineering slandpoini. ihe main interesr lies in
the use of concrele in construclion. and in rhis and the
succeedlng chapters we shall therefore deal with the
methods of allowins for creep in design calculations. SiDcc
in sl.ucturcs exposcd to thc wcathcr shrinkagc accom
panies creep, both phenomena $ill be considered.
The problems encountered are not easy. not only
because oi the complcxity olthc non elastic properties ol
concrete itselt but alio because concrete;s generally uscd
in combinarion $lth reinfo.cing or prestressing steel. For
this reason. ir is rhe creep ol reinlorced (or preslressed)
Loncrele and rhe efle.r olcreep i1 rel"r.or ro compo.Ie
action in general that are ofinterest.
The distribution of stresses in a composite member ls
governed by strains in the components and, owing to
creep, there is thus a conlinuous rcdistribution of stress
even in a simply-supported rejniorced concrctc beam
under a constant load: the neutral axis is lowercd with a
consequent decrease jn the stress in concreie and an
increase in the stress in steel-
Until recently, time- and environment-dependent
stresses werenot considered explicitly, excepiing the
allowance lor loss of preslress and thc provision of
shrinkage and temperatur reinlorcemenl, wjthout, it has
to be admitted, catastrophic results. This is so because.
in a grealmany cases, limc-dpendent strains do not afecr
the strength of a member: lajlure is controlled by the very
large strains that develop al collapse, regardlcss of the
previous strain history.l However. when instability is a
factor, creep does afect rhe failure load so !hat, lor
instance, the strength ofa column under a sustained load
will decreasc with time.
Equally importanl are servi!ability problems due to
crecp and shrinkage: in long-span p.estresscd concrcte
girders, creepInay introduce excessive upward deflection
il the \ustaincd compressive srress in the bottom librc
is considerably higher than that in the top fibre; or, in
high-rise buildings, problems may arise as a result olihe
largcr creep deformations ol lhe highly stressed exterior
columns. relative to the smaller deformations of the
These are j ust some specilic examples, bu t the enhanccd
interest in fesign for creep'in recent years is more general
and is due to the use of more advanced design conccpts
and also to the lacl thal more complex slruclures are
being designed and erected. Furthermore. the use of
shallower members permitted by the ultimate design
methods may lead to excessive long{erm deflection if
time effects in structures are noi properly taken into
account. Of course, the beneficial effects of creep in the
relielof stress concentrations must not bc forgottcn.
It is clear then that ihe designer should understard the
influence ol creep on the strength and behaviour of the
entire structure and hc must estimate the e{Iecls involved
in orde. to lulfilthe three basjc desiderata of design: safety.
serviceabilily and economt. Even ifexac! information on
ihe creep propefiies ol the concrere itself is not available,
upper and Iower limits can be established so as to enable
ihe designer to bracket his calculations.
The mathematical analyses developed in this and the
succeeding chapiers may not be exact but they should
form a useful suide lor the desisner. They should also help
him to decide whether the effects of crep are likely to be
igrrlcrnr .n a pdrtrculdr ca.( The deri!ationi gr\en
should make clear dre limitations of the approach and
give an jdea ofthe approximalions involved.
Althoxgh this and the following chaplers deal plimarily
with methods of analysis ol creep eflccls, it should bc
menrioned in rhi. inr-nducrion lhd rhc c r' a \cr) rn-
timare interrelationship between creep prediclion and
crccp analysis. Ofparticular interest in this respect is the
lormulation of the creep function (also called creep
compliancc), O(r,r').r This creep function describes the
iotal srrain (instantaneous elastic plus-creep) at obser-
vation time (measurd lrom casting of concrete, i.e.
age t) caused by a unit sustained stress applied at age t'
(Fie. 16. 1). This creep function may be expressed ir thc fol,
lowing form
o(r,r'):-+ I
C(.,r') f16.11
whereE0 ) : modulus of elasticity at age t',
aDd C(r,r') : specific creep at time , when concrete is
loaded by a unit stress ar age r'.1
Using lhe creep coeltrcient
4\t,t'): Clt.t')Elt')
i In creep herature, the creep lundion n lrequenily denoted by
J(,,r),
t Theageal applicarion oIload isdenoled
by r'iln is a variable,and b! I
with a subscnbed nunber iIn is a constanl
 t'llecti\ft modulus methoti 247
fhr, rrD. or c.rcn lJncliu. J' "\ed h) Cl B I lP ' r
i"to, "i A( I 'n ro-'r ,no h\ Ba/Jlr'rr 1r\
'qi+
i.,uoi. ""ino"., f"" lurm!''Jliu,l ol ln( rreJp lur' 'i"n
--r
s r." .,it ..iro", o' rhuughr pr('en'' crceo l rhc "'ra
",
;;;,.,';"ia; .",,o"nenr'. name'1 I derh)ed Jra'r '
",
, ,".t","U,.,."lrpor.n, JnJ Jn rrrcJo\crrDlJ flcs co,I_
ir..'rr te,rure", tt'i' lo-'nrtarron le rhr' r\e
"."Li
i"r.''"a.['.i. **n",.rr ' r*umed ro he rnoerind(nr
;; apolicrrron ot lnad rnd al'Lr rhdr rhc flow
'il;;.,'
i. ,.",.3""a b] a 'er ol pardllel Lur\e',' lhe larrer
.,","'-.ri ,r anj ose rLc rare or 'recp ol n
(a)
;';;.;;i; ".r.",r,"'
is,ndcpendenr o' rtre r:se ar apprication
ii i""a rr,. crcep iuncr'on \orre'pondrnP ro rhc-e a\-
sumptions is ofthe form:
.9
9 | , A,/1' ,l , A ld{rr rl
o,,.,,- Jrr llh'41
(, f) r\
Elrl C
lr rl'i' cq,J ro1. A, rrd L rre (r'nnJnr'' 'rrcr(ep
a",.,i1.'.f. de\rropmcnr 'l rhc deLved ed\('r
(b) 0f *a b' heuF'ell't'Tc'r o rln$ sirh
"'-""*"'
,-.ll r,;. u p. '**'
,,.'..n 'un, ion I' L'cd ir I\et lB'llP'
Fi, 161 (al creep iunclion
oi..,,r' or rl'(crreprt'lcrrJns r' din
'
(b) cEe! coemcient' loii vr.a"rt"a"."
ihe various nerhods oi analvsis $'ill be given in ihe
\ubseoucnt sc(riont o[ lhis Lhapt(r'
li..,le ,re. h"wercr r r u nbcr "l n porranr [eaLJre'
o(,,,') :;- tr + ,r(/,/)1. t16.21 *, .'fr'"."
"o*.o.
,o
Jir"rt*a i. this book. "fl
the methods otcreep analysisl
AIl ot them are based on the
is he rrr io crcep hneirl) uirl-''re" Jnd Ihe!
nc c-ecn coe'fiL,enr N dehne'l "l
I
\\ oen ".,.,nor'"n,f,"r.t..p',r'e'
,llooe\ B"l,,mJnr'arrnrrrle"r'r'rcrpo'rrion'qhi(h$ r'
,

,.-" r, I lo Ihe cldslrc strJ in al a$r )8

,l.c
;;'.';. "U."rlr',""
;'. rh( '\mbol rp st''' I inJcad 'r ''rr'r ' rnd ,,'..ii i"i"..'."'or v.rl.n r" inJ \4d'ro\" rlJ
write the creep lunction in the lornt olln.'nt. ot .up. r.o'iri"n m' rns'h:rr lhe ro'"' 'L'"'n al
i'." t.,r,. or J ron.rele 'uoie.red lu !ar)rngercl'n-e' r\
1 ,tr,Jr, r')
olr.r):Ea+-; 1i6.2(a)l oblarned h) .Jrrmrng ,1,. ''," 1 cru*d oi 'rrr*
i*,...n, ,o, ae.r.minrl ao1' '. dpnlied 1r ari r ll'e
'
total strajn is thus obtaincd b) the summalion tcrm
is
Clearly, thc relalion between the two creep coefllcients
ll.'l (0: I r') t16.sl
d(r.r')= d,Jr. r') f." ^,(1)o(,.
wherc lo: agc at first applicalion of lord'
Il ihe stress
Somc of the ..tioa' *"a for creep analvsis (such
varics coniinuouslY
*-ilr" i"i" "i -..p' ura 'rate ol flow' methods) depend
.nt;..tv on u pa.ti"ufut iormulation of the creep iunction' .(i) = ,,, tr6.6l
r."*,. orhri merhods can u'e any cr(ep lunclion or e!en J'.r,,,r-if
"
or.',p.ti",.n,"r.t*p c!,1e' rcrecP 'u'l"cer $ tuLh arc mentiond before, it is the particular lormnlation of
"ir
nor .dil\ e\Drc"eJ bv a'rngle cI(ep lunclror'
-^.-;;a:...i n t h";tcr r2. rhere e\r'r rq' cchool'
As
when
tr'r.-"*.p fr.oi., which lads 1(r different rcsDlls
re
"r valuaiing the above equatrons'
rhorpnt r. e,r.lrre Lhe:orn-larion ^ lhecr(epltrncrion'
rr,. i,,.' .". alr;mpr. Lo -ep'e'enr 'L e\perimenrJrl)of
.r,iri*a *ri^i", olvirgin concrcle as a prtlart Elleclive modulus method (EM merhod)
"t*,
,.,,1.a a*or';on for"tlons. The resulling creep lunclior Bj.eJ on rrr , \pc,inrn.r, \\urk. lJb.rro p-opo'ed in
;s ol the geaeral form: ,r:i. ,f" ".rr-1"*" 'l llecLle VodLlL'm'tocr' Verhr'o Lo

!6 rl ,"rft'. llrn, a."."a""' rllers rn cor''rerr r' dLcounred

"rtd
{,(,,1):#tl + (o/(')s(r -, )l .,",i' r"ir,i' .d. creep or conrrere
r", r.' ""'
,Jr.'r*,f"".'t
-'"arit'\ ol rla{rcrL) otconLretc b1 a
rt
where E(1) = modulus ofelasticitv at
agc
'" ,,. i i " e,i'"' t "t.'e':rl rl rhe crecp'orlllcienL
K^: a Lonsrant, rime"lr ior (^n(rete loaded at age rul thus
,,,4 -,,rn.,'on $h;ch erprcssct Lhe efle'l o[ E = Lrr.r It r +(r.ror]. [16.7]
ag( at appli(ahon o[ load I '
'or : ' r r'irl
.') : development of creep with ime under rhet m,..J'r,r.'' r'..\c''rc'P''''u \" 1l' r "
and g(r - 1oad.
,.dh !e.-nQ. "s','l''r p''l''lt'"Jo\'' 'co J
243 Methods ol $eep onaL!)sis o1 strut:tutal menbers
This 'reduced o. 'cnective modulus is rher used in an and for subseqLrenl applicatior of load at age rr > ro:
elaslic analysis. Thus, thc creep strain at age , dcperds
lt
@l'.r,' rL.!
upon thccurrent value ofs!rcss. and no accounr is lakcn ol
, I f lro
', .' dl .,"rl []60l
the stresii history. For this reason, the EM merhod givcs
good resnlls only under ihe following two conditions: Applying these eqrrtion\ to calculate the total strain at
lirst, where thc concrete stress docs not vary significanrly time I resuliing lrom aslrcss oo whichis constant bet$een
during the period under investigalion, and second. when ro and ., "\ields (Fig. 16.4) thc str.in
the aging of the concrete is negligible, as in old concreie.
Underdecreasing stress, the strains rre undcrcsrimared, e(r):oot-o(r.rol o(r..,)l [16.10]
"l
and under increasing st.css. the strains are overestimated.
o, tl
Ir)-6r"Lrllul l r dn,.t.,)|.
Relaxation of stress under constant strain is undcr-
eslimated. i.c. thc calculated stresses arc higher than ihe
F/rrl rl'ol' " I

actual values. Fo. thc case of stress removal. complete t16.10(a)l

recovery ofslraln is predicled (Eig. 16.2). The EM method Withr(li) : Ello). the strain at I > rL is
will bc used in this book lo. lhe computation ol dc
fleclions of cracked reinlorced concrcte beams and slab . oad$,,ta)
.(r,:-.
Llr)
Clearly. the strain aftcr rcmoval ofthe stress is constanl.
Rate ol creep method (RC melhod)
which means that the crccp rccovery observed in experi-
Thc basis for the RC method was established br ments afier removal olloadis not rcpresented properly by
Ct/1!rle rn lq rO { hen he concluded tr"r t'perimenri this mcthod.
data on young concrctc that al ary age o[concrete, t. the I er u. .'.r.rdrr nou Lhe cdse ot .re\\ \'arlrng \un-
rale ol crcep is independent ol the age at appiicarion of tinuously wilh timc The change ofcreepd. dudng a time
load (see Fig. l6.l). The mathematical lormLrlation of the interval, dr. dependson thc Stress d(r), considered coDstant
RC mthod $as d.\cloped by Whitne!r1 in 1932 and dudng thal time inlcrt,al, and on the rale of creep do/dr.
applied to complex s(ruclural problems by Dischingerrl
in 1937.
The assurnption lhat the rate ofcreep isconsiant at any Llc d/rdO 6(.t d,i
Jr d/ E(Lrl dr f16.l1l
time I means thal lhe creep curves arc parallel for all ages
at apptication olload. Thus, only a singlecurvefor speci6c
creep (or crccp coflicient) for initlal applicarion of load
The change iD clastic strain due l.J the $lrcss ircre-
(age ro) is required to define thc creep for ait subscquenl ment do(r) occurrlng during the same time inlerval dr is
givcn by
ages at applicalion olload (r > ,o), and the creep function
assumes rhe following forms:
lor initial application of load at age ,0: dt: E(r) &
ll The rotal change ln strain, including shrinkage, risr. dnrin g
- ,I .
... , aLro, i_t. rn)
Or./ol rli., o{r.,. rl to8l
d, 6(/r dd,
! I d" _ d.",,
dr E(r,,) dr /-lr) dr dr [16.12]

Assuming shrinkagc to develop at the same rrte as crccp,

i.e.

t.JI ., h)
r"': r/'(r ror'
d(/, Ji
and rcalizing ihat

dr:,rd
d. dd, dd d" dd
,,,r q:! : d.l dr '
& ,ir' & = dd ,lr
we can e{press [16.12] in thc well-known firsrorder
diferenti:rl equation developed by Disch]ngerlr to sotve
structural creep problems:
de d(r) I do dr."
dd:6(,") * E(,l.rd * dd' [16.13]

au. /6..t Relalion beiwecn srain and rime ror a unn stre..,..,.,r In rhis equarion,rr rq the c reep coeficient and not thetime
drnt troe,..r .. dqo.ai'p o.h!,v1c..d ' lh.t. i.the indenend(rl ,ariuble.
 Rate of fiaw method 249

!a
9
<r

(a) o

(b) 0 to t. tz t Time
Fis /6J. Relalion belween (a) creep lunclion and (b) creep cocficienr,.d rmc according to the RC merhdd

Assuming a constant modulus of elasticit),, [16.111 \i'hich gives good resul ts lor older concrctc. r Because of its
simpliiles ro shortcomings, the RC method can be considered obsolete
iD its originalform. Houever. attempis to overcome these

;:,rl["o'*q1.it f16.13 (a)l
This diflerential equation is easily solved for a rvide
va.iety of problems. Howelcr, there are a number ol
assumptions made in the RC mcthod which deserve
discussion. The assumption ol parallcl lines. as shown in
Fig. 16.1. mcans lhat creep decreases very rapidly with
increasing age at applicaiion of load and becomes zcro for
concrete loaded when very old. Thus, crecp dclbrmarion
under incrcasing stresses is underestimated. Parallelism
lurther impiies that only a small creep recovery occurs
upon removal oi load, and this results in aconstant strain
Jier Inl."dr1g,l-rg 'b4l lhrr rs cortrarr ro e\peri-
mental observations (se? Ch. 9) and leads to an over-
estimation of creep under a decreasing stress, and ol
relaxation under a conslant strain.
However, for loads applied to young concrele thc
meihod gives good resulls in contrast to the EM melhod
shortcomings have revived the inrerestin the RC method.
These ne$, developments will be discussed in the follow-
ing section.
Rate ol llow method (BF method)
In order io overcorie rhe deficiencies oi the RC method.
namely the underestimaiion of creep of old concrete, and
of crccp rccovery, England and Illston'a proposed to
represenl lhe creep l nction rs thc sum of three com,
ponenr,: rhe ela.ric.rr.,in I .,). rhe deldled ela,rrc {ra n
kJ (\r hich is recoverable), and rhe (irrecoverable) flow. ,i
(Fig. 16.5).
England and Illston concludcd lrom cxpcrimnh of
ihcir own and of others tha! thc dclalcd elaslic strain
(expressed in terms oi d, Cd or dd) is independenl ol the
age at appiicatlon ol ioad and reaches a final value much
faster than the irrecoverable flow. The flow (expressed
 250 Methods L,l creep anal)tsis of structwat menlhets

E ro Complere rernoval oi sl ress

6 .oiresponds ro the aDotrcat on
ola stress - r a, aqe il
(a) o

(b) 0

(c) o

E(rr)

*ain and rimeroraunnsrrcssaprL,edduinsrhepriod

;lrrJL l:,fi:".1*** r. ror,. a.cordins

_1

,9

I -cr(r) cr (rd +

0
Creep luncrion,ccording Lo th RF merhod
 lmprcwd Dischinget method 251

in terms of 6r, Cr or d) is assumed to represenl the In the original paper,la the delayed elastic component
irreco\erable componenl ot (r(ep in Ihe tame !t"y d. in was considered to be composed of two parts, a rapid
the RC method. i.e. flow curves of concrete loaded by a recovcry occurring duringthe first few days a{ter removal
unit stress at difrerent agcs are assumed to be parallel, of load, and a slow recovery progressing ovr a period of
whichmeans that the rate ol flow at any time is constant;
hence the name of the RF method. As a simplification of the melhod,the authors proposed
with these assumptions, and using the form of thc to ignore the variation of the modulus of elasticity with
creep function given by []6.a1, we have: time, and not to separatc the rapid and slow components
of the delayed claslic strain.
for initial appiication of load at age t0: lf r >> r, we have complete recovery of the delayed
elastic component; thus
Ol/.r.)-:
I
("ll.l C,trt- r^,(ro) I6.l4l
|+ d.(r,)dr(h) |

-
orqrt/.Io)j
I r.( ,ol+-q,tl d,(o) 'llr: ElrJ arJ [16.18]
_
- E(rn) L(,,) _
t(ro) Ttis equation simplifies further if E(ro) : E(,r).
[16.]a(a)l Under varying strcss, the slrain has to be calculated
from the integral of [16.61, which is possible only by a
and for subsequent application of load ai age t'> to:
step-by-step Procedure.
qrrr,r r:
1 + ,/,'(,-') + d'(I) dll') The RF method offers a dramatic improvement over
t,lrl Eful E(rJ
!6 r51
the RC rnethod because it represenis properly the creep
recovery of young concrete when unloadd. However. rhe
For a unit stress applied at age ,o and rmoved al age,r, creep function does not represent correctly the creep oi
the slrain at time t is (Fig. 16.6) virgin concrele loaded at age I > ro, and, in pafticular,
{, : fo(r, h) o(r,,,)l [ 16.16]
creep of old concrete is undereslimated considerably.
Thus. for increasjng stress, the creep is underestimated

- "irr:rfi+rfio,rr ,"r
whereas, under conditions of decreasing stress, good
results are obtaincd.

+#td,(',) d,('")l lmproved Dischlnger method (lD method)

In the discussion of the RFmethod it was mentioned that
the delaycd elaslic strain develops much faste! thaD the
tl6.l7l Ilow component. This is so pa(icularly in the case ol the
'1';a-;fi0"t' "1

3 1.0 Cornp eie rernovalof stress

cotresponds io the applicalion
ol a stress ot 1 at ageir

dd (r r,)
t(,0)
,E

E (o) E(,1)

0 lo t- t Time
/66 Relation belween strain and time tor a u.il slrcs applied du.ing the period ro to r1, aeo.ding to lbe RF nethod.
252 Methods of oeep analysis ol struttural nembets
part denoted in reference 14 by rapid delayed elasticity, or (cl [16.13] ):

which dvclops within th 6rst lew days after loading or d. I+ tb^ d6 otL) d,,n
unloading. ln order to allow a simple analyiical trcal
mcnl, Nielsent5 proposed to add the delayed elastic part
aO,: tr,.l a,a -rr,l" aa,
[16.2]l

ol the lotal deformation to the instantaneous laslic part.

and 1o treat ihe llow component in lhe same way as the Principle ol superpositlon oI virgin creep cu es
totalcreepinth RCmethod. With this simplilication. the As mentioned before, th. principlc of superposition has
creep lunction can be written in the lorm: been gene.ally accepled as applicable io concrete.
for initial appl;cation of load al age ,o: McHcnrys and Maslove modliied Bolzmann's principle
oi superposition 1o includc the etrect of aging of concrete
.r,,,"r-j n4t9#@ [ !6.i9] Correctly in lcrpreted, this means ihat strains produced at
any time , by a stress incremeni applied at age r' < I arc
whcre Ed : a fictitious modulus of elasticily defined bl' lndependent of the clTects ot any stress applied earlier or
1ater.Ifl otherwords. creep curves of virgin concrele are to
be supcrimposed. The creep funcljon, reprsented graphi
1, I , dd
tr6.20l cally in Fig. 16.8, is given by
EA- Eltt) ' Elto)
rl
for appllcaiion ol load at any age l' > aoi O,r.r , _ ll r (plr,, )]. !6.241
-,tlt \ I ( rr.r )- t{t
tt I

olr.r):E +,(rJ[d,lr,rnrl] [16.21] f-;*."ri.g ,t** ..a fo. ,t;gtttty a""."as;ng ,t."r..
superposition ol virgin creep curves gives good agreemcn 1
q her.
l 1 ,i^
t16.21(all wirh cxperimental data, but,forcomplete removal ol Iord
E. t1r r llro ) tor rhe .on.r(le, rhe re(orer) :. .orcuhar o\c'e'.i-
\i.lsen" recommends dJ: I 1lhus Ed:0.?5r(lo). mated. as indicated in Fig. 16.9. However, this is not
Lai.r. Rii.ch cr ol." proposed a lalue ol c,d = 0.'1 lor considercd serious dciiciency because the case ol sudden
a
ri . r> 90 dali. $hich $3s adopt.d in the CEB FIP. complcte unloading is not common in practjce.T
19?8 Vodel Code. Combining lhe innanianeous and
delayd elastic delormations inio one term, xpressed bv
,d. makes the ID method a hybrid of the EM and the RC
methods.r The idealized creep iunclion is depicted in
Fig. 16.7. The advantage of thc ID method lies in rela-
tively simple analytical treatment and good accuracy for
simple practical problems in which the timc since applica-
lion of load exceeds about threemonths However, for old
,1,$, t')
concrclc, creep is underestrmated as in the RF method. E(t)
The differential equalion according to the ID mcthod is
(ct f16.121):
ds olr) dd, i + d.i dd d""!, OIoltTim-o
,i.:ft,J d, + rl,) d, + d, 116.22)
i:,a /d.d ReDrcscntation ol vnei. crccptunctions

9 o( /')
'v, ar^
a
i,-
1'u'
0 to t =11
Comparison olactual and idealized dep lunclions lor lhe ID melhod
 PtiruipLe oJ superyasiLi.)n ol t)irain oecp .:urrcs )5-l

(b) 0
aia 16.10 Definilion ollnne inlervak lG the nep-bv{tepmeih.d
I

be represented in the iorm ol a product ol agc and

duration ([16.3]). Il this type ol creep function is used. a
numerical solution technique is required, the accuracy of
which depends on how accuralely thc testdata are repres
ented by thc crcep function for a particular concrete, and
on the number o[ steps used in the numerical solution.
!
Solution using a step-bt-stel method
The step-by-stcp procedx re is completely general in rh ar it
candeal $ilh an y creep function and any prescribed stress
or strain history. The step-by-step approach will be used
0 lo t1
in th iollowing section to define the so-callcd'rel ation'
q or 'aging' coefrcient. This approach has lo bc used for
Fi, ?6 Superporition oi virgin creeplun.tions
probem, $rtt ,n arbrrrr') p e'cribeo '1.(," or \lrdin
history. For thc purpose of analysis, the total lime is sub-
divided into a number ol time steps whose length should
Thestrain altime I due to a unit stress applied at age incrcase with time. However, il a sudden change of slress
ro
and remoled at age l, < ,. (Fis. 16.9) isi or strain occurs in a prcscribed stress or strain history, a
time interval ol zero duration should be introduced such
E(r):o(,,r.) O(r,r,) [l6.251 thal lhc creep function for thar inrerval, O(tj,lj), degen-
erates to I/f(rj). The noralion used for thc step-by-siep

.,,,= r rl!]d 1 [n.',t numericrl analysis is defined in Fig. 16.10. For best resulrs
' Eirot* Elr,) l-t,) E(/,1 t16.25(a)l
under continuously varying stress, the time intervals A/i
.tu,rld be .ho.U ,r.h rhar ll-e lengrh, J.e app-o\r
The modulus of etasticity ior deiining d(i. r') is frequenrl)
malely equal on a iog-time plot. For continuously
varying stress therc are a number of different wavs to cal-
assumed to beequal to a constant reference valueGuch as
culJre lhe,.rarn Jue lo
l(-) or Il2all. rr $hi.h c"{ rhe denonindror, ot rhe ",lre., tncre.rlenr lor de-
cremnt) Aaj occurring during the rime interval Ari.
.I lcrms have !o b altered accordingly (re.,[16.2a]1.
Thetotal strain at time r, due toa varying stress stadng Bell,s are .\e a ernari\e met,rod, ot p.ocedu,r..
lrom an initial valuc oo, is 1. The st.css increment Aaj is assumed to bc apptied ar
rhe lddl( ol .he,.h .nre rrime r,r.r- fhc el"nr.
: tl + d(,,.o)l + Ol/./) rr dr .t_ain .orponenr rs cdlLu 'al
"rcd "l lhal lime ith L(r l.
s
"(, ,.(r")g J" and creep F oerrrnrned 'rom rne ,, on"ard,. Ar rhe
[16.26]
This integral cann oI bc solved ln closed form, except if a
special type of creep lunction is introduced which specifies
thar dd./dr :
constant, which docs, however. not.cpres-
I Thc
lera 4ii,. as u$d her reie$ ro crep.urves lhich aE oI simitar
iom and lor trhich the ratio.l lhe creep coelEcienls at diferenr ases ar
ent the co(ect virgin creep lunction. Virgin crcep curves applcation oi load, but under load lor lne sane perlod ol !ime, n
are represcnted much mo.e accurately by alliner creep co.sthl. Mathemallcaily, thn ca. cxpre$ed by rhe afrne irans
curves than by parallel ones. Il amne creep curves are
adopted for the lorm ulation of the creep iunction, it has io ot'r + rLrrl = @1r, + trjtr) r (aconsranr)
251 Merhods aI oeep anallsis ol structwal membets
end of thelh interval (time tj+r) the strain incrcment

Ao a"(,,-,y:
- !o [tL * d]l .,L' t

Ao,o(,,_./)-..,fl d{,,r.r,rl r.{r r)

^J,rri,,) 1 I
u6.271 +41+d(r,+L,r,l+
E(rrl ,t,,_r) |
and at the end of the ith interval, i.e. at time ,r+r
t16.33(a)l
1>rj+, ):
At ihe cnd of interval i we have
A-
4..,r, r- Adror,, . , I - _:-r. Ll I o(, i o,.! .1* a I + d(,j*
,.rrrl.
oa,-,1:![1
oLLlIjtl E(rr)
1. rj)

[16.28]
In the second method, the stress increment Aoj is
l+dlr+,.rj+rr-l
t16.341
assumed to be applied at the beginning of rhe jth Elr,+r t ]

rntenal (lime r, I rnd hall ol rhe stre,s incremenl Al1 of these methods are easily programmed for evalua-
t-l^drl i, dsumed to prL,JJce creep durips rhe lu I tion by computer and they all yield very accurate results if
lenglh oI lhe lime rnrendl Wrlh lhe.e assump on., al a suficient number of time steps is used. Because of the
lhe end of the time intervaljl relativesimplicjty of the first formulatio& it will be used in
the subsequent discussion-
a<,,.,1:-ffitr + jd(,j*1,,j 1)l t16.291 The total strain at the erd of th ith intcrval is the sum
of the strains due to stress increments Aoj applied during
and at the end of interval i: all the previous intervals (ci6.271):
! !46
: ,/,,,,1. L Alilrj .r I r,.',fl drr, ., ll
E* tl + i4,tti t,t) t))
^61r,-,) [16.35]
Loid|i+t,tt+ )
- ,E(r,J [16.]01 Equation [16.35] can be written in abbreviated form

The second term of thc right-hand side oi this equarjon rr,:I4",:I?tL+0.t. t16.ls(a)l
representsthe creepdue 1o the second half of thestress
applied at the end of interval i. This equation is used to evaluate thc strains under a
A third method corresponds to the trapezoidal rule given siress history. An example is a structural element
where the elastic and creep properties for time interval loaded in many stagcs such as a concrete column or an
Arj are the average oi those at the beginning afld the
end of the intewal so that:? Thesame equation will now be used 1() predict the stress
in aproblem where the history of the strain is prescribed.
Alrr+,t := [o(. +,,ri ]) + olr,+r.. +rll Denoting the stress al thc beginning and end of the jth
intervil b) o, and dr. re\peclr\el). we cJr ,ubnrrule
6.311 in fl6.l)lall: Lo,- o , a I Separa ng rhe.rrc,'
increment occur ng during ihe ,th interval from the
summation term. we obtain
[l +d0,*,,r, ,] . 1 I
^^,. ,
Lo,
:t :
) L L, j-.t 'r,,,,,] )
j=1 ^r
(o +, o, ,)-(l + d,,)
t16.31(a)l
l
At time ,r+ 1, the strain due to Aoj isi Lt4 | .tt lr +d,1. flo.lbl
A.(rr ,)--1 [O(, I rr r Orrr ,.r,.,r,l Rearranging this equation, we obtain an expressior for
the stress at theend of thc ithinterval, provided the stress
[16.32] at the beginning of the same intervalis known:

4. Finally, if relatively large time intervals are taken,

Simpson\ rule may be usedle to obtain accurate
results: i:r
- I(or+, 6 r) _ {1 + d,,)]
I

[16.37]
A(rr.,) : to{rr-1,/j,) + 4o(rj*1,,j)
? where the dii : creep coeficient from th e middle to the
+ Ofur*,, ri * r)l 6.lll end of the ith interval.
 Trost Bazant nethod 255

The term A.ican include any type ol change in strain tl6.18(a)l and 6.a0l, and rearransing:
durins the jlh
interval. such as srrain imposed by
E(h)
compatibility conditions, by errernal siress, shrinkage, or f' 1+ At,l )

swelling. Temperature strains car also be included, pro- ^'"'' dlr.Io)[o(.r do] .]," Er. )

viding it is remembered that creep characterisrics of .

.ro(r') I
concrete are a function of temperature {see Ch. 7). For t<-at
,\ - [16.41]
0\1,1n1
pure relaxalion (i.e. wiihoul shrinkage), the term Asi is
equal tothe elasticimposed sirain during the lirst interval For numerical evaluations:
(Al1 : 0) and is zero for all subsequent intervals. E(r,,) : Ad(r')
/l'''"t :
The number o[ steps for good agreement with experi-
mcntal rcsults is small, usually aboul 6ve. so that hand
dl,.",tl.t,l .] +il,\
computalion is possible. I

Trost-Bazant method (TB method)
A practical method for dircclly computing ihe strain
under a varying stress, or stress under a constani or
varying strai& was devcloped bl Trost in 1967'zo andlater
improled by BaTan!.'z' who calls his method the 'Agc
Adjusted ElTecrive Modulus Method'. This introduccs
the concepi of an aging' coefllcient. Trost's term is
'relaxation' cocmcicnt. Bolh names have their justifica-
tion as will shortly become obvious- However, in order io
avoid conlusion with the computation of presiress losscs
where reiaxation of steel plays a role, thc term 'aging'
.oeffi.ienr w;ll h-- us--d in this hook
As discussed before, the difficulty in the analytical
treatmentof structuralcreepproblemsisthattheintegral
equation ([16.6])cannot be solved ir closcd iorm if the
creep or flow curves are ror-parallel. In order to explain
the aging coeltrcient concept we cxprcss the lotal sirain
.esuhing from an initial stress applied ar age ,o. a(ro) :
oo, and from the subsequent continuously varying
4,) - ooo(.ro)+ Ofr.I'l ! ,lI
I'
or,(,):#tr +dt,ro)l
* f' +,i(.,.
| ) lorr Lo''
J', u. , t16.38(a)l
Evaluating the integral of this equation lor an assumed
variation of stress wirh time and expressing thechange of
stress in the form
^fl- +dlr.r')l
- @(r, fol
u6.421
-.
Thus, the value of th aging coeliicient x depends on ,o, on
the creep function, and on the variation of the stress or
strain with time. As thc aging coemcient has always the
same argumcnt as the creep coefficieni with which it is
associaled, the argument will be omitted from Dow on-
In his original paper,Trost2o determined thc numerical
values of X on the basis of the CEB, 1964'z creep function
and oi the following two assumptions: the variation of
strain duc to a change in slress follows the creep time
function. and the modulus of elasticity is constant. Wilh
thal I was dependent
these assumptions, Trost'?o found
on lhc value ol the so-called normal creep coellicienl
d,N: .i(,,28), and on the ase at applicatior of load, ro.
The load duration (, ,o) was found 10 have only a
minor effeci on the magnitude oi I and was, therefore,
neglected.
This has been confirmed for a set of aging coeflicients
calculaled for different load durations from a rclaxation
curve determined using the step-by-step proc.durc of
relerence l? and the CEB, 1964 creep formr ation.'lnthjs
connection, it was also found thal establishing the aging
Ir6.38] coeficient lrom a calculated relaxation curvc (i.c. no1
assuming the prescribed strain time rlalion discussed
above) resulted in aging coetrcients which were almost
identical to those of Trost. It should be noted here that
the CEB, 1964 recommendations2 presented the creep
l:n, r,,n in the lorm
td"
ok.1): +
D(r I -/,(r')/,(r
u:s
r'l
-
where N : d t . 28) : the normal creep coefficient,
q, ,

,(t') : function representing the e{Iect of age at

Jr':o ) do [16.39] application of load,
^ok):.J," andrG-l'):creep time funclion with an ultimate
where t,(t) : total stress at time ,, we of 1.0.
value
t16.38(a)l: The efl'cc! of member thickness on the creep time
n^
(rr:E(r")rl + ,r(r.ro)l +dlnfGi6^ lunction was then not sonsidered.
U sing the asing coefficient and including shrinkage, we
can rewrite [16.40] ir a form which will be exteNively
x f1 + t(r, h)d(r, h)]. t16.4Ol used in this bookr
ln this equation, xlr,ro) is the aging coemcienl which
accounts for the elTect of aging on the ultimate value of r(r): j!tl + ,,(r,r")l
creep [or.Lre* rn(Jemcnr\ or dec-erenrr occurring
gradually after the application of the original load. The
aging coeflicrenl is defined by equating the last terms ol
)56 Methotis of treep anal\lsis nl struttwal members
Fo. inliniie time. , is to be replaced b) 11
The phtsical mearing ol the aging coelicicnr can be
explained in two ways: crccp due to a gradual change in
stress from do to d(r) ts smaller by a lactor I than il rhe
same diference in stress had been applied ar age roi thus,
theredxced crccp coeficient is t{(r, ro). This isidenticatto
statingthat thc crcep due to thls gradually applled stress is
equal to that due 1o a stress l[o(r) -. oo] applied at age ro,
$,hich is the other $ay oi viewing the aging coeltrcienr.
In 1972. Bazant:r tbmulated rhe mcrhod more
rigorously. proposing that the agjng coefficient bc de-
termined lrom the rlaxation functions stablished by a
stp-by-st"-p procedure from creep funclions. The aging
coellcient can be cxlracted from tl6.a0l if the stress
o(r) is known. Realizing that, for relxxation, 6(.) is con-
stanl and equal to roiE(ro), we can solve [16.40] for
'/lt. tr):
o"l
/lt.tn): do f(rl
d'(r, ro)
Il a xnil str.tiD is applied at age ro, we obtain
/l.r^t: r(rJ I creep \ras considefed 1o consist of two components bul
t(rol ri dlr. /.)
R(r
$he.e Rlr.ro) is the rela\a1ion function al lime I lor an
imlial srrcs! equal to ;(ro) appiied at age % (Fig. 16 11).
Bazanrri used two difl'erent creep functions to define
the numerical values ol the aging coefficient, namely the
ACI, 19711 creep functions for sl.ucrural concrerc
([16.46])and for mass concrete (t16.a71):
or,,,r :
ri[r * o,r,r##;]
and
otr.t l- I
I! is io be noted that lhe creep iunction of t16.471 is
unboundcd, i.e. it does nol rcach a limiting value. Two
sets of aging cocHlcjents were calculated for each creep
lurction- one lor a variable E and onc for consrant E. 1()
show the inflxence on thc \.alue otl.In addition, Bazant,l
used llc CEB, 196.1 creep lunction (borh wirh constant
and wilh va.iable E) rocomparcrhe resulrs wi!h thc aging
coeftcren...i I u.l.ro rrd.onclrJ(J lhdl rhe vrnalruns
in , should not bc neglected for young concrete, thar thc
aging coeficienl varics wirh time undcr load. and rhat
Tro(\ values differ considcrably irom his valucs.
Comparing the resulh of Trosr\ and ol Bazant's
analyses wilh the results of relaration tests by Bastgcnzr
(Fig. 16.12)ilis obvious that the.csults obtained by Trost
ire beller rhJn BJ/ani,. ln Iig. lo 12. rhe,e e\p(ri-
mentalresrlts are also compared with rhe resul rs obtained
using the aging coeflicients of Schadc'!' and with rhosc
bascd on the creep lunction of the CEB FIP, 1978 Model
I6.,l4l Code.6 Schade computcd lhe aging coefllcicnt accordins
to Bazanl's cquarion ([16.421). on the basis of the CEB-
FIP creep formulation as published in 1972,r and
adoplcd by the German DIN 1045 (1972).In reference 23
tr6.45l
the term l" oi the CEB,FIP, 1978 creep iunction (see
[16.5]l and U6.541) was not ircluded and the modulus
of elasticily was assumed constanr. Thc coeficienrs es,
tablished on the basis of the CEB-FIP. 1978 creep
iunction are given in ligs. 16.13(a) and (b) and in more
dctail in Figs. 1616 and 16.17. The mathematical ex-
pressions used for thc creep funcrion are given on page
259.
I Ir,4h
'I
l i' ro bc noled rhar schdde'' aging coeflcrenl. are al
equdl lo 0.5 dr the in.tanr of lr,t ioplrcalron ot ioao
Theoretically, the aging coemcienr musr be cqual to 0.5
shortly after theinilial application of theload whenevera
continuous creep function is used. This can be easily

a,,.,1 - d,r, r0 liog,rt / r rl derived from [l6.371 considering only one interval after
..,-, .heJpplr(alronot thcrnilral,oao Hosever.rt ueLrelhe
Lro4/I ( LB t IP lq78creep.rn(Lron,$hr,h(onlain.J moreor
l(* in.ldnlln(ous rrre!e.nble creef rerm a agrng
'\4 + 1\''
*1...f,,,:,,r$1 0 85./
l6 481 .a ue.,L:,rr*irh r \ atue ot appr,,\rmdtety t.00,.
s'horrt) ;trel
application of rhe load.
and .r"(r') : d(r..7) 1.25.' o113.
II 6.49] From Fis. I 6. I 2 it is o bvious that rhe aging coefficienrs
eslablished on the basis of the CEB-Ftp creep funcrion
best rep.esent the expcrimental lrend.
Some furthe. remarks should be made regarding the
agingcoemcients and the relaxalion iunction fronl which
they wcrc derived. Under certain conditions. the CEB-
E(,0)
FlP, 1964 and 1970 creep funciions yield nonsensical
results. As shown by Haas,'za.25 ihe relaxation function
I obtained from the CEB-FIP, 1970 creep function for
concrete nrembcrs wilh an efl'eclive thickness lo > 0.20m
and loaded al a relaiively early age, results in tensile
q \rr(\\e\ eren rl.LBF Lhe iniriJ \r.e\\ qas compres.r!e
The same was found by E1-Shafey,6 for the ACI creep
a lunction ([16.,16]) lor h < five days. No tensile stresses
develop under any condition when the CEB FIP, 1978
creep function is used.
utol From these observations and lrom thediscussion ol rhc
a,q 161l Relatiol beLween relaxarion lunclion and rimc diflerent types ol c.ecp iunctions, it musl be concluded
 Trcst Bazdnt tnethod )57

t3 o8
E,per menls e /trrpolaied

'o 0.7

I000 10,000

Timesinceapplicationof load days

I, /6/i Comlr$0 oferptrmenrdl laluesolagngcoelllcientr: wtth lhose accordinslo rne CEB Ftp, tgiB srwp
!
run.rion Trlr,r" Bazanr: nndS.lad!t'!As.drJppnadonotlbeloadr.=28da!s,cepcoefli.i.nrdir,,.28)=15.

that in the prcsnr stare of knowlcdgc no method can bc
rorsidered jo 5e. \r\l Thr. i, ,o becJU'e lhcrL are cerr" n
non linearities in the behaviour of concrete, particulariy
shortly aitcr loading, which cannot be represenled by
linear creep models. In addition, creep is nor striclly
linearly relaied 10 slress, which lurthcr complicates the
.ilrrtion. lo hr. r(a.on r$o ,et, oi graph, a-e g:\en
below:one according to Bazant:l established on the basis
of the ACl, 1971 crccp lunctions lFigs. 16.14 and 16.15)
and the olher based oD thc CEB-FIP,l9T8 creep lunction.
The graphs based on the CEB-FIP. 1978 creep formula-
tion are of two 1yps: one set lFig. 16.16)gives thc value
of X for six difercnt ages at application ol load and flow
coeflicier r. d. berur n0<odl.r40lo loJJourJllun\ rp

,9 ! 0.8

'6 I 4.7

05
1 2 3 45 10 20 30 50 100 1 2 3 45 1o 20 30 50 1oO
(a) Agealapplcaionofload,h(logscale) -days (b) Age at apprication ot road,,o(og scate) -
days
fis./61J Relationb.lwenultinaleagingcoeficienl/qandageatatplicarionoiload,,o:{a)iordif enr now coemcients d;j (b)tor difl*ent
 258 U"thod" ol crccp analt .ii aJ vudwd ncnbph

,9

05
1000 5000 10,000

1.0

.a
; oc

'6

0a
10
500 1000 5000 10,000

3.
2.5

.0

6
0.8
10 500 1000 5000 r0,000
road{r rojrtogscdre, doy.
ime unoer
/,,.,76./a Rearonbei*Tn"C.nc...m..el,4..r,dioIT.J1dertudd
,oltr,.hreerse.r
aDpl,dro'orlorJ.bd.edorrneA, t. u-t,reep,Lriflro1ror\+,ahalcor..reL"td40l,
"

to 1000 days. The c.ep coefidenr .l(t-,ro) correspond_

ldcrlrtate lhe u,e olrhese graphs w,lh an) melhod
rng roeicl cur\e is at\o gr\en or no onat thictn;ci /ro ot creep
'- 0.10m) $ lhal lhe cur\e. can be u.ed rn connecrron
Io
with a^ny method of creep prediction. The aging coefii- \rrlLdIl) ndnicltar \.rtue oi o;. rhe rgjng coeqrciear, ,rre
rndependen.ot member rh,cknc* up lo iairt)
cienrsfordrffe-enr member rhicknesse, difl er \ery ti tefor
high ages at appiication of toad, whicb allows us to
load dLratrons up ro 1000 dal.,o rhar only oni
curre rs condense_thc second set o[ data into
needed lor all theorelcal thrclne.,es. The \econd one graph for
sel of ,o < 100 days; this is shown in Fig. 16.13{a).
graphs {Fig. 16.17, pre\enrs lhe utrrmdrc agins
coefficienr U'ing rhe Informdrion
/{r".rul for diffe.enr flow coemcrrnl. d, a;d ditreren( ,I ig._ l6.l Ybr wd. defl!ed g,\en rn rhc Labie ot I rg. Jo.l7,
m"embe.lhic[ne$e! as a luncrion ol the age ar applcarron .o a ou a drrecr ocremlnarror
ol rhe aglng coeftcrenl tor a gr\en (reep coefrcienr
ol load.,o -The lable gi\en with ,he grdphc retare\ d"
d- lor differenr age. ar dppticarion of toad soE;a.dndro lbr concrere membe,. wi,h a norion.ri ,i,*** i,o
I2.151) such thal 0.10 m < no < 0.40m.
1,"i
 Mathendticdllormulation of the CEB-FlP, 1978 treep lunction 259
the creep coemcieDl lies bclwccn 1.5 aDd l.0and ro > fivc
days. Realizing that the creep and shrinkage data avail-
able for desigr arc normally rather coarse, we can adopt
this averagc valuc for a wide rangc ol problems.
Recently, Bazant and Kimt3 proposed a simple method
to approximate the relaxat;on iunction R0., ) ior a given
creep function o0,1) so that the aging coemcient l(, t )
can be readily determined from Ii6.15]. This method does
ror require iabulation of any coe$lcient and works fo. all
conccivablc shapcs 01' thc concrtle creep iunction. The
folow ng empirical IornLla repre.enF ,he dppro\imare
relation between the relaxation function and the creep

R(, ,'l i A^ 0ll5 [4,,] I I

I
4,t'.t) ott.! ll I Olr I Yl

116.501

where . = age of the concrele (days),

20 30 50 100 200 300 500
Age al application oi load, io(lo! scale) - days t' - age ai application of load (days),
Ao : correction factor,
and (=i(r 1).
For a parlicular ase al applicalion of load. the variable ,'
is replaced by ro to oblain R(r.to) lor [l6.451. Coemcienl
Ao introdxces a relatively minor age-independenl cor-
rection factor which is generally less than 0.02 and may be
ncglected, i.e. we can take Ao :
0. ln most cases, more
accurat rsults are obtained with Ao :
0.008. Although
lhc nuncricel evaluaiion of R(r,.') does not present any
diliicully, it is flcccssarJ to have a mathematical formula'
tion ol ihe creep function so that the dilleren! values of
O can be calculaled accurately.
The above approximate procedx re is presented in order
to aliow the calculation of the aging creep coelilcicnt for
creep functions other than those presented in this book.

Malhemallcal lormulalion ol
the CEB-FIP, 1978 creep funclion
10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000
Such afornulation is needed forall computer analyses of
!r Age at app icalio. or toad, ao(tog scate) - days
creep problcms. The c.eep lunction according to CEB-
i,!, ld.ij. Relalion b.lween ultinate axins .oefiicienl r-, and ase al
trFFli.arlon ol k,ad- based on thc ACl,l9Tl orceprunclion n.dr vlriable FIP6 is expressed by the relation
a.dulDs ol clasticilv (v? L]64lil)
rar srrudural condete 1[16.46]). Ol/,1= I + ,b k r'l f16.sil
lbl vAscon(ere([]6471). L(t') I,*
In this equation
E(r') : modulus of elasticiiy ol concreie loaded at age
The mathematical expressions to iormulate the CEB
FlP, 19?8 creep tuDction are given irl the ncxt section.
Ir should bc mcntioncd here rhat rhere is no need to d (r,l'): creep cocffrcicnt at lime i lor concreteloadcd at
di\tinguish beNveen the asins coc$,-cienl lor plain cos- asc t' wiich, accordins to CEB-FIP, is based
.rere and that for reinforced concrete as requircd in the on a constant modulus of elasticity ,rs,
original approach by Trost. Step-by-stp numericai in- ,,s : modulus of elasticily of concretc loaded at age
\estigalions have shoun conclusively thal the aging 28 days,
cocmcients are idenrical for plain concrete (under con- ,: agc oi concrete at time ofobservation.
dition\ ol constant strainl and for reinforced concrele and 1 : ag a1 application of the load.
lunder constant loadl.
From Fig. 16.13 it is obvious that an averxge value Sincc the age at application of load is a variable in the
z- : 0.82 can be used lor most practical problems where above equation, th slmbol l'is used afld not ,0, whicb is
B

ie
; i
:i
9i.--
:: eI
ei : I
3'E
!: -L-
"":I
Asi

l --I
il
il
tl,/|
tr TJ#
"-T
"-
-+,4!
ilJtl,ffi
ffi
Asi na coeificieni, x (t' h)

++A:E
-z
:A ! E iE -=E
"l 1: ,ffi
':; e
1: e
I t4
I ,?
',1L
Vr"fr/3 fl,
.

?EaI=
ii?37
l:[3E
i:F
I ,,/)
\ /11 ,1
L= .ffi
-=* ,L/1'
lt_ -']

= i,]
:a
{i='l i! ,r1; 6
lBll la/. ==
F lH_
xLllll
-r- tr
I
; 7+a,a
+ ]
i+#
l 'r
:3 I gL t-
i l L -l
iEl l ;EJH|] EH
;E:
=L
iiBaE -F+E 3
2a = =
Fr.

:ffi
Ag Aqlng coefi .ient x (t,lo)
(1,

'=i
-ti
l
_l]l

tl
;io
T--l
-ru
j 't--"---1-
2" ;l +
AEl+
i

<?
F3
.E XA
as
3 g.=4 'r
,E
'"Wmffi
s ql
cf*D ,h =#
ulA
qi{'-u- H
el '.
/ ": -t " \t/v/
\Vt.
:'li =F
sF tr= '^W,# aa
; --//A
F:
3, Al
i \t I3
c -tltfi-
't-:1Ltt+
aFTti\\T aI
;
F

$
,3 t- \\:JA
aal-*+ sr
;Effi
S;,"
:E
t- riels
;4$
 Mathenaticallbtnukttion af the CEB FIP, 1978 creep tundbn )6t

l0 50 r0o 300 500 30 50 100 300 500

1.0

0.9 , 09
q I
9
0.8 3 0.8

q
6 0.7 4A
1

3Q 50 100 3 5 t0 30 50 100 300 500 1000

Ase at applicarion ol oad, ro (os sca e) - days
10 Tab e re ari.g frowcoefltcienrdi to d(r_, ro)

)k; l 3 10 30 100 500 I000

1 o.s
0.05 0.70 0.94 0.98 0.52 0.48
0.40 0.7a 0.95 1.00 0.89 0.75 0.58 0.53
9 1.60 0Ta 0.95 102 092 0.80 0.65 0.59
; 08
040 0.89
0.89 1.24 1.24 1.12
122 1.34 1.22 .02 0.72 062
1.23 1.36 127 11
0.05 126 1.72 1.88 1.67 2A 0.76 057
2.4 0.40 1.24 1.77 2.AA 1.87 .55 1.00 Q7S
160 127
005 16! 2.24 249 2.24 1.67 0.70
3.0 0.40 232 2.66 2.08 128 097
2.72 268 236
3 5 l0 30 50 100 4.4
0.05
0.40
2.41
2.05
276
2.87
3.09 279
07 1.47 079
3.33 3.18
62 1.56 1.15
Age at apptication oi toad,lo(og scate) -
days 203 2.82 340
99
Fis 16l7 Relation belween ullimatcagingcoe6cie.t t- and age ar applicadonolloadlordlll*enr nowcoem.i.nis
(eeP oJles Thelablerclatesrte flowoe6cionts d,;,bard oncED-i:Ip.1978
d;rorhecrccr coem;ienr d(r-,rJlordifierenr ases ar applicarionorroad an.l ror rhree valuesor
or.Jnd .ti.rr.r.4,Lir me'rc.,
'

the age at ./i/s, application of load to the concrete. The

prime associated with the creep coeficient d'is used herc u,,',:u,.(1?t!!lL; " f16.s2l
for brevity: the symbol d'
indicates that the creep
coefrcient is based on the constant modulus ot elasticity
E2s and not on the variable modulus E(/,) used for orher The xpression lor the CEB-FIP, 1978 crcep coeficienr
creep lormulations (e.g. ACI). Thus d' is synonymous with 4,'(r, r') is discussed in Chapter 12 and is rcpeaied here for
d,i used arlier in the book.
The variable modulus ol elasticity E(r') in [16.51] is
expressed in lerms of the28-day value of the modulus ,, s
,b'\t, 4 : a.(t ) + d;p^(t - t ) + 4;L0to - lrft )1.
and of the age ,' by the equationi t16.5ll
 262 Methods of creep ahdusis of struutbal memben
The various ,{erms ol this equaljonmaybe expressed by Reterences
the following mathemat jcal functionsi

r,-08(r I0) t. R OSS. A. D.. Creep of conoete under variable stres, .'1Cl
.I.dnrl54. 1q58. p! 7lq t8.
' .OMllr'l-l ROPI l\ DU Bl- lON. R..onafaJdfiorr
lor at tnernatio dL Cade ol Pructice lot ReihJorcetl Con-
ad Cemenl
.re&. Americnn Conoete Insrirure: Detroir.
,.:.,'[,-#(,-#)"'] 3.
and Concrete A$ociaiion: London. 1964, 156 pp.
CEB FIP, lnt.tnatbnol Re.ounendations Jot the Desi7n
a d Coneructlan al Concr.Le Structwes Prirciples a d
[16.s4] Recouqetddtia s- Cam;# Europ6er du B6ton Fdera-
lL:0.21 + 0.'73|, e aatr t\7 [16.5s]
tion hternarionale de la Precontminie. FIP Sixrh Con
gress, Prague, June 1970. Published by Cehent and
.. t/r\
fnrt .l(,*s J l,, ' ,,)' ]
Conoele Association: Londo!, 1970, 80 pp.
iu,r,r I
4. ACI COMMITTEE 209, Prediction of creep, shrinkage,
and tempe.ature eflecls in concrete siructure. Desi8.inS for
I6.561 Eflects ol Creep, Shrinkage ard Temperaturc in Conqete
Slruclures, /lfter;.a, Con.r ete I nslitute Special Publication
In these equalions, the terms not defined in connection Nr.27, 1971, pp. 51 93.
with [16.51] are as follows: 5. BAZANT, Z. P. and OSMAN, E., Double power law for
L(r') : compressive strength oi concrete at age ,',
basic creep of conc.ele. Md tetiak o d Structnes, Patis,g,
No.49, 1976, pp. 3 11.
l:- : ultimate st.ength of concrcte at rime r., 6. CEB-FIP, Model Code fd Crn.rer. S,tu.rres, Comlte
4r; : creep coemcient ior dlayed elastic creep,
Euro Intemational du Belon F6d6ration Irlerna,
lionale dc la P.6corlrainte: Paris. 1978, 3,18 pp.
di :
Ho! coemcicnr, 7. BAZANT. Z. P. and NAJJAR. L. T.. Comparison ol
and rqr = lime delay iactor depending on norjonat approximate linear methods tor concrele c.eep. Jo rn lol
the Stttctttdl Ditisioh. Pra.. Ad. Soc. oJ Citil Ehuineen,
thickness lo as given in Table 12.3.
No. ST9, September 1973. pp. 1851 7.{.
99,
Thecreep coefrcient d! is normally raken to be 0.4, a.d E. MCHENRY, D., A lew aspect of creep in concrcte dd its
the flow coefficient d; rs derermined according to the applicatio! to design. Pro. ,l,tTM. 43. t 943, pp. 1069 86.
procedure outlined in Chapter 12. 9. MASLOV, G. N., Thermal shess state in concrete masses
with ac.ount to creep of conaete, lzwstia Nauhno.
lssledatutelskoso l stituta I.?JII Gitbot.khhiki, Gosener
goizdat, USSR,2E, 1940. pp. 175 88.
Summarizing this chapter, ir is clear that, at the present
10. FABER. O., Pldtic yield. snrinkage andolher problems oi
corcrele and their efi'cct or design, Minutes ol Ptoc. LCE.
time, no method oi analysis and no creep funclion can be 225, Parr I, London, 1927,.pp. 27 73.
considered to be exact. It musl be slated, however. that 11. GLANVILLE. w. H.. Studies in reinlorced concrete, III:
exact solutions are very rare in
ergineering practice The creep or flow ol concrete under ioad, Bsildixg
because some assumptions always have to be made to ResearchTe.hhi.dl Pqer N o.ll, Department ol Scienrific
simplify the solution of thc problem. In creep-related ard Industrial Research: Lordon. 1930,39 pp.
problems, we have a clroice of two assumptions: (l) we 12. WHITNEY, C. S.. Plain and reinlorced concrete arches,
ACI J awndl,2a. 1932. pp.419 519.
adopt parallelism of the flow curves. which teads to th
rate of flow approach (Improved Dischinger (ID)
13. DISCHINGER. F, UnteBuchungen nber die Knick-
sicherheit, dieelastische Veriormung und das Kriechen des
Method) or to a set oi aging coemcints bascd on this Belons bei Bogenbricken, D el Bouingenieut,ta,No.33134,
mcthod;or(2) we adopt al)iner creep curves which can be 1917.pp.4E7 520; No. 35/36, 1937. pp. 539-52i No. 39/,10,
used to define another set of aging coetilcients. 1937, pp.595 621.
Bolh approaches give excellent agreement with experi 14. ENGLAND, L. and ILLSTON, J. M., Melhods ot
G.
mental behaviour cncouniered in engineering practice. .ompLring nre.. rn concrele trom a hFror) or med\ured
,tiain- (it';] L4qn.iiry .td Puhn, t4otL: RF,t.n, O0.
The advantage of lhc ID approach is thar no tables o.
1965i No. 705, pp. 513 l7i No. 706, pp. 692 4; No. 707.
. harr, ire n(eded to.ol\< the bd.rc drBe-enriat equalion.: pp.846 7.'
howcver, the mathematics involved is somewhat com- 15. NIELSEN. L. F., Kriechen und Relaxario! des Berons
plicaled. The usc of an aging coeficient, on the other Be.toh \tahlbcto htu.65. ic70. pt. 272 5.
"nJ
hand, requires tables or graphs lin cases when srandard 16. RUSCH, H., JUNGWIRTH, D. ard HILSDORF, H.,
values are rot used) but the equations involved are all Kritische Sichturg der Eirfliisse von K.iechen und
Scnwinden des Betons aul das Verhatren der Tragwerke,
lin..i/ equations, even lor the mosl complicared cases.
Betoh unl S1qhlbetonbdu,68, 1973: No_ 3, pp.49 60:No.4,
For the last reason, the aging cofrcient wi be used pp. 76 86i No. 5, pp. 152 58.
cxclusively in this book. and it will be shown that the 17. GHALI. A.. NEYILLE, A. M. atrd JHA, P. C.. EIIect of
aging coefficient is an extr.mely powe{ul tool to solve all elartic and creeprecoveries of concrele onlos olprestress,
the common problems of creep analysis. ACI J onnal.64, 1967, pp.802 10.
18. BAZANT, Z. P. and KIM, S. S., Approximar relaxation
lunciion lor concrete cteep. Joutnal of the S/7ucturdl
Ditisioh, Ptoc. L1n. Soc. al Cir,l, gire.ro, 105. No. STt2,
I S..Ioohole on p.253 l979,pp 2695 2105.
 References 263
19. SCHADq D., Alterunesbeiwerte fiir das Kriechen votr CEB, Mduat Structural Effects of Time-Dependent
Beton n&h den Spannbotorichrliaien. Betot tnil Stahl- Behaviourof Concrcte, B letin d'Ialotnation No- 80,
betonbe,72, No. 5, 1977 . pp. ll3-t7 . Comit6 Eu.op6en du B6ton, Feb. 1972, 118 pp.
TROS]. H.. A6wrrlunsm des Superpo"irioo(pririps HAAS, W., Comparison ot stress strah laws for the rime-
aut Kried- ud Relaxalionyprobleme bei Beron und dependent behaviou. of concrete, Proc. RIIEM CISM
Spannbron. B?ron. xlld sratlb;ronbar.6t. \o. 10. lqb'7, S)%p., Udin- Sept. 1974, 26 pp.
pp.2l0 8l No. tl.1967, pp.261-9. 25. HAAS, W., Uber ein fii die EDV geeignetes Verfahren zur
2t_ BAZA\ l'.7. P.. Predicrion ot consete creepeflecrs uling Erfa.sunS des Kriechens ond Schwindens von Beton.
dge adru5red etrecri,e modulus merhod. ,4Ci Jo,rn"/.69: Disserratior, Tecbnical University Stuttgarr, 1974, 2l I pp_
19'12, pp.2l2 1'7. 26. EL-SHAFEY, O. A. B., Time Dependent Eflects in Str;;
BASTGEN. t.J. Zum Spannuogq.Dehnun8s-Zei,- turnl Conoete Members, Pn. D. ?r,esiq The University of
Verhallen \on Beton. Rela\arion, Kriecben und deren Calgary, Ca.ada, August 1979. 273 pp.
Wechsel wirkuns, Diserrarion, Rheinisch-Wetfelische
Technische Ho.hschule Aachen, 1979, 122 pp_
Chapter 17

Creep analysis ol uncracked

reinlorced and prestressed
concrete members

Crecp and shrinkage cause a continuous change in the mostimportant onc). Shrlnkage is easily included in thesc
slrcsscs in concrete and steel in any reinlorced or pre- equations if it is assumed that it dcvelops at lhe same rate
stressed concrete member. This change will. of course,
slow dorn and iinally ceasc after a number of years. The
kno$ledge of this changc in slresses is of interest for a Cross-section wlth lwo layers ol sleel
number of reasons. For inslance. in prestressed concrete, subjected to a suslained load
we can determine the loss oi preslress, and in ail concrete
In ordcr to derive the general equations for stress re_
members we can calcularc the time-dependnt deforma-
distribulion in a seciion subjected to a constanl load let
tions such as axial shortening and deflection, knowing
us consider rhe cross-section shown in Fig. 17.1. This
rle.hd-ge r1 .r e.. and .he.',oci.re,l cr3ir.
contains two layers of sleei of area ,1,1 and ,4,, at a
In the deriillion ol ihe equations for the changc in
distance -r1 and j,,, respectiveiy, from the centroidal axis
!Irers. ile shall make use oi thc aging coemclenL we may
ol thenet concrcte seciion. This cross_section is internally
nore ihar.lor rhe case of ts o later5 oi sleel. the lmproved
statically irdelerminate to th second degree. The neces_
Dischinger mcthod lead\ to rather conpler coupled
sary equations 1o solve for lhe redundant forces and
dif.r.n!ial equanons shich are cumbersome to rohe.
delormarions arcobtained, as usual, irom the equilibrium
There are two difl'erent ways oi analr-zing a secrion tor
of forcs and the compatibility of strains in concretc and
time-dependenr etrects using the aging coefficienr. One
in steel.L ' Let the sustaincd cxlernal forces No ard Mo be
uses rhe equilibrium ol iorces and compatibility of straiDs
applied al time to. For equilibrium of normai forces, we
at the level of the reiniorcement to come up wirh closed
solutions for the change in stress and slrain. The other.
developed recently,l' makes use of ihe transformed
scction established \ri1h a modular ratio n*: ro[1 + Nu:I'"0+N",+N". |t1.1)
/d1r,.o)1. The lirst approach leads to simplc cquations
ior simple cases. but becomes difijcuh ior complex cases
which involvc multiple laycrs of prcsrresscd and non- No:N"t)+N.1(r)+N,,(,) 117.2)
prestressed steel or lwo diflerent concretes produced at
differenr times as in rhe case of composite members. The
second approach is presenred towards the end of this N"o : normal force in concrete at time ro,
chaplcr.In the first part of this chapler. equations for the ln
rid N",,N":: norrnal force sleel .1.r and ,4.r,
rine-dependenr 'r'c..e.. .rrain. defornJrion' Jre
respectively, al time lo,
derived on the basis of compatibility of strains in concrete
andsteelat thesame lelel. Thismeansthat perfect bondis N"(,) : nornal lorce in concrete at rime r.
and N"1(r),N,,(,): normal force in steel ,4.! and .4,,,
Theequarions to be derived are the same for reinforced respectively, at time ,.
and prestressed concrete,except that the relaxation ot the I l-e coIc.ponu.nE c.tL ,t .r . lo' mumc|1. arc'
prcstrcssing steel has ro be considered in the latter case.
For this rcason, in the text to iollow, the term 'reinforced'
is taken to mean thal a section conlains steel: whelbe. o.
not this steel is prestressed is irrelevant to the derivation.
M": M"" + M'r +,M":: M"o + N"rl1 + N',,1,, 7.31

The necessary derivarions will first be made for the

general case of a reinforced section with two iayers ot
sieel. The two layers may represent thc lcnsioD and
,% : M"(,) +,1,r",(,) + M".0)
compression reinforcemenr in an uncrackcd rcinforccd : M"(i)+ \,(r)_!, + r\2(,l} 117.41
,oncrete member or tne non-prc'trc.*'d ar.i p'e't'e"rnp
steel in a prestressed membcr. The general equations
simplify for special cases such as symmetrical reiniorce rlr.o : intcrnal moment o{ the stress on the net
ment in a symmetrical scction or one layer of reinforce- .on. rere .e. rion aboJl il. (en r ordal a\is.
mcni(of \rhioh lhe equation lor the loss of prestress is the
 Cross-settion \\,ith two la:.ers af steel subjected to a sustained load 265

centroid of uppersreel

C.nlro d of lower sleel

ara 1/1. Forccsandslrainsdueloexreinalloadsinaseclionrnhtrolayesolsteel

and M.1,M., - intcrnal momenl of the stress in the steel analogy with []6.131)
about the centroidal axis ofthe net con-
crete sectjon, at tim to.
The tcrms M(r) denote the corresponding moments at
A(4 :
fr or,,,"r *f rr + xott,toD. fr7.l4l

lime ,. For convemence, we iniroduce symbolst for the For concrcic ai the level of Iibre l. we introducc sub_
change in force due !o crecp belween time lo and time ,: script 1:
atl"(r):r"(r)-,\o a. Ao.ltl
I7.51 (,r. ;' f(r.rol + -'' lt /.btt.t r fl-.151
A,rr.(,) : M.(t) M"" 117.6) ^.
A^:,(r) = N",(r) N", 117.7) In these equ ations, Iro = E(to). and,, is the initial stress in
and : N.,t) - N",. t17.81
concrete in fibre 1. wlrich is considered known from an
^I:,(,) elastic analysis of the cross-section al time lo. Strictly
Then the equilibrium equations [ 17.1] and u7.21 yield: speaking, thc aging coeficient should hrve the same
4N"1,): argument as the creep coemcient. but for simplicity ihis
AN"1(r) - AN.:(t). lu.e)
argument is omitted.
Similarly, CompatibiLity under condilions of periect bond re-
rn n -ain
AM"(r): dN",t),},, AN,.(,)).. [ 17.101
quire. rni l rhe
'.rarn" and. llere[ore.l\e changc '.
in steel and in concrete musl be equal. i.e.
Eipressing AA',1(r) and AN"2(.)in terms of steel strains.
we can r rite the change in thc force in concrete :
Arllr) A'"1(r) I

I7.l1l an<l A,::,(r) :

Ar\(r) : E"tAe"1(,),4", + As",(,)l"zl Ac.,(r). I ll7.l6l
and Substituting from [i7.11] and [17.12] for AN"(t) and
lru"(,): E"tA.,1(t)1,1),+4..:1,),a",),,1 117.12) AM"(t), we can use [17.1]l to obtain the change in the
stress in concrete in fibres 1 and 2
$ here A. ,U and A-.rL/l r(p (qcnr rhe ( hrnge ir 'rrair in
F]
the steel due io crccp in Iibres I and 2, respectively.
;[4r.,(r)4", + 4s,]
Using dII"(r) and AM"(,1, we can express the change in ^o,(rl: ^8,,(.)
stress in concrctc due to creep by
-, rArr{r),1.)r)l
a"ro:T*Y, [17.13]
tA..r ', r,a., '
where l. and 1" are, respectively. the cross-sectional area
Ao1(t): ds"1(,)p,E"(1 + i,i//2)
and the second momcnt ol area of the net concrete
A,,(r)p,4(1+r,,rr,,/r':) [17.171a)]
The iimc-depcndent slrain in concrete due to an initial
stress oo and a change in stress Ad"(.) oo is (by :
"(I)
l The symbol A is uscd in this book lo indicate a.hangc in slrss, $tuin, Ao:(r) : -= [A].,(r),{"1 + AE,:(t),4,,1
o. lor.e. dcveloped duing a specined time pedod. In $e above
equations, A rcpresenN thechansenriorcelromifrero to time I When
used r connection with lhe step'byitep procedure d denotes the chanse - -", 'fA, jrrr4.rr, A, {ll4.rJ:l
du rglhelnne intenaldenned by thc ar8nnent
266 Creep anult sis of unctacketl reinjorced a d ptestresserl concrete member\
or and
A',(r) : 46.,(r)p,4(1 r }' v,/r,) : pDt(r + pt1)nooz p$oo\)d(,t;.
^o,,(r)
- L.",(t)p2E"l1 + yitz) [17.17{b)] t17.21(bll
where P1 :,4"1/,4", The change jn
sl.ess in the concrete in the two fibres
_ As2lA", can be calculated from !7.171 with AE"1(t)r.: Ao,1(l)
h and A",(,),E": Ad":(/). The general equations will be
and r : J(I./r.) simplincd laler lor special cases such as symmetrical
: radius of gyration of the ret concrete section. reinforcement. But first we shall investigate the strains
and stresses induced by shrinkag.
Substituting for the elastic strains in concretc at the time
al applicaiion of load (age ti E1: o tlEo.nnd r., = o)iEt,
and putting 4/Eo : no, [17.14] yields Slresses and strains due to shrinkage
As1(r) - 61d(, to) 4.j,1{r)p1ro(1 + }i/r':) In a reinlorced concrete member with no cxternal load.
x t1 + /d(,,r0)l fiee shrinkage is restrained by the prescnce oi reinforce-
Lt.1@p{o(t + y1y,h'zJll + 1i,(t,t()l mcnl. This leads to compressive stressesin the steel and to
7.l8 (a)l tension in the concrete which may cause cracking ol the
concreie. unsymmetrical arrangcmcDi of the reinforce-
and ment orditrerential shrinkage also lcads to curvature and
ds,O: lhus de0ection of a member. Ifwe assume that shrinkage
':d(,,t0)
dE"1lr)p,lro(l + }1],rr)
x + /dt.,o)l develops at the same rate as creep, the use ol the aging
coemcien! will lead lo simple solutions for shrinkage-
Acr(r)pr,o(1 + t)tt'1)L1 + /flt.t.)). induced strains and siresses. lf the rate of shrinkage is
[17.r8(b)] substantially different from that ofcreep, the analysis is
For conlenience. we iniroduce now the notation complex, particularly for more than one layer of steel, and
will not be given here.
*:nolt-/d(,ta)1 7.19 (a)l Let us consider the cross scction of Fig. 17.2 and thc
F,, : p,n\ + r'i lt I general casc of a lincar distribulion ol the lrcc shrink-

F,,: r,,,*\1+ r, _,,, lt I

r17.19 (b)l
age such tha! .h1(r,r,h.o) and r,h,(r,r,h.o) are the lree
shrinkage strains in flbres 1 and 2, respectively, develop-
8,,: rlh'r
u,n*ll + I ing between age of the concrete t i o, at the begiming of
A,i: r.,.n ,, r, ;r
* ] shrinkage, and t.
Hence, f17.18,l can be written in the form
For the case of no external forccs. we can wite the
equilibrium equations
r,1^'",(,) p,,^.,O t17.20(a)l N"(r) + N"1(,) + N",(r) :0
^s,(r):s1d(r,L)
and
t17.24(a)l
and
Lt,(t): 8,4)(t,toj - 81,^e"i(r) ,4,4",(r). t1i.20(b)l M.(r) + M"1(r) + M",(,) : M"(r) + N"1(r)r1
Rememberins that Ar1(r) : 4.",(,) and Ae,(,) : Ae,,(,), + N,,(,)),:0. lt7.241b))
ue can .ol\e fl .20] to he unklosn chanse
'n
\rr n ,n
sleel: Since no forces are present at the begirning of the
development of shrinkage, the forces in these two equa,
Ar,,(t): \1 + li,)\ | \E, tions are equal to the changes in the force. Thus
(1 + 4,,)(1 + p) - 41J,1
6(t.t.,). lt'7.211
AN"(rl + AN",(r) + o t17.24(c)l
For brevity, we put ^N,,(,):
and

f": t17.221 AM"{/) + AN",ir)}1 + AN,,(,)]'),:0 lt'7.24(d))

(1 + lt,)(l + lt,) 8,,8,, Equations [17.24(c)] and t17.2a(d)l are idenlical to
and wriie 17.211 in thc rorm [17.9] and [17.10], respectively, and allow us to express
the change in the stress in concretc in 6brcs I and 2 in
&"r1r):pDt(1 + 13,)e1- f*;(hl,6. U7.211^)) terms ofthe change in lhe slrain in steel as demonstrated
For fibre 2, the change in strain is previously (t17.171).
pDt(1 + llt)t, - PDt;Qt.,ti. !7.21(b)l Wecan now use [16.43] to express the time-dependent
^s"z(4: rlrarn rn concrele rn rn) lb-e tor lhe conditron oi rhe
ln order to obtain the change in stress in the sleei we initial stress in concrete ao : 0 and obtain
multiply both sides of [17.21] by 8". Hence, Adtul
iJDL-(r + P,)noot - l\noo,)O(t,to)
.(r) - A,r/l - - '- - /drl.,ull..hlr.r.no)
^o",(r)= U7 23 \a) ) u7.2s)
 Total line-depenlent ejJects due to creep a shri kage 267

Cenlro d 9f !pper slee

--k.t,t tt(tl

Ir. -/7.1 a.res.nd stranx duc nr shnniasein ase.tion *ith rwo layen ol sieel

where o"h(t, ,,h. o ) : lree shrinkage ir the fibre considered, The corrcsponding steel stresses are obtained with

Eo : E(r"".0). - lDc.t(1 + d,,)."r,(t,r"h o) - il,,':,h,(r.r.h o)l

^o,,(,)
Substituting from [17.171, we can wrile the strain in 17.29 (a)l
concrete in flbrcs I and 2. rcspectilcly, and
s1(r'): Ae1(,) fDtr,!(l + prJ.,n,li,i,h o) IlrlE.hl(t.t.h o)1.
^d.,(t): t17.29 (b)l
D1(,) = - ^,.,(.)p1no(l + rirr/'z)
"h1(r, r"b. o)
Since, in our convention. shrinkage represents a nega-
x tl + ld(,,h)j + )1r,//2) r:!e srrain. Lhe.tc(l .r,c"" indu.ed b, 'hrinlage i'. u. et-
^0",(.)p,no(1 pected, compressive. lf the shrinkage is corstanl across
x [1 + r.](/,ro)l f17.26 (a)l
:
the cross-section, .6r (1, l"h.o) a"h,(r, l.h.o) r"h0,."h o) :
and and [17.28] simplifies to
6,(r) = 4.,(,) or p,,
AE 1(r): fD(1 + p,1)s,h1,. ,,h. o) t17.301a)l
l:r(r) = 6"h:(t,r"b.o) Ar.r(/)p1Do(l + ],r,2/r':)
/ 11 + t$lt,taJf Ll,,(t)pzt1o\1+ !11t1) PD(l +,4,, - r,.),."(,r.6 o). [17.30(b)]
x t1 + ld(,.,o)1. t17.26 (b)l ^s.1(r):
The corresponding steel stresses are:
with the noiation of [17.19], we can rewrite [17.26] in p,,
pD(1 + 1,1)qe,h(,,,,h. o) t17.31(a)l
^o",(r):
and
As1(,) : ,.6,(t, t"h.o) p11^..r(/) p,1^8,(,)
Ltl .27 (a)) Lo.1O: ltn(t+r,,,r,)E"h(r.r"ho). t17.31(b)l
The stresses in corcretein fibres 1 and 2 due to shrinkage
arc calculated lrom uf-171 with the results oi [17.28] or
A,(0 : 0,h,(,,t.h.o) - 11,^,1(r) l,2^s",(,). ft 7.301.
t17.27 (b)l Ilshrinkage cracking of a rcinlorced concrete member
is to be investigated. thc stress developed in the concrete
Compaiibility ol strains requires that Ad 1(t) - A. r (r) and should be compared with the development ofthe tcnsile
tu,O: A'.,(r). This ailows us ro solve [17.271 for the strength ol lhe concrete. When the strcss erGeds the
unknown strains in steel. Wlth the abbreviaiion ol lensile strength cracking occurs.
[17.22], we ger
tu"11r) : dDt(1 + p,,)."h,(r, r"h.o) fz,c",,(t, r"",")l Tolal time-dependent etlects due to
t17.28 (a)l creep and shrinkage
The time-dependent eflects causcd by a sustained load
BDt(l + f,,)8"h,(r,t"h o) P,.0.",(t, t,,. rl. and by shrinkage have to be calculaled separately ii the
^e",(r): ' 17.28 (b)l age at fi.st application oiload dos notcoincidewith that
 268 Creep anabrsis of uk(tacked reinlorced anrt prcstrcssed concrcte menbers
of thc commencement ofshrinkage. It, however, rhe (wo and
Jge\ arc dsumcd ro bc rhe same. i.e ro -/,h.o. rhe
equalron\ can be (ombined rnd ue ger .or lhe change in /r ' 117.37)
strain in the two fibres:
t + pnall + t.bV.d)titt''
Thesecoficients are represented in Figs. t7.l and 17.4as
^rs,(t):4l:j1(,)
L.dO: ltDllt + lt;LL1d(r, a function ol pno tor different values of x d(r.to). Coem,
ro) + "h1(r,/o)l
p,,b,,blt.ti+e,n.k,til] t17.12(a)]
cientssl and a, allowfor the presence of steel in the time-
dependent analysis of reinforccd concrete members with
and symmetrically distributed steel such as columns and walls.
A.,(,) : A,1r)
These members can thus be rreated as plain concrete
membcr. w,rh reduced c.ceD coeftcrenr, 1rp(r.,o, dnd
: ltDI(l + P1t)lr,(bg,ta) + E"h,(r,ro)l y.
dr. /ol Ior a\iJl cPecls and benoing cfecrs. re\pccri\et).
P,,[o,d(,,r0]+ ",, (,.,")l ].
tl7.32(b)l With these creep reduction coeflicients, tl7.l4l and
The corresponding changes in the stress in slcel are: [17.35] arc expressed in the simple forml

(/) = 1D111 + p, )lnoo {t (t. t i + E"r \t t, t) L,l Ao,1(,) : d1tilodxd(r,ro) + s"Jr, ro)41
^o", + a,nooMOk,ta)
P,lnoo,O(t,ti + L.hzft,ro)E"lJ I17.13(a)l []7.381
and and Aa.,(,): dlt"ooNd(r,,o) + Er(r,ro)41
d,nooMflt,t.). t17.391
PDI\| + Bj)lnao2.bk,t; + t,b2tj,tJE.7
^6,,(t: ,1, tnoor d(,, ,o ) + "h 1(/, ro) E"l ] . For convenience. all the terms used in lhes equations are
,.0"0n.0 n...,
,,, r.,,0,1
In these equations, the coefficient lD is as defined by , '-T
,'. - +
.rre.r in concrere ar rime /o due
!l].221, ard the other p-coemcienls are rhose given by '{ - to normal force No,
[]7.19(b)1. The symbols 61, , and o,,6, are the elasti;
strains and stresses at 6rst applicalion ofload in fibres 1
and 2, respectively. If shrinkage is the same in both fibres.
8"h,1,.,0) and s.h,(., /o) in [1?.32] and [] 2.331 are replaced
by c"hir, ro).
An exanple urilizing these equations is given in rhe
seclloll on prcstressed concreie.

Slnhet eal rcinfoftanenr

The general equations simplity considerably for special
cases. Il the srcel is symmetricalty distribur;d aboul the
cenlroidal axis ol the concrete section, .4",
=,4,2 and
]r: -fr. Putting p: pt+ p1:total steel area and
..
splitling the srrcss in concrete in the two fibres inro
their u\rdl ind bending slre,, componenl: ruch rhar
c. - c" , ov and o. - o^ d!. and wirh r.h.rr.ro) _
qbz(r,ro) : x.h(,,r0). [17.33] simplifies rol
nooNd(r,r.)+6.,(r.r")[
^,.
). + pnoLt + / 4)t,1,,)1

t + pno|t + 16(jo11,l1r, t17.341

no6Nd(r,ro) + E,h(r, ro)r.

=
^o.,0) 1 + pnoll + "/ A(t,t\)))
nooM de,to)
1+ pnoll + tfk,tiltllrl [17.3s]

ue,n.odr.e rhe crecp reducrion co.

:;:::1,,"""*.
.._. rto./'.. Rcc ror ..ep redlcj,on.ocltcenr,,
to, aldt)
fl-.16l hJed .Jn r.rnc"l ^erseer
) ro,rd nembeh and ,ao ro, J,R;.a rJtr.
1+ pnoLl +;t.bl.t.ta)l 'e.,
 lataltitne-depe dent elfects due k) o?et and shtinkage

J 0.6

a2 0.4 0.6 0 o_2 0.4 0.6 0

Fi(/ 171 Reiationbclw..n.rcep'cdu.lioncoem.ierldrandrholordifcrenlvaluesoltdandrnrcekrioslijl

o,, -
M.,, tvt" initral stress in
concret is now denoted by oo. Thechange
) ,, r - i'rf!\ .n .onlrete al in stress in concrete is Ao(r) : Ao.(1r,. so that from
time lo dne to Mo in a libre drstant -ri [17.40]
liom the centroid of thc transformed Lo(t) : a1pltoooA$,t + 8",,(r,r.)E.-l.
) [17.11]
concrele scction,
,4" : cross scctional area ol the ner concrelc In the case when lhe bcginning of shrinkage does not
section, coincide with the age at firsl application of load, diffe.ent
,4: : cross-sectional area ol the transformed values are adopled for ihe time-dependent paramelers ol
the two lcrms in the right-hand side oi this equation.
section,
At ihis stage, it is convenicnt to consider symmetri-
1" : second moment oi area ol the net con- cally reinforced, biaxially loadcd columns. as [17.38]
crete section, and [17.39] can bc suitably expanded to
Ii : second moment of arer of rhc trans-
lormed seciion. - l,tiodNd(,,ro) + E"h0,,o)41
^,,(r)
uo : r"rI(.0) = modular ratio al the rime ar
+ t.daoi' + l\oM')na,l)(t,to) 117.421
firs1application ol load- to. where the terms not defined in connection with U7.381
t, : l,iA..
P - /Jl. : lolal reinforcement ratio,
I : aCing cocilicient, delermincd lrom Figs. ,1"' u. 'rre*
in concrere due ro _nomcnr .\y'o. rn
"' a iibre disranr y- from Lhecentroid oJ
l6.l I to 16.17,
the concrete cross-scction,
d(1,10): creep cocfficient at lime , for concreie
loaded at age t.. "' - ;', .rre..inconcrel<dueromomenl 1,ro, in
dnd r,. r,, - "ee .hrinkage deve opeJ beL$een rime" "t a nbre di'tanl y., lrom lhe centroid ot
lo and r. the concrct. cros$section.
In the absence ol a bending momenl, the change in the
r"r, },1 : distance lrom the centroidal axis to the
stress in steel given by [17.381 and outer layer of reinforccment,
17.]91 rcduces to
Ao"(r) :
a,tnodod(r,ro) + .h(,,ro)41. [17.40l and x1,4, al : creep reducrion coeficierts.
We are now dealing wiih a symmetrically rcinforced The value ol d1 is given by U7.l6l and those of sj and
and arially loaded column. Subscript 1 of the steel stress ai by 111.31). Since the latier equation involves }r :
and superscript N ol thc concrete stress have bccn distance lrom the ceniroidal axis to the centroid of the
omitted in [17.40] as they are no longe. necded. The steel area on each sidc, wc require this disrance in the r
 274 Creep arultsis oI untrucked reirlorced a d prestressed concrete menhets
an_d I d,re(_fion .ot d; and q. re\pec v(tJ he urc ot 't
Ar\o. \ : 0.109. r1 : r.,iA":2.5i x to 3/0.193:
1J".4)l ir illr,llared i1 lrg t7.). 0.0ljlm-
The column shown below is reinforced with 14 No 25
bars so that ,.1, : 7 x l0 I m, and p : 0.0363. We have I
!,\:
the .rrcngrh of concre eJ Jll \4 Pa. no - {, ult,male 1 + 0 27211 + 2.01(0.10c' 00r33) -058
'hrrnkage .
. -J00 . t0 o. d(,,,r"J E_ - 2.5. From [17-42], the ultimarc change in stress in steel in the
ro 60 dals. from l-ig. to r7 I - 080. The-.e(rion corner bar,ubjecred lo rhe hrghest compre,,ion L
propedes arc:
x (-4.07) x 2.5 300 x t0 6
,1" : 0.193 m':, ,4i : U.240 m2, ^o"-:0.55[7.5
x 200 x 1031
1",:4.02x10 3m!, 7i,:5.11 xl0 rma, +[0.6] x( 3.52)+0.58x( 2.05)l
,l.y:2.57 x 10 3ma, 1i, = 3.29 x l0 rma x 7.5 x 2.5: 138MPa.

The normal lorce applied No : 1000kN is eccentric by For some reinforcing bars, ihis time-dependent increase
/, - 0.05m rnd cJ 0.tr)m . Thu, tro, - I00k\m an; in stress corrcsponds to almost half the yield stress. tt is
Mo, : 50kNm. interesting to note thai thereduction coeficients sl ard d,
Hence, the stresses in concrete are: do notdiferby much, so thai al may be used rhroughout.

1000 x 10 3
: 4.07MPa
Another simple case which should beconsideredis that of
0.246
a concrete member with one layer of sreel: here p, : 0 so
100 x 0.180 x lo l : that p: p,. Assuming a uniform free shdnkage, the
+3.52 MPa
5.11 x l0 general equation [17.32] reduces to
50 x 0.135 x 10 3

x l0 = + 2.05 MPa ae,llr):,' 1

[u, ro) + t.h(r, ro)]

3.29 tr
" @Q.

The creep reduction coefrcient sr is tound from Fig 17.3,

with td:2.0 and pno:00363 x 7.5:0.272, to be
ro) + s"b(/,to)
d, :0.55. As.,(r) : ',d(t, [] 7.4t1
Equation [17.37] gives rhc value of the creep reduc- 1+ pno(1 + y1h,)11+ xO\t,t)l
tion coefficient d,. Fot a,j't:0.129m, tz -1"_lA": and from I7.33(a)l
4.02 x 10 3/0.193 :0.0208m'. Hcnce,
noold(,,ro) + r.)E.
1",,(r) = '.hlr, |t7.441
d,: :0.61. | + pn.,(l + y?lt,)lt + r,lft,trJ1
l + 0.272(1 + 2.0)(0.I 29'10.0208) where 01 = initial stress in concrete at the level of the
steel. All other symbols arc defined in connecrion with
[17.38]. It is convenient to introduce another creep rc-
duction coefficienl, viz.
xsr=0.135 rr=0109
I
+ pna(.t + :j,i lt1)11 + xO(t.t.))' []7.451

The values oi flr for difl'ercnt values of pro and /d (r, lo) tor
three ratios of l.;//'z are given in Fig. 17.6.
Uiing rhe (reep reduc ron coeffi.renr fl,. rhe e\pre!
.ron. Jbr strcin dnd srre,s.rmplit). re.pec!i\el!. lo
-T A,1(r) - d3[., d,(., ro) + A"h(,,,o)] 111.46)
and
Lo"1lr): calnao &(t,to) + e.i(r,r.)ql. u7.4',7)
These equarions will be useful for rhe prediction of the loss
of prestress discussed laier. The change in the stress in
concrete at level )r is obtained with Ao1(r) p^o"1(t): -
090
dlplnooldQ, ro) + E"h(,, ro)41. tl7.4sl
o o.o9o ^o1lt):
0 090
Axial straln
I
v The axial shortening ol rei[forced concrte due to creep
and shrinkase, which is of interest. lor instance. in th;
 1

0.5

0.5

o 0.r ll tro
prio ""
Pno

"d'.r''''Jeft"en'''dnJp/'o JrFcrenr \"1'e'or /o"1lr\rerdl'^"1':'

r,4, o. Re ,onlP-e.,.r'eo

CoeliLrent ,r I' reprecenled rn frg l'7d'J lunclrJnol

rime-dpendent analvsis ofarches, is given by:
,,- i. "in"*.'.r*'"r/odnd1ir-'U'rnge lI- tlr
q4: L 1y,a",i,) ],^.1(r)l f17.491 reduces ro
: (,:j, aa'1)d(r,,o). []7.531
qhcre A,,rrr and Ac)r/r reprcsenl 'he change tn slr"rn in ^s(,)
conlrete ar rrmc, in hbre' I and '. re'peclrrcl\' ar gr\en The axial strain due to shrinkage is
b\ [ L 7.32].
I' po'iLi\c u hen de,b(,) : (1 - da)r"r(t, t"h. o). [17 51]
lr bc noLed I hal rhe coordin.le I
'hoLld
beiow lhe centroid, and negative whn abole' The total axial change in strain is obtained by adding
For a \\mmelricJll! Ic,nlolctd mcmDer' lhe ch'rge rn tl7.53l and [17.54]:
axral rLrarn due lo an appried normal lor(e \o r' : s,d(I, ro) !ac,d(r,Io) + (l - na)'"h('. r"t. ol'

: Ar"
: +,r0rL ro). rr7.50l
^.(t) tl7.55]
."d, d(r.,o)
^(f)
-'
I he Jqe '" denule' l\e"l agc rr'l upp i'Jrion ol loao aqd
The iotal axial strain at iime l, including unilo r r ;;; d;e .r rhc oegrnnin3 or .hrrnlaae \eslccrinB rhe
shrinkage, is ir," re,"iorccmenr' r'e ptrrrrng )r ' n' llrs5l
"h;".i "' to tne trivial expression lor time depcndent
degenerates
r( : A.! l1+ d,d(r,r.ll + r,.,h(I.l,h u) axial strain of Plain concreie

where ,1: is the transformed cross_sectional area ol the

: e,d(,,o) + ,r,h(r,,"h o) f17.55(a)l
^4,
whcre e2 : elastic strain at the ccntroid of the concrcle
For a 5rnsl\ Icrnrorced mcmber (uilhour'h'inlagel s(
takc r, : :
dan,l. sircr n r',. obtain
i
&(r)
pno1 + xOlt.toJ)
gereralta'e o' an uns)mmcr-i_
= I".
t' a+ n,;ui]fr\U + tJfQr"\"'\ "-
ol ler ur roq r.rurn ro
*liu i"lnfo.""a
the
;ember The strains in lihres 1

t17.511 ,.j i -" .-nr"ttv no1 equal and' hence, thc time-
"o""."t"
I ne nrarr' c, d rd , r are ,nilixlela'Lic 'lra|r ' al 'he lc\elof dependert curvature 1s

Lhe reinlorcemenl Jnd rl rhe Lenlrord oi rhe ner conc-et(

sc(non, respecti\elY. AUt):-. ,lr) - A. Atu(r)
tl7.56l
l,-tl
We no$ inlroduce yet another coelllLienl
p,o[] + / d(r. ro)l Ifthe chanses in strain are the resuir olexternally applied
! 7.511
i",a -. ii"i. ihe resuliing change in curvature bv
r + prdt + r'i,rrttt + zdtt,t"ll
 272 Crcep dnaL].]Jis af uncrncked rcinforced anl prestressed concrete members
1.0 1.0
vlt'z = )

: 0.6

0.4

0.2 0.4 0.6 0 o2 0.4 0.6 0 02

Relation belse. creep reduciion coericieni cl and pn.Ior difrrnr ralues ot lar, and three arios
"-ir/r

substitrling from [17.2]l:

^,r'(r)
(1 + r:? +,4,r.1 t1 + lltl + P1)) - + o,,bn.t") [l7.62(a)l
" tr-I:
1
d11, to) ^,1,$)

[17.57] ,\{n : applied moment.

where pD is the coemcient defined by [17.22]. The
,!rinkage cLrI ature r, obrdrned trom I r -.28]

--
/: : second moment of area ol rhe transformed
^,r'."(r)
, I, B .-lJ.L.-r,.rtror rt 0,,+1r,,r..,,,,1.no1
.tr l: The lola1 curvature at time / is (assuming uniform
shrinkagc)
[17.58]
For uniform shrinkagc, i.e. when l/Q) : trrll + qdk,t")l u7.63)
6.hr(,,..n.0)= E"i,(,,r.h
o): e"h(,,,"h.o), [17.58] reduces to
Ltt/."tD - l1D 't" ''r.9'r0z: p,, ttt, p,,) Ltl 5o)
lr --
lr ,y'G) : ;+ tl + r,,r(l, f.)1. [17.63(a)]
The evaluations of these equations are somewhat la-
borious but they are needed only for exceptional cases. Shrinkage does not introduce curvature in a symmetri-
More common are members with symmetrical reinforce- cally reinforced member unless diflerential shrinkage
ment or with only one layer ofsteel. derelop.. in \rhrch ca,e rhe \hrinkase curvalure rs

Il the reinforcement is symmetrical, i.e. y1 : -y2, we (h,(r.

_ [r.h,(...r.h o) - r"h )]/2vr
'' -l
o
can put p - pr + p,. Then, substirurins for l-coeficients A,, Ii7.641
lrom [17.19], 1+pno[l+t.btr.ro)fv')r'1
('. rJd(r. ror 2i
' : l+pnalt+td\t.t"tlit,,
,
1,7,,,, [17.60]

Realizing that the elastic curvature

a{r.,r/)- ,' l..hj{r., h ol c"h.{,.'. .otl. ft7.o5l

,t'":"': " t17.611

As before, the subscripts I and 2 indicate the fibres ar
distanc Jr and ], : i,r, respectively, from the centroid
and using the creep reduction coeficient d, (s?? tt 7.37l), ol the section (Fig. 17.2).
we can write [17.60] in the simple form The general equalions for curvature simplify consider-
ably also for members with one layer of steel. Taking
- tloddk,r,) Lt1.62) ], : 0, and since p = p,, we obtain (not consjdering
^4rt.,
 : 1 + pno[l +/d,(,,ro)]
arr6r: t+rnall+x,llt,tJ)
^,/,(.) 1+ rno(1 +Ilil':)tl +/dQ,ro)l /,[a+ p nl t + yi i,'17t + x,!1t, 411
cd\4)
x,\ilt,ti
ll
[17.66] '"'-l"',.,",
, ,t + pnn) Lr '.{.\l
I nlroducing thc creep redu crion coemcients a1 and ,3, this Iniroducing yet another crccp reduction coemcicnr and
e{pression simpliiies to puttlng
1+pro!+xd(,,ro)l
a,7,1,1: [t.,
L),
,,l4tl
l, i17.66(a)1
a5 :
1+rtall?l,)r;/.oo.r"tl +
rl;'
Relating the tine-dependent change in curvature to the 117.697
elastic cu.vature ry'o = (6, e2)/]j Gince fibre 2 coincides we can cxpress the time-dependent curvature ofa simply
wilh the ccntroidal axis oithe concrete section) we obtain reinforced concrete member in pure bending as
., /^, \ ^ L\t(t) - \l'ra.d(t,tr) [17.70]
a",,,, ,,,,:'
v, a11 ,o'.(' -t)",a,,., r. Ir-.b', Figure 17.8 gives the velue of&s as a function ofpro for
\,, / ), various values of I d and for three values of}i/r'z.
For mcmbers sub.jected to bending withou! a normal Curvature in a singly reinforccd concrete member due
force, the strain at the ccntroid ofthe net concrete section to uniiorm shrinkage is defined by [17.59] with P1, :
at lime ro is given by p,i = 0 sincc p, = 0. Again pulling -yr : 0, we obrain

-' ' J''t'''J fu

A"E"
tl: tt or.,r,
4fi- 'th lr ^41 I+Ul
Again using /o : (8, rr/}1, we can wrire
pn.U + y (b(t,til
A/"h(r) : -e"r(,, r"h. o)
t:.: \1at,1+p,k; I + pn,,ll + rl lrz)ll + | 6(,t^))
,l
Substituting in []7.671, we obrain
lt].11l
Using the coemcicnt aa, this equation simplifies to
- lL+ Pnn 16t,.,.,t
^ir{r):d/.1Lr1+pnordL l +rr?ol 4,7,"g1 : ," \ ,." 1t7.721
'.,1. "1

. 0.8

9
9

3 o.z

0. 01

a( /7.6 Relation between crewreductio! coemcnnt d. a.d /no lor difterent laluesol/d and threntiosliir:
 271 Cteep analyris of ufloacketl rcinforced a d prcsiessed concrcte nehbels
lhe 'oral curv ure F obrdrncd b) rdding LI-.-01 and
lt7 .7 )):

- l/ad5A\t,ta) - at
)",,(r,r""."). t17.?31 !
^tt/lt)
Deflection
Hat ing tound rhe creep and (hflntdge curvarurc Au(r. r)
at all nornl. , along d member, se can obtain rhe lime- L
dependent deflection at any point ofa mcmber

= I Ad(r,x)nl\ jdj(
,aal, a !':1
Ad{r)
ll1.'74)
J' .+
where Aa(r): time-dependenr deflection ar any giver )t
point, li.-------
- ,a bending moment at r due to unil load .*' ).,
applied at the gilcn poinr,
I: span, _L -1
and dir - length element along rhe span.
l' t,> l
lhe rern[orrcmenl r. con{lanr along lhe,pdn. rhc e\-
Dre(\ror 'or lhe md\rrLm crcep deflect.on i. ot Lhe form
av
6_-----------, 2a12n
Ad.) : r.iu tdiy'(r)l-", 117 .7 s)
*here [.A/k)J-., = c.eep cur]arure ar point 1
mum moment,
* 1L.1,
and ,(. = deflection coeficient depending on
the rype of Ioading and of support_
Figure 17.9 gives rhe vatues ofK, for
some staldard cases.
H;
For the general case of a doubly reinlorced beam. thc
creep curvature at the point ofmaximum moment can be
de]ermined trom lt-.57j tor .rn uncrrcked ,)mmerri
cally,eintorced nrcmber LI"02l i, of hetp.,o rhdr rhe l
cleep dcflectron can be wotten jn rhe t rm
l7 9. Valus otX.(in []i.751) fordifferenrtypesof
K,t V oa,Oft. ta) -[17.76] Fiu.
supportcondnions.
loa.li.gand of
^4tl:
aod,4k,tal 117.771
^a@: The dcflection coemcient r"h is determincd for a con-
where ao -
injrial deflection or application o oad. "
sta t curvature along the member and has th value:
The initial-plus-creep de|ection for a symmetrically
reinforced member is thu ("h." = ; ior a simply supported beam.
a(4: aau + d,Aft,t.J7. Ut]t8)
Ii"h., - +for acantilever,
("h., = +for a beam built.in at one end.
_ For an uncracked singly reinforced beam subjected io and ("h," : *for a beam builrin at both ends.
bending only, the creep dcflection is

La(t) : aoa5Olt,to)
117.791
Ttre \ dlLe ol Ao.ht,lls given by rhe eoLrdrions de!etnped
ed,lier. ,pecihrdll) b\ | r? (SJ and rl.so.j ro, , ,tors'y
1
and the ulrimate value of the initial,plus-creep rernlorced bedm ui any cro.,,ecrjon. b)
tion is
defl ec- ll,.o< tor d
s)mmetncall) rerntorced member .ub:eirea ro trncartr
: \ dr) ing sh nLase. dnd by I r- 7)l ior d ,rmpt) reinto,(td
a ,. aall + .tsO ). Ir7.80l
Civen the shri*age curvature A/.r(t). constant over rhe Combining [17.80] wilh t1?.811 and using [17.72],
lengrh o[rhe member. ue cdn .nd , he shflnLase deflec on we can write the torat uttimate deflection of a sj;gly r;-
by rntegraiion olli?.741 and ger inforced uncracked beam as

a"h(r) - i:,h."1,4{i"h(,). tj7.8tl d-: /o{l +a.q\,1 K*J,'"#," . l1'7.82)

 Prcstresserl h crete 275
Slep-by-slep analysis ol creep and
shrinkage problems
where Ort - creep function at the end of the ith interval
ltime,i+1) lor a stress increment applied at
In the p.eceding analysis, use was made of the aging the middle of the same interval (rime ,J.
coeficient l. This coeficient has been established on the
Separating the termslields the foltowing cquation sui!
basis of a step by-step computer analysis of plain con-
able for slep-by-step compuialion ol the strain at lheerd
crele under constant sttain and is identical to the value
obtained for reinforced concrete sections Lrnder consranr
of the ith interval. provided that the slrain at rhe cnd of
the prcvious inlerval is known:
load. Tlrc computation ol the aging coefficicnt is based
un a ce(ain crecp lunltion shich,pec'fies lhe \arialron 1

of elaslic and crecp strains wirh rimc. If morc specific 1+ Ep(1 + )i/r')@,r
inlormation is avaiiable {or a particular anatysis a;d it it
cannot be assumed that shrinkage varies at the same rate
as creep, tbc use ol the aging coefficient leads !o inac- ' {,,.," * """,,., + E"p(t + }1rr1)
curate results, and the stcp-by-slcp approach outlined on
page 253 is preferable. ,[", ,.,,-_:jr".,. ," ,,.,,]]
t\pres,ion, ior the gcnerdlcc,c ot a doLrbly reintorccLt
beJm are 'omc*hal into,ved. and onlt ,ing l reintorc(J [17.85]
and symmetrically reinlorced members will be considered If the increments ol M and N are appljed al times l. rbe
term olojo has to be replaced by rhe summarion term
For a singly reinforccd membcr, the change in stress jn
concrete a1 the level of reinlorcemenr during a ith time
I
^,ko,k
Aoj: -(c,.j*, e,.j )E"pl1 + rlltz) where Adk : stress incremen! ir concrete al the level of
Ir7.83]
the slecl due to extcrnal load increment at
where e., i 1 and s". j + | : stcel strains at the beginning time /.,
and end of the lll interval, respectively,
and O,k:crcep function at rime r,+r for a strss
E" : modulus oielasticily of steel. increment applied at time tL.
p : steel arca ratio, Wheneverafl external load is applied, atimejnrerval of
r : radius ol gyration of the net concrete sectron, zero duration should be introduced.
and.),, : distance oi the sreet libre from the centroidal Considering now a member with symmerricat re-
axis of tlrc net concrcte secrion. inforcemenl, subjected to a normal lorce only, wecan use
a similar procedure 1o find the sirain at the end of the
The roral strain. inclusivc of shrinkage, al rhe level of ith irterval:
the sleei, at the end of the ,th interval is
I f-t
:.s.i+j : d,o.o + : ddro,i + E"i i+,
Ei+r
.. -: |+ E"'x 1^f, a''rok+r'h'*,
$here or : initial concrete slress in 6bre 1, duc to ,Lt lrr
u. a, I,- , .. ,)o. l).
normal force and bending, tjl_l
Oio : creep luncrion at the end of the ith irterval Ii7.86]
(rimc ,r+ r) for rhe initial load applied aI For symmetrically reinforced membersubjccted to purc
a
age ,o, bending, the corresponding exprcssior is
Oij = creep lunction al the end of the irh interval 1
(time ri+1)forload incremenr apptied at the
middle ot thelth interval(time r),
and e,n, : free shrinkage bctween lime to and tr+ o*.,* + E.p(yllrz)
'*, from [l7.811, we find
Substituting
L.
{.:, ".",.,
Es.r+r:ororo+sh.t+1 't'u".'
[""' ''' "", Jo',]]
| (e..1*, r,.;
j=1 1)r:p(1 + )?/rr)ojj tr7.84l I7.871
Ir order to obtain stresses and forces in the sreel. thc
.s.i+1: dlOro + osh, r+ I
strains arc multiplied by 4 and 41", respecrivety.
(r".r +1 ."., 1)}j"r(l + }.iy',)oj,
Prestressed concrele

I (r..1*1 e,.1 1).,p(1 + r?/r':)oU As mentioned in tbc introducrion to this chaptcr, all the
equations derived for changes in stress, strain and cur-
Ir7.84(a)] vature are applicable 1() prestressed as well as reinforced
276 Cteepa alJtsis of uncrdcked rcinlorced and prestresseil co rcteme bers
concrete. For prestressed concrete, the change in stress ir the change in the slress in steel. Thus.
\reel corre.pono\ lo lhe lo" of preslre\\. Ho$ere'. rn
Al'.(r) o.(r) Arlrl -, .., . ,.
nre,lressed cunc-ele mcmbers, the nre- rn sreel L'u3lly
ctceeds rrs.reep lrmrl 'o lhar lhe lime depend(nr effect
t. Eo

in ih steel has to be added to that due to creep and tj\inp the reldrion Lo - Lo p\l -l'i 11. $hich ex-
shrinkage of concrete- pre..i- the change in .r -e" rn lhe conc'ele in lerms ol lhe
;h.nae in lhe srerl rnd ol'he secrron geomern '
'tre- inAd0)
formulate in lerms of^d,(t), and hence write
wc c;n
Relaxation ol sleel
the relaration loss
The creeD limlI in ncel F genet alr) believed ro bc n.<5 d J. t17.901
v.trere o. i' rhe I proot 't'ess. It F. o[ cout'e.
Per cenl Lo,(t) - ot.t)
1i-n"0+ y,,n i4 /.0$,,o)l
desirable to have experimental dala on ihe reiaxation of
any given steel; faiiing that, the foliowing lime functions
can be used for the intrinsic relaxation:
for stress_relieved stcelr Equahor [17'90] indicates thar the relaxation loss can
t'e accornied (or bv addins lhe intnn'ic loss lo (he nu_
..,rr- -lf,Lloe,"24rr -/n,l('a 0.55J Ilr88rd'l ---; ilir44t'
LU \o5r / i" rtt" utt"n"" o't [17'90] gives the effect o{ the
and for low relaxation steela elastic rovery of "'""p'
the concrete resulting from the reduced

\ compression icting on it We should note rhat fl7'901

- /^-
-Iorl{"'q- 0s5) ll'.s8rbrl doe'noraccounrforIhetaLrrh'rt rn a pre'rressed concrere
dur - 1llop,,n.24(r ' membel lhe steel srre" N conrrderabl) reduced b) creep
where and shrinkage in concrete'
The inter;lation between the losses due to creep and
o.(r) : intrjnsic relaxation of steel (under con- shdnkage of concrete and those due to the relaxation of
stant strain), steel ca; be taken irto account accurately by the pro_
o"o : initial prestress, cdure developed by Tadros ?t al
6 Based on a step'by-
5

o,y : 0.851" for stress_relieved steel, step numericil procedure and on the relaxation time
o.y : 0.e0 /.. ror row-relaxation sreel, ,*il*J
,F,T"'fi[i in,5l'il]; t!'i"1lii.l"?Lil
,i" : ultimate sirength of prestressing steel, tion'coeficrinr a. as a tuncrron of rhe ratio
and (, - ,o): time since prestressing in davs.
loss due to creep and shrinkage Aon.!+"s)
The negative sign for the relaxation arises from the fact Q : prestress initial
that d,(t)isaloss of tensile strss. Assumirg 50 years as the
life of a structur. the Iinal value of the intrinsic rlaxation
of steel is:

for slress-relieved sleel

,.-= o.r+,""(t o.sr; t17.89(a)l

and lor low-relaxation steel

-0.125,."(1q 0.55). t17.89(b)l - 06

,9
We should Itote. howeve!, that in a beam the actual
loss Ad,(l) is smaller than the intrinsic relaxatior o,(r)
under the same initial stress because of the iastic and
creep recoveries of concrete. If we now assume that th
relaiation in steel and the creep in concrete develop at
the same rate, we can use the aging coefficieni x to find
the toss of prestress due to relaxation ir a prestressed
concrete member. In a prestressed member with one
layer of prestressing steel, the actual loss Ao.(/) at any
time ,, is accompanied by a change in steel strain o
fo.(,) - which must be equal to lhe change of
Ar.(t)l/4 Ii, 77.rr. Relalion bt*en retaxalion Educrion @efrcienl a.
itrain due to theetasricand creep recoveries attendant on O: Ad,i., .,ro,o lordift{enr valuesot, : d,ofF'
 Gekeral ca'e of a beamwith t$o lalets oI tendons 277
lor dltrerent vahes of the ralio
inirial prestress rDl(1 + fr r)L-',0',dt, ,o)
":
P
,rftirr,"t"
^o",(rl: + ,h,1,. h)4 + ol,1r)l
"t*rcth "t ltl,Lnao ft(t.t(,) + t,rlr,tJr" + ol,(r)l].
The reduced relaxation is
[17.94(b)]
6',(r): ,:t,o,\t). 17.911 The corresponding strains are detrmined lrom [17.32].It
is 10 be noted,however, thai the in lrinsic relaxation is not
A comparison of this approach with that recommended
associated wirh any change in strain. Thus, the strain
b\ CfB-flP. lq78- shou' lhJr cl B is con.rr!ari\e in induced by rclaxation is due to the difference between
Wirh the reduccd relaxation of the prestrcssing steel, we
the reduced relaxation ol(t) and the aciual relaxalion
Ao.(r), as discussed in the previous section. Hence,
can no{ e{p e5s lhe rordl lime-dependenr lo" in a pre-
stressed concrete beam with one Iayer ol steel as
BD{(1 + P,)tE1d(,,,0)
^,1(r): + .,hr(r,,o) + dl,G)/El
do.(,) : roood(r,,0) + e"i(r,,o)4 +,io 1t7.927
TTn""t1in6ttf x!\tr"D - ,,,ts,d(r, ro) + ,hzt, to)
+ dl,(ryE"l] ol,(r)/4 t17.e5(a)l
This equation is also valid for a combination of
prestressed and non-prestressed steel in one layer. It and
should be mentioned, however, that, according to [ 17.92], ae",(t) : dol(t + &r)tczd(r,,o) + E b,(r. to) + drlr)/l'"1
the addition of nor-prestressed steel would reduce the
relaxation loss because of the increase in p. This is, oi B1,t'1d(t, to) + E"h1(t,,o)
course. not true because the additional steel makes the + to'iqlE,l| 47(t)1E". tr7.e5(b)l
member stiffer, and thus theelastic and creep recoveries of
theconqete are smaller.It can be shownby treatirg both These equation are written for lhe case in which s,h1 +
steels separately and using the general equation []7.941 o"hr- In most cases, we have, however, e"hr Esh2 sh so : :
that this effect can be accounted for by multiplying d; by that the equatioDs can be simplified accordingly.
the factor {1 + psro(1 + }ih'1)11 + x$$,ti1},where p" lt is interesting to point out that [17.94] and [17.95]
: l,/.4", the reinforcemenl ratio of the non-prestressed are also valid if one layer is preslressed and the other is
steel, where ,4" is the cross-sectional area of non- non-p.estressed. However, il
each layer consists o[ a
prcstrcssed steel and ,4" is the net area ofconcrete. Thus combination of prestressed and non-prestressed sleel
modifi cations are necessary.
noooO(t,tJ + E"hA, h)8, Considering relaration only, we obtai, the change in
+ o',U + p"nolt + y'1llrt]lt steel stress in 6bre
+ futl 1:

1 + p/to1 + y1lr'1)Lt + x flt,tdl pDt(r + A;O + Pt)o',ft) + ltir6,,,(t)j

[17.93] ^o,1(r): U7.96(a)l
The reinforcement ratio in 1he denominator is and in fibre 2:
D-lA,_- A,\,4. where 4p. is rhe cross-,ectiondt
" ea ot pre'fiessed steel. ln mo\L prdcricdt cd,er, ^o,2O:
ADI( + Pt)(t + [r)o'.,!t) + fi,6',ttt)]
6;11 + p"nal1 + yih'z)o + x l - o, so that we com, [17.e6(b)]
pensate for the added non-prestressed steel by ne-
glecting the reduction in relaxation due to creep ard
shrinkage. pr: n*(.p.\+ p6Jlt + yit'1),
p"i - n*p",(t + yll:l).
lli, - n*p,,(t + !",!,1r,).
General case ol a beam wllh lwo layers ol lendons f-:n"lp.,+ p,,)lt + ),:li), [17.96(c)]
Lel us now consider the general case of a prestressed
ltir - n* p"1O + yit'1),
concrete beam with tendons above and below the centre P\, = n*p,,(.t + r'r,lr'),
ol area of the section. Including th reduced relaxationin
the manner just described leads to the following loss of
pD: 1[O + At)(.t + l]) F,,8,,1,
and
prestrss in libres 1 and l
respectively (ct [17.3]l):

LonA) = pD{O + p,,)lnoo tf(t,to) r?': - tl + I d(r, hll : ,"[t +/d(r,r,,)1.

+ rsh1(r,ro)4 + 01!(r)l
The prestressing and the reiniorcing steel area rarios are
F,lnoo 2Olt, toj + e"n2Q,t")4 + d;,(r)l) denoted respectively by p and s. whell the modu]i of
[17.94(a)] elasticity of the reinforcing and prestressing steel are
278 Cteep analysis ot u cracked rcinjbrced anri ptesiessed conoete members
dimerent the area of the reinlorcing steel should be pro- Equations 87.971 and [17.100] weredeveloped on the
ratcd according to the ratio 4/Eos. assumption that the initial prestressing force Po is known.
However, practical designis usually related to the residual
Loss of prestress wilh one layer oI sleel prestress P. because the criterion is that, after all losses
have takefl place, the tensile stress in concrete must be
We shall now rcvert to the most common type ol zero for fully prestressed concrete and less than a specified
prstressed concrete member, namely, a beam with one value for partially prestressed concrete. We thus have to
layer of steel. The uliimare total loss of prestress is ob- work backwards to calculate the initial prestress.
tained lrom [17.92]: Putting the final stress in concrete as on oo + Ao :
nooa46+EshaEs+o:a and relatirg the change in stress in concrete Ad," to the
1t7.9'71 change in the s[ess in steel4o"., we obtain from [17.100]
1+ pnol +:''1,lr'1)(1 +td). after rearranging:
We should make it clear that the initial stress in
concrete at thc lcvel of the tendon, do, is due to the ao-O- + e.r-a" + d,-.
prestressing force Po ard to the sustainedload moment t + pno(t +:t\tz)U (1
xld-1'
M0- The lormer acts on the ret area exclusive of the area Ir 7.102]
of the ductj thal pa of the latter which comes into action
after grouting acts on thc transformed area, inclusive of
with o..1o,",: pl + r?/r'?), and multiplying both
sides by,4., we obtain
the grouted dxct area and of the equivalent steel area.
Now, a stress o,o in the lcndon of area.4" at a distance no6-O- + E,h-E, + o',-
),1 from the centroid ol the concrctc cross-section pro- o.", noo-Lt (t t)O-l
[17.103]
ducs a stress in the concrete 6hre at the lelel of the

:
,".: e.+) Ii7.98]
P-

d, :
prestress after all losses have taken place,

stress in concrete at the level ofthe tendon due to

sustained load and to residual prestress at time r-.
dro : stress in concrete at the level oI the tendon at lnmanycases, the concrete stress o- is smallcompared
time to due to ihe initial prestressing force Po, lo (he sreel .Lres, o., . rhe agrng,:oefficienL 7 is approri
calculated with the net area of concrete mately 0.8, ard d- is between 2 and 3 so that the second
exclusive of the duct. term in the denominator of D7.10ll is small. Neglecting
d"o : initial prestress ir the steel, ihis term, the additional strss in the tendon necessary to
,4. :
compensate for the time-dependent losses is
cross-sectional area ofprestressirg steel,
l. : nel area of concrete seclion, ad". : -(noo-d- + s"h-r: + 61..i [17.104]
and /. : second moment of area of concrete section. and the corresponding force is
Hence, + E*-E + o''-
te.,: -p",noo'6' Ir7.]051
%e: p( + .t1lr,).
[]7.991

[i7.971 now becomes As an example, lct us compute the loss of prestress in

tbe prestres'ing.teel ol cros$section 4.., and lhe stre\.
\r-E.+ oi-
nooo(b- +
in Ihe non-presrressed 'reels,.1... dnd e,, aue to creep.
1'oopa(t+xO)lo,a Ii7.100]
:
shrinkage and relaxation. At time ,o three days the
We must remmber that, ir our convcntion, com- cross-section shown in Fig. l7.ll(a) is subjected to the
pression is negative so thal shrinkage, relaxation and, slress configuration depicted in Fig. 17.11(b).
usually, the stress in concrete oo are negarive quantities. The values given are:
The ultimate loss of the preslressing force AP- can be A.:0.246m, .4i = 0.268 m'?
obtained from [17.100] by multiplying it by rhe steel area.
Thus 1. - 20.2 x l0 3ma 1l : 23.8 x 10 rma
r' :0.0823 m' /''z : 0.0888rn'z
lloo oo + t.l,",E, + o|-
", [17.10r] s,i- - 400 x 10 6
6,a-naoroll+ld-)
Olt-,3):2.5
We may nole that, with t:0.5, [l7.l01l is idenrical
with the expression developed by Riisch , dl.3 on the
tlr-,3) : 0.76 (Fig. 16.17)
assLrmption that crcep is due to the average prestress- o.- : 154 MPa
ing force acting during the ljfe of the member. viz. p : o.o:1400MPa
Pn
- iAP_. ," : 1860MPa
 I-ass of yestrcss \tith one lalet of steel 279

025
l

O OO2 -Cenlroid oi
-/ nel se.lion
:_\\- Cross se.rion
1l\

6.72 - 237 2i
116,( 236)

(a) borlorsle" 4o,r - 4.,. rb) (c)

olcon.rete slress. o(ro) (in \'lPrli and (c) change ir s1*i
aia. lr l1 (a) Cross section;(b) i,ritial disdbulion (ts. d"s' (in MPa) for the
er@ple olloss.oinpulsrion on plgd 27lt Thc valud in btucret in (c) are the losses in the lr.stresing $eel

.4n"' :600mm': Aoi.:0.528(l + 0.225)[6( 7]2.5 - 100 x 10 6

,1*, : 2000 mm': x 200 x 10r (1 + 0.430)1201
/si : /p', +,1*1 0.521J1 0.078)[6( ])2.5
: 2600mm'z 400 x l0 6x200x l0rl: 2l6MPa
1'z : I000mm'
A: Ep":200 x 10i MPa
ao,. :0.s28(1 + 0.560)[6( 3)2.5 400
no: E,iF,{t) : 6 x 10 r' x 200 t 10rl
na : nalt + x0): l7.4 0.s281( 0.203)f6(-712.5 400
l1:0'410m x10 6x200x1031
:
)u 0 421m
+ ( 0.0a7)( 120)] : 126 MPa.
pi : 0.00244
The reduccd rclaxation loss 6; : -
I :0 M Pa was fouDd
pi - 0.00811
witha loss due 1o creep and shrinkage 1'12MPa The of
P1 :0'01057 latter valuc was determined lrom [17.94] but without
P, = 0'00407 thc relaxrtion terms. With O : 142r'1400 - 0.10 tnd I :
1400i 1860 : 0.75. we obtain from Fig. 17.10: I :0.78.
Cocmcienis (see [1?.96]): Thus, dl:0.78( 154): 120MPa. The change in
1,, :0.0i057 x 17.4(l + 0.110'z/0.0823) : 0.560 (.ess in the reinforcing steel at icvcl I is:

11,:0.01057: i7.4[1 + 0.410( - 0.423)/0.0823] Adl-: 236 ( 120): 116 Ml'}a.

: 0.203 The stresses Aoi. and Ao"1- arc at drc level of the
,,,:0.00407 t 11.111 +\ 0.423Fl0.08211 :0.225 centroid oi thc bollbm steel. If desired, thc slresses at
p,, : 0.00407 x 17.4 + ( 0.423) t 0.410/0.08211 the actual lelel ol the prestressed and non-prestressed
: 0.078
stccl can be obtained by interpolalion according to
Fig. 17.11(c).
BD: 1/[(1 + 0.560)(r + 0.225) ( 0,20]N 0,078)l The time-dcpcndent curvature is
= 0.528 I
pi1 :0.00811 x 17.4 r (l + 0.410'z/0.0821) : 04r0 Ll ,:- rrtr,
+
(^ol. I

x( !,1 ^6,
Piz:0.00244 x 17.1[1 +0.410 0.423)]/0.08211
+
: -0 0,17 116 126
: +60 x 10 timm 1

200il0r(0.410+0.423)
The ultimate loss of prestress due to creep, shrinkagc and interesting to observe that a downward dcflection will
I I is
relaxation is siven by [17.9a] and [17.96] as: resulr from thc time-dependcnl eilects.
 )84 Crc?p rnottrt. ,a unrya, kpd h nlor, ?.t and rrpirc\sed I anc.?r? qpnbet\

16

14

\)'..-.t.t-
10

-aa
6- = 2-s
b6

Stress d str bulion at mld.soan

duelopresiressand susta ned load

(a)
NW (b)
0

Fir.17.r, Vaiation along rhe bean in fie los oI preste$ duero *eep and sh.inkage tor a srraight tendon.q

It is importanl to note that the ioss ol prestress is whre dlo : sleel stress before transfer, rlaxation prior to
strongly influencedby the stress in concrete ai thetevel of transfer bing allowed for.
rhe rendon and. since lhi. rs governed b) rhe posirion Thc stress in concrete at the centroid of ihe rendon
of the tendon, the loss varies along the member. This immediately after transfer is
variation is illustared in Figs. 17.12 and 17.13 for sjmpty
supporred beams sith a parabolicand a nrarg\r rendon. Ao'o p(t + y? lrz)
o"" : - -a;l [l7.i071
rc.pecrirel).' lhree lodd,ng condirion. d,e con,idered, + pna( + yilrl )
resulting in a concrete stress distribution at mid-span:
uniform, triangrrlar with a zero stress at the top, and where the vdlues ofp, y and r are determined for the net
triangular with a zero stress at rhe bottom. Thc con- concrete sectior As meniioned before, oniy a small error
siderable range of the magnitude of loss is evident. is introduced if the gross section properties are used
The loss ol siressin pre-tensiored members is the same instead, and this is recommended for practice. Aller-
as in post-tensioned members excpr for the additional nativelyj we can express the concrete stress at the level of
loss due to the elastic compression of concrete at transfer the prestressing steel, using the properties of the trans-
fo.med concrete sectionl
of stress in pre-tensioned concrete.l This additional loss
lor a member with one layer ol tendons is

,;l pna(l + yl lr,)

+ pnolt .r r1lr'z)
l7 ,'""r
L' I06t "":-"t[i.'s]
-
where Po - 4 o.o pre,tre*ing lorce betore tran.ler,
I17.1081

and ?4:,1: and Ji are properties of the transformed cross-

section determined with ,1. 4/E(J. :
The loss ol prestress is unbonded members canrot be
1
The shri*ase belore translet k included in e.i(r rol calculated on the basis of compatibility of sirains in sreel

t.
_--_-_---
..--''
---_ror
Stressdistr b!t onal hidspandueto resiressa.d sustai.ed oad
T 10 Mpa
a,g 1/.j.1. Va ation along the beah in rhe loss ol prestres due ro -eep and sh.inlase for a parabolic rendon.,
and in concrete at any section. In a rigorous solution, ihe
deiormations due to slrrinkage and creep atong the full
lenglh of the beam should be considered but this is
laboious. It is, therefore, convenient to utilize the facl
rhat, ignoring friction, the value of a, in an unbondcd
tendon is the same at any polnt, and mus!, thereiore, lie
beiween the extrcme values which erdst in a bonded
member; Figs. 17.12 a.d i7.13 show that these exrremes
are at mid-span and al supporrs. Hnce. a rasonable
estimate of the loss of prestress in an unbonded member
can be obtained by averaging the values ol Ar"(r) from
[17.921 lor the suppori seclion and for the mid-span
Mulll-slage presiressing
Because the rate of loss of prestress due to shrinkage,
creep andrelaxationof sleel rapidly decreaseswith time. a
largepart of rhe loss can b recovered by re-stressing a few
days atter the iritial prestressing. The operation may be
repealed. thu. leddrrg lo 'rlulli*rdge prenre"ing.
Under such circumstances, the loss of prestress can be
reduced by ore{hird or even by two-thirds,lo and this
offers considerable economic advantages. First, because
the losses are smaller, Iess prestressing steel is rrluired.
Secord, the initial prestress can be applied ai a young
age (as the loss will be taken up later, anyway) so that
formwork can be removed early. (Early prestressing has
Muhi-stage presiessing 2El
b = 0.25m
-'---.
6-= 2'5
.3h- = _200 x 10 6
0
the additional advantage of preventing shrinkagecrack-
ing.) Finally, multi-stage prestrcssing offers a grearer
flexibility in taking up loading at different phases of
construction than is possible with a single prestressing
operalion. On the other hand, re-srressing .aturatly
represenls an additional cost but rhis can often be
balanced by the saving in prestressing steel. mcntjored
earlier. To effecl such saving, however, it is essential io
eslimale thc loss in prestress with considerable accuracy.
Using [17.92] lor the total ioss in the case of one layer
of sreel, we can find the loss of prestress at time ,1 due
to the load applied a! thc age ro, but the loss due 1o
relaxation ofthe steel has to be treated diflerefltly because
the initial sreel stress o,0 is reached agair after re-stressing.
It is rasonabie 1(] assume that relaxation loss can be
calculated on the basis of the intrinsic loss o. lor the initial
stress d.o instead ot rhe reduced loss d; which is uscd for
,ingle .rape p e,l re,sing. Henre. rhr lo\ dr rimc , I n
. rooodl'r.'ol , ..^r,..r,,iE +dlt i
^_,,,,
,,,0(l I r,1 , lLl 'xE11.ro;l
tr 7.loel
It should be pointed out again ihat the aging coeliicient
I has always thc same argument as the crcop coefrcient
with which it is associated.
Tbe sleel is now re-stressed, i.c. at the age lr we apply to
the steel a stress dl'?): Ao|)(t,)in order to obtain the
282 Creep andlysis of unuacked rcinforced and presffessed co tete mehlbers

same prestress dso which exisled at the age .o. The stress \{here
ol'?) creates in the concrele at the Ievel of the,.ndon,
.ue.i.' \,,1. $hrch produ(c' creep dnJ rn tine c,tt'e' Ao! -- tr.' t : toss Jr rrme . due ro initial prestress d"o,

a change in the steel slre"s tet\\,""r, tt e ag", r,-ooiii.s",

a'l"i"l : ttts at time iniljal prestress oso'
due to
'2
nig- tlit+). ucnc., it toss ol prestress die to crccp is Aol')(', : loss at time r'] due to the additional prestress
"

'"" "' +p,,,(t',od'il(,1rd1.,r1.r .

+),i /:)[] +/d,r..r,)l ti7.1101
,1,,:Yi"i,1i,,, t17.1141
^,,,)hr: .L
The final lalue ot tre loss due li) o!3) is
By analogy wilh 17.991, at rhe level ot ihe rendon.
l,r'.r-rorr 'r_r
.''o.','-'-
-a''tr ) a I ''4''rl 1 t'tll|tatt
pa,'l - tlt)
nl lt"'
tl7'1151
and, since ol'z) : Aog'l(.i), t17.1101 can be Nritten in
The final value o{ the preslress is thcn

on"t + t1,ir'z).b(t,tt) o"-: d,o + df)+ 09)+ + Aol'zl + AosJ'

a6:''lrl-. Ad:'{r,)r r ,,,. Li r yl . rl I /d,;.,,r1
^ol1l l'?.l16l
7.1i1l
The final stress in steel is thus
Delormation ot prestrcssed concrete memberc
Ao r. A. ) l2l wirtr one tayer ot steer
| '11
q\ere do rnrial p c're... 6'r - -ao1r\' r i' ciren lhe ume-deDendenr rhanee rn arrar ,rrain is tound b)
D\ lt- oo. and A-'.' and Ar' "re to-e, o' r,.. ,dd,ner.'l.,i,arnoueLorhitossoip.e,rre,,rothecreep
and Il.l10l h{ith r: r.J.
l' fr, rhe- (-r,e. reqLr red ar lle nse , .
inc i" 'he Lrtl\ AP'l
1c!e..dr) \rre\\ .\ equd' ro rie o\\ot .rr.*"'', .i, 'tto\tbtt'tatt Ett-tA
o1.': - I r7.] lll x [1 + /d(r,,o)] + ."h(r,,o). [17.117]
^a1,,(r,) ^alL)(r,) ^d!')(i,)

,,
,6

a, d,j: Ao"!)(.,)=;:) ,, A.'31

e:Ao.ir)(rr) Aos(1)(ri) s: Aos-13) r, a,:'l

l' r .' la \r" . n. el'r " b.' n.rl'i".red.onr' : "8"D'e'.re'.ng
 Tinip-dependent dnr,lysis usinll creep-ia slarmed section properties 283

The lime-dependcnl curvature is arrived ar by a similar elaborale. This isparlicularly so if wehave a combinarion
of reinforcing and prestressing steel in one or two layers'
In a ca.e. an analv'is u'rng lhc creep_lran'lormed
APtul v 'uch
A"/,/, uro),r{,.,o1 - flr.,/ ll lor'.'otL ,ect,on propertrc., deteioped Iecenlly." i' r,ore el(g'nr'
h order to arrive at the iime_dcpendent stresses and
[17.11rJ] strains. the forces in ihe slcel corresponding to lhe un_
i..rra,n.d cre.p, iree'hrrn(age. onO ,.ou"tt1 lntrrn'ic
The delormations du 1o supcrimposed loads applied
rera\ation hte appled lo lhe cre(prran'lormed cross'
-Ier Drer.reisrra mL\t be lreatcLl .eparalely anJ Ir s\ou-d section in \r'hich the sreel is included with the modular
ir.a tnri lhe pre'rre" loss r' 'edured bv
ratio *: r.t1 + xd(l,to)]. For reasons ol inrernal
a
". ".-
superimposed load by
eourliorium. ihi f",ce. chdnr( .igns when applieJ Io rh
n o,\,d\t,1,) concrer(. I he(on.rere.rreire' re.ulring trom rhi' anal)'l.
\Pl''/ r - 4"'t-pn
1,Jrl t'loi,.,Jl are due 1o all the time-dependenl efiects, and the corre_
sponding steel sresses (obiained with the modular ratio
[17.119] ,il u.. iaaea to the stresses due to unrestrained creep,
where o(1)is the concrete skcss at thclevel ol lhe steel fibre tree'hrinlxqernd l educed, rela\arron soa'rooblain lhe
due to a load superjmposed at time ,, > lo. ,imc dependenl 'tcel nrc's. Th( merhod i' enrirel) gener!l
Al er"Jri!e11, lhe eqJJrion''or lrme-dependenl arial and risorous and can be applied 1() any cross_section (even
o co.nio.ire one, conrainrnP anv number oi'dvers ol
ron'
.rrain ^no jL,\arLIc de,r\(o earlre- GP. 1l-.55,l and
nrestressed or Drestresscd stecl.
f17.7ll) can be uscd. Adding the axial strain due 10 '
;elaxation to t17.551, we obtain lor the lotal change in lheoro.edulcl.nowe\plrinedtnderarr lorlhe'imple
axial strain (a.e ol a presre'ed coniroe beam $ilh one laler ol
I x,dlr,r,)+o1(ol ' srre.. corresp^nding Io unre'tlained creep'
: "r4,t, ro) rrL . Thc
'reei
LsI ftee shrinkage, ard intrinsic relaxation is obtained from
I
^.Lrl I
+ (1 sa),.h(,,r.h.o) [ 17.120]
o,r: rodod(r./ol+ ."J1,ru)6, + o;(,) [17.] 231

t2 : elasiic strain at the centroid of thc net The corresponding normal force is lound by multiplving
concrcte sec!ion, this stress by the steel area ,1,:
e1 : elaslic slrain al level of centroid of the steel' t't.tzaia))
NJ:,a,dl I
flr : coemcient defined bY 7.521,
and d;(rl : reduced inirinsic relaxation lncgativ)' An eccentric normai force generates a bending moment

Ile e\p e*ion lo rhe trmc'dependenl chJngeincur Ml : .a"o}li : NI)i. [17.121(b)]

vature, including thal caused by relaxalion, is derived by
substituting lrom [] 7.951 in the strains Ar.r(r)and As",(,) ln thcse equations:
ol [17.56] and putting i, -
0 and pz 0. Th' result is : : area of sleel,
,ls
-\ o - cL'nc-ele .lrec< iil le\el oI the sleel due lo
rr(r): rLl l{s,
(\
ar, )+(,.rol .xrernalload and ro ore(tressrng,
, '-\l- dlrt d(t,lo) : crep coemcient.
,lt. " - . r -.ll
I
ll
,1/t
. r , ,
c' l) lr'.r,)rl . hV.,or .lree.hrrnkage 'rnce time oI pre'lre'sing.
\
. r
^

ofl,) : reduced intrinsic relaxation,

Havingfound the tirne_dependent curvature at a sufficiell1
number of points along a memter, we can obtain the
time-dependeni dellection in the manner described bfore.
It should be mentioned that for the majoritv ol simplv
supportcd prestressed concrete members. it is sumcienl to
caiculale the curvalure at
id_spall and at the support,
and to assume a parabolic variation in_between. Thc re_
sulting mjd-span deflection is
A.rtll iiAu{,r. o - jrlA"'r,
Time-dependenl analysis using creep'translormed
secllon proPerties
The Dresenc ol morc than one lavcr of relnforcement
makes the calculation of the stresscs and strains rather
and t,f = dislance of centroid of steel from tie centroid
of the creep lransformed cross_section'
For more than one layer ol steel, srd [17 1]01 and
[17.131].
In [-17.123], the reduced intrinsic relaxation al(t]is used to
calculate the stress oI. In order_.to find o'.(r), we have to
Droceed a" uurlrneJ on page I i.c. $e I I'r hd\e Io find
, Adrtr, ol l' ile toss ot o-e'rre* due rocreepand sh_inkageso lhdL rhe
117.t221 relarauun redL.rion ldclor o, can bc delermined tom
I g. I -.'rr. I or zn appro\imare calculJlion ot rhe l'_ ol
orisrress. a.trtcar be u.ed In(tead of ol(r).
lL l. rnlere'lrng to nore lhdr rhe tcrmc on rhe righl hand
side of [17.123] are those ol lhe numerator of the equa-
tion fo. the Ioss of p.estress. [17.92].
 284 Creep anal)sis of u cracked leidorced and ptestessed corcrete members
Theconcrete stress corresponding to the forces Nj and tained only if the net section propertjes are used to cal
M! culate p,Il and r, for useinli'/.g21.
TN-r M! I
adirr-.li',,:rrl

In this equation:
L''
r' Ihe aclual rime-dependent !re\s rn concrete.
lt7.t:5,]
r
:

I
ll : cross-sectiollal area, 1
and Ia : second moment of are4 {-'
both calculated for the concrete cross-sectionin which the
J *,
steel is transfonned with n+ : notl + Xd(t,ro)1.
The steel stress obtained from the relation
fN! Mr I -
,,' .ii ln, A" r,.
,; + ,;r
---f
^dr(rr- |Ldi I
[l].t261
oj expressed by fl7.1231 ifl order io
is added to the stress
obtain the time-dependent change in stress. Thus Data given:
Ao,(t)-dI+Aoa(,) u7.121) o-:2.0, no:80,
x:0.75. 4 : 200 x 103 MPa,
: 6"1- - 250 x l0 6,
ol- - 100 MPa
Lo"\t) nooo46 ti + E h(r,,o)E" + d;(,) + Adj(r).
Initiai forces:
Ui.t21 \a))
For a cross-section with a single layer ol steel, the creep-
Presiressing force
(before elastic losses)
Pi, 1.0MN -
translormed section properties (denoted by an asterisk) Moment due to sustaind load Mo :0.16MNm
are determined according to the relatioff
: Modular ratio : n* - + xd.)
A: A,+ (k* - 1)A" I : 8(1 + 0.75 x 2.0) : 20.0
ro(1

and I [17.128]
,1" : 0.100m,,
I! : ts+tn* I),a,lylt': + as(r*t,l
I

I - 0.lu7m).
1,. _- 0.099m,.
/s - '.081 . l0 rm".
I- _ 2.0!t t0 rm.. / _ ) Jar . t0 ,ma,
Il : .v",1 - r* &:0, ,: -0.002 m,
,' :0.013m, Ig,, : 0.200m,
11 : 0.202m, y! :0.187m,
j* : (n* r) p* y"., ,4|:0.119m':, ry:2i21 \. tO 3ma,
,.ls : gross cross sectional area of concreie,
,*:0.032m, ),t:0.168m.

Is : second momenl oi area of gross section, Initial concrete stress al the level of theprestressing steel is
(cr. tl7.1081)
)s.1 - distance betweefl centroid of steland centroid of
gross sectio& 1.00 0.16 - 1.0 x 0.187
' x 0187
0.107
p--i A
: 11.50 MPa.
0.4)2347

and The stel stress coresponding 1o unrestrained creep, free

shrinkage and relaxation of steel is given by [17.123] as

"._ t: o]:8.0( 11.50)2.0 250 x 10 6 x 200 x l0l

- 100.0 - 334.0MPa.
Forces due to oa:
The following example explains the numeicai procedur.
Here, the section properties of the section transformed Normal forc ([17.124{a)])
with ,o (identified by a prime) are needed for the com- Nl: 331 x 0.001 - 0.334MN.
putation of the elastic stresses, while those of rhe net
concrete section are rcquired for a comparison with the Bendine moment ([17.124(b)])
results of7.921; identical numerical results wilt be ob- M!: -0.334 x 0.168: -0.0561MNm.
 Deformations 235

and the totaL curvature bY

Concrete stress ;n stecl fibre due 1(r

0.050t 0.168:h)?Mpa.
rr v!
_ 0.114 - ."io Il -,1'r.r,,rl ,,i- ll-/or"Jl
119-
,r,r,,
^-
-"' o u.002721
[17.135]
The corresponding steel stress
: x : 4MPa'
'I h" propert,e, *ilh u prime relcr ro lhe 'eclion
Ao,. 20.0 6.27 125 'ecrron
r" and rho'e $irh an aneri'k Lo rhose
*,,i,
Aclual loss of prestress
',,..r",..a
rranslormed u ith ai norl-zdr.
The plocedLre lo a beam conld'nrng
ir noq applied
Ao,. - -33,t.0+ 1254= 208.6MPa'
uhrch i' preilressed' The
turet. of \le(1, one oi
For comparkon,lhe loss according to [17'92]
is: 't'*.
,lmore or oace 2 8 qill be re analJqed ue fir't c'!lcu-
i'i"in. ro".. ir.,o.*.p.rnd shr rn(aPe alune rnd rhen
II5,8 2 250 l0" 200 l0' 100 J"t"i-i." tl,. *au*a .eiaxation d;. before finding the

-r-@ !
''lrufr'irr.
-*'". srre'rs ol FIg' lT ll dnd d tree
x (1 + 0'75 2'0)
shlnkage I,h. - -400 l0
6.ilr l,)llgites
: 208.6 MPa. : 6 x (-7.08) x 2.5 -a00
"J,, 10r6 x200x =
'
The two rsults are identical. x10 186.2MPa
fn, ,lr. ou""uffi case ot one lale' ot pre"lte_ lhe 6i",:6 x (-6.72) x 2.s 80 = 1808MPa
.'.e.i"Jp-*a,,. .,v be simpliFeo b)' rhe u'e ol rhe oL:6 x (-30) x 2.5 80 = 1250MPa
simpie equation
_lhe
lnooaiQ.ta) + E h(, to)4 + d!(41 normal lorce corre(ponding lo lh'e 'lI'!es Is
,
^6.",: x t1 p.,*(1 + yf'7l/.11 111.1291
Nl: -186.2,0.002 180.8 x 0'0006
\\hrch mean. lhdl lhe in\r'e ol lhe denomindtor
oi 125 0x 0.001
iiisir,"a,n.,erm lr I',*rr vi-r":tlare N
tden-
lengrh)
: ,o 606 MN
i..i r'r..urtt.ruticut prooi ot thts idenrrl)
Table
.nd rs not oresented here
- i",.ni. and the bending moment (fol eccntricities' see
Lfran on. rdver ofsreel. rhe *reel slre" d:ir) 17.11 is
r.r. t. ti r.r,a r.' *"t,individual laver, and rhe normal
lalers M!: -0.372 x 0.391 -0.108 x 0316
0l2s
iorce and tending moment due to the stresses in all
have to be determined For n layels: x (-0 4s9)

N. = t oir,4",r u7.1301 = 0.1222 MNm.

The rime-dependenl conLrele'lres\ al rhe le\el of lhe

and pr."r.-ing 'l.e' i' oblurned using lhe nroperlie' of
Table 17.1:
Mj: I oltri,{".t. r17.1111
o'bob o't222
^- - o to r
_"" o otol ^03r6:l.22MPa.
Delormations
The time-dependent deformations are calculated by mul- t he pre.lresc los\ due to creep and shnnkage I'
rroLrine rheinirial delorm.rrions bv the creep coemcient
Oi,,r"i^aa,"g rhe delormation'.ru ro fiee shrtnkds' Ad"-: 180.8 + l?.4 x 3.22: i25MPa'
and iren addrng the deiormatiun' due Io the momenl' The reduced reiaxation ,i. is now delermined from
Nl and ML which are: irs. ri.r0 urrh ,
"'"'"
a.
:oosq ana it33'-ors' I-
N.t Nafi+/dt,ro)l 1fi.t32)
WiLh rhe'e pa,amtte s, ,, - 0.80 and o - = 0'80 '
Ld(t\ = AiE+ - Alti r l54r - -l13VPa lhe change in 'leel slre" ai lhe
letel of Ihe tendon cau.ed b) rela\drion is drreclly
and
computed trom [17.129]:
r,7"'r' -
M! Mafl +rdt,ro)l
r'-'lljl ( f /!*\,1)
,'! r, A,o,, :o,.\t p+n+l I +{Ll lf.
I L t / ))
The toial axial strain is given bv the expression
Thus:
r(ir:+ tI + d(r,ro)l +..,lI.ror ,',,[,.(H];)']]
12r{r - o.oo1e3
Nr
;+,lt t /ott trl lrT ri4l
- 115 MPa-
286 Creep atalysis of uncra&eA rcinfor.ed and p,estressed conLrcte members
rahk I7.1 Properties ol ct@p-translotued sedion

(.)
I 0.2500 0.034 0.02083
4.,, = 0.002 I 0.0328 0.425 0.01t94 0.391
,4F j - 0.0006 I (ni r) = (r7.4 o 0.0098 0.350 0.00344 0.116
0.00503

,4., :0.00t l 0.425 -0.00697 -0.459

lI:03090 0.0104 0.009,16 0.020,13
0.0104
0.109
I: = 0.00946 + 0.02083 : 0.0103m4

IzrL 77., Calculation ollo$esin tabularfom

Mo6en1 Ao.(,) = ,'^dL + a1
6'114 6j Nli : a:,1,1 (n) Mli = Nlrl@Pa)
^dr(4 (MPa)
(MN) (MNn)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
I 0.002 1062 80 186.2 0.1124 0.391 +4.01 115
100.8 80 123i 101.8 0.1822 0.316-0.14560
0.05?56 +3.71 -219
3 0.001 -80 125 0.r 250 0.459 +0.0573? -0.0r t25
T Nl = 0.6796
iAdditional calculation needed to6.d d;

The total loss is nowt PCI COMMITTEE ON PRESTRESS LoSSES. Recom-

Lo.- = 124 l15 = 239MPa.
This value is siightly diferent from the result on page 279
because it was assumed there that the boltom two layers
of stecl ar concentrated in one layer- For practical
calculations, the whole procedure is best condensed in
tabular form (s Table 17.2).
It should be obvious that lbr cross-sections with
multiple layers of steel this method is very expedient.
l. DILGER. w. H. and NEVILLE, A. M.. Verification and
application of a new method of creep dalysis 10 strucrural
membere, P.eliminary Publicatjon ot the lrternational
A..ocid,:on for Bridse and Srrucrrral Fnginerring S)m-
posium De.isn or tonrrere s.'ucrri, .o, iiiep.
Sllnkage md Temperarure Chansej, Madrid. Spain,
1970, I A RS E Repofts
of the W orkiat Connissions,s,]970.
pp.251 60.
2. DILGER.W H.andNEVILLE.A. M.,Amerhodofcreep
analysis ot st.uctural members, Desigins for Eflelts of
Creep Shrinkage Temperature i,
Concrete St.uctures,
Aheticda Condete Institute Speclol publicatian No. 27.
19'11, pp- 349 71.
3. MAGURA. D. D.. SOZEN, M. A. and SIESS. C. p., A
study of slress relaxation in prestresing reilforcemenr,
Prenrcssed Cohlete tnstitt. Jo!/nal q No. 2, 1964, pp.
13 57.
mendalioft tor estimalirg presrres losscs, Prrresjed
Conoete llttitute Jautnal,zq No.4. 1975, pp.41 75.
5. TADROS,M. K.. GHALI, A. and DILGER, w. H-,Time-
dependnt prestres Ioss md deflection in presresed
corcrete eembeB, Pr.s,r.ss.d Coaoet? lhstitLte JaumdL
20, No- l. 1975, pp. 86 98.
TADROS,M. K.. GHALI,A. and DILGER, W. H., Eflecr
ol non-prestressed steel on prestrcs los and dellection.
Presrressed Concrcte lhstitute Joutnol. 22, No. 2. t971.
pp. 50 6l-
CEB-FIP, Mol.l Cade lot Conctep Snu.jutes. Comrft
Euro-International du Baton F6d6rnrion Internarionale
dela Pr6contrainlc, Pa.is, 1978, 348 pp.
RUSCH, H., JUNGWIRTH. D. dd HILSDORF. H..
8.
Kritiscle Sichtung der Einflnsse von Kriechen urd
Scbwinden dcs Belons aul das Verhalten der Tragwerke,
B.ton und Stdhlbetonbdu. 68, 1973: No. 3, pp.49 60i
No.4, pp. 76 86;No. 5, pp. 152 8.
9. LEONHARDT. F., Pres,/er sen Coacrete: Design and Con
srrr.,io, (2nd edr), Wilhein
Errsr Berlin, 1966,677 pp.
10. TOPPLER, J. F. and CHAUDHURI, B. K., Multiphase
prestressing estimation ot Iosses and catcLitation of
elongations, Pr.sresed Cokcrcte tnstittt Jouriot, 12,
No. 6, 1967, pp. 30 41.
11. DILCER, W: H., Crep analysis usins creep-transformed
section properties. Presrreised Con<aete t stillte Journal.
27, No. 1, 1982, pp. 98-117.
Chapter 18

Creep design of comPosite

members

Composite members, consisting of a steel or precast

Composite steel-concrete member
cor;cte (prestressed or reinforced) girder and a cast-in-
place deck slab, are sensitive to creep and shrinkage so A typical steel beam with a concrete deck is shown in
ihat the influence ofthese phenomena or stress distribu_ l'ia. l8.l Ihe slab t. prestre.'ed dnd con(arn' also non-
tion in. and deformation olcomposite sectionshave to be pr;\lres\ed sleel. Ler lhe cro.s_sectional areai of Ihe sleel
carclullv considered. qirder. Ihe preslressing
'(eel
rnd lhe non_pre'rressed 'reel
The problem of time-dependent efects on composite 6e denored, re"pecrirely. by 4".. 4 r anJ 1.r. I or lhe
beams has been treated exlensively in the literature analysis, itis convenint to combine these three steel areas
Vaior conrributron. ha\e bcen made b) Sdlller.r Brdn"on into one such that the lotal arca is
,.J o;ell': Brnn'on.' Rorl. Birkeland.' lrosr and
co-worters,'r and Dilger and Neville.e The last ihree *?o" t18.11
references make use of the agjng coemcient developd by
Trostlo (and later by Bazantll) and this approach will and the second momeDt of srea is
be used here because of its rclative simplicity and its
,r",1'3, +f ,r.,,1, + r.,ri, t18.21
Thc aging coefficient will first be used to formulate
equations for the time-dependent e{lects and later {or the where ," : modulus of elastici ty ofthe stcel in the girder
criep-transformed section approach-12 Ciosed solution and of the reinforcing steel,
eouiLion, fo' rhe'rre'.es and delormdlion.'nlroduced by Ee. : modulus olelasticily of the prestressing steel,
r rme-dependenl effecls are more e\pedienl onl) tor
timple
cases. whereas thc creep-transformed section approach is .1"1 = second moment of area ofthe steel gider,
.y"r = distance from the ccntroid ofthe steel
girder
preie aole tor more comphcaled eases where multiple
l,rl er. oipril,essed and non_prc.tre"ed neelare pr'enl. lo lhe cent-oid ol the loldl steel cros'-\eclion.

L cenlro da .r is
of sleelqirders

Ir4.18.7 Fores andslrainsina s teel -conc.ete compo sir e heih.

288 Oeep design of composite members
J", : distance from the centroid o[the prestressing where N.. : initial normal force (at age ,o) in concrete,
steel to the centroid of the lotal steel cross- including the part ol the preslressing lorce
section. carried bY the concreie-
and ),"3 : distance from the centroid of the reinforcing
The time-dependent curvature due to bending of the
steel to the cntroid of the lotal sleel cross-
section-
^ M AMIr)
ln calculating the cenlroid ofthe total steel cross'section,
the area ofthe prestressed steel is weighted by E ./4.
aq,rrt--"idtr,r"t--, ',' LI -/@(,.rorl Ll8.8l
where M"o : initial moment (at age ,o) on the concrete
The cross-sectional area of the concrete section is ,.{.,
and ils second moment of ara is I". The formulation of section.
the equilibrium condilion yields
We can now use []8.71 and [18.8] to calculate the
N"1,)+N,(r):No t18.31
unknown forces in [18.5] and t18.61 on the basis of the
and compatibility requirements. These ar:
M"(,) + M"(r) + N"(,))" : Mo t18.41 As(r): A"(,) tl8.e(a)l
where N0 : applied external axial force,
and lro - applied erlernal bendrng moment.
= t18.e(b)l
^,1,(,) ^ly'"(r)
The other terms in N and M represent the interMl forces i.e. the change in the strain in steel and in concrete at any
at time r, and the subscnph s and . refer to the steel and levelmustbethe same,and the change ill ihe curvature in
concrete, respectively. The distance between the centroid the steel girder and in the concrete deck must be equal.
of the total steel cross-section and the centroid of the The relevant equations are:
concrete section y" is positive as we take the centroid of
the concrete section as the rference axis. Under prestress l),
and a constant sustained load, the change in forces with , , {N"odr,.tor AN"lr)fl 1/.rll.ro)ll-,--"r.
time @n be written as
dN"(r)+AN"(,):0 t + LM"(ILI + x d(t, t")l) :
t18.51 lM"ot(t,ta)
tf
and t18.10(a)l
AM"(r) + AM"(r) + AN"(,)y" : 0. t18.61 and
Hence, the change in the force in the concrete deck due to I
creep and shrinkage is -. lM."C(r.,0) AV.(r)! I rii,ri1l=-AM,t,l
E,I,
AN"(r) = -AN"(r) t18.5 (a)l
t18.10(b)l
and
Substitution or [18.6(aJ] for AM"(t)in [18.10(b)] yields
AM.(r): 4M"1,) - dN"(r)r". Ir8.6(a)]
M.od(r, ro) AN"(t)).tr + td(,,io)l
The change in lhe srrarn in concrere in an) fibre. ne- AM'{I) - [l8.l1l
glecting shrinkage, can be obtained ftom [16.43]:
Gh+l+)0lr.ro)
d" Ad{rl
A'(i): + d(r,ro) + and (without argument ofd, for brevity):
-LI+t0(r,ro)l
'where do : initial concrete stress at the time at appli
cation of load, ,o, Eo/c + EsTs(l + xd)
f,o = modulus ofelasticity ofconcret at age ,o,
Ao(r) : qtrang6 in the stress in concrete between
ages to and ,,
t18.121
I: aging cofficient (ree Figs. 16.13 to 16.17),
The effect of shrinkage can be included by adding the tenn
and d(r, ro) : creep coeflicient.
s"h(i,ro)Eo,4. to the numerator o{ [18.12].
Expressing stress in terms ofnormal forces, we can use The change in stress at the centroid oflhe steel girder
due to creep and shrinkage is
[16.43] to write the time-dependent strain in concrete due
to the normal force as = ANs(t)/,4"
Aos(t)

Acrrr- ^ N
9drr.rnr AN.ft) and, introducing the abbreviations t3 : N.J.4.,
' E"4, ', " t'-'.'
r.4. ll-/6n.,"11
- LI8.7l
o{ = M.oyJt., p : A"lA". nn: \186, I = t"lA.. and
 Eflects of shinkage and creep in a compasite preulst .ast-in-situ sttuctne 289
.3 = f,i,1",
( ,{
0(.,r.){olY +
(r - +P + fi(Lt,,)lr: lr'1 The time-dependent deformations of a composile girder
oU
can be iound from the change in moment in the steel
+ 4ri.h(r, ro) grrder AM"(l) ([18.11]) and the flexunl rigidity E"1". For
:
^d"(r) I + pnall + tOfi.Ii1 a singl-span compositc girder, it is sufrcient to determine
the time-dependent curlatures at mid-span and at the
,{, + v? l,' support in order to obtain th deflection from [17.]221.
l t + pnoll + x6g, )tlr ] As an example, let us consider the composile girder of
t8
t18.131 Fig. 18.2 based on refernce 13. The stresses given are due
Having determined Ao,(t), we can find the change in stress to a moment Mo : 1oMNrn applied to the composite
section. The stresses of interest for the computation
at the centroid ofthe concrere deck from
or (tl8.lll) are: dd: -L8aMPa and df:
Ad(d : -pAd"(t). [18.11] ^d"- Moy.lt'na - 6.16 MPa. For pno(1 + td-) =
M"oy.ll":
2.22,118.137 yields, for the case of zero shri*age, the
It is interesting to note that U8.111 to I8.l4l can also change in stress at the centroid of the stel section:
be appLied to doubly reidorced concrete members, and 6.16
can therefore be used instead ofthe equations derived in 10x2 -284 +
Chapter 17. Iiapplied to doubly reinforced members, we I + 2.22(0.7 s',t 10.1',70)
taker the steel area A":A4+A"2l.cf. [18.1]). and the
seond moment of ara of the steel l, = ,4,r )11 + ,4.r,,:,,
,*i +
2 56111O t10
2.22(0.',757lo.t',t1)
where the distances .),.1 and i.", are from the centroid : -4.09 MPa.
ofihe steel, and not,as inChapter 17, from the centroid of
the concrte section. The values ofthe change in stress in The change in the stress in concrete at its centroid is
the reinforcing bars are obtainedby adding to the change Lo -: (0.092s1t.083) t ( -4.09) : 0.35 MPa. The 6c-
in the axiat stress of[18.14] the stress due to the change in titious stress in steel at the same level (corresponding to
moment; these are, for steel fibres I and 2, respectively: lhe .rre- in rhe reiDlorcrng rleel. il dn) r al time r - .o is
: nood(l + 6.) + no^d -0 + xA-)
oulL'll-7.|n '"- : 10 x (-2.84X1 + 2) + 10 x 0.35(1 + 0.8 x 2)
: 76.1MPa.
Figure 18.2 shows the stress distribution in the composite
., LM"i\
Ao:,lt):;yi girder before and after creep.
The simplified approach of [18.15] is less accurate
because the flerural rrgrdr() ollhe concrete secrion is in
Distancs .)," above th cntroid of the steel sdction are, as fact notrcgligiblqthe values obtained by this method are
usual, ngative. Ad"- : 4.76 MPa and Ao- 0.41 MPa.:
A shortcoming ofthese equations is that dillerential
shrinkage and reiaxation cannot be treated easily, but {or Elfecls ol shrlnkage and creep in a composlle
nomal reinforced concrete the approach of this chapter is precast-cast-in-situ structure
as good as that of Chapter 17.
Ii is interesting to observe that if the flexural rigidity When a composite member consists ofa cast-in-place slab
of the steel girder is neglected. i.e. I. : r3 :0, 8.131 over a precast concrete girder the general approach is
becoms [17.44], i.e. thechange in the stress in steel is the similar to that when a steel girder is presert and the
same as in a sirgly reinforced beam. This is a satisfactory geneml form ofequationsis the same as that of[18.3] and
check on U8.131. [18.4]. With subscript 1 referring to the precast girder,
and subscript 2 to the deck (Fig. 18.3), we can write the
equilibrium equa.ionsfor the changein normal forces and
Neslisible lcxwal isidty of the deck in moments about the centroid ofthe precast girder due to
In most practical applications, the flexural rigidity ofthe
deck is small compared with the nexural rigidity of the
steel girder. Putting r'z :0, [18.131 simplifies to AN"1(,) + AN"'(,) + AN,(r) :0 [18.17]
and
: + 4.h(r, ro)
rooild(,, ro)
Ad"(r) tl8.l5l AM.,(/) + AM.,(,) + AM,(,) + AN",(0y. + AN"(r))"
t + pn.U + xOQ,t.)1+ y?lr?' - 0.

tl8.181
The change in th stress in concrete at the centroid of the
concrete section is found using [18.14]: The ierm AN"(/) represenh the change in force in all the
steel (prestressed and aon-prestressed) and AM"(t) the
Lo(r) =
pn oo l) 4Q, t i + pE
"e,r\,
r o)
[l8.r 6l
change in moment due to thechanges in force in the total
t + pnr1 + xfO.ti7 + ]i:h:' steel such that AM.(r) : :i=1(AN,.ty".J, where t.,r is the
290 C,eep design of composite members
Cross sectlon

t-371
0.360

I- = 0070m!
-pfcon.,ele \
\ \ ^-)
0 35{ n
\ = \r ot57

33.4
Afiercreep

*.i'is ihe second moment

Cenlro dalaxisol sleel oi area of the transfo.med
section based on Es

I 546
s56 I

I
Fis. /8.1 Derails oI rhe b.an and rnestres dislriburion undera nooentoI ll]MNm tor rhe erample on pas.289j strcses in Mpa

distance irom the centroidal axis of rhe steel and i relers to and AMs at a given time:
the individual layers.
l AM"(/)
The compaiibility equaiions ([18.9]) enablc us to write
,J- tM"id1 + AM.,(r)(l + x1d,)l : [18.19]
the lollowing fourequations so tha1, together wirh [] 8.171 E"l
and [18.18]. we have six equations to determine rhe I
unkrown changes in forces AN.r,4N.,, l(, AMcr, AM.2 El,l\t',+, + LM',tl)11 + t,O1l) : AM"(r)
[18.20]
E,t"

Time deDendenl sira nsailer

beginning of composile aclion

N.;", I
-i

v'.
---; )

u =lrM)

4,0.18.J. Forces and strainsin a mncrcrc co ncrete com posi re sirder.

 Effe(:ts of shrinkaoe a d creep in a composite precast cast-in-situ nrudurc 29 l
girder, only the crep and shrinkage occurring aftcr
fr r,u,o, +
^N"1(rx1
+ hdl)l hardening of the slab concrcte are of interest. For the
siluationjust described for concret 1, the creep coeflicient
+ + + r1d,)l lorthcperiodr, tor-,associatedwiththemomentdueto
^M"1(,)(l self weight applied at age ro, is td1(,.,. r0) d,0,,,o)1.

:;f"11r.u.,+,
r*,r, * or", (t)tt + x,4,)l t18.2rl
Bccause of the loss of prestress occurring before the
begin rg of the composite aclion at age ,r, a simple
accurate o(pression fo. the crccp caused by prestressing
and aller rr cantrot beformulated. However, ifwe assume thal
the strain due to prestress is found by multiplying the
r*,r, + + r,.y',)l elasiicstrainduetoP(rr): [Po + AP(r1)] (where Pois the
^N",(,)(r inrrral fre,rre-rng fo,ce ind APrr.l t rhe lo* occurrilg
"f * + + hdl)l
bctwccn,o and t1) by [d,(r,.o) 1,,(rr,,o)], we obtain a
firw.,,1, ^M",(rxr
fairly good approiimation, because the loss olprestress is
normally small and the time dependen( slrain due to the
AN,(r) predominant term Po is cxpressed corectiy by the multi-
[18.22]
E.A" plier [d11r,to) d, (r,, ro)]. The creep coefrcient for the
moment due to slab weight is d1(t, rr).
ln these cquations, the centroid ofthe precast concrele
The solution of 8.l7l to [18.22] does nol preseni any
section (subscript 1) is taken as ihe relcrence axis (s",
dimculty bu1 is required only in the casc of unusual
Figs. 18.3 and 18.4). Free shrinkase ofthe deck and ofthe
structures. In more common cascs. it is possiblc to neglect
precast girder can be included by adding ."n i (I, ,o) and
lhc r(rnlo-cemnl rn one or borh pans of lhe Lomponle
..6r(r,ro), rcspecrively, io the axial strainof components 1 girder, or to neglect ihe flexural rigidity of lhe deck, and to
and 2 in fl8.211 and by adding..rr(,,o) to the axial strajn
consider only one layer of reinforcement in the precas!
of component 1 in [18.22]. girder.
The initial forces, the creep coefficients dr and dr, and
the aging coemcicnts /r and L
used in these equations
deserve some discussion. The normal forces and the Case 1: Fterwal fisiditier of deck slah
momenls inboth sections I and 2 are frequently applicd in a d ofrcinlorce ent aesbctcd
slages so that the single term M" or N" has to be replaced : :
Putting 1", 0 and I" 0, i.e. neglecting the momert
by more than one term. This is virtually always the case carried by the dcck concrete and assuming all the steel to
for the bendingmomcnt acting in the precast girder whcre be concentrated in one laycr, [18.18] reduccs 1(r
the self-weight and the prestressing force are applied at 4M.,fu) + AN.,(,)r. + AN"(,)1," : 0 t18.18 (a)l
age ro, and thc wcight of the deck slab is applied later at
age rl shortly belore the composite action begins. For the and, of the compalibilily equations. only [18.21] and
analysis oi the time-dependent ellccts of the composite tl8.22l remain, and become, aftcr including shrinkage

610

.b "? ),d- L,
tjh,oj:l-,o
1-1 -+
Fibre4 - cenlro d oldeck steel
4 No 12.7 mm d ameler bars
As2=5oEmm2,rr=00132
:

2 No. - 12 mm slrands
1

,l

aia. 78.? Cross-seclion ol comrosit snderi dimensions n nn.

292 Cf.ep tleslon aJ omposite membets
(oDnr,ns r.runrcnrs): obtaind L,y dividjng [18 25] bv '4.,1
o).t,11 + 1E6).k) + E1 LE"r
=
l- rr- .1, + \.-,(r + r .l,rl + 16\0.Qt + Elt::,n + o',ln\)
^
4,,(.) : (l + trd,)(l + )",r"i/il
+,. -.1. | \.,t a -L\4 tl / a\)- .t6llt + /i)tl+
]l/ri)+ 1r(p,n,)l
I []8.271
- t\-,d, , A\.nl , rzdr)l -,."
[18.23] d2 i : stress ir fibre 2 due to forces applied to
and
\., V-, PLr,l P{,r,, - Ut
+ aN ,tr + /,d )l -,:, ,,'-,r, I'rI / '

-lN,d, .., ..'. p . Ay rr r i,q,ll :

L
Lr.
'1.
AN"
[18.24]
8".4,'
Equation [ 18.17] rernains unchanged.
Thc relaxationinthe steelin a prestresscd girder can be
allowed tor by subtracting lrom the changc in lhe steel
force on the right-hand side ot [18.24] the relaxation loss,
,N,1.) : d.,a." where d, is the inlrinsic relaxation loss. and
,.1e" is the area olthe prestressing steel. The corresponding
rcducrion in steel strain allows lor the facr that thc
intrinsic .claxation of sieel is not associatcd with a change
in steel srrain. The term a.(r) neglecrs thc fact that the
actual relaxation in a concrete membe. is considerably
reduced by creep and shrinkage losses. ln order to ac-
count for this reduction a value ol(r)may be used formore
accurale results. Thestress o;(r)can be dtermined for the
prestressed girder alone as described in connection with
[17.91].
solving [18.17], 08.18(a)1, [18.23] and I8.2al lor the
four unknown forces AN"1(,), AN.2(r), AN"lt) and AM.,(r),
we oblain the axial force in the precast girder:
' }1:
o, nb.e 2 due to forcs applied to
1., stress inI
"".ti..
and 03 : strcss al thc le1,el ol the prestressing steel
\., 1r-, PLr,l PLr,lr.'? l,ror
-.r,-1. '' r, /. * t '
All thcsc valucs oi reler 10 lhe lorces due 1o dead load
',
.rrrd pre,Lrr*rng 1l anyl ar rhe oegrnlrng ol rhe conpo.rle
action. Thc stress l'1 j may be calculaled lrom the forces
N"1and rV. r acting on the nei concrete section. or from the
iotal forces P0,) and ,Un actins on the transformed
section whose properties are indicated by a prime. For
pre{ensioned members where P(rr): tP; + AP(r1)1,
both approaches yield. of course, identicai results. For
post'tensioned members, P0,) :
tPo + AP(r1)l and, in a
rigorous analysis. thestresses due to thc iniiial prcstress Po
and Mo should be calculated using the properties of the
scclion without ducts and prestressing steel. The term 6,
is zero in the case of shord construction where the weight
of the deck concrete is carried by thc precast girder.
For .ho.ed co1.r u.run $here rhe gi,oe , rem-
porarily supporred until altcr the deck concrete has

rA. 1, jv. rir, r- \rlL,Ap- orz)t : Mt1)y" tt"

+ r,,4",4."h + a6[(N., + M"1r.lt1)6,
: + ,4"1E,r.r, + Nl(r)/.,1
AN",(r)
1l + 11d1)(1 + ),"r,./r?)
"':':\:,*q''::"';"ru [ 18.28]

16t(r + x1d1Xl + r:lri + tllpJ,)) and oE) - Mt'1)r'lt"

[18.2s] where Mr2) : momenl due to slab weight. or momert
where A.,h : 0.h, s"hr : differential shrinkage, and
applied to composiie section upon or after
.removal oi the shoring at age r,,
y,ty, v.t,rl ),t^n, I" - second moment of area of transformed
y,(-r, y")/rf + tllpit\ +"/.&t)l il8.26l
composite section,
Here, yl : distance from ihe ccntroid of the dab ro
the cent.oid of rhe transformed composite
p\: A,lA.t ot pj : (.A"1 + A;1A.1 section (s? Fig. 18.3),
\ : E,iEl
j,l : distance from thc centroid of the steel to
ri = tdlA"l
)'E : ElE'z lhc cenlroid of rl'e r'an'rormed compo,ite
section (sce Fig. 18.3),
and )r: (1 + t,d,)l(1 +^^4). and lE: EttE,.
The stress atthe centroid ol lheprecast girderinduced by The slresses r!'l and .,!'' arc associared with a creep
creep,sh.inkage and relaxalion of the prestressing sreel is coemcient d,(r.,,rj), and the creep of the deck is
 Efucts oJ shrinkatl. arul cteer in a umtu)site
re.nn -casltn stu nruttute 293
l'e rro .rre.... 4 arJ d' cir he.1 m Kno$,ing the stresscs A,.(r) and
br,d n \.,.Ie..tir nr t..l A,zlr), we can chcck the
.t_nlhrre.r -e\ rt o' , 18.-'^, b\ re"!. o ,(
eq r,t-fiLm eq-d ion
6rr [d,. .rLr,,, tr.,r )l
ll .n ,.ro r or. \u\l ,rneo loJo r. ,ppled .rr J ,d.el lrt. 7l:
.(h... lrr'- Arl(il,lr + Aoz(r),4, + Ao.(r).1. : 0
"no lJb..rt rt,u . ppti, ircen. rhar rhe
lLnrrr.dI \ d ue, ol i he ig ng - 1!r \ -e(p co(th. renl\ nd\e
[18.]61
lu b. (h.1F<d,(.o,d n! r,. lhe,;e o, r.,e luo..1crete.
al
'he..tlrcdllor,,Itheddor,, ni oro I u.l,reroerdrt:ul Ad1(i) = 4o,1.j.1;A Ads(rll. [18.16 (a)]
rl( .'e. p
^rth.i.qr. url beri\en rhce\,rl.]p(. Thc txne dependent st.ains in Itbres
I | (.n,nge.n..r. . rn.. e.r.-rre*r.rp.rret."r.er.,
1 and 2 are obtaincd
from f16.lll:
' ,r he ..rrr.'u o rhe n,(. r.r g.rdel r. .or"rnLJ bJI
.,.irpl,e.1 r"r-,n. :,r \r,.t r.u orrrJing rhe ,srl.
+ 19:11r, )1t +7 4,,1+,,.,,
b) .1.1
^,i1(,):1:1d,
n,ardj +."h1r. + o; and
A. , | or.,-. ,, , ,. , ,Lo f ,
I l ir.:]71

) ).,, .lt ,-tr., s,ir, + ^!;(! I + x,,l,t +

+ p1nJ1 + hf)lr" lslJ(]:, .i")tri ^s:(r): ".,,..
Co.sidering the p.csence of sleet In the deck. wc obrajn
$here r, : g"i Irr and tr8.29l
Ao.ll
^ rLr '.? J - ).- t'
I

,' 1 l-v"ri
+ / r ,r-' ,r. \
1 - ):,ri + ).,.).i [l 8.101

The necl strain corresponding to this changc in stress [18.371a)]

is As nrentioned belore. the clastic strains are norm,itv
A"(, = (^6"(rl al)/z:. t18.3ll dLe ru lorLe. app.reo al orUcrent ,8e.. ,"J ,ne cree;
In rhi (ou,ro1 the . r r coefl.rer ,. ^t :ntr.e.l Jrc .h^.( tor rne perroo airr rli
. orre.pordrns ro he ret.,r..
Lrnn lo.. r. drdr.c.(d b.,ar .c he rnlrin.rc rerri\xr commcncement of the compositc acrion.
on ,, The time-dependent curvature can nou be dotern1ined
not associated wilh a change in strain. Thc change
in the from the di$erencein strains and thc disrance between lhe
normal slrcss i. the dck concrde is crpresseri ty
n,,4)1 ).Eo7d1 E^t,h
:*',, 11"'a l' ,' ' "t' . Aal.l
. ,, .,u,1
" .,'J2l ^v|)::^..tuJ
.). l"
+tt + bd ,Ja + dllbi)
A/1/):t(^er(,) 4."(,)1,]." L18.l8l
pj,1(1 + l.).r/i)(r + l,d,,l
' 1-prr,(t +ra/i)(1 + L41) [18.3]l A,y'o) : lA'j(,) &:,(r)llr".
The efect ofrhc reiniorcemenl whose centroid
coincides Ca'! 2: Rlinforctne rcgkct.d
with the centroid of rhe deck can be alo$ed for in
8.321
h) dpf lJ i1p rheicef cdLLrion (ueft(re d,, | - []16lr Il rl. fle\u-ar grd,r) J rt-e ca.r-ir pta.. con.re e
I ro e\.eed.. .J\. ln per c(nl ot lhe fl(\u,rt flsr.rl\ o, the
ll. !reip !oetliLrerl 4). rnd ru lhe iree.nl|n,Jge
. ;,hr. n <ca,r grrd.r nrnrc dc. Iare o,erJt e,rtr.. .e ubtdrned
o. {bt ).Eo{1tt1 r,(a1,"h, x,h,) s,,h rn( pre.(nce ut rnc ,ree, neprJ.red .o rhJr equrtr-
t ro'6t L \'irn Jorr'run,ll8 ,-, ard L'8.td reor.e r,"
A. ,,r . jr
11 + r,.r1)(v, _r")(dr l,: _v.)/ri AN.r(r) + A,\:r(,1:0 [18.]91
+ {1 + h.\O}J^+ alilp,nl)
tr8.34l
Thc change in the strcss in concrete jn rhe deck may be
AM",(r) + au"1r) 1 1,1"1,1r" : n, [l8.101
compxted more cxpedintly with thc stress A".(rJknown and the compatibrlrr) equanon,, rnctudrne shrinkage.
frorn [18.29]: lakc the ["rm
.. at ,rd-,- , rA., I
,, - ad,,,,,rr .,rr:,
I

EJ. LM.IOi r dru,,(r)(1 + l,d),)l

^d, ,.b ^]I t.',, ,,,,, l I

18.351
=
EJ- tM",C. + A,\.r..(ili + b(h,\j [18.1I]
294 Creep desisn of composite nemben
o, ,d, + E,dr,b
and Ad,rlr-rr- i'\' .iii; )-jt- /,6,'
[,,.',
x.r
lu. . A\. (rrrl L r,, ,f ", . r]i., [18.45 (a)]

The enect ol reinforcemenl whose centroid coincldes

x tM"1d' + + x,dJl
with the cenlroid ol rhe deck can be allowed for by ap_
. I tl^,0, av nrnl r,o,ll !,,",
^M.1('X1
plying the creep reduction coemcienr r,([17'36]); thus
- LA "'- C,id ''br t h )
o,,E, ' ',o)t,q,-
Ll842l
^d'{/r rlr-;;,I -lr;I ',4{rl I / o,1,r'
Equat,on f l8 221disappears. [18.46]
wrt,ns the drflerenlral shrinlage 4.',' a*umtng Lhal concrele I r\ a non_
,na ourin!.. ds betorc, )L - L' E,- a,- A. A.,' )1- ll $c rdle d, - O, r.e.
rr r,d:l
t",.,i 1t-, a.,. ri t - a ' rnd '1. -and ili..i^r *.rl "( steel. rhen ao,(r I - Ao"rr Idecl'
and
i", ",*ri'"
il's iii;r,h. *rr. tt.lsl ror a gilder wirh a
ri" i'c l, *i.an'ot" I I I
l8'\q ro E'42 | dhrdinI
"' L
rigidit!.
'reel
"ot neshoble fleiural in the 'r'ess ai the
(,",
Wii;;,,', Inoonlthc'chanee
lound lrom
ti, )4', centrord ol ihe deck !lab can be
o, i.), M",,b,)
i_
I,r",A."h Lozft) = la|o t(t). [18.47]
tllr + U.tb) .rrains are calculareo irom Ll8.l7l'
A\,.{ll_ - - -- 'rhe Lrme-deDendenl
,r ' /.d r ' ,/{rl. l,a t(' ' 11,,,, I
I
ir,"i,,*-o.o.na.nr.rnalurcan becalculalederrher
r,n. it i A. ,t, r ,nd usins I l'l ]8.1' or f'om
'r*,r. ^r,rr,.
[18.43]
The stress induced b) creep and shrinkage at the cent'oid l- ,d r aM.,rrrrl I /r@ rl
of the precast secrion can be obtained b] dividing [18'43]
a,,,r - L.1.,
lM [18'48]

br',{",:
-o&, + )..6\01
- - AN"lr)" A&0)r,
* "Ld, , 1'{d, * r,o,." ^M.1(,) : Ao,(r),a.,). - Ad.(r).a"1]". t18491
\ + )Jti6
4",(4: Deflectioff of a simply supported composite beam are
(1 + tldi + iE).^\l + x,42)
6htained bv determining the curvalure at a sumcient
,(,.#r) number oi poinl' dlong thc beam and Ihen integrating
",*"a.uUu.
ti rtt...".nlricrr) ol rhe pre'tre\\ing lorct is
18.141 .."riu"t .'. f.ffo*t a parabolic curve, ard the load is
uniformly distributea, ihe deflction can be accDrately
predicted by [17.122].

o, - oi + .i., o\: NalAa

F,'anDte arrd onDdrison tohh !rpeiments
.\! : M - v.lI-. ir comorehen.iri example will no$ be qorked our in
oY,:M"vJL,. order Lo explatn lurlher lhe mclhod pre'enled' lel us
analvse two of lhe composite beams reported by Rao
Al1 these stresses refr to the forces due to the dead load .nabitper.'' ' fhe gilder' sere pIe'lrersed al lhe age
nnd to Drerl'e- an] lal the oegin4ing or the ' ompo'ite
lii r" , 7 d-ars br P; 2a2kNwilhdrernlorceddeckcadal
aclion forcr. ,uLh a. :econd .tage pretrres.inP and iali wtrite rhe girder $a'shorerr :rhe torm-
riie aee oi+ t
sustained load applied latercan also beconsideredbut the *orfi*"r. ."-.r"a sevcn days later (age l' 48girdersdays)
creep ano acrng coefhcrcnl. h3\e lo 'onc'nnnd Io lhc and an adijtional load was applicd to one of th
age ar aFPlrLation ot there [orces' at the aee l, 5J day'. Thc oimcnsion' ol the compo_
-
.,,. -"ir,"i. 'Ddnnins r.borr, dre siter in l-ig' l8'4
c^\p l: R?info*cn t a iaidi't' of d?ck n?gkct'l
ir." a-tlr,' iepr mo,'r du,ing rhe ? dals berorc rhe
to-lrl"otk so rhal o{ lhe deck
li rhe fer.uiar rigrdtr) oi rhe decl rc nesletred' [18'aal '"..rr,.f be considered to have'hrinkdge
conirete can'f,. started at thc age of
7 davs. Axial slrains, curvalures and deflections were
o. d. + ),o\01+ E,L'"^ ob'c1ed unLr, r1e age r, -- I50 da)s the girder and rbe
Ad rrr -(rr ,,;;l- ,,i') - ,,\r , ,,' .r,i"""..ut.c, *o..ni v r'- v'' -- l'6llNm anda
moment M(3r :
31.'16 kNm was producd by two concen-
[18.4s] applied at third points at the age of 53 days'
irated loads
pre_
In the frequent case of unsbored construction, d] = 0' so The time_dependeni daia of the two concretes are
senled in Table 18 1.
 Ellects af shrinkase and creep in a composi.te tecast cast-in-situ sttuctute 295
IdlL /8 / Materialproperdes olcompo$tebean
il1 :(r, - 1)(,a.1r.1)/ll, = I mm (also negligible)
Age oI concrete I (dayr. = 7 48 51 150 t"t - bth1tl12 + A',J'3 +(n, 1)t(_v", Ji,)':,,l.r1
Ase otconcretc 2 (daJ's) r: 1 12 rr9 : 209 x l06mma
l1.,,', l\JP' ,'J
165 190 565
:.,,(/:,/.4i,): Tlmm
90 i60 li : ]s - r:1 : 41mr)l
con.reto I lrrrro=7 dals t.09 I ll 1.45 (a) Delorrulrions af qtdet abne beforc
rL:48dais l.a8 comrosite action
., - 53 days 1.06
2 drj r, :48
con.retc
,::51days
days 052
lll r. lrt- *r"u*.r prestrss at age ro : 7 days.
Modultr oI elaslicity (l0r MPa) Axial strain (at centroid of net concrete section):
E, 28.2 328 13.0
.,' P. P. v.t'-,
''t Mtl
)<8.10'
i r i.rlE,
4:F, r:.E,
r,-
'',
uoa,rn.-i-
silhE=l89r10rMParn1 67 58 i.7 [18.50]
91 8.1
iL: n\la' 15? 144 The moment terms arise from the fact that the cen-
Aeine coemcient X(k Fig.l616) troids of lhe transformed and the net concrete sec-
concrcre 1: ro: 7 dals 083
tions do nol coincide (distance : ,: y.). In the
.j :48 days 0.80 present example, this diference is very small because ol
r, = 53 days the small values of the eccentricity and the relatively
it1.9.,1:11!"]' 0.80 small area of ihe steel, and can, as in most cases, be
I19 1)2 t?0 ncglccted.
Curvature at mid-span:
P'..t'' Mtr
Analysis of thse members inyolves,ive steps: 1, elastic r, . , ,,": - .:- - l.7b lo 6mm r.
analysis at the age of 7 daysj 2, the period 7 to 48 days
during whlch the girder alone is subjectcd !o the action Curvature at supporti
of self-weight and 10 the presrressing iorcc; 3. time-
depelde rl inal)'b lor rhe pelod 48 ro 150 da)". r.e. .rncc u,, ":&'::-2.0r^
EI: lo "mm,.
the beginning of the composile action; 4, elastic anaLysis
ol superimposed load applied at the age of 53 days; 5, Insiantaneous defl ection ([17. 122])i
time-depndent effecrs du to moment (Mr'?) + M(r))
(Because ol the small moment due to the weight of the
d17) : t+( -2.01)+ ( 1.76+2.03)1x10 6x3660'
slab, the moment M1'z) is added ro M(r).) = l.02mm.
Let us start by finding the sectionai propertics of the
2. At the age of 48 days (beginning of composite action).
For the prediction ol the iimedcpendent axial strain
Section properties of the girder: ([17.117]), the prestress loss al the age of 48 days is
Net cross-section (concretc section wilhorr the steel) required. Using 117.921, with the dala ol Table 18.1
and o; - 94MPq we obtain:AP(48) :41.7kN. Thus
.1", : b,I, -,a,1 - 38,410mm'.
AAL(48) :-258x10 6 x 1.09
Distance between centroid of net cross-section and the
centroid of gross cross-sectioni 41.7 x 101

:( l").)i1., : 0.2mm (ncslisjble) 18.410x28.2x103

,", x (1 + 0.83. x 1.09)
I.t : bJ3tl12 + A"1t:t .a",(r,, - r",)
: 207 x 106mma 165x l0 6
: -573 x 10
6.
r,:J(r"1/,4"1):74mm.
The .hange rn rhe cu-vJ,u-e ar nrd .pan o(cu rng
ln most cases, there is no loss of accuracy in using the
between 7 and 48 days is lound lrom 7.1181:
properties of the gross concrete section forthe net section.

Transformed section (calculated with nr : Aly'1(48): 1.76 x 10 6x 1.09

6.7)
411x1O1 x42
A'.1- b1h + lnt 1)1", : 39,750mm':. +
209 x 106 r 28.2 x 103

Distance between centroid of transformed section and x(l + 0.81 x 1.09)

centroid of gross seclion: : 1.34
-

296 Creep deiun ol composik members

At the suppo4 Ary'r(4s): x 10 6 so thal rhe
1.61
chrnge in mid span deflection irom 7 ro ,18 davs is
ac. ordinp ro Jt- t.221 d\ar: 6.10 Lio: -8.00 MPa.
A4(18): t+( 1.61) + *(_ 1.34 + 1.61)l Thc creep coelilcieni associatcd wilh these stresses is
x10 6x3660: dl : [dr(l50,7) 4,j(48,7)] - 0.16, and the shrnk-
1Ee ol tne F-der rr.T r8 to t!, dals i,,
: 2.32mm 20n-. r0':rhedi{erenr shri1trgei.A...rt.u.aSl
",\J)r),401
-
/. 1,12- 2001 .
" t0' )zl) l,r ,..the reta\J.ron
l.bt D, tam"uan. anJ .ttu\\pi ,.t crqpoie
ErJc,
we requ c rhe troper rje. ot rh( compo,,r( .ec,ron. u
occurring in ihis pcriod is 5l Mpa. Thus.
hicn
areca (ulated in ldb'e td.) ThemodulJr"at.or, and lhe 0.28 x0.16+32.8 x 101-242 x r0 6)
!alueol ;r L.edJrer.r rhe age of ,trs dJJ .. t-orrhelrme- 0.36+32.8 x
-0.38[-8.00 x 6) rotr
dcpendenl andlv.ri of rhj. compo. e grrde, we negle(l : (l x ( 200 x 10 5l/5.8j
A"1'r(1s0.18)
lh( rigid.lie, ot rne decl .tab dnd oi lhc + 0.80 x 1.08)[1 +,12( 158I,74,]
_Ue\urdl
rerntorcement so rhat case I apples. + 0.18[1.864(1 + 42r,174')
We roq cdlcuidle the c\Jnge in \rre.r and \trdrn in + i/(0.0052 x 5.8)l
hbre. I and i due o(reep.,l.fl nlagc und,ela\J on
oi lhe
p'erlle.nngcrcel dereloJ'rng trom 4b Lo I <0davr In o!de, : 0.08 MPa.
,o rllo$ for rh( pre,ence ot rhe rernro-ccmenr in
rhe The strain Ar(t) devetoping in the sirder axis is deter-
deck,. the.reep reduclron coeftcrent ] r-t7.Jolrt ap_
mined Jccordrng lo I l8l-l u h . - t90 . t,, i dr e
ol'ed ,o rhe creer and ,hrintapc ot rie ae.l concrei.. -
w ,,- .,jj _0-9 Io P(48) : 250.3 kN dnd M | : l.6t kNm:
h 7
, '
.rd.ll !.",.l, r)2 /ra,.rt,,)
a.-t.
'1e oor. n rnd , ul _ A1(1s0,18):(-190 x 10 6)0.36
d,1_ '0 ,. dnd rt / ,t c.r_r r,36 .
rl. 080 . . 08, - 0o $e" 122, 0.08
.Jn ."tcu coefl cr(r ?, (l + 0.80 x 1.08)
b\ I18.261: "re :zs ,tO
' l)8142 I58r -4- '5- l.u . -200x10 6

" c2 '00 -4: .' r 10.m5) . 5.8, t .-,. .'.no

1-
I 63;, = -274 x 10 6.
: 0.38. fh-e^lo^* ot I e,t-e., totlo$r rr^m ltd20l B h d. _
The slresses due to rhe girder moment Mo) : t_61 kNm 0.02q:

"nd lo presrre*ing iorce p(4,1, _ )o2 ,4t.l . J.8( 8.00) x 0.36 200 x r0-6 x i89
)50.1kN dre needeJ tor rhe compulalion ot rhe lime.
dependent nre* in concretc rn fibre I dccurdinp ro x r0r 5l + 0.029(5.8 x 0.28
o. r(. )4'
tr8.),-] ao-rr50.48,
' -
|
ro
: :l8o .
.0.02q.00052 .g I . J.08 iu.0052
,o ,

250 3 101 x 5.8 x t-86[12 + 0.034( 158)]

"' - -l!ri,, \ 2001741
250.3x 103 x41 + 1.61 x 106 : 97 MPA,
159)
209 x 106
The strain corresponding to this srress is
: + 0.28 MPa
.,}' : o A1150 48r : -qTnrsrn
- l: -:ilI89 ^ r0r

7drL 78.2 Calcutadon otsation piopefties lorcomposi$

beah ot fig.18.4.

152 ! 25.1 10
(lornn:)
!11) q"r-') (lrl !'qr')
I
(10'.{
63 153.:
1i1.57i 21.48 158 1.37
r98 (s.8 llt 0.95 41 0.04 105
720.9 8.7
506 (J.8 1)r 2.41
10.2

-4.20 2t5.7
4.20 r 1116
i" - .^ 6lmn 1,= 619 i t06nn.
'2F = 1.57 (r.d-:Tabt ts ll
I In order ru l.s
a or rhe pre{etre,rl neel,n rhe \eh rnrslab)we dedu.l fie st.el f.on
thc Neb (or slab)area by roduci.g,i by l. This is
*",,'. - or,he $eb tr ri. _,4.r)a;d
ea
n;a;;;;i;;;U;;:ffi""#"1"i,)i i",i,"
T"T"1l,;",i1* s_ orri,.,"o;"
",,,r,e
 Crc(p-trdnslotmel settion n.thod )97
We can now arrjvc at thc curvature at mid-span by di- The change in rhe slrcss iD steel (18.291)is lo|)(150):
viding the dlfferencc in st.aiD between the sieel libre nnd 3l.7MPa, corresponding to a change in strain ol
fibre 1 by the dlstance belween !hem: : l6il / l0 r'. The chanse in curvature is
A.lr\1501

Av. l)0,ar, .14I

_^
+ )74
lO -1 -
A.'\ b8
'' 9tr^r0
'- 6
, ,, 0 0
' iOr ,11
lb9 ^ l0 'mm

This positive curvaturc is mainly ihe result of the dil which corresponds to n iime-dependenr do\rnward de-
fcrcntial shrinkage belween thc deck and girder con-

Similar computaiions yield a curvature ai the support lrtl -

4(lFl r.6e r 10 6 x 1660'
^.,,r)(rnr)::2.41mm.
o10.75 x i0 6. The resulting deflection rs Ad(21150):
1.:5 nrnr.
The totalstrain, curvature and deflection afthe age of 150
days are the sum of all elasric and time-dependent values
lc) Arpliutbn of supqinposel bal I o" co np"risor. e\perimenrdl rc.u r. -re Ei' eI in 'qLrr(
ln a dgorous aDdysis, the section proprtics of thc
composite member should now be dctcrmincd with
the rL and;E vaiues at the a-qe of 53 days. Howcvcr,
r,(1s0):( 258 513 214+ 102+97) x10 6

ihe properties are only lirde a$ected by ihe chargcs in : 906x 10 6[ 870x lo 6J
these values so that the properiies of Table i8.2 will bc vjrl)01 L l.-o 114.0-4- ^'. lhql l0 6
:0.96 x 10 6[0.88 x ]0 "l
The st.sscs duc to ,!/: M'2r+ MGi:33.09kNm
are (cl.
[l8.]El):
\r ]l09 ^ r0'i .11150) : 3.02 2.32 + 1.25 + 2.ll + 2.,11
I 158 6l) :
" t'' 619^ l0' 0.63 mm 10.62 mml.
: 5.08 MPa The corresponding values lor the beam wilhout tle
superimposed load ,116rare oblained by mulliplying thc
ot;': o';) i).,
values of stage 3 by a lactor Miz)-rMl3) : 0.051.
A comparison of the computed deflections with the
cx perimenral results is sho\r n in Fig. 18.5. ln addition, the
resuhs ol a step by slcp numcrical anallsis by Rao and
Dilger's are presented- Il is obvious lrom Fig. 18.5 thal
The instantaneous curyature and defleclion are. respec- the procedure givenhere reflech accuralely the behaviour
ti!el],:

{'' =,,rra,, l3.0x10rx619x106

Creep-iranslormed section method
This merhod is particularly convenient in solving the
: 1.62 r l0 6mm ' complex problem of time-dependent stresses and defor-
and (with n; lrom Fis. 17.8) malions in a composile mcmbcr. Lct us reicr to Flg. I 8.6.
6 x36601 The initial elastic strain .1 ol the precast seclion {sub
4GFlr.62r 10 script 1J due 1lr the welght of the gnder lmoment M'1))
^d1r):+t3
- 2.31mm. and to prcstressing (boih applied at time r.) will increase
In the calculalion of the change in stress in iibre 1 due due to unrestrained creep and free shrinkage from the
1o momenl M: l3.09lNm. thc numerator of [18.27] beginning oi the composite action (time r,)until time I by

= rtd,(r,,o) d1(r,,ro)l + r.h,(,..,1. [18.51]

^e114
k,
o!tr)L dz(1 9,1 12) 4,,(1 50, 53)l + 16o3d 1(150, s3). At the level ol the cerdroid ol thc cast,in,place dcck
Thc result is 16i, (1s0):"-O.20MPa. The rime- (ilbre 21. this increase is
dcpcnden! strain in fibre I is A,.,(r) : i.,[d,(,,ro) d1(rl,h)] +,r,ht(r,,1).
Aalr' tl8.s1(a)l
:,','' .,/,,1150,51) +;Lr --
^.,'tl lrrt Because of the loss of prcslrcss occurring beiore the be-
x [l + l1d1(150.53)l grnninC ol lhc.ompJ.rrc a.'ion. rhe abo!e e\presion'
lo. rl e c-eep '.-ain dJe lo rirJcr u( grl .'nd p-e'r-e*'np
:97x10 6
leeo 'ore di.cr.-ion. Il se 'phl lhL n,'ral e "'l , 'r'aia

whee... \,1 lt09 ^ r0'i into two parts, one due to girder weight 011r)and one due
.61 to presiressins, sri), then the term E(i) t?,1(,.,0)
/ L (') blo rob tt.n In
6
d,(r,,r"ll is the correct exprcssion lor creep due to
-102x10 girder weight which devclops aller the beginning of the
 298 Creep.Lesign of camposite menbers

-6

91 --- c

F,a /,t j ComDanson ol crDcnDenrat defledt.n. \,nh conpuk.l ralu6 tor rhe examlh on pasc 294:
trlrl!{,dn-meced tA) cxperimenlal resulrs tor bc,n
o-ddi rBre\prmenrarrejusr..u*i,"i,r-,p**p.""ji.";l.tii,iGii;p.lilii"rr.hi,and (D)usiis rhe
and !\ \ ulDa!e\ 2!4 to29l

composilo action. However, if wc de.ermine rlPr for the
inrlral pre.rressirg lorce. ,he .erm .i e tr!, )
d ll .,oll cler.l) o\e-e,lrmale\ rhe c-eep.lrdrn cdused
5) Dre' 'e* ng bccar.e in( l de. the c|ecr ot rhe Io,, ol
Freitreq\ o(curring beforc r,me r,.
ln a flgoro,H and yi.. lhe me-depenJent strirns de-
\cloping rn l\e grrder atone berwccn time r, and r-ne /
.hould he Jelermrned lJ, desclbcd in Ch t/r and rhe
dille,cnce ber$ een rhe tsrrder srra in dnd rhe tree rhrinkage
of the slab conc.ete should be establishcd in order io be
able to calculate l}e total time-dependent effdcts in the
composite section. This procedure is rather elaborate in
that it requires the calculation of the time-dependent
slrains and curvatures ol the precast girder due to creep,
'hrin(age and I cla\n tron of sleel"r.ha
lime,I, anJ ,. rn oroe.
lo lind rhe rime Jcpendenl rlrain, I de\eloo al lhe tetel
ol rhc cenlroro ol t\e decL tnbre ), aite- the begrnning of
rhe corpo.ire J(rion. Ont) alte- rh( Lt-anee rn srrdrn ,n
fibre 2 has been estabiished can the composite action be
analysed. This means rhar a total of thre detailed time,
dopendert analyses should be perfo.med: two for the
precasrgirde tone Jt age/ .and one"l dge r .,r,and one
lor rhe corporire g,roer. I[ an accurdrc an"ty.rr t re.
quired such a procedure is recommended.

For.es correspondi.!, Free shr nkage of deck con.rele

lo !nreslraifed creep

,.,,,1' ,., ,,,]i,, ,,,

.,r,,,[]] .Er"r'J
.,
n,[rr,.""4-
3
l'j,/do \'1rn.ia.ompo.'.grJerdFr lhe,,r-trJ.e..nrteErdq.un.e"ranel!reepaltl|,e.tr,Iase:,0 .sear
0,.r,e+i,.o pr..c.rF,dp., aoelra*,s.r,\edo.\..,r...or..,-,.,.,,..j.;;:,;t.";:,;j..:ii,a,*o-.r,
 Cree4runslbrmed section nethotl 299
For pracrical purposes, however, the analysis can be cu.vaturc which develops in the precast girder alter the
redJceo ro lhe inc d(pendear an"ly!. oi rhe co11poirc beginning olthc composite action. This moment is found
girder only, $ith thc lollowing proviso: strain c!P)is
caiculated lor thc prestressing force ar time ,t, which is
Mi, : Llr (1, t 1)I.,F.t(t )
P(r1):[Po+4P01)]
wler Po : inrtial prestrcssing force, :ffit''u *' -''u""'
and AP(t,) : ioss occurring belore the start of the com

Since only a portion of ihe lotal prestress loss occurs

*ffi0""'t\'"'1x'1 [18.54]
beiore the compositc action starrs, rhe trm [Po + AP(r1)]
is suliiciendy accLrrate for the computation of the rime where 1.2 : second momenl ol area of theconcrete deck.
dependent strains due to prestressing which develop ater The total moment generaled by the deck is thus
time r1. The loss AP(rr) can readily be established using
the equations of Chapter l7; [17 97] is uselul for a single
Mf:NL_vi+M.*, [18.55]
layer of prestressing sreel and t17.941 for r\ro laycrs ot where .},a is defincd in Fig. 18.6.
steel of which one or both may bc presiressed.
As mentioned prcliousllr. thc contribution o[ the deck
While the girder concrete develops the strain defined by to the total momenl is normally small and may be
[] 8.51(a)1, the deck shrinks by an amount esh,(r,.i), where n(!le.teJ in mon p-acricrl ca'e'. Ihe roril monenr 6
the ages l and rr are counted from the moment at which
the composite action begins. which normally is otlc or two
davs after the casting of the deck concrete. M+:Mi+Ml Ir8.56]
II rhc $erBlI ot lhe.lab i, carried b] rle p-ecr.r g
der (unshored constructioD) rhe time-dependent strain in where MI is de6ned by [17.131], and the total normal
fibre 2 is increased by ef).d,(1,rr), where.!:! is the elasric
strain in fibrc 2 due to the moment M(2) (caused by lhe
weight oi the slab]ln the precast girder. The moments due
N*:Na+N5 f18.571
to the superimposed loads applied afler thc commence- where Nl is defined by D7.ll0l.
mcnt of the composite action wiil be lreatcd latcr. The time-dependent stress induced at the ccntroid of the
Wilh tbcsc strains, we now calcuhte the sleel st.csses deck concreie is expressed by the relation
dl for each fibre containing stccl, and the corresponding
,rormal forces and bending momcnts in the way used for
.on-composite members (scc pagc 283). The relaxation
of tle stccl occurrlng after time ,1 is allowed for by add-
*,: H.f,,,,lfi''f f18.581

ing the reduccd relaxation ollr) to thc stresses of the The time-dependcnt deformations (strains, cLrrvatures
prestressed laycr(s), if any- The reduced relaxation is de- and deflections] are obtained by adding to those due to
termlned as explajned in detail on page 276. In addition unrestrained creep and shrinkage the valucs due to the
1(] lhe sieei forces. lhe dcck generates a normal lorcc and iorces N* and M*, calculated with the age adjusred
r bending moment. The normal force corresponds to eflective modulus Ef.
the dillcrcnce between lhe trcc shrinkage of ihe deck. Thechangein axial strain in the composirebeam ar the
ri"h,(r, rr), and thc strain in fibre 2 which develops afrer level ol the ccntroid of rhe girder I is
time rr due to the forces acting on the girdcr. This
diference in strain is ar(l): e!"td,,(t, r.) d,(r,,,0)l + !'z,(i,(,,rr)
t,J : .t zlf 1tt, t aJ dr(r1, ro)l + l,ldr(r,,,)
^Etlt. +.sh1(r.rl) s.hr(r.ir). ,14r1 i.El If + 6"b1(r, ro) l8 5el
[] 8.521
Thc force in the deck corresponding to this difference in and the change in curvature is

Nc*, : r1)t](r,),4"1 tt')t6,lt,t") 1t\t1t)l + ttt?)4,ftrt) #.

^El(r.
[18.53] ^l,O:
wnc.e ,!(r,l:
E,(,,1,/[1 + x,6z\t.tt]): age adjusred [18.60]
etreclive moduius of elasticity of the deck conc.ete. The
moment aboui the cenlroid of the creep-rransformed In orde. to find the properties olthe creep{ransformed
section is Nl,Ia. In addilion to this moment. a momcnt is
composite sectior (lLIa,)t) the stecl is raken into
generated in the concrele dcck by the time-dependent accounl wlih (rJ 1) times its area, where ,J:
11I + t1d1(t,rr)1, and the area ofthe deck concrete is
muliiplied by thc factor
i IthtobenotcdthatP,isanegariveloreshenappliedrorheconcrere
and lhe Ioss dP(,r) h it a redu.rio. of ni a[1 + trdr(,,,1)]
.onpre$ron D lhe concrete
Irositive as represenh Lhc
-
ni n,l1 + tz.bg,t))l' t18.6ll
 -100 Creep tlesign of.omposite members
I 028
NJ::lmll.a5 1.091 :oo
We shali now analyse again the composite beam oi
Fig. I8.4, this limc using thc creep-rransformed section
method. The propcrties of rhc section. rransformcd wirh
ni. are givcn in Table 18.3. I! is interesring ro nore that ' 10 " r 5o0^10,)]^91
ihese f.operties do not differ n uch from those determined
l
x
x 38.0 x 103:128.100N: 128.4kN.
103
in Table 18.2. This is so because of rhc presence of the
deck stecl which compensates to some crtent lor the Thc moment in the deck concrere is lound from
reduced contribulion ol the deck after the aging of its I8.541 with n4t:r: g, dnd ti=631 x61\lt2:12j x
106mrnar

10l ol l0'
For thc computalion of ihe lorces N* and M*. we firsl
need tlre clastic stresscs at rhe levcl of rhe stccl,4", and -ut,:
'- rr,s127
)09 10"^ 282 ^ tor
.
,4.) and at the cenlroid of the deck. due ro thc forces.r
time ,1 : .18 da),s N(1] : Po + AP(rr) :
-292 + 1t.'t : x (1.45 - 1.09): 0.06kNm.
250.lkNand M=[Po+AP(,,r]: +M(I): 250.3 x
: Total lorces N* and M+ a.c (sce [18.56] and [18.57]):
0.041 + -8.65kNm. The values of Aplt,):
1.61
41.7kN and of r! : _rl :0.01t m were determined on N*: r1.3 l9.r + 128.4:98.0kN
pages 296 and 295 respecrivelr. The concrere srrcsses
in fibres 1, 2, 3 and 4 due to these lorces are oblaincd.
-e.fecrrve,r. $r'\ 0. J l50nm. , 4t mm lr M+: 1l.l x 0.101 19.1( 0.093)
and ri = l53mmin the usualway: 6.30Mpa; of): + 121r.4( 0.099) 0.06
,r,1'r = 10.28 MPa; ot' :
8.00MPa and ,f;) : :
+0.03MPa. Nos, according to I7.1231 omitting 12.l I kNm.
rhe
relaxation ol the steel. It is obvious that Ma, js very small compared to rhe total
moment M* and can be neglecled in this particular case_
6::6.7r t1.00)(1.45 - 1.09) 200 x 10 6 x t89 x 103 Theconcrete stress at the level ol the prestressingsteel due
: 57.1MPa to N* and ,LI* at 150 days is:
and 98.u^ lor t2l]^ro.
^o. o..o5o ' ;r2 . ro" lol o'5) P'
\'{
('5:6.7(0.03)(1.45 6x189x103
- 1.09) 200\ 10
: 37.8 MPa. Thechangc in rhe stress in steel berwen 48 and I50days is
(from [] 7.1271):
The corresponding forces arc (cf. [17.124(a)])
: d{ +lli^dj
Nir: 57.1 x198xl0r- .3kN
^o,r : i7.r + 10.8 x 0.s2: 51.sMPa.
Wc c"n now dclermine th( reduceo rcta\alion occLrring
betwecn 48 and 150 days. The stress in the prestressing
NIl: -17.8 x s06 x t0 r: l9.lkN. steel at the age of 48 days is o".(48) - t4j5 2t2:
Tbc force NJ, in thc concrelc deck is obrained with
1263MPa, the value (
212)MP; be;ng the prcstress
loss occurring between 7 and 4il days. With the para-
cl:,r : 0, E5(48) = 9.3 x 103 Mpa and a net deck area meters l: /es : 0.6e and o: Ad"./o$(a8) -
,4.: : 18.0 x l0rnmz from [18.52] and [18.53]: 0.0,11, "e"1a8)/
}le rcad from Fig. 17.9: 4:0.89. Tlius. rhe

Tdrle /8.J Crcep lranslorned secrion propefties tor rh. peiiod rj 48 days to rr tsodavs
= =
Translorned | ,t*!
immr llolnnjr immr (r06dma) (r06oma)
lmm'l
l5l i 254 1.0 38,610 59 2016
6l r 610 0.532, 2At4l 158 l2l0 99 200.1 6.8
198 t9,o 42 8t l0t 19.8
ll08 1)l 419
65,950 714.4
',i trr: tux:o.l:0 5rl
t,f:5.8(l+08Ort.O8)=l0B I = 65,950 - 5"'
,1= 9l(l + 080 r I54)=2O.l /*:197.4+21,1.1=612xl06mnl
Ei(150,48)::12.8 ! lor.i(l i O8 : 1.08): l?.6 x IOr Mpa
,!(150.481= 20.8 x l0rr,(l +0.8 ! 1.54)= 9I : torMpa
 Creep ttrnskrned seoian ethod 301

reduced loss bei\,leen 48 and 150 days is al:0.t9 x r, \r ^ (, tb 009

( iro + 119): 45.4 MPa. The steel lorce due to re- 282 r 103
t00^ 0' 17.6 x l0l
: 286x 10 6.

NI: 45.4 x 198 x 10 r: 9.0kN

Curvaturc change (ct [18.6011:
and the corresponding momenl:
: 8 65 ! 106 x 0.16
Ml- 9.0x0.101 0.91kNm.
Now.
^v -:oq^ to" .x:. ro'
11.01 x 106
u'r' rn n{ 'o' - or:,
A. - htvi - l0'
,
r,ll ^ lilo
lol - ,.rq\4r,d r;.e ro"
' ' rrle
rimm
= +0.682 x 10 1.

Ao,r : 45.4 + 0.29 x 10.8 : 42.3 MPa. (b) Supatinpased load applied at ase of53 la)s
Thus. the total prcstress loss between 48 and 150 days is The clastic analysis is ldeniict to rhat on page 295. The
momenlM12) + trorl :33.09kNm generates the tbllow-
.\a.3 : 5i.5 12.1 = 93.8 MPr. ing concrete strcsscs at the level ol lhe sleel Iibrcs '1
.rnd '1:

The time-dcpendent concrcic stress ai the centroid

of the precasl girder is now delermined wilh N*: -!r :i'-i :: . r05:56lMI)a
(98.0 9.0) = 89.0kN and n'/*: ( 12.11
09r)= 13.04kNm:

: 89o ^ Itrr 1-t.04 ^ lu6

d6'L
6i95u + or: . rrf
5u
nt1 =:::: : :rI i!91: 4 76Ml',].
: l.l5 + i.26 : 0.09 MPa.
Thc s uperscript indicales thar w arenowdealingwith the
A1 the centroid of the deck, the timc-dependent concrete
third stage ofconstruction. The slrcsses in the stecl due to
creep occurring aller 5l days arc lound with n1(51) : 5.,
stress is ([18.58]):
I rl(,,1 ^ l0' Lrn..
uu'1.^ and AL(150,53): 1.061
' I 11. 6ll
46"-l .,, ,^".r
lL,' I lu.J
,:r)* 5? i 5.61 x 1.06-ll.9MPa
* !8 a 19: , 5a 1,ap,
180
^ t0'
The time-dependen! slress in the siab stecl is obtained o\;)+ s1 / a16 i 1.06 : 28.8 MPa
using the concretc slress in fibre 4:
Thus
Ao!!i ,,,.f;lr.;# x ( e3): 3i3Mpa N* : ll.9 x 198 x l0 r 2lt.il r 506 r 10 r
= 7.8 kN
Hence.
37.8 l.l3 x 10.8: 73.8MPa.
These computations are bcs! made in tabular form
M*-13.9x 198x l0l x l0 " 28.8

(se. Tablc 18.4). In order io check thc rcsulls $e sum all

x506r( 93) x10 6
ihe changes in the normal force. the rcquirement being
:2.0lkNm.
:AN : O:
Strictl)- spcaking. ihe proprtics ol the creep-traos
ar"3'4"3 + ar.4/* + a'11)1"' + A"t),4"2 : 0 formcd sccrion should now be determlned with thc creep
cocmcients at the agc oi 5l days. Sincc thel rre similar
[( 93.8) x0.le8+( 7].8)x0.506+( 0.0e) to those at the age ol48 days, we use lhe values ofTablc
x 38.'11 + 1.54 x 18.01 x 10 r: 0.8 k1.- 10. 18.3. The change in prestress (nbre l) is obtained with:
nf(531 : 10.5 and
la) Time - de B ndent deformatia ns
Axial strain at the ievel ofthe centroid olprecast girdc.:
78 ! l0r 201 x 106
:
l0r \1P.!
65.950 or: r O' ' u..22

lr,, \r50):; - [(,1t] rol d1{rr.'oll

+t hr{l2.lrl+ ^"t'
-
302 Creep design ofconposite members
rabL 184 Calolalion oI rime-delendent stresses in cotposnebean
Fibre Section Area Confete d;r Nl ri(ml Mi A"l{.)'
,,1, stres (GPa)lMPa) = NI)ir (MPal ^,J.)"
(MPa)
(kN) (tNm)
(MPa) ?r, 00 1
(r0 1 =io.
(10 1
I 0.059 0.09 0.09
2 Slab 38.000 0.28 1.6 -2OO + 560 361.6 ; 133 0.099 12.71 - 1.16 1.5,1
3 ,4,1 198 8.00 - 102.1 200 -102 I r39 5?.r -45.4.( .r)it 0.10r I 1.14)'r (0.52) ( 51.5)fr

04 189 17_7
20.1 -2.05 0.80
0.091 1.78 -3.34
91.8
506 -200 199.6 19.1 73.3

I (98.0)it (- l2.13Ii

' d, =1r45 t.oal=o.lb.r,:282. 1orMPa

" \ d re. r 1barrel.
"re ".jFour r"'.\dron o, rne pre..re,nrg neel
Cdlculdled in xn erra {en
6 Momota,er...,,n,,.
-''
Eq.l7.l25
Eq. t?.l2Tlorstelnbres with,' = t0.8,Eq.18.58 for slab (nbre 2).

and is lound to be ratio r* - 4/E: : E [1 + td(r-, ro)]/4(ro). The forces

d611, :
-0.22 x 10.5 + 33.9 : lt.6 Mpa.
N* and M* are generated only by the shrinkage of the
deck and the relaxation of the prestressing steel (if the
The efi'ect of this increase in stress on relaxation is deck is prestrcssed).
neglected- For the calcularion of the rime-dependent
change in strain at the centroid of the girder duc to rhe
superimposed load,*e need to know the elastic strain due 1. SATTLER, K., Theatie do yetbntlkonstuktionet (znd
to [M(2) + M(])l and the time-dependentstress due to M* dn), Wilhelm Ernsl Berlin. 1959, yol. 1,280 pp.j Vol. 2,
and N* causedby [M(,) + M(])1. With.l.) = 102 x tO 6 241 pp.
(ftom page 297), ,i(53) = 17.9 x l0r MPa and 2. BRANSON, D- E. ard OZELL, A. M., A reporr on
diflerential shrinkage in cohposite presrresed concrele
: 7.8 x 103 2.03 x 106 beans, Prcstressed Cotr.r.t. lnstitfie Jout al,4,No.3.
Aof)
65,950 ;it, 10. ' 59 0: 0'08 MPa 1959, pp.61 9.
3, BRANSON, D, E, and OZELL, A, M,. Camber of pre.
stresed concrete beams, ,4 C I J o*nal, 57 , 1961, pp. 1549
14.

-ro). ro b, r.06 .--9ot--,-,oo.,o ,{. BRANSON. D. E., Tine-dcpendent etrects in composite

^,i' t7g rol
The change in curvature due to [M(,)
16 o-
a/(3):1.62x
1.66
" 612x106x17.9x103
:1-53x10 6 6.
A comparison with the values obtained by the other
method shows only minor differences, which are due to
the approximations involved solutioL
namely using the creep reduction coefrcient a1 for the
deck concrete, and not considering the reduced relaxa-
Appllcalion to steel-conc.ele composite girders
It is obvious that thjs
method is applicabl also to
composite girders consisting of a sieel girder and a
concrete deck. In order to obtain the creep{ransformed
section the deck concrete is transformed with a modular
^
".
5.
concrete beams,,4CI Jor.ral 6r, 196,1, pp.2l3 10.
ROLL. F., Etrects oldiflereniial shrinkagc and deep on a
+ M(3)] is composite steel conc.ete structu.e. Designilg for Eflecrs
olcreep, Shrinkage and Temperature jn Concrete Struc,
2.03x 106 fii.s, Aheti.on Concrcte lhstitute Special P1bli.ation
187 214.
Na. 27. 1971, pp-
BIRKELAND, H. W., Difierential sh.inkage in composite
beams,,lcl Jolrnal, 56, 1960, pp.ll23 36.
7. TROST, H., Zur Berechnung von Stahlverbundbegern
im Gebrauchszustud auf Grund neuerer Erkenntnisse
in the other des viskoelastischen Verhaltcns des Betons, Srrtrlbar, 37,
No. 11, 196E, pp. 121 31.
8. TROST,H., MAINZ, B. and WOLFF, H. J.. Zur Berech
nung vo. Spannbetonrragwerken im Gebrauchszustand
unter Beriicksicltigung des zelhbnnngjgen Betonvernal-
tens, Beton- nt1 Stthlbetonbau. 66, Nos. 9 10, 1971,
pp.22A 5:211-3-
9. DILGER, w. a.d NEVILLE, A. M., Eflects ol creep and
shrinkage i, composite menbe.s, Ptoc. S..okd Ausial-
asian Cohf- an the Mecholics oJ Sb ctures and Mdt.tials.
Adelaide, 1969,20 pp.
10. TROqT. H.. Au\trrrkuiger Je. (rperpo,., on,orin,.p.
aut Kii{h, urd Relaxalions-p.obleme bei Beton urd
 References 303
Spanrbelon, aero, lrd Sr ahlbetonbar, 62, No- 10,1967. liir Masivbau, Tech sche Hochschule Munich, 1966,
pp.210 8r No.11,1967. pp.261 9. 7l pp.
11. BAZA\-.7 P.. Prd'cror otco-c,e,r.,eep en.(F using 14. RAO, V. J. and DILGER, W. H., Tlme-dependent d-
a8e-adjusled elTectile modulus meihod,,4CI Jrunal, 69. flecro-. o'compo'ite pre.re*ed concrere DeJm.. Defle.
1912,pp.212 17. tions ofConcrete Struclures, Adeican Canctete Institute
12 DILGER, W. H.. Creep aralysis using oreep transformed Special Publicatiat Na- 43.1974. pp.421 12.
secrion propertier, Presrressed Conoete l sttlte JoLtndl. 15. RAO, V. J. and DILGER, W. H.. Analysis of composile
27, No l, I'r82, pp q8 t17. prestressed concrcte beams, Jolnal of the StnclnraL
13. 8i'S.H, H, Lra,",'. .r 1\r...h u4d \.'rhial.n de' Dirision, Ptu.. ,1d. Soc. af Cniil Errireers,100, No. ST10,
Betonsa{die Schnitto/,seh nd Spd hnhu.h, Leh$tuhl Oct. 1974, pp. 2109 21.
Chapter l9
Time-dependent lorces tn
continuous concrete
structures

Nearly all concrete structures are built in srages. This D,lt) : D,(t.)dk,t") 19.11
means that the structural analysis performed for the
structure as a whole gives only approximatc values of the
iorces present in such a structure. For mosl sttuctures
where 4(h) : elastic displacemen t at coordinate i due to
a sustained load applied at age ,o ro the
ruch dn anal).i5 r, ,alr.ldclor,. bur rhere arc (a,e, in
released structure.
which the forces shortly after a certain stage of con-
slruction differ substanlially from those obtained lrom an and dr(r,ro): creep coefiicient at time r for a load
analysisofthe structure asa whole.In ihis case, and when applied at age ,0.
support conditions change, substantial time-dependent Due to the constant redundant force Fi(ro), we havc a
forces arc induced. and these may radically alter the
time-dependeni displaclment at coordinate i
elastic mometrt configuralion. The struclures in which
time-dependcot effects are most prorounced are rhosc F,QiLlt - F,lt,,) t,,tt, t") t1e.2l
made continuous at a later stage. or those undergoing
diferentiai sefi lement.
The analysis of the tim-dependent forces in continu- ,F,(r")"4,(r) = 4(r")4,d(., ro) !9.31
ous siructures due to crcep and shrinkage is conceptually
easy 1o understand if the aging coefficieni is uscd. How- A time-dependent force A4(t) (which is zero at agc ,o)
ever, it should be emphasized again that the use of the de\eroprng at coordinare r rerulr' in lhe tollowing lrme
aging coemcient is applicable only under the foUowing dependent displacements: ai coordinate i

(a) the support conditions arechanged suddenlyas in thc
case of an instanlaneous differential settlement or in
stage construction wherc additional forces are applied
suddenly (e.g. by prestressing); or
(b) the support conditions or the imposed deformations
change at the same raie as creep, as in the case
ol shrinkage or diBerential settlement devcloping
approximately at the same rale as creep_
Ii !h changes oclur considerably faster or slower than
creep, the aging coeliicient cannot be used. The case
of slow or rapid diflerenrial settlement will be rreatcd
separately.
when the condition (a) or (b) is satisfied we can flnd
the tirnc-dependent forces in a continuous (uncracked)
concrete structure by expanding the well-knowr elas-
tic equations of Miiller-Breslau to include the rime,
dpendent efects. In order to do this we determ;nc the
time-dependent dispiacemerts resulring from:
(a) statically determinate lorces due to sustai.ed loads
(including prestressing),
(b) known statically indeterminatc (redundanr) iorces
due to sustained loads (including prestressing), and
(c) unknown slatically indeterminate rime-dependenr
Due lo creep, the displacement at coordlnate i due ro
external loads in the released structure is equal to
+ xd(ti1 t1e.a(a)l
^Ft(t)[ft): ^F1|ol\u
Arq;lr)lt(,) - dFj(r)I,tr + /d(r,ro)1. t19.4 (b)l
In the above equations, Ii and ,t are flexibiliry coem-
cients, i.e. disptacements ai coordinate i orjdue to a force
Ft : 1, and /
is the aging coemcient, which is introduccd
here because the lorcc AIl(.)develops graduallywith iime.
The argument ol the aging coeficient is always the same
as that of the creep coemcient with which ir is associated.
The final lotal forc Fi(l) is obtained by adding lhe rial i
iorce 4(ro) and the time-dependent force AIt(r). viz.
4(r)=4(r.)+AI,(r). Iiq.5]
The above equations do not include the effect of re-
iniorcement on the time-dependeni disptacments. This,
howver, does not normally hav a pronounced eflect on
the lime-dependent forces bccause both the displace
ments due to the initial forces and those due to the
time-depcndent forces arc affecred by the presence ofsteel
in much the same way.
The steel n]ay be approximarcly allowed lor by the
creep reduction coellicients 1r and r, defined, respective-
ly, by t17.361and [17.]71. Coeficient al is introduced lor
creep duc to axial forces and d: ior creep due to bending.
As bolh coemcients aredennedfor symmetrical reinforce
menr thelr are. strictly speaking, applicable only ro rhose
conditions. As noted in connection with rhe erample on
 'I\to-spdn &nttnuo s bean huih in t,-o sttlqes tA5
pagc 110.,1 and ,: olten halc nearly rhc same n mcrical
valLrc lor a gilen cross,secrion so thal rhc coemcienr 1, Two-span continuous beam with diflerent creep
mat be used lor the catculalio! oi rhe timcdependeri properties in the lwo spans
displacements duc both to arial torces and ro bending For rhrs slructure, rbe compatlbilitl condjlion lakes the
momenis, in which case rhe c.eep coelilcienr d, in
[19.i] to
19.11 is replaced b) a1d. A.jgorous mcthod to include
the effect olreiniorceDent will be presenlcd later.
(D\') + Mil !t)dl') + (r1.) + M, /'i,)dr,) + AM,(,)/!,?
We shall no\t,utllize the abore equalions to anallze a x (l + /11)d11)) + A,{r,(r)/!'1tt + z,e4c,,: o ,,r.r,
'es .r-nDlr t b<ro e c.r rb, .rrrg rhe gereratequaiion.
",c. where lhe supcrscripts (1) and (2) refer respecti\,ely ro
spans I and 2. Soivinglorlhetime dcpendenl momenl. we

Two-span conlinuous beam wjth same concrele &v,(1)

properties lhroughoul

The statically indeterminaie moment a1 lhe inrermediate ttlt / o t.,j,\t t /nA-\ .

support detcrmined by elastic theory is

t19.91
r:v: -D: This equation can also be used !o lind rhe momenr
induccd b), ihe creep oi a concrele bcam continuous with
a sleel bcam; in this casc. we pur the crecp coeficienl ol the
steel beam {say. span l) as zcro. Hence.

,, : f':Y' u" t tr,r, t - f,;' ff @,,, t r9.101

* 1 1 r,., 4,., 1.
and

/,, : l+d'. Two-span continuous beam built in two stages

This case rcpresents a common praciical situaiion
where the 1$o spans of a structure are not cas! simulta-
The moment ,lro is lhc statically dcterminate moment,
.M,1 is rhe moment due !o the force al:1 applid ar
ncousl).If one span is cast and the lalsework is stdpped
before thc other span is cast. wc srill can use the above
coordinate 1. Eo is the modulus ofelasriciry ar the rimc of
applicalion ofthe momenrs, and .1" is ihe second moment
compalibility cquation. 19.91, bu1 we havc ro realize
of area ol the concrelc section.
thai !1,. Ihe elastic moment induced at thc instant of
removing the falsework irom span 2. is onl! (Fig. 19.1):
If we now assume that an unknown tjme-depcndenr
momcnt AM,(r) is introduced at coordinate 1 due ro creep_ Dt,i
we havc to satisly the lollowing compatibility condition Mt: .
(omltling the argumcut ofDl and d):
and no!, as in thc preyious case, ItI, : ,r,f11 :
D,4, + M'f",| + AM1(r)L(l + td) lDtlt + D,t1))t111
:0 We also have to allow for the facr that a par! of the
im. de!1dc,' l11-a.oe' ren I me-d.nc, tcr c-eep of seam I haL Je\eloped belore conrinuir) rr
di.."dre1 .' lp
r
di.pkril , .r. d.n,1.enerr.L(r - provided. lf beam I is preslresscd and stripped at age ro.
re edcd .r -!r .'e d". ro co udn V. ror.e rnr ou, rd r) , reep and beam 2 at age ,r. then the c.eep occurring in beam 1
r Inepr'.dts'r err-g'r omrie id.ra.o71 4r _rl alter t1 is qual to
extrnal load nerfrrnenr t.rd [dr1)0,.0) d(r'(r1,ro)]. and the lorcs
M1 and AMl(,) are associated with a creep coemcicnt in
09.61 span 1 cqual to d11)(,,r,)such that
9.91 takes thc form:
The first two terms of rhis equarion reprcsent the rime-
dependert displacement due to the elastic iorces_ Com-
D!1)[d(1)(r, r.) -t]!411)
.trr1)(,1, ro)] + D!')d('{r,r,)
+ M
lt. tJ f\zl dt'1\ J,)1 t +
binlng thcm. we oblain:
^M,0)=
- /11i[1 r /rl)d,r1)(.,r,)]
111
+ f?ll1 + /"t'.tdt1\(t,tj))
(Dr + rU, /, rl,l + + rd) : 0. [19.7] 19.111
^Mr(rr]r,(l t-

Wilh M1 : - Djl,,, we see rhat the two terms in thefirsr
bracket add up to zero so that Arlrl(i) has to be zcro as
well. The meaning of this observarion is that no time-
depcndent momcnts are induced in a lwo-span beam as
long as the crecp properlics are the samc rhroughout and
as long as thc support conditions are Dot changed. This
well known st:rtement is valid tor dll continuous struc
tures, and not only ior rrvo-span beams.
11 is to be nolcd that the limcs I and l, fo. span 2 are
counled from a di0erenr origin rhan for span 1. The
diflerencc in rhe modutus of elaslicity of the rwo bcams
maybeconsidered when calculating the displacemenls Dr
and the flcxibility coemcicnts r. r
Actually, the rate of creep at time I > ro due ro a load
applicd to beam I at age.o is difierent from that duc ro a
Load applied ar age 11. Ho\vever according to rhe rale of
306 Tine-dependent fotces in rcntinuous cancrete structures
Span 1 Span 2
. ttlt t11
-. -
Slatrca y delerm nrle moments

'fu,p-;r nu, ,o,unr

at lime ri, Momenls at t mi tl

Fir. rq., Initial and rimc-dcpendent moments in beans made con-
linuous by a casr in silutoinr.

Mr, assum ng bolh spans This equation indicates thal a substantial po ion of the
are.asl slmu laneo0s y elastic moment is restored by crcep.
If the beams are prestressed prior to providing thc
conljnirity, the displacement Dl includes the effect of
iii}ifl^iii= ?i prestressirg. The prestress loss AP(r) after the beams
have been made continuous, which develops at the same
.ate as the unknown moment AMr(r), gcnerates a time-
Fis /9I Ela$ic and rim+dependent mom.nrs in a r\o-slan con-
rinuour beafr bu r in two nlges. depcndent moment

8o* method, whe:r most of the creep is due ro flow, rhe AM1D : M,pAP(r)/P(ro) [19.15]
rate of flos is independent of lhe age at application of where M1e is th secondary moment in the continuous
'odd 'o thal onl! a ,mrllerror rs inuoouced by d*um;ng structure due to the inilial prestressing lorc P(ro). Thus.
thdr r\e creep due lo load. applieo al drflerenr age. the lo1al time-dependenl moment will be
develops at the same rate.
(bQ,to) Oltt.t.,)
n'r,O: M, I9.161
I + 7,4(t,t)
Two-span beam made continuous by
a casl'in.silu iolnl Continuity tendons stressed after hardening of rhe joint
concrete are treatcd in the same way as tendons in
If two precast beams, which are supporred as simple continuous beams- Prestressing ol a continuous slructure
beams from age ,o, are made continuous afrer thev have
does not introduce any time-depcndent forces, cxcept
been plJced i;po.irion tFig. tv.)r. rhere are no nigatre
those resultirg from the presrress loss which is exprcssed
moments aciing at the time of providing the continuity
by the lerm AMlo of 19.151.
(at age tl) unless they are stressed by continuity tendons
at that timc.
Themoment al the joint is entirely time-dependent and
A5 an erample. ler u. con,rder bedm,4r Lesred by Ktr
can be detennined usins 9.111 with M1 and the :0 p, //.ru Thi. beim qa, pre.lresstd dnd made con nLous
appropriatc creep coemcients:
by casl-in,situ conc.ete at age to : 22 days. The elasiic
LM1(tl : Mlt) moment at ihe support due to the dead load and to the
or Dll)[d(1)(r, ro) initial prestressing is Mj : 76.22kNm. For rhc con-
-
d(,)(r,,r")l crete loaded at age t0 : 22 days and kcpt under load for
+ Dt?{Ot1)(t,ta) dt'.\(t1,t.J)
AM,(,) = . [19.12]
740 days, d :0.99 and d- = 1.18. From Fig. 16.16,
/11t1 + t(1,d(1)(r,/L)l t{762,22) : 0.87. The change in momert due to the loss
+ ft?llt + xtz)Otzt(t, t 1)) of prestress is AM, r : 10.69 kNm (given). Usins [19.16]
and realizing that 1, : ro, wc find
If both spans are equal and devetop the
Mfi62): 0gq
l+0.87.0.99 +
16.22 10.69
[19.12] simplifies to
:
^M,(')
- M,(,) = /+ x 0(ti - 6lt1,t.) .
1+ xdg,t1) [19.1]l
29.85kNm
which compares favourably with the observed vatue of
Realizirg that -4lr1 represents the elastic moment M1 3l 0kNfr
in a continuous beam, we can write [19.13] in the form From lhe few simple cases considered so far wc can
draw the lollowjng jmportanl corclusions:
M,ttt M. ffi.ta\ - flt,.tr) 1. Creep does not change rhe forcs in a staticall,
' I+ titt,t,)
e.141
indeterminate concrete frame if the initial forces (mo-
 StruLtwe \rith houndaty conditi.)ns thanged a1 two tlilfere t dqes j07
menlslare equal to thoscin the continuous monolilhic We now consider the second stage, i_e. the sirualion
structure and thc creep is the samc tor al1 conponenl after fixlug the dghrhand support Compatibility of
displacements requires rhat all time,rlependent dispiace
2. Il the inilial forces dife. from the elastic torces ments developing al coordinate 2 afier lime r, must add
determined for the continuous monolithic structure. uD r^ /ero fhc dr.p,d Lmer.. Jr(.dre ro uead..ru and
creep tends to restore the forces of the monolithic prestress (both applied a! age ..,):

D1\t) : D,li\,ti 4Q1,tr)) f19.221

due to lhe known incrcasein moment AM1l)(r)between t.
Struclure wilh boundary condiflons changed at and I

lwo dillerent ages

In order to show how this case is keated analytically we ^M,itn)f,:lA)
_ ^M!,,(r,)"r!1(,.)
+ td(, ,1ll
consider a beam which is firsl simply supported and ihen ^Mlrlr)/!1t1 + xOft,,t,)) z3l
L-te
fixed,first at oncend and iareron a! theother. Thiscase is ^M!1)(r,)t!1tl
perhaps not a very practical one but it is best suited to due !o the unknowr momenr AM!,,(.) which starts 10
demonstrate how to analyse a srructure whosc boundary develop at time r,:
conditions are changed morc than once.
Considcr simply supported beam which is prestressed
a ^Mr)Q\ft;ltt): ^M?tQ)
ltliu + xo$.t)) t1e.24l
and stripped ar age ,o and supported as a simpte bcam and due to the unknown moment AM!z)(t):
until age /1, a! which rime rhe left,hand support (coor_ LMel\if$@:
dinate l) is fixed so that no iurther rotation can occur ar
+ x,bk,t,)1. f1e.25t
^Mt1tk)|9U
In these equarions,
that support. At time lr, the other support (coordinate 2)
is fixed and prcvented lrom furlher rotarion. In o.der ro
' : JI flrJ/.
M"M-
iind the unknown time-dependent moments A,Ur(r) and D. d, t19.261
dMz(r) we first analyse thc beam with one end fiied and
derermine AM!')(,,) and AMl'\r, where ,>r,. rhe
/!r:
'uperscr rpr ' )r ird(ate, rhar ue are a,,.rmirg rhe bian ro I1!M'4d" 119.21(a)1
be'i\ed onl) ar coordindte tt.rage lJ. the momenr,
A Vi l,. rdnd AM.r r:!re oblained b\ cqudting rhe rime.
deDenJenr dFplJcemenl Jr co^rdrnare r due lo borh the
^"- .1u"'u",
, ,, I ,
a,,u. "' I9.27(bll
dead load and thc prestress to that caused bv the time-
and
dependent moment AMrr')(r). Thus, at rime r,:'
rt;,
\lOltz.to) 4(t1,tif
./.Ottz,,l: " )IEn|[, ,r,
/r,r: t19.281
+
^M!')(,,)/l'1t1
+ o t1e.17l
The flexibility coeficients /!? and /!,1 difler from one
anothcr because of the differenl vaiues of rhe modulus of
Dltd(r,,0) d(r,.,o)l elasticity at rl and rr.If a constaflt value of Eis assumed.
+ \r/t1iti + ^/dG,t)): o. [19.18]
/!l : /fl : l,r. we now obrain ior the coordinarc 2:
^Mf
Solvins for AM1')(,), we oblain (ct tr9.13l)
Dlt + Mti )
@ lt; ltt 1r,, !1(r,) + /!,1(4
+^ ^M1' ^Mp(r)
D,[dr,r") dlr,..or] ^M!2L/!'l(r):0.
119.291
AM.rf
' - r
I'iiU + /dlrr,)1 [19.]91 At coordinate 1, the dispiacements due to Mo and
AM!l)(l) add up to zero lor ,z > / > r, so that for, > ,,
At time t,, / in [19.19] is replaced by lr. In these equa- onr) the unL nos n momenl. A V r Lrl Jnd A I,r,,,lrt necj
to be considered for th cornpatibitity of displacemenrs.
This is exprcssed by
o=l?#.. Ii9.20]
?ll1 + /-dQ,t,)1
and
^M?\tl
+ + x,itt,t)l: o. 09.301
^Mf\iJ.t\,lU
ill:iffid,. Ir9.211
Soiving for AM!')(r),

l\,1 . I19.31]
The moment Mo is due to the permanent load applied at ^M?\t): ^Mt:\tltlll
SLb,riruring rhr equarion inro I 'q.2q I dnd rearringrng.
age lo, prestress included. wc find
The reason for calculating A,t1l1)(t2) is that in rhe
second step of our calculation we have to 1ind the or,:,,,_ D.trl' av'rrltrir.rrr aM', ur'r,r.rr.r
displacement due to M!l)(r) developing ar coordinate 2 )t!, tJ'it\. t','ll1 t yd(t.t))
after time rz, with the beam fixed at coordinate 1. f19.321
 308 Tine-depe dent lotrcs i @ntinuous to crete strut:trrcs
The three terms in the numerator are defincd by [19_22] and

ill ll#':;i:iili'ifi1"','.'*.[';.'.'],':fi:[::1lh] to';, * o,r':!o'" * (D,:, +r',re)oa, + F,r,,o,,,

The value oi the final rime-depend;nt moment at
other end of the beam is obtained by adding rhe
developed ar coordinate 1 during the diflercnr siages,
LM lt -J :
LMtl)$ ,,.) +
-\. [19.:]ll
^Mf)(t
The first tcrm is defined by f19-l9l and the second term
is given by [19.]ll with 1," substiruted for r in both
Conlinuous slruclure with ditfe.ent creep propeflies
In discussing the general equations ior time-dependert
forccs in continuous structures. two cases should be
considered. The firs1 is a structure in which lhe creep
properlies of concrele arc rot the same throughouq this is
con.idered rn lhi\,ect,on The5econd ca,r r.aconnnLroul
structurc built in stages, which is discussed on page 309.
Different creep properties of the structural componen ts
will result in significant time-dependcnt forces onlv if the
d,tle-enLe. in time-dependenL prope-r,e. are,ub.iarrr"l,
as is the case in a combination of sieet members with
With different creep properr;es in each span of a
corlnLo-' DeJrr,,e, fip. u.rr. rhe gene.JlcqLa.iol. tor
the time-depcndenr [orLe. dssume rhe Iorm.
(D\\ + \ f\1l)ott) + (D\2) + F, l?),lt.l
+ + rd(')l + LF1{i|t?ll1+ /4)tz\)
^4(r)/!1t1
+ F,.|,?ptzt + LF,(i)lt lLl + /Otz)) + :0.
the + LFlt)ft,1U + fut'z)) + LL(t)lt1)U + .tdt'.t)
moments + LFlt)|l:)U + x,t3tl + I-31,!Ot3)
viz. * Al.f,ff,,ir y.1a6c,j+...:o. f19.351
In each case, the first subscript refers to the coordinate
considered and the second (if ary) to lhe coordinate al
which the unit force is applied. The superscript indicates
the span for which the displacments are to be determined
(Fig. 19.3). Using rhe known clasricforces in the statica v
rndelermindre.).tem. ue can erpre.' the hr.t ruo rerm,
of each equation in the form
,1"*,1711,:Jffio'
9.361
,1,.,, * nrl.,, :.l",,#d,
where M(i) and M(i+1) are the elastic moments. and E(r)
and 6ri+1) are the moduU of elasticiry, respectively, in
spans i and i + 1 of the continuoLrs strucrurc. For a n-
times statically indeterminate system (Fig. 19.3) weestab-
lih r equations in which the n time-dependenr forces
are the only unknowns. This system of equations is then
solved in the usual way.
The two-hinged portal frame oI Fig. 19.4 consisrs of a
[19.]41 concrele beam and.reel columns. Wrlh the drmensions

|_-:::-i
t!
I

Fis 7r.J. Disllacemenrs due to sari.lty dereminate monents and {lue to unit nomenrs al coordi.aEs I ro ,.
 Continuaus s'ru(tute built in ttuod lA9
'/:niber iri:..n.rl_a beam W = Hence.
II
AMl(r) : 4.46 x :l : 17.8 kN"nr

xr,i,): ^21.1 17.8 = l9.0kNm.

Conlinuous structure built in slages

The time dcpendenl lorces dcvcloping in struciures built
instages are oiinterest only in maior co nstrucrion such as
bridges, where thc llcxurai siresses under servicc loads
must be kept within the pcrmissible Iimils in order to
p.evcnt or conlrol cracking.
Th( .erring uo J' rhe rcl(\dnl dJluiled eqLat on. .
complicaied by the facl thal, lor each stage ol construc-
tion, lbc moments originaied by lhat stage are associated
witl diffcrent creep coeficienls in oach previousiy built
stage. We propose lhercfore to start $ith a specific ex
ample and establish the compatibility equations for a
=l lh.ec-span continuous bridge conslructed span-by-span.
Lq 794 \Iome.rs in a rso-hnrscd porLal lramc
These equntions will subseqrentiy be generalized.
rn.rele bcrn rnrl deel..h,nins

and lhe stifnesses indicated in Fig. 19.4 \r'c firrd the
displacement in the released sirrcture and the flexibility
Struetute b ilt in thrce stagcs
Figure 19.5 reprcscnls the bridge io be analyzed, which
has a constanl cross,section. During the 6rst stage of
construction. the first span plus a shorl canlilever ltotai

ro1"r, :i M)M,,, d,r =: x e0( a)12

length 111)) are buih, and prcstressed and stripped at age 11.
Thc sccond stage (length 11'1)) is prestressed ar agc ,,. and
lhe third stag is stressed at age ,3.
:2 592 kNml ln order to 6nd the time-dependent effects we proceed
jn the manner outiined for a beam whose boundary
M,:, d-r: (-a)' x 12: 192m3 conditions are changed twice (szz p. 307). We first derer
J mine the rime-dependent moments ar coordinate 1 due
to tbeloads applied ar time ,r (consrruction srage 1)and at
tlme ,, (construction stagc 2l and then analyze the time-
E.,r.l\'1,) :2 " j,"ff* dependenl momenis at coordinatcs 1 and 2 due to th
loads applied at time .r lconstruction stage lJ. The creep
coemcients lor stages 1- 2, and 3 arc idenrified, re
"- x25x10l
=2x+( 4),, 0.01 spcctively, by suprscripts (1), (2), and (3). In all the
derivations, the origir of the rime variable is raken as
:296mr. the casting of theconcrere for thefirst stage. Thus,for ihe
creep cocfilcients d(1r, the argument indicates the acrual
The elastic lorces are
iimes applicable to the concrete of stage 1. For the other
D, li92 two stages ol construclion, the argument of d also
'' /,,r,r+ /r2,, - t92+2q6-ri,^r indicates the tine since casiing oistage 1. In ordcr to find
the magnitude ofthe creep coe8lcients for sragcs 2 and 3
rle irave to realize tha!

M, : -5.31 x 4: -2l.2kNm.
ft'1)lr.t'):.blt lz,t' a,)

The lime-dependcnt force is obtained from t19.341 for

where t,:
age of the concrete ol stage 1 at the time ol
casting stage 2. The corresponding Lrltimare creep coem
one redundant force and d('?) : 0 (steel)as cienl is
(pi" + rfiF,td', ):
' [19.3a(a]l
<lt'.t1
".{
,flt
",t' r).
^i.r,r- /!itl +/d'''t+/i:) Similarlv.lor lhe concrete olstagc 3:

Assuning,r(') : 2 i. and I: 0.82, we find dr3lr,):d,(r lr,r' 13)

Ar',(r):
( 2592 + 192 : s.3l)2.5
= ,1.,16 kN.
192(l + 0.82 1.t + 296 Ot'tk.,.t') : 4,lt,,t - i.)
l-

3 1A Tine-depe dent .[otrcs in cantinuaus .oncrcrc stucture:J

/rl
5raqe r sraoe 2

staoe r stripDed and prestressed

l

prestressed at lime t3

a,q /9.j \1omen6 in a dree{lan conrinuous beam can in lhree stares

where t3 :
age of the concrete of stage 1 at the time of AM!':,(r3) and AM12\r.) we put respectively! , : 13 arld
casting stage 3.
Let us now find the time-dependent moment which
t -," in [19.37] ro [19.39].
We now proceed to analyze the effech of the loads of
dvelops in the two"span beam at coordinate 1. In ab- construction stage 3. At coordinate 1, a moment AM!3{,
bre!iared torm. qe can e\presc lhe comparibitrr) equa- isgenerated and thismoment is to oflset the displacemen;
tion ior.oordinate i hv caused by the momenr AM!3)(r). Thus
D1O +
^M?t@fno:o.
F9.371 + /131(r) : 0 [19.40]
The lerm D.rr, 'epre\ent\ rhe lime-dependerl drsplace- ^Ml3{4/!31(,) ^M!r{'
menr' de\eloping dtler me r/ due lo lhe etasric tslalr-
(dil, delermindre and rnde(ermrn.rter momenls: AMi '(r)
i. Ihe rime-dependent momenr due to \rage 2 con- :
struction, and /1,?(r) expresses rhe time-deperdenl ,rnt,r
displacs..n,.ru,.O Oya u nrl moment devetoping gradu-
f,,ffi n + rd(l{/,,3)rdjr
dll, dftcr rime /.. L\t'rcssing D,lr) and i,,,,1r) in ierms ol
inlegrdls. \ae obrarn rhe rarher tengrh) e\pressrons:
.1,,,h, + xot2)(t.\i)dx tre.41l
I rt'1t:'1' 7
'"" I '""':'i la"" '
and
.,'
"""10' :
*!""ffit"'r''o'to' r':lo
!,,,ffi t+ xd.{,,',)l dr
*[,.,ffi0,"'r,,,,t0, . us.427
[19.]81 1.,*#u+xd('z)(,,r3)rd'.
Solvinc [19.40] for AM!3)(r, we obtain

t, + xot')(.r.t")1d' : LMt:\t\.
/.fl4
^Ml'Ir: -^MfIo4(,)
)\!)
=
I,,ffi t1e.43l

I V,. Ir
is inreresrine ro nore lhat. Dsua ). rhe rario /ll,rr.l
- t)tldx. lle3el 7,,.',
), .r,;,,,rlt -rQ"'tt ,.,pp?",r,,,,i.ri .q,"t ro /),i /!ri. i.e. ro rhe
,re onry unkno\\,n jn r1e37r is -,.,.0 0. Ij.i,il,.ll";:;'::.i:-i[*'ir::"f[".?l""lif,:;l]
velops as a result olconsrruction ^Mrr4,
stage 2.In order to nna momentl;! rnii"a*"Jlr',i" -ti" a"stic moments due
"r
 Ca tinuaus str cture built i stage! 311

to siage 3 loading (see Fig. 19.5) is uscd 10 define 2\31. i.e. t tr,
+ I . rrlrr
_',ru [r + /dr:]r/.7rlld\
.lf
f19.441
- I r r.rrrr
^'1 r/. rt ,,E' 'r'.,,rlo(. Lre4,{l
.Jr
At coordinaie 2, compalibility ol displacements lor
r > lj can be expressed in the short lorm
For the normal conditions, when the lcngth of the
D,(t) + tt':lo cantilever does notcxceed 0.21, we may neglect in [19.46]
^Mf)\l ^Ml':\.3)/!'z/(rrl
+ + - 0. [1e.4s]
the integrals which involve the ierm M,, over length 111).
with the momcnts aMl'?'(.) known from the andlysis of
^M|)t)/!31(r) ^M!310/!'l{,
In this equation, stage 2, and using the solution of [19.43], we oan now
,,(t) : time-dependent displacemcnt at cooF solve ior the unknown time-dependenr momen! AM!3)(l):
dinate 2 due to all elasticmoments (stati-
cally determinatc and indelerminate), AM'rr)(rl:
4(|) +
^Mi'z\r)/!':1(r) ^M!'z)(Qlzu
t I fl (,)l'//1'/(4 + l!'l(,1
AM(r':)(r) : known time-dependenl moment at coor-
dinate I due to stage 2 loading at time [19.19]
l>rr, Using the cocmcient defined in connection wlth
i.131 as
AM\'z){rr) = known time-dependent moment al coor- [19.43] or t]9.a41, $'e can wriie [19.49] in the lorm
dinate I due to stage 2loading at time .r-
AM13)(t) : unknown time-dependent momcnt a! co- AM:r)(r) : D,(r) + -
).?t l:l(t) +
^M!',\.)"/',(,'l(r) ^M!r\r3)/!ri{,r)
fglt)
ordinale I due to stage 3 loading,
[19.a9(a)]
and AM!r)(r) = unknown lime-dependent moment at co-
ordrnale 2 oue lo slage .1 lo:rdirP. Ai ultimate time, I is rcplaced by r-. Thc total inai mo-
mnt al coordinate 2 is obtained by adding the time-
The displacement ,,(r) and lhe rime-dependent flexibiliry dependent moment AM!3'l(.,) to thc elaslic moments
coefiicients of [19.45] are expressed by integral terms as
M!'7) and Mlr):
foliows:
M.(r-): M!:) + M!r, + AM!r)(r-). [19.50]
r"
I 'lL l/1r/ or\r,t r ' p' \/,.,rljd'
- - .,r
a,r,r
A three-span conlinuous bridge (1 : constant) is con-
| "- "'"., . Lqtt1t.t,1 ,p .t .1,1 6y structod as shown in Fig. 19.6. Stage 1 is prestrcssed and
)t Etn 1)t stripped at age ij :
10 days, stage 2 is cast 20 days later
:
+ | ," ,,,,, drlrr r.rd.
T i,Llrr/ and prestressed and stripped 10 days thereafier (/, 40
days). Stage 3 is cast 60 days afier castjng ol stage 1 and
I il" E1(rrlr :
prestressed and stripped after anothr l0 days (tr 70

I ':t:{I:l/':: te
- Jr. 1,.,,r- p \,, ,,r,J. days). The concrete is assumed to be th same lorall three
stages. The crecp oocmcients needed ior the analysis ar
hased on the CEB-FIP. 1978 Modcl Code" and on as'
f M6)rV. -
+ I L1\t
:: d'''(,.,,)dr
ilt
sumed values 4i = 2.0 and no 0.20m, viz.: -
)t)
-a i(.t 10) : 2.s6. d(r,,, 10) : 2.10, d(-, 70) : 1.86,
".,
''r.) c)'\t.t,tdY
I rr(rr).r
- Ir. Llqaol d(70,10) : Ll3. d(10,10) : 0.91, d170,40) - 0.67.

Thc aging coefficients assocjated with these creep coem

cients are determined from Figs. 16.16 and 16.17 and are

/,'x4: J,,,,ti# r1 + rd.)(,,,,)rdr

t(r-,10) - 0.81. z(I;,40) = 0.82. l(t.,70) :0.82,
/r-0 r0' 0b4 2140. l0) 0.88. ./1']0.10) - 0a'
.I*Y#, + 7{(1)(,r.)rdr [1q.471
Thereiative lalues ol moduli of elasticity al the thre agcs
ln o-der ro hnd t;i\,)and J- (r /. rhe rrmeI in rhr- irqueliondre:
equation is replaced by t- and ,i, respectirely. Thc other E,o = 0 89I,s, I+o = 1.01I:g and E--o : 1 058,s
lime-dependenl coemcienls are:
Selectine as reference' we 6nd the followins ratios:
ft:ilJ :l\;)lt)
D
(see tl9.a2l) 'r
and
E
"ir," - 1.ll and I.o./rrc: I 18
With these data and with the moment diag.am due to
,. , - I Mi, ., t'- , ..,,,,,.. ",.- dead load for the thrcc slages of construction (Fig. 196),
""'' .1,,, t,(r,tr the time-depenoen! momenis due to dead load are now
7-

3 l ) I m?. de penJ, nt Ji)tt t : t n\ an. nuatti . a nt r. t c i r it ure:

* t,' = 50.01 ,. r/ 50 on ,-f 4 !I_

Co1s .L. t or ,orn( y, O.l5MN,m

+
tr,loments tor cont n uo rs Oeam with EI = con slant
l"s. /9.6 Momentsdue todead load in a6ree spancontinuous bean builtin
firee slases lmonents in MNml.

(alculaled. l he time-dependenr drsptdcemenr, are mutU- ::( 22.02)1x40x2.10/1 13= 54s6

nled. tor cownience. b) f tr,t/. i.e. trtr,r/Dr(r-l t\p?
L Ic.
I8l, dnd t, )/t,:,tr r
| , 1.ee t to to liarc er aturreo.
+*[( 22.02)(2 x 1+0.8)
Ir should be nored thar d,'rr..t0r_@.'lr_,10J_ + 4.88(2 x 0.8 + 1.0)l
0'''t, ,70) : d(l ". lor. erc. Thus
f nr\t, rr
x 10 x 2.10/1.13 : 15r.7
E,rrL)lD'lr-): I Drrirr/cr(rrl r,-.,,r I M,,M.
J, , =#lo,' +
E71;i1td'''t' ' "nu'
J,, ,
d(1)(r., r,)l dr : *to 8(2 x 4.8s - 7.5)l4o x z.j6/1.0
:+x 30 x 1xd0(2.s6 0.9t)/i.0
: 660.0
= 30.9
++ x l0 x 0.8 x 40 x 2.s6/1.0
+ 1( 7.5)1 x 40(2.56 - 0.91)/1.0
:
: 165.0
,,(,lUD,(r-):
819.2
608.6.
++( 7.5)(1 x3+0.8)
x 10(2.56 - 0.91)/1.0 - -19.2 E,lt ,)I J\,1$ .,.) =
1,,,'*3'u'P'11''t"1
J,, 5;1ffi
+ td'''r,',,,tla. x [1 + /4rr\,-,r,)ldr
 Cotltinuous strut:tne htilt in staors I13
I nri' t (2.56 0.91)/1.0 : 7920
.1, E,lrr ) [i(r,) + +( 7.s)11 x r.o + o.7s)r0
x [1 + td('7)o.,r,)ld\ : (2.56 0.91)/1.0 : 38-7
_ r,.n.: . 4nt I na. .r{)l tr rr!,
J' +I I rdr,rrr" r-r.l.tl
'-
)i, Lltj\ Et(] t-
+ +[0.0F + 1.0 x 0.8 + lo.8F] :*t-0.35(2 x 0.2 + 1.0) 12.56(2 x 1.0
x 10[1 + 0.82 x 2.10],r1.13 + 0.2)l x 40 x 2.10//1.11 : 316.3
:19.59
+:[( 12.56)(2 , 1.0 + 0.75)
++(0.8)'7x40[1 +0.81 x 2.s6]r1.0
+ 7.45(2 x 0.75 + 1.0)l i 10
:26.23
i.e. r 2.10/1.13 - 49.3
Etltl)Iltilk-l -7Tea.
I M\1tM
With these valucs we can calculale the time-dependent + Ir,r =drlrrt =L ^
id '1r, , /r)l d\
nromcn! dM1':) at iime r.: J rlrlr- I

- 60i tl :+ x 7.45 x 0.75 x l0 x 2.56/1.0

A.\,f,. (r,l: t.8l MNm
lr94: : 143.0
RepeatinS the same calculations for time rl : 70 days +1x 16.87 x 0.75 x 30 x 2.56/1.0
(instead ol ,,_l we iind 11(r,)Ir,(70): 140.5 and
r, (r,l1l1'rr(70) : 45.94. so rhat
: 324.0

,10 5
Et(t,\1D|O: 123.6.
AMI')l70)
1
: 3.06 MNm. I'urlher,
45.91
We now calculate thevarious terms ol [19.15]. As before, Lltt )lt . {L_,- T
L .
M|.
trlr,I l
."-
LL{ri)
/d''rr..,rlld.
all terns arc multiplied by E1(rL)I. Wc obtain J, ,

t!,\lD-tr- \: I 't,,''" * I Mi,

.i,,, r+.r
F e,,,,r
' -l , Ellrr ) trlr, )

: /d(')(-,/3)]dr
[1 +
' Idr')(,,.,,] d(')(,3.rr)ld-r
I
-.5)0,, . t0 . r2 <6 , lJ, I 0 :jx1.0'?x40(1 + 0.82 x 1.86),/1.18
t2t :28.53
: -1.8r ++ x (1.0'? + 1.0 x 0.8 +0.82)
I *'"' '
*.], x i0(1 + 0.82 x 1.86)/1.18 :17.11
ur,,r u,r,,r-
+Jx0.822x40(1 +0.82
x [d11)(,.,,,)- d(')(,3, r,)] d.r
x 2.10)i1.13
:+l-22.02 + 2 x 1.88)0.2 x ro
:20.56
x (2.10 0.67)11.11 : 5.2r
:
E,(r,lrl131(,-) 66.50.
I M ttM "
J,, E,rt.rEJatd '(t''"rld'
+ Nexl.

: .1(2 x 0.15 + 3.58) x 0.2 E,(t,rl \,)tt..) : + /.0,,,(t -.t )) d.x

x l0 x 1.86/'1.18 : 2.2t 1,,,,##frJr1
* t r.r,r
M'"M . I V",M",
I r,ro... l, , [,rr, t r,rr,r

x [d(,)0., rr) , d(:)(r3, r,)] dn x i]

+ /d,r'z'o-,r3)l d-t

-*[4.88(2 x 0.2 + 1.0) 7.5(2 x 1.0 -* x 0.1(2 x 0.8 + 1.01

+ 0.2)140(2.56 0.91),/1.0 : 106.3 r 10(1 + 0.82 x 1.86)/1.18 : 1.85

+ 1/3 i 3010.2 + 1.0) x 40 +* x 0.8(2 x 0.2+ 1.0)

x 40(l + 0.t12 x 2.10)/1.13 : 1'7.99
r f \3)(.,) :
l These le.ms mar ll
b neslectei he? raac:ll E,(! 1) te.u.
314 Time-dependent fatces in & ti uous concrete strudltres
Hence, from []9.431 ++x0.75'?xl0(l +081
- lS Rzl x 2.56),/r.0 : t7.29
u.'tt.\- Lui\t" I ;o- 0.2q84M,r, , i.e EJ! \)I lt;)(t -) : 7 ts7 .
For comparison, the elastic mtjo ).f): M\ltlM,Jr\: we now 6nd from e.ag(a)l:
0.285 which difers by o y 4 per cent from the iime,
723.6 - 7.81 x 25.0a - ( 3.06 x 14.67)
dependeflt value. Furthermore, AM!3\r-)
0.298x19.84+75.97
Lt\
f MM : 8.i8 MNn
ttt r',t.\t .t --
J, .-'l ,",,: ll I {@,\r-.,:rld,
L rtrtrrzrtrr,
u
and arcording to [19.43]

-. f
M",M- AMl3\r-) :
J,, 8,,,, !6,(,J -0.298( s.t8):2.44MNm.
The final total moments are:
x [l + rdrr)(r_,/r)] dr
:*t0.2(1.0+2x0.8)l M\lt-i: -7.50 - 22.02 + 3.58 7.81 + 2.44
x l0(1 + 0.82 x 2.10)/1.13 : 2.09
= 31.31MNm
+*[0.8(1.0+2x0.2)] and

x 40(l + 0.81 x 2.56)/1.0 = 22.95 Mlk-): -7.50 12.56 8.18: -28.24MNm.

Eft)tl\'11(.1-) :2toa. Usins rhe elastic value ,lfl : 0.285 instead of 0.298
yiclds

l 'r ./ri,-0, -Lr Lril_ltr(,,J

1, ,, AM!.)(r-): -8.t6MNm
'. '.-" ,,/,.r,rld.\
-r,
lt-io"
_ and

- i .v,, v". : 2.32 MNnl.

I Er,) Er,J ^M13\r-)
We can see then 1hat the use of the elastic value for ;!31
x t1 + /dr,,(rr. ,r)ldj! introduces only a negligibie error in the time-dependenl
:+[0.2(1.0+2 x 0.8)]
x 10(1 +0.91 x 0.67)/1.13 : 1.23 Structwe built in more tha, three stages
+*[0.8(1.0 + 2 x 0.2)] For the purpose of generalizatio& we shall now expand
x a0(1 + 0.88 x 0.91)/1.0 :13.44 the preceding eqDations to more than rhree stag;s of
construction. Ifwehavcatotalof,lstagesofconsiruclion
Elk1)ttttt70) - t4.61
lFig. i9.71, we have rjne-dependent redundanr forces at
coordinates I to r-1. For any coordinate 1<k<
n l,
we can establish rhe following equation {or rhe
unknown time-dependent moment due to constructio[
E,l,1ff\3:tt-t = I ':' stage /r +
J, , E' 1I,)/E,(r,l 1:

x [1 + /d(1)(r.,rj)] dr 4(/) + (rulri, 1,(,)

^Mfl,1(rr-,)/llL,)(,r+,)
-f J r., ti(rrl
vL
E, (., ) ^Mf*'\4: .llllll^Mlll
kJ fi,' ,)lr)+ /[.,1/)
x Il + xd',)(r_, r3)] dr where [19 51]

I M:,
-. 1,, Dr(r) = lime-dependent displacement at coor-
E (r.l EilrJ dinate /. due to all elaslic moments
x [1 + tdr])(,-,rj)ldr (statically determinate and indeter-
minate) up to , < ,k+ 1,
:+ x 0.2, x 10(r +0.82 x 1.86)/1.18
AMLl1(r): known timc-dependent momert al co-
= 0.29 ordirate k - 1 at time r> rk+1 due to
+ J(0.2, + 0.2 x l.o + t.o,) previous loadjng slage /.,

x a0(1 + 0.82 x 2.10)/1.13 :39.82 and

+ +(1.0':+ 0.75 x 1.0 + 0.75r) AMlll,(rr+,): known time-dependenr moment at co-

ordinate t - I at time l: tk+r due to
x 10(1 + 0.82 x 2.10)/1.1] : 18.57 previous loading slage /r.
 Co tinuous stucture built in stages 315

. _ ^ttl l Ml l'
"'' L\\ ; p,e5!.e:,eodndsr.,poeddraoer-

Prestressed and striPped at aqe rH

Prestressed and slripped al age lr l

l-"tl ut',t
Preslressed and slr pped atage 1r

nz f* l)

l- ^4-
Fr'.10 i
AMlll= o 4.M'i::' dutll)t tr'!,:l'
tuti'
.avl;t, '
E n ',t,t
EMr.-,!d
a,s 197. Momenis in a nulriple*lran bridge co.structed span,by,span.

rhe rime-dependent disptacement Dr(r) is siven b, rhe

follos,nr e\pre*ion * [ .1.,.,r.
-.J" * ,]U+4"_,1,.,,_,1a:r.
,,r"
u,:i* ,#;5rd''I,,,- ,)
As mentioned before, the first thrccintegral terms lor
[19.52]
Drll)
- d(r ')(,r* 1,.k ,)ldx may be neglected if the leflgth of the cantilever does not
exceed 0.2 lr .
*f'" The rime-Jepcndenr feribilr) coefficrenl' are gi\en
"ffir0''
d(")(tu*,,tu)l d'
"r'''-r

.,11t,,vr' IJr, ' Y" ]'1't, rxo' rr,.,,r.1c*

dr rrIrI
*
f*,,{ffi 0,.,,i,,,.-,r0,
I M..M.
| "j ' :"' ll - r,,''\I,',)ld'.
* ro,',r,,,,i Jr,! zrtrr I
f,",ffi d(o){ru*,,()ldx
[19.53]
In order lo find values at ,- and tk+1, the time / in tlis
*f,.,ffir'u,,-.,,0,, equation is replaced, respectively, by ,- and rk+1. The
316 The-dependent lotces in Lnntinuous cancrete stuctures
olher time-dpendeni cocmcients are: This means that themoment distribulion duc 1(] lhe time-
+Lr(r) in all spans to the lcft ol
dependcni moment A,Uf
M,, ,,lJ,i r,
,i,i,,,
,,,-,,. . f
.1, .., ,,,. ,i1'
/,0''',,,. rrd( . aii 1,,. coordinate k is amnel to ihe elastic moment distribulion
Mrtr+1,(seFig. 19.7). Since the moments die quickly as we
move 10 the lcfl olcoordinate t.it is sufficien! 1() determine
,IJr. Y"'
rrr/,. ''.'rr
rr/
/?''L/.r",]ld' the momcnls up to coordinale
dependent moment at coordinate
t3. Thus. lhe final time
t 3 is (see Fig. 19.7):
Lrq.)41 :
AMk 3(,.) 3'?)(,-l - AMf ,"(r-)
and ^M1l
+ AMfl i(r, ) + AMfll)(r,). [19.61]

| lk- 'i'
,.', ,,,- Jr' r{Ir+r
.r, rE'' 'u.r",rrd' )r
This can be wrilten in abbreviared lorm as

f M? .(r.): I Mf .'-')(r-) I9.621

- ".11-i,i'(,.r".)lJ,
-I .,t'tkllr+r,/ ^M.
Ai coordinale k. we write ihe final noment (elasiic plus-
a r/: time-dependenr):
t
J' " ''-,'u ',It*' IMll'.+ I ^Mll-'\'-). [1e.6]l
x [1 + /.rrk*1)1I. 1]l dr. [19.s5] ^M-lr-):
We now calculate the ratio Etlecl6 ol shrinkage in slatlcally indelerminate

.iLi_/.r'..u['lr/ll ll{(r) -,ltfr-l tl9.56l In a flexural member, shrinkage induces curvalure

only in rhE presence ol unsymmetrical reinforcement or
when shrinkage is nol uniformly disrributd across the
section. Even lhoLrgh ihe strcsses induced in continuous
tr" '' beams by shrinkagc can be subslantial,3 they are usually
' -l '' E',r,,-,rt notinveshgated, cxcept in con1posite beams whichwill be
x [1 + /od ]lr.rr,,ll$r dealt wiih larcr. Shrinkage is. however, always associated
wi!h a substantial axial shorteningoftlremember which. if
i t,i\''lrl
' J,, rcslrained. crn inducc significant forccs in lrames and
,it',,,
,,
The an alytical ireatment ofshrinkage follows alongthe
i [1 + /{(tr 'r(,,.(+])ld.r tines oi the previous section if wc assume that shrinkage

* I (M,,, ,l develops at ihe same rate as creep. We should note that

J,,' E-(4. , rl thc lorcesdevelopcd by shrinkage are strongly influenced
by creep in that creep relieves these forces as lhey are
x [1 + x,rltr)(,,,,,,)] dr. f19.57',1 dcveloped.
Let us considcr the two-hinged porlal fram ol Fig. I 9.8.
Shrinkage ofthc horizontal mcmber oflength l, beginning
Mf*i):elastic momenl at coordinate k I due to
loading stage (i + 1),
and

Mll*1) : elastic moment at coordinate k due to loading

stage (t + 1)(see Fis. 19.7).

The moment at coordinate k I due

dependenl moment AMf 1)(r) is
+

: .,.1[li]. k x [19.58]
^Mllri,(/) ^Mll+')(,).
Similarly, the moment at coordinate k 2 due 1()

^Mf
. rI0 is

-,1,(r) : Lllr1,l.k x t19.591

rr
D1
I

^Mf ^Ml-')(.) Fir. r9.8. Displxemenl duc to shrinkage in a Eleascd

t-19.601
'See loohote on pase25l
 E ett o1rcinlbrcment on redisiibution ollbrces 317
at age Ish.o. causes a displacement rt thc released supporl followlngtolal time-dependentdelormarionsof a secrion:
1:

D1 : s"h(r,.",, tre.64l
rrt- Ar"
o)1. +
,\
A time-dependenl rcdundant force Al.,(t) applied sra a ; ,,l/./ur ,1rl 10. 01
dxaily at coordinate I .esults in the displacemcnt
and due to bending moments
A4(r)r,(r) : d4(r)r,tl
+ ld(r,."6.0)1. [19.65]
M^" dt,./.i MT
These two disptacements musl add up io zero. so rhat At,rrt-t;r, " r,+E+
Ltq.-tl
"htu, r,r oll + Arr(r)r 1[1 + zd(,.,.h o)] = 0 [l9.661

N0,,\40: inirial axial force and bending moment

1 applied at time lo.
',h(r,r,h.o)/
^40): 1,,1 +.te\t.t"r..))'
IntrodLlcing the symbol li.h o foi the lorce due to
,hllnkdge qirhour relrelby.reep ue.an $rire
. r.h(r. /.h o)1
'" "- /"
and we find that this fictitious ela(ic force due to
shrinkage is reduced owing to creep by thc factor
lil + /d(r,l"h.o)1. This slatenrent applies not only to the
two-hinged lrane considered be.c but to anv sralically
indeterminatc system.
Shrinkage can be included jn lhe general eqnarions by
adding the term [E"Jr,r"h o]ll 10 lhe axial displace-
ments ol those mombers wbich are axially restrained, I
being the length oflhc rcle!anr member. Equation [19.67]
'.rr {all who,( Jeiormurion i.
.pn rc.
"l.o ro d hur
restrained by footings or columns. Shrinkage of such a
wall will resull in cracking if the stress generated by
shrink agc exceeds the lensile strength oftheconcrete. The
shrinkage inCuced stress for rhh case can be obtained
cither from [19.671 \iith ,11 :liEo or direcily from
l6.a3l with.(r) : 0 and oo :0. ThLrs
r.Jr, rb.o)E.,t
dlrr | + /44r,t"h rt
u
Ie.69t
0e.671
N*,M+: axial force and bending moment due to
iorces in reinforcemenl corresponding to
unrcstrained creep and lree shrinkage of
concrctc and relaxaijon of p.estressing
steel.
f19.681
second momcnt of area of
,a:,1::area and
the cross-sectron translorned with
no : E iE(ro).
ardll,ll:area and second momenl of area ol
the cross,section lransiormcd with
n*:no(l + xd).
The terms with the asterisk represenl the effect of rhe
reinforcement on the axial strain and curvarure ol a
membcr. This means thar the compulation of the time-
dependent displacemenls 4(0 in the released structure is
for ihe initial forcs No and Mo and rhe forces N+ and M*,
all associated with the section p.opertiesand rhevatucs of
, as in 09.701 and [19.71]:
D(,r rt
lA,lll\, d, - l^/ rM,,d\.
J.l -to.l)l
The time-depcrdent force A4(r) is associared with the
displacement at coordinaie i:

\rhere E"h 0 is the modulus ol clasriciiy ol the concrete : dr

when shrinkage begins. The problem ol shrinkagc c.ack- ^.,(r)ll1(.) ^Ft(,) I# [19.7]l
ing is dealt with in more detail in the section on cracked which may be writlen in the form
reinlorced concrete.
If shrinkage dcvelops at a rale wl ch is subsranrially ar,tt; t,0) : tr + /./(,,,o)l dx.
dill"ercnt lrom that ofcreep, rhe diagrams ofFigs. 19.14 to ^at) Jr./.4
19.16 may be used to find the ratio of the actual lo.ce i'(t) f19.73(a)l
to the flctitious force I,h. o. which is denoted by Fo in rhcse
diagrams.
Introducing the

Eflecl oI reinforcement on redistribution ol lorces

JI: J ror:dY
lt9.74l

In the first part oithis chaptcr ir was mentioncd that the

case of symmcrrical reinforcemcnt can be deall with by
using the creepreduction lactors x1 and d, foraxialty and
: ItlL)lil1 + xfQ,ti). tle.73 (b)l
^4(r)"rt,(rl ^
flexurally loaded members. rcspectively. IL however, a
substanlial amount of non slmmetrical reinforcement is
: a;
present,ils ellect can be conside.able and a more accuratc
analysis may bc desirable. This can be achieved by usiog
the creep-translormed section approach,awhich gives the
^o,r,r Iffi a, onr,r
J! rr + rflt,taqdx.
9.7sl
 318 Tine-dependent lorces in.antiuaus co cterc siudures
Thedi,placemen' due ro rhe rjme.dependenl redundanl
iorce A[rI) * cipre..ed b] | la.7l I and LI9 ?51; ir shoutd
." IM",M,,,.
r':J q-o\ u9.16) be noted, however, that the second moment of area ofthe
creep-transformed section now includes the concrete
[19.75] may be wrilren as: deck.
: + t d(r, rJl. [19.7s(a)l
sinild^itollt1
^Fr(r)/r,i(r)
Thi. ro
Itq 4l e\(epl rhar /'
in,read ot ( F used The composite beam analyzed previously as a simple
^
in definins the fleribrlrt! coemcien( beam will now be considered to be made continuous at
The time-dependent iedundart forces are iound fiom the time of casting the deck (Fis. I9.9). Each beam with
lhe usual compatibility conditjoff. For atwo-span beam, the cross-section ol Fig. 18.4 spans 3.66m. From the
computation on page 301, we know the time-dependent
crrratLrre ar nid^pan due ro pre.lre.-np. to the girder
D1(r) + A4(/)/i1t1 + rd(r,ro)l = 0. $eight and ro rl.c shrinkageoccur.ing tro; r, +b aa1.
-
Rearranging to , = 150 daysi Ary'(r) :0.682 x 10 6mm '. For the
,erron o,er the sLppofl. we obrain. u,ing the procedure
aM'1.)=al,lr):-DL('l I
ol Tdble 18.4. a
lime-dependent cur!dlure o[
u9.71)
tiL I + x4\t.tri Ll/ =0.646 x.l0 6mm 1. The rimc-dependent displace-
This approach automatically takes care of the eflects ol ment Dr(t) at the irtermediate support can now be
shrinkage in the computation oi the redundant forces if delcrmined lrom [19.72] i{ we assume that the curvarure
thc forces N* and M* include shrinkage. The numerical distribution is parabolic along rhe beam (Fig. 19.9):
procedure is given in the following section.
Dr(r50) :
J^/(')M,,1dr
Conlinuous compostte struclures
: 2[+ x 0.6a6 ++(0.682 0.646)l x10 6

For normdl con.rete nru.turc.. lhe approach ju.r our-

I'ned rs ver) rd-cl) used. bul for compo.ile (rructure, ir x 3660
oUer. a convenienr s"J oi l\e torce{ de!etoping
"ndi),,ing
: 2460 x 10 6.

arrer contrnurt) hds been pro! ided b) d ca,r-rn-iru joinr,

which r. no-mall) cJ\l ar lhe \ame trme a\ rhe deck According to 119.741, with E(ri) : 32.8 x 103 Mpa and
1a : 612 x 106mma, we findl
The force. A' dnd V*. whrch in a compo, e member
are primaril) due ro rhe drtlerenUat.hrint,dse ber$een rhe
deck dnd Frder toncrereq. are h,gh retdri\e ro rhc iniriat /i,ll5o): | =l!rdr
J at,)i:
lorce\ rn lhe preca\r girder io thal lheir rnfluence on the
arial ,rrain. Jnd cu-valure( dnd. hen(e. on dr.ptdcemenr\ 2(1.0)'. x 3660
r' no lo'rger negligible tn rddrlion. the secrion proFrries 3x32.8x10rx612x106
.4: and.la difermarkedlyfrom those oftheprecasr girder_ qNmm 1.
- 0.1216 x 10
F rom | 10._'i $e 6nd the lrme-dependent momenr derel-
Decf slabandlo nr oped at the intermediare suppo .
casr simulrafeousiy
AM,(,)
2460 x l0 6

01216 x 10 e(l + 0.8 x l.O8)

: -10.85kNm.
3660m
The value Lalculd,cd meanr rhat in the present e).ample a
Distribul on of time.dependenl curval!re l,r(t)
negari\e momenr ii induced ar rhe inrermediare,uppon.
This is so becaqse a posiaive time-dcpendent curvature is
0 685x10 6
induced in each girder, when simply supported, by the
predominanl efect of shrinkage. Forces such as the two
concenrrdred Ioad, appl,ed ro rhe girder. or a pre,rressinC
lorce. rnduced alrer conrinurty ha. been prorided wr
nol ,nduce time-dependenl moments or reaclrons e\cepl
those due to prestress losses.

l084kNm
Time-dependent lorces tnduced by sefltement
of supports of a continuous beam
r./,7o o \'lon dr. 11 D.e.-r g rdeF nnu(.o,,n,,1. b). In order to allow for difterential settlement of supporh
"" caJ-
in the design of a continuous reinforced or prestressed
 Tiw-dependent farces inluced by settlement of supports of a continuo t beetm 319
concrete structLrreii is necessary to know the settlement-
tjme relation, the creep function and the charge in the
properties ofthe structure during the period ol settlement.
Figure i9.10 illustrates thc development of parasiric
reactions of a two-span continuous beam due ro a
downward movemnt d of the central support. If the
movement is sudden andits magnitude remains constant,
the magnitude of the reaction will be reduced by creep,
tending to a final value lq-, as showr by curve / in
Fig. 19.10. In other words, relaxation takes place.
In the majority oi structures, the sertlemenr ol suppo s
takes place over long periods of time so that settlement
and relaxation occLr concurrently. The variation in the
magnitude of the reaction Ir is indicated by curve B in
Fig. 19.10, and it can be seen that the rnaximum value of F
is much smaller than when the settlement occurs sud-
denly- However, the ultimate value Fi for a gjven value of
i is larger. As it is the maximum valDe ofI that is a design
critrion, ignoring the fet of the interaction of rc-
laxation and setilement is uneconomical.
For the analytical treatment of rhe {orces induced
by diflerential settlement, we have to distinguish four
different cases:
1. Instantaneous settlement,
2. Settlement occurring at the same rate as creep,
3. Settlement following a standard rime consolidation
4. Settlement occurring at a rate not included in(1) to(3).
The first two cases can be solved convenicntly by rhe
aging coefficient approach. If the settlemenl iollows a
slandd,d lrme con\olidallon cur\e. rhe chdfl\ grven
rn
Figs. 19.14 to 19.16 are help{ul. The general case where
settlemert follows an arbitrarycurve is best solved by the
step-by-step procedure described in Chaprer 16, adapted
to the analysis ofdiffe.ential settlement.
Instan aneous difiercntial sefilenent h t
An instantaneous differential settlement ofmagnitude d1,
occurring at the age of conqele ,o, results in a dis-
Setllemenl occutring
0 ao Age
rir. /9 /0. Timedepndent fores causd by difrerential settlement of a
supportin a.onlinuous reinlorced concetebeam.
":,,(i.';)
at theinlermediate support 1in aslructural system made
staticaliy determinatc by .eleasing the redundant moment
at that support. The elastic moment induced by Dr at
age ,o is
M, = -D,|f,,.
The time-dependent displacement irducd by momert
Mt is Mrfnd and the time-dependent displacement
induced by the unknown time-dependent moment M(r)
is equal to AMO r l(1 + td). Compatibiljty requires that
th sum ofthe two displacements b equal to zero so that
Mttft + + rO): 0 f19.781
^M\t)1;11
Rearranging, we obiain the time-dependent momenl due
LMlt\ : M, -!-
t+t.p rl9.79l
and lhe total moment at time ,:
M,(.):M, +AM(.):M,l i
/ ,r\
.| +-l./4t/ [19.80]
\
The creep- and aging coefrcierts have to be determined
for the age ofconcrete ,o at whjch the settlement occurs.
It is interesting to note tbat the case of two beamsjoined
after they have been put in position can be conceived as a
continuous beam in which the negative moment a1 the
intermediate support is eliminated by a differential settle-
ment.s The resulting time-dependent moments for bolh
cases are expressed by the same equation (cf. [19.14] and
tr9.79l).
The moments imposed by instantaneous settlements
are reduced asin a relaration process(where the imposed
deformation is kept constant) and at in6nile time only 15
ro l0 per.enl ot the rnrliall) rnduced force remain5.
The presence of unilormly dislributed reinforcement
can be iaken into account by the creep reduction coem-
cients st and d, as discussed on page 268.
htstantaneous diteft tial scttlement in a n-tirnes
s t a, icalj indetemintte sy rte
We shall now eslablish the equations for the case ol a
simultaneous dillcrential settlement in a structure with the
same creep properties in all members.6 In the sratically
determinate system. the dillerential settlement 6t. occur-
ring at age ro at coordinate i, generates displacemenb q.
At ary time , > ,o, the elastic forces 4(ro) and the lime-
dependent charge in forces A4(r) h the statically indeter-
minate system add up toi
r,(r):4(,")+AF,(,).
Compatibilily of displacements is achieved if the fol-
lowing equations are satisfied (argument of the initial
 324 Tinellepenient lbres in conLinuous nterc siuctures
force and olthe creep coemcient being omilted):

D.\+\1114+LFJ,|1 + Tk) +...

.,frl:.,(, o tr9.87l
;
+ F,J1"d + LF"fhll + x.l)) = o
These resulls are iden tical to those found lor a two-span
[19.8 r1 beam (ct [19.80])and show that in ary sraiicalty indeter-
4 + FJ;d + Lr',|\ilt + xd +. mjnate system the elastic forces due to inslantaneous
setllement, 4, arc reduced to the valuc given by [19.87].
The magnitude olthe iinallorcc }l(t)depends on the value
+ F"i"4 + LF"lr"lt + xb) :0 of the coemcients d and l. If the seltlement occurs at an
The elastic forces 4 are obtained lrom [19.8]l with early age ol the structure (ro < 7 daysl only t5 ro 20
A4(r) :0, i.e.
per cent of the inirial lorces wilt rcnaini it ir occurs late
It ltu,du),,uor^S0percent .i1
$r,l rcmdrndl lrmc
D,+I1r1+.+4I.:0
Thc presence ol uniformly dislributed reintorcement
:
lr9.82l can be taken ;nto considcration in an approximate
4 + .kr1 +. +i;r,:0 manner by the creep reduclion coeilicients dr and flr,
where a1 is used for axial lorces and a, for bending
:
moments. For a continuous beam:
The solution ofthis mahia is

r.1 :/i1,D, + +/;J4 tl,l:r,l ffi) tre.87(a)l

t19.8rl
: Dltlerential settlemenl occurri.g at the
same rate as creep
where fi1 are the coefrcienrs of rhe matrix inversion
Using [19.82]. we can rewrite []9.811 in rhc iorm: In order to be abie to use the agjng coelicient for slow
setllement the following condition has ro be saiisfied:
Dft + LFJ\\lt + xd) +
:
6lt : .Y ,!14
,5

+ LF"I1"\I + x(b) : O
Itq.84] which means that the settlement occurs at the same rate as
Drf + LFkilO + x0) +
:
Let us consider a lwo-span continuous beam_ The time-
+ A4rk"(1 + rd) :0 dependent displacemert 4 resultingfrom asetrlement 61
has to be eliminaled by rhe displacement resulring from
the time-dependent moment AM1lr) such that
lF,(,)r, +... + A,F'(r)r" : r,l_t Dt + LMlt)l jl1 + xO) : o.

Hence,
A&(,)lL1 + + A4(r),
": D,liA 2L L
l,r,l,,u:
. t1e.88l
],,*" fttt+xO
From this it follows that The quotient ( D1ll;r) represerts rhe elastic response of
/, the slructure td a seftlement dr. and ihe term l/,at +
I.y')
rr)=( r,,rD, - ,;:r,)li,o !r\e. rh( reliet ot lht etarlic torcc b) crecp. l hu,, hs
^f M,(t).
^M\L:
: -r,# * u,yl: v,
t-.
fl9 86r
-r' + tQ [le.891

/* It can be shown by equalions similar to those for ihe

^r"(r): | /;,DL- 1..'D,) tl16 general case ol an instantancous se(iement rhat
is applicable not only to two,span beams but to any
[19.89]
statically indeterminare strucrure in which the settlement
| '1+t4) at di{Ierent coordinates occurs simLrltaneously and which
 Dillere rial setlement falla\,)ina dn,i time-contolidatian curt)e 321
has lhc same crcep propertics rhroughout. Thus Combinin-q [19.94] and Ii9.95],weoblain the force ai rhc
end ofthe,th interval
U.ttt U, lta a0
f",, : I ,+ l!
L+p,
Dillerential settlementloltowing afly
lime-consolidation curve
' 1r.,," ; aa, i ro,-, o, ,r
The calculation ofthe time-dependent ft,rce F(l) requircs
!!e knowledge of the \tifness ol rhe member. ot the
variation in th settlement with iime, and of the creep 'lr,*+'yl []9.961

p.operties ol lhc concrete. The problem is, therefore, $here Fi I : lorce (reaction) at the beginning of the ith
$cl .uired'o- J ncp-b)5r(p (a Lulalron. d. fropo\ed b] intervai.
Chrh..,l ' ,l;::creep coeiilcient at the end of the ith
Relcrring to the reaction F of Fig. I 9.10, ler us divide thc interval lor a lorce incremenr applied
t
period at the end cl which is required into ,1 intervals, during theith inlervai,
not necessarily of equal length. The change in caused I q- modulus ofclasticity ofihe concrcte at the
by the seltlemnt and btr creep during any inrerval j is
assumed to occur in the middle of ihe interval. We can middle ollhej!h interval,
calculalc themagniludc oflF at the end ofany;th inrerral ,i : modulus ofelasticity ofthe concrete at the
(time rtj r) ii the magnitude ai the beginning of the same middle of the ith irlterval.
interval (time tt r)ls known. idj : differential setdemenr occurring during rhe
In gcneral terms, the relation between a chanqe in lhe jth interval,
evcrnal to'(c Ai and hc ins,anrJr(uu, deuecr,in Ar aL and
the poinl ofapplication ofihe force is ofthe form: K" : stillness coeflicient determined by lhe
AF: K",rol"Ad [19.911
theory ofelasticiiy.

where KlL = srifness coemcien ! determined by the thcory Equation [19.96] gives a step by-step method ol cal-
oi elasticity (this coeflicient can be readily culating the forcc I at the end of any ith irterval if rhe
related 1() K" of Fig. 17.8), valucs of lc at the limits of the prelious irtervals are
known. Ilan adjustment i. thc level ofsupports is made,
Eo = modulus of elasticity ol concrete at the time
this can be included in the term Adj.
ol application of AF, As mentioned earlier in the discussion of the srep-by
d1d / .e(onJ moment of areu oi lhe .e. ron step methods of computation. only a few steps are
For necessaryinevaluaring !9-961 so thathandcompurarion
a continuous beam with two equal spans of Icngrh I
and the centre reaction F, lhe strflness coefficient can bc used- The eflect of reinforcement can be aliowed for
is
,(", : 6lr. by an appropiate creep reduction coeillcient a-
As an example ler us consider a prestressed concrete
Let us assume that the setrlement occurs over a lons
per rod ol r'nc.lhe e c\rrj deflecrron d -r ring rhe
foot bridge- The bridge is contiDuous over two equal
lrh inrerva'l spans of 20.0 m and has an expected differential settle-
berng relared lo the.oad rncremenl At, during rhat ment o10.12m, its ratc ofdevelopmen! bcing as shown in
inlerval b] fl9 o ll, so tlar
Iig. 19.11, starting at age .o:30 days. What rs rhe
marimum iorcc induced by this settlemenr'l
, (.q1" 119.921

where4 : modulus ofelasticity ofconcreteat themiddle

ol thejlh inierval of limc.
Due to crcep, this deflection ircreases with time, and at 1.0
age ,r+ r the total deflection can be wrirlen in the form
3 oa
dr+,: I Aaj(l +dtj) [19.9]l ,9

3 0.6
where drj h the creep coefrcient at the end of the ith
interval for a load applied at th middle of thejth interval. .9
with AFi : Ir+1 ri j. [19.92] and [19.93] yield ; 0.4

-tt a2
+r - ,)L(Ft+L F ,)KJllr+d,,). t19.941
Denoting the settlement during the lth intervai by Arj, we 23 7 14 28 90 180 360 720 1800
can also writc thedefleclion at theerd ofthe rlh intervalas Time(ioqscale) days

a,., :I a.i,. [19.95]

F,, 79 //. Sertlemenr linrc and creep tme cuNes lor thc .xlmpte oi
 322 Tine-dependent fotces in &ntinuaus .oncrete snudures

/. -- 0 0685 ma. dt-.30) : 2.0, and E s : Thus, the maximum force is Fa: 69.9kN at the age of
25, 10'MPa.
--\te_as,sume The,variation ot Elr) rs assumed to 720 days. The maximum mom;t induced by ditrere;rial
rollow the equation:rr settlemenr is M : aa(2t)/4: 69.9kNm, and represents
45 per ceni of the moment of l560kNm which would
El,)= E-^t-l / occur under sudden settlement ol0.t2 m at the agcof 30
"\ 4.2 0.85r
d.ry,.
The value of ,("J":6 x 0.0685/20r - j1.4 x 10 6m
(sillce K", : 6/13).
The rime rnlervah are,elecled so r hal during each otthe Diflerenlial seltlement progressing at a
hr't iour interrals 25 per cenl ot the tolal seltlemenl Etandard .ate ol consolidation
(: Thecorresponding intervat boundaies
0.03 m) occurs.
dre 30. 70. I 10. 2 I 0. 720 and I n.910 diy. I l0 )ear,). Forthe general case ofslow settlement olsupports, the use
As Jn illu.r'alion. lel us conpule lhe !Jiue d)r. th^ i5 of[19.96] can be aided by design charts which wil now be
the creep coefrcint ar the end ofthe third interv;l ior a developed. The consolidation rime relation is normally
load applied at the middte of the firsr inierval. At the givefl ir the lorm of values of 6(l)/r- versus the ratio
middle ol the first inrerval, , = 50 days, and at the end of ir - ,o)/(r- ro), where
the lhrrd inrendl / 210 dals. U\rng rhe ACI .. creep d(l) = settlement at time l.
rormuralron tor nrucrurar concrete. grven b) I t0.46l and j. : ultimate settlemeni,
06.491, we find
: ,o age at which settlement starts.
(210 x x 50 0'113
d., :
50)o6
d(210,50):
1.25
and ,- : age at which 95 pr cent of the settlement has
10 + (210 50)o 6 occurred.
t 2.39
The appropriate values arc given, ior instance, by
: l.t8 Terzaghi and Pecke, but for our purposes amathemadc;i
lunction is more convenient- The expression
qhere_1.19 is rhe lalue ol lhe relerence
creep coefficienr
,l d" : I e\p[-]u l(,j1.- tu)l [19.97]
Tle other drj values arel agrees closely wirh Terzaghi and peck,s data (except that
they assume that 92 per cenr of the total settlement has
drr = 071
occurred at the age ,J.
4r = t.09 Qzz = 0.75 Figure 19.12 shows the variaiion in the mag tude of
fuL: 1.28 ,:1.08 drtr _ 0.78 the se(lement-induced reaction wilh age in the form oia
o1t:1.51 04': t.43 Oi:t.33 O4=014 plor ol r \e ralio of rhe actual reac,ion I (rJ lo lhe reaclron
d51 : r.88 d5' : 1.74 dst - 1.63 051= 1.45
inJuced b] a sudden se lemcnr /o. forconcrele lodded ar
the age ol28 day,. d\.uming a colstanr \alue of.tiffness
dss:1.0e. E7 and a creep coefficient d- 1.90. The range (/.:
The forc induced at the end of the first inrerval is ob-
,o)
exteflds from zero to five years. The CEB-FIp, 1978 creep
-
taiqed from [19.96j wirh E5o : 25.9 x 106kpa: formulation" was used toesrablish the graphs. The creep
coemcrcnl do t.qn correspond. to a flo\ coefficienl
-
r- ul 25.9 r 106
10 6.0.0J-0r d, -
2.01o. a norional lhicknesi /,. 0.40m -
,-;;;{51.4 Figure lg.ll plor. lhf same raLjo of reacrions as an
: 23.4kN orJinare agarnst rr
/or lor ages al apphcalion ot load
ol 7.78.q0and160dd),tor lheca.er_ _ I !edr.Thevatue
At the middle ofthe second inrervai when ,: 100 days.
rroo : 26.5 x 106kPa- Then, usins the coefllcients wilh
ot d . rs l-90 rd. -
2.0ra. before. I urlher charls are gi!en
in Figs. 19.14 to 19.16, which show the maximum vatue of
the first subscript 2, the force at the end of the second
interval is found to be:
fr,r Fo and also rhe rdlue ot /.
Fo as a iuncrion ot the
time during which 95 per cnr ofthe differential setdemenr
occurs, (t- -
a=21a*IIJ{
' 1+0.75
,o), for rhree ages at application ofioad (28,
90 and 160 days) and rhree noiionat rhicknesses (O.ldm,
0.40m and 1.60m) for values of4;- between 1.0 and 4.0
23.4t1 + r.09) corresponding to the values of r{y'. given in the graphs.
.[,,, r10 6x0.06
25g m- For example, in order to evaluate themaximum and final
fo'cc\ de\cloped rn rhe tuolbriogc anaty.ed on pJge r2l
:41.5kN. \ e find rro'il tig. l9 l4,uq ng o. t.S Jnd [n - 0.40m,
thal
-
Similarly,
for ,:210 days: F: = 58.2kN, F'""=0.48 r 156:74.9kN
,: 720 days: Fa = 69.9kN, when G- - ro): 500 days,
,- 10,930 days: F5 : 56.6kN. and I- : 0.18 x :
156 59.3 kN.
 Dilferential settlenent ptogressing dt d stanla tdte of consolidatio 323

0 100 300 500 1000 5000 10.000

Ase (ooscaie)-days
riq. 1q.1). Rcl^tn,n hetween ratio alrlrl; a.d as. Lr conc.ere asumins consrant $iltness Er: age at applicarion oI
load:2E day\ d; = 20:,t = 0.40n;t- ro)= timedurinBwhich 95 per ent oflhesertleme.r occu$.

ihe seltlement ldays):

30 50 100 300 500 1000 5000

Timesincebegtnningoiselttemenr(t,o)(ogscae) - days
La.19.jJ. RelalionbetwecnratioF(r)/Foaidtime{, rlllorcon*ete:.g$a!lhebesinningoisettlenent..o=7,28,90and
360days;,ri = 2.0;/'o = 0.40ni(r- h): limedo ne{hi.n 95 pei ceni of tnc sexlement occurs.
324 Time-deperulent foft^ in tontinuous co .rctu structure s
0.8

t0

- 0.4

: .-,,.
Q,2

1.0 100 1000 10,000

r 1,rr(log sca e)- days

04
=
I --)

=0

10 10,000

0.6

_!,J_-:
9

0.2

o
(") 10 100 1000 10,000
1/- rol ( os scale) days
a(.191l Relation between ratio at),/I; and line durin8which95 per cenr olrotal seitlenent oco61..
to)ior various eepcodlcienrsolconcrete: aseatbesinninsolsertlemenr,.o - 28days;(a)/,o - 0.10m.
(b)Io = 0.40n, a.d(c)/b = 160m.
 Differ.ntidl scttkm.nt pragressina at a starulard rnte af consolidatio S25

- ---1i,----
16 -a
I04
--a l

100
1 ll oq s.ale) da)s

F(0: : ;1.
'06 --TF:1
:

02

(b) 100 1000 10 000

r/. tlllo! s.ale) days

(c) 10 10 r00 10.000

r/- 1,rr1oo scate) days
Iia /9/J Rclation berBeen rario ai,l,/I; ard timcduing which 95 per eni of total sctllcnenr occu^
(,,,.0)lorlaiouscEepcoeficientsolcoeiE.ientsofcon.rcte:agealbeeinningolseftlenent,ro:90da)rsl
(a)i. = 010m, (b),h = 0a0m, aid (c)ro = 160m.
 3 26 Time-dependent Iorces in continuous concrerc s:r.uctures
10

I-
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
100 1000
l0 (rm /o)(os sca e) days

0.8

0.6
=
I
04

02

0
(b) io r00 1000 10,000
(lm rd( os scare) crays

.9 04

10
lc) r00
(r.
I000 10 000
d(rog scale) days
,p ,!,0 8e |on ber-ee|qr.o l",,' roqnJrjm-o,. ns"t"i h05per.m.otror,5plt.metrro--u^,r
/n lor,,noJs.re.n{(lii\je'..or!01!p'e rd(dr oeCrrnindot..r,enfl
(.1r. ,,i roodrl.ir"ri" O.rl]m
lb)/'n od0m. and l.o0m
 Rekrcnces 327
.ontinuous reinlorced concrele beams, /CI Jo'rnai, 66
'.14o pp. r0- l5
I TROST. H.. Aussirkunsen des SuPerposilionsprinzip aut 8 I AI ( t \\ARNfR. P L,:l''.nl'ige and crep rn
and
Kriech- und Relaxalions probleme bei Beton ond Spann rlder(,m'10re \r'u!lure, DodBhs \'lcHenr) Srrpo'rum
beton,Beton MtlStahthaorbar,62.No. 10,1967'!p 210 on Concrele and Concrete Stluclures,,4"ri'4' C'n'rel'
8:261- 9. Innitute Sn..ial P blication Nr. i5, 1978, pp 305 20'
2. BAZANT, 2., Prcdicljon of concrete $eep efl{ts using Tt R./ACi:ll. x anr PI-( K R 8.. so'i vP, nu,r. 'n
rge-adjusled eflecrive modulus method. ,CI Jo'rndl 69. Engineeting ?tutice | 2tu1e.tal, J ohn Wilev and So's: New
1972,pp.212 11. \.r[ 1961.566 DD
3. DILGER. W. H., Creep analvsis ol cotrcrete
qfrn'nrcs
10. )l. H I ALLAARL P.J and Vl RL{A\' K Rc
Anctican Cindete Inshute SpetiaL Publi.dlio No' 76' .ri*'"r'.;.,n ot rome-r' JJe ro c'eep I
pre'lres'ed
1982, pp. 325 39. .on.re e re"m., pr.rea f celr on 'unoort' dnd "lierw rrd\
4. DlLdER. W. H., Creep analvsls usins crcep-transformed ;;;; ""., I {a5L p,b,i a,,oa.. 22. rn,e-nd,,ondl
sectior pioperties, l'resrres sed Coictute l$tilute J o6nal A:sociatior ",",,.
for Bridse ard Strucrural EngineerinS. 1962.
27. No. l, 1982. PP.98-111.
5 RUSCH. H.. J.NGWIRTTT, D. ANd HILSDORF. H.. 11. ,rcr cotlUtr tt F 204. P eJ,.rron o' creen. .hr ntrge
rrni\.h; Si.hluns der EiDfliise von Kriechn und ,nd Lemoe,i,r'( efl (r. . concreLe J'r.ru'e'. De"rsn nP
Schivinden des Bci;ns aul das verhalren der Tragserke' r.' I fle:r' o- creeD. Shrik"ge d o Tempemru'e' n
Betot nnd Stahlbetonbau, 1973, No 3, pp. 49 60, No. 4. i".-ii" s,-"-. ahsiat\n''e. tatn P sD'dat
pp 76 86,No 5,pp 152 8. P$li.alion l, PP. 51 9)
N o. 27, 1g7
o. jrilrl. r., lana/er \o,8inge. L,' rrfe vot"'. pp.Iid 12. ci;i-iri. u.aa c"a" i", con.retE s,!c''res, comit6
.he Ie-hn,iche Hoch'chJle. / rch, la__,66 E,rro tnternational du B6ton F6dration Irrernarionale
""""* A,. DILCER. W, ANd NEVILLE. A, M" TiMC'
? EHALI. de la Pr6contraintc, Paris,1978,348 pp.
<leperdint lorces induced bv set!]emenl of supports in
 Chapter 20

Time-dependent
delormations of reinforced
concrete structures

So far we have considered uncracked concrele members A proper assessment ofthe effect ofconcrete tension is
only, but, of course, many memters in servjce are. and particularly dilicult {or th purpose of the computation
are erpccred to be. cracked. This is e,pecrd lhe case
)
wrlh u rrmale loaJ and lrmil stale de.rgrl melhod,, q hich
of both the inirial and tirne-dependent fl exural defl ections.
The same applies to the deflection due to shear and to the
ollen re\ult in rhe design ot ,hatloqe- ,eclion, than wa\ tr!isl cau.ed b) lor.ion. {n accurxre prediction of rhe
the case with the older design mcthods. The use of such efrect, olconcrere rn tensron berseen rhe Lrdc[s is diftcult
seciions has consequences upon deUection and, in facr, as it depends onmany diflerent parameters, such as bond
prediction and conrrol ot deqections have become in_ properties of the reinforcing steel, crack spacing and
creu.ingl) more rmpo ant $ irh lhe u,e,,t higher \rrengrh reinforcing details. For these rcasons. rh m;lhods dis-
or mdrerial, J1d $,rh rhe reoucrion rrt toad tcrorr rnrro- cu$ed beloq are appro\imdte and .ome engjneering
duced during tlc last lwo decades. judgement is needed wirh regard to the interpre-tation oT
In Chapter 17 we considered prestressed concrete: that the results obrained.
r.. e,,enr l' c""cL-iee.,.r1ior I omfdred \\ ,h pre
" "
.tre...d .o1. r(l(. reinior..d corc,e.e L rt elr ro c\hihil
rub'tdntial ) ldrge_ de8ec,oD, becau,e o, rhe ore,en.e Flexurel dellecllon ol beams and one.way slabs
olc-ack. becau.e or .ne ab.en-e ot p..,r.,i,ng.o- It is usual to refer the totai deflection at time
"Do
mtrts, which counte.act those due ro externally applied , to the
rnstantaneous (initidl) deflection, do, and for this reason
loads.
some comments on the calculation of the instantaneous
Knoqledge and conrror o[ oeflecLion, in concrele defl ection are necessary_
structures are important for two main reasom: first. to
warrant th strength of structural elements which are Initial defectiorl of a cru.ked beanl
suscptible ro buckling or which ma) be overloaded as a
Figure 20.1 shows diagrammatically the moment
resull olldrgede8crion\ (e.g. pondrng ota flar rootl:and,
cruvature relation (Mr/r) fot a beam. For values of
second. Io \arirty lhe ser viceabrlit) crireria. r.e. to prevenl
mrment lower rhan the cracking moment, M",, the slope
damdge lo non-srructural etement\ Although unsighlly
oirhe V ., relarron represenr" rhe flerural rigidiry ofrire
\dgging does not neces.aril) lead ro srrucrr,-ral damagi.
uocrackedseclion.rEl rr.Above V.,.15.-16;ru non-;,n.o,
a large delormatron of a strucrure alwals gires rhe lrdnsrlron betqeen Ifl rr and the \alue ol the fu lty cractd
rmprersron o, rnadequate design and ma) frighten rhe
nexrlrdt figrdll] tfll: near lhe \iejd moment tr',. the
lgnorant.
trdn\rlron srilthe.s is denored by tL/r.. .lhe mome _
Most design codes limit deflections indirectly by speci,
" ma\rmum slenderne* curvdrure rela on ma) be idealned as a bi-tinear drdgram
tying rdrios. bur the conrrolling
regulatjons are rn some cases roo resLricrire and in orheri
as.indrca(ed in F ig.20. t. Upon unloading rhe piune tt
lollows.lhe dashed line ot Fig. 20 t. which ma) be
unsound as.elidenced b) Lhe numerous case, otdJmage
assumed, for computational purposeq to pass througi the
ongm.
Before the introducrion of the ultimate limit state
design methods, the calculation of deflection of flexural
lhe_stdndard e\p(.sror tor lhe.n, at rela.t,(ldellec
I ron ol dn uncracked fle\ u ral member ot con\rant flexural
membrs was usually based on the uncracked concrete
section, with the rsult that, if the member was actu2ltv
flsrdrt) (E/} : A/ rs

cracked. rts deflection $ds underestimated borh al th'e

time o" Ioading and .ubsequentty On the orher hand, t20.11
rhe assumprron ot a completely cracted member
with no
lension carried by the concrele overesrimate, lhe de- where M''"^ : maximum bending moment in the span l,
flection. In order to obtain a reliable estimate of the K" : adeflecrion coemcienl depending on rype
fle\urdl dcfreclron;t i.. rheretore, nece,sun .o determrne ofloading and rype otsupport, derived by
the effec(ire scond momeDr ot area ot rhe secrron. /.. srandard methods of strucrural analysis
which lakes a proper account of cracking; that is. of the {lo_ u\rrl r!. l- q).
ca\es :ee I
concrete in tension between the cracks and of the whole
Eo : moduius of elasticity of concrete a( the
section in the regions where the concrere is uncracked.
time ar application of load.
 Ilexnal (lefrettian ol hetms antl one'\rat slabs 129
I,: i([no{p + p')]'?+ 2nalp + kdp')) nalp +
p')
[20.4]
and /r. is lound lrom th relation

A 'pDI ,1,, r. r rr I k,r l Lll

ror\
) , )ro7't' r

6M ^. "
E
t20.51

However, inmosl cascs, only a smallrror is introduced if

\EI)./
it is assumed thal t.: (1 i,,i 3)
In these cquaiions:
p - .'l"i(ld) : tensbn steel area ratio'
p' - .lli(bd) : compression steel area ratio,
,1',,, l' l',

aia
C!.va1ure
.1r.1 Diaprnomaric repae tation oI lbe momorl{uralurc
and l' : depth of the compression steel measured from
the exireme compression fibre.
Elaxon lor ib.am: .v" = yield momenl,I1.. = .racking fioncnt.
For a singly rcinlorced beam, [20.4] reduces to

k. -.rr((pro)2 + 2pno) p,o. t20.61

I: : sccond momcnt of ara ol the translormed
uncracked section. except ihat steel Dccd
h is wcllkno$n r'a that normally the compression steel in
not bc included when nopl < 0.1, fiexural members does not have a significant e$ect on the
\ h.ue ol A. 'o r\al 'n non cJces rl (Jr be neglecled
tr. = modularratio atthe iime atapplicalion of u irh Lhc vdlLei o" r L/ r, JnJ lL/,, o- I Jnd I:. lnown
Ioad. ftom the abole equations, and assuning a bi-lincar
and p, : total steel area ralio. momen! curvature relation, it is possible to calculate lhc
For n frllv crasked beam. with no tension in the deflection oi a cracked member, but such a procedure is
laborious and probably inexaci because ofthe use oi the
conorele. the flexural rigidity: is
ideallzed M /diagram and because ol the variabilitv in
IEI),: E"A"ltL xV t20.21 the crackjng behaviour. For ihese rcasons, many dillerenl
ot lEt),: E h\ld - xJz t20.2(a)l ;mD|led e\orc*'ons lor /. have been oelelopcd The
mod.r\etLlor rhe.(:. Brun'or ' cnpincdlc\lre'sion: for
where E" : modulus ofelasticity of thc steel. thc e{Iective second moment oiarea of a cracked section:
Eo : modulus ofelasticity ofconcrete. tM \r t /M \,1
.1" : area ol lension stccl.
r I"'' li
'" I I lli [)0.7-
\M*'/' I \M-"/ l'
/ : eflective depth of lhe beam, where &{"''" : maximum moment cver applied io thc
x : depth ol the neutral axis, mcmber.
and z:leverarm. M., : cracling moment,
I1 should be noted thai, in this chapter, the customarv I: : second momcnt of area of the trans_
notation lor reinforced concrete is adopted, namely. the formed uncracked seclion,
area of thc tenslon stccl is denoted by ,'1. and thal of the and /2 : second moment of area of the luliv
compression steel by .11. Considerjng the value ^l F in t'he cracked section.
term (EI)1 as equal to that of concreie, Eo, lre find from
t20.2(a)llhe following expression lor the second moment The exponcnt q was iound from experiments 1o be
of area of a fully cracked coDcrete section: equal to 4 for individual sections, and it was cstablished
that tle same equation. but with an exponent q 3, can :
I1: - x:)2.
n6A"ld t20.ll
be used for the average effecti\'e second moment of area
Putting r : td and z : k"d, this equation can be ex- for a simply supported beam subjected to a uriformlv
distribuicd ioad.In thc latter cas, [20.7'l takes the lorm
t,: oAdll k,)k.. t20.3(a)l
: (-*a')',: t
In a singly .elnforced concrete beam, i." : 1 k^/3. so
," ,
[, (J^tl] [20.8]

that [20.3(a)] becomes which has been adopted by several codes of practice
6 l
The cracking momcfll can be dclermined from the usual
r,: noAillt - r,)(1 - k,i3). t20.1(b)l
The value of i. for a doubly reinforced concrcte beam is
f20.91
given by
 3 tt' T m?-J e pend pnt detornot n^. oJ h i lot. pd t rn. t ct c int\ t urt.
where lh - modulus of rupture of concrele. whcrc ,f : compressive strength of concrete in
and )l : distance lrom ocnrroid of the transformed MPa
section to the exlreme tension fibre.
l* : ,4J(b*dl = tension steel area ratio in the web (in a
As menlioned beror(. lhe,lcel may be neg'e(red in cal-
rcctangular beam p- : p),
culalrng rhe proper es /- dnJ l;of the concrere.ecl,on
if the steel area ratio is small_ and o" : _, , : ttr... in tteel un,ler ma\rmum
According to the CEB-FIP, 1978 Model Code.3 the r moment (in MPal.
modulus ol rupture is
Fquar,on [20.15.l(onrain. rhe main paramere^ $ hich
1-:0.30/3Ji(0.6 + 0.4n- i,4) t20.l0l inlluence rhe contriourion ot lhc conc.alc rn the cracled
tension zone to the stiflness of the beam: the tensile
where Iy1 : compressi ve strength of concrete cylinders in strength of tlre concrete, the amount ofreinforcemenr in
MPa.
the tension zone and the stress ir the tension steel.
and /l : total depth ol the srructural member in The shortcoming of [20.15] is that ir does not offer a
smooth l.ansition of the ellective stilTness lrom the
The term in brackets is not to be less than unity. The uncracked to the crackcd stage, but for beams which have
AmericanCodeACI 3t8 ?:'recommend.theerpies,ion definitely reached rhecracked stage this expression works
well, as illustrated in Tabte 20.1 and in the example on
[. : 0.6J /..,. [20.11] page 336. For slabs with small stcel percentages, this
Although [20.8] was initially established for a simply approach is not recommeniled.
,upDofled be"m ,JbleLred lo J Lnriorn t\ di.rributed
io"d. onl\ r .m"ll e or j. inllodLced r rhe e\T.c,non i: Lons-tern deiectiol
applied ro othcr load co.figurarions and end condilions. The .a,cula.ion oi lrme-dependenr defie(ron i5 com.
Fo. conrinuous beams. the mean value of the ralues ofle plicatedbymanyfactorsofwhichthcmostimpo(antare:
at nid-rpan and oi.he alerase raluc at rhe supporls will an increase in lhe depth ol the neurral axis due to creep,
lead !o a re$onabh reliable predlction of rh. deflecrion:e -cdin.ibrlon oi,tres.e" $rrhin the compre.,ion zone,
r.:
jt1., + +(1., + 1.311 [20.12]
formation ol new cracks and widening ofexisting ones, a
time-dependeni change in thc properties ofbond between
where I", : second moment ofarea at mid-span, concrete and st1, and shrinkage.An exactsolutjon taking
and /.1 and /.3:second moment of area at the two account of all these paramelers is exceedingiy complex,
continuous cnds of rhe span. particularly because of rhe downward shiir ofthe neutral
axis and oi the lime-dcpendenr deformarions resulting
With only one end cortinuous. lrom the concrete in the tension zone. which are dil]icutr
r.:j(r.,+1"1). to lormulate accurately. Slncelittle is to be gained ftom:rn
accurate solution o{an inaccurately formulated problem,
The initial deflection is ihen expressed in the iorm
it is adequate Io use approximate methods such as a
simple'usLdined modLlusor.impte mutriptier, apptied ro
,o : x. [20. ] 3l lhe eta.lic deuecron. the nr,t approach -equirer the
E.r.
shrinkage deffection to be calculated separately, whereas
The accuraci o[ tne approach ot t20.8] i\ d.rrdred i rhe secold approrchallow, the.hrinkaee Jefleclion lo be
in Tdble )0.1 tor rhe re,r dara of Wd.hd and I tuck. o All in(ludeo rn rhe mulrrplier,. Wc shat, firsr conyder rhe
lhe beam, were simpl) ,uppo ed and.Lbiecred lo a long-term dellection due to creep.
unilormh, drstrihDted ln:.1
An alrirnarive approach. used. among orher,. bJ Leon-
_
hd, dr dnd Ka)arl.rr \ u and \\ inrer.') d;d by Ne\;tJe, ri.
Delection due to ueep
The oldest, and perhaps simples!, approach to the calcu-
ba(ed on rhe dejleclion ot.r tu ) cracked member, wrlh
lation of the defiection rcsulting from thc creep of con-
lhe ellecr oI rhe concrele in rennon and of rhe uncrdcked
crete is the effective modulus approach. In this mcthod.
zones allowed for by a reduction iactor do. so ihat the
effectjye stilTness is expressed in the form (E.I)" :
$e u\e rhe effecti,e modutu, L Lu | , ott.to))
(Ell. do Thi. Jllo$' L. lo eypres, rhe rniriat Jeflecrron in,redd of lhe initia modu,u, utelds,rcirl 1,, and henci
replace the value Eo in [20.1] and [20.2] by E,, and the
in the lorm value n0 in [20.3] to [20.6] by l',: rotl + d(,,ro)].
This approach has been used successfullv bv maav
a": %K. (6r), [20. r 41 researchers! 'r,11.1s.16 alrhough some orhersi cliim thai
lhe eflecLire modrlr, melhod doe, not grv d good
I1 is suggested tha! reliable values of deflection are ob- agreemelt h ilh e\Denmenrit reiults. Hosever. rla proper
tained with the following empiricai formula for do: account is laken olrhe ellecr ofthe concrete in the tension
zone and of tle deflection duc to shrinkage, excellent
d.:I +>0.4 t20.15l agreement is achieved with experimenlal rcsuks. as dc-
monstralcd by lhe comparison in Table 20.1.
 JY
CEB:5
9gge
9 R9Ss3

,9
:,a

I
9

=E
o
e5EA ;ai
EEsEE
E
iq

1^a

? E
ri 8: :; 99
.:
,9 ia
eE
E

=-
.! e SAFE : lai
d*E 5
"-!
5--
9E
E
B-e HSHgH :: -:
6.j3
o
;-g
E
,.:E
:
l:j
.9
; it
EA
e 3s E i{
312 Tine dependent delbrmatians oJ reinlbrted caffrete sttu(:ntres
After ihe initial application of ]oad- the etrect ol the redistribution of st.esses duc to crccp in a step by slep
concrele on lhc stiffness ol the tension zonc is reduced
by relaxrlion and by the formation ol new cracks, as The second approach to compuring lolrg{crm dc
illustrated in F;g. 20.2. Thc reduction rn stilTness duc to llcclion i\ to mul!iply thc irilial elastic dcllection /o by
thcsc iwo causes is rpfropriately cxpressed by dividing lactors \rhich nroperly represent the eflec1 ol creep on
lhe second term of the right hand side of [20.]il by deflection. This rneihod x used by Branson,5 Mayer,13
fl I d(r,hll. Thus, Trost and Marnz,r Corley and Sozenl' and others. Ac-
btl' cording to ihis approach, the creep deflectjon is prcdic-
j:t
' r""'f1 + dlr. h)l 120.161 tcd by thc cxp.ession

where d,(r.ro) - creep coefiicient at time r ior concrcte

: aoK+.rt, ro) f20.181
^,k):
loaded at age ro. and thc other svmbols are as defincd where Kd reduction coellicient dependent on the
for [20.15]. ratio ofthc comprclsion stccl arca (or ratio)
Using this factor, we can calculatc tLc iong-lerm de- to the tension steel area (or ratiol.
flction (rhat is, the initial-plus-creep deflection) wiih, Bransona recommcnds thc ldlowing valuc ol Kd lor
oJr''r J c rlcJl,rrrgrl ein:,ial JeRecrr.r h\ rh..(\prJ..run

K4:0.8s1(l+sqrl
' (Er)., f20.r7l [20.19]
tor low reinforcement ratios. as used in slabs. thc use ol
where M-"' : mariimum moment due to the sustained this coeffcjent is reliable. Howcvcr, for bcams rvith l) >
Ioad. 0.007. this coel'licienr seems to overestimate the creep
rnd (E/),, deflection as indicared by a comparison ofthe theorctical
- sccond momeni oiarea ofa fuily cracked
.e(ror.il.Llr eo sirl'L /,. and enperimental results ofrests performed by Haddad.'o
For such values oip, a bc(cr agrecmenl behveen dreorv
I .lo-ld be ,ored .1,]l. " rh 'Lql- th. cffert re nn and erperimenl is achrered \rith Mayer's coellicieni'3
dulxs meihod is valuablc in calculating the defleciion, deiined by the equation
it cannoi be used accuralely to dctcrmine the stress dis-
tribution in the compression zone as thc st.ess strain Ad: *. [00fno) , L t20.201
relaljon is complicated by the different stress history ol trll lt
diflcrcnt fibres. The error is. however. not large. as shown
which is represenred graphically in Fig. 20.4. For p' : 0
in Fig. 20.3. which compa.cs thc ellcclive modulus
approach wirh thar ol Elias,'1!r'ho takcs into account the .ri,, :,1\i(100p,0). t20.20(all

Theoreli.a sJress
-

Iir.1i., Dl.grlnrnalic representation.l disliburion oI stres in steel in a cracked be!fr

 Flcxurul delection of heums awL one wav slabs 3t3

-..!+r
:q --l ',li;
.-t
-

'l

ooo t.,,,
. .() -l
Stre$andslraindhtrihutioninasinglyreinlorcedstionrapproa.njrr (c) und* su$ined load using the eltedive
(a) at atplicltionol loadi (b) undersusraincd load using Elial approach with tension in.onoete neglected.

during, and shortly after, placing ofthe concrete;none of

05
these is krown accurately a1 the time of design of the

As mentioned before, engineering .judgement is neces-

zI o.+
sary 1(r produce a rliable prediction olthe deflcction. The
following iactors need to be properly assessed: agc of
concrcte at the application of the load, inlensily and dur-
3 o.s
ation ol suslained load and the curing history of con-
.9 crete. The latler refers to the environmental conditions
suchas temperature during, and shortly aftcr,casting and
tbe rclative humidity. It should also be realized that i1
is the actual slrength of concrete, and not the design
slrength, which should be used in ihe calculalion ol the
modulus olelasticity and of the modulus ofrupture of the

In some siruclural members, cracks may form or

0 0.05 0.10 0 15 0 2a o25 0 30 dfl'elop long after th initial application of load even
pna though thc load remains unchanged. Shrinkage. tcm
peraturechangcs and the reduction ofthe modulus ofrup-
a,r. ?0.,7. Rclalion between.reep defiecrion coedicienl,<, and rn" Iot
or'Ier<or ."lre.o , 3
,, ture under suslained load are causes of rhis addilional
cracking.

For beams with iow reinforcemeni area ratios, ard for
beams subjecled 10 moments only marginally above the
cracking momenl. the value of K., given by [20-20]
urderestimates thecreep defl cction sincesubstantial parts
ofrhe beam are uncracked and their sontribution to the
creep deffection is increased by the creep factor.
tn the ligh! ofthc information provided by Heiman.'zr
Blakey, and Clarke et al.,2r it is clear that there are
numerous faclors which are not accurately, if at all,
reflected by the above approach or by other approaches
ro rhe deflecrion problem. Load' applrcd Juring con-
struction, particularly al theearly age, have an important
influence on the deflecljon at early ages. and so have thc
construction sequence and environmental conditions
Deicction dre to shtinkase
Independently ofthe applied load, shrinkage contributes
to the deflection of a structural concret member- This
much is cedain. However, as far as the magdtude ofihe
ellcct is concerned, opinions ofexperts vary very widely;
this is iuustrated by the plot of the shrinkage curvarure
coefficienl K$ in Fig.20.5. This shrinkage curvature
coefi.ient represents thecurvature generated in a beam of
depth i : I by a unit ollree shrinkage.
In Fig. 20.5, K"h is plotted as a function ol the tension
reinforcement ratio /, for three diflerent ratios of com-
pression to teNion steel lario, p'/p. Trost and Mainz's
curvesr (adopted in a dishtly modified form by Rnsch and
Jungwidh':a) starl near a value olK,b : l.0for vcry small
 334 Time-dependent defomations of reinlorced concrete siuctures
; r.o
o 0.8
I
,*
0 {l 020 0.025 0.030
Tension.e nforceme.t area ralio, p
com!,a.ison ofshrinkagecunatlrecoenicienh (.i ot Branson.r Beebv.li and Trosr r
Ien:ron sleel area ralto,: a\ p tncrea\es, K". rncrea,e. for
p p=0.bur decrea.e< tor p p-0_5 and p p-t.O
I,ranson i curre, sla near K.h _ 0 when p is rer) smd
and inLredie wrl\ p lot p-p -0 and tor p,p-_05
However, when-p'/p : 1, K.h :0 for all values of p.
Beeby's curvesls lie between those of the two other
investigators.
Trost and Mainz's curves cannot be correct because. for
ver) .mdll percenrage' o[ reinforcemenl. lhe efecr ot lhe
rernlorcement on'hrinkage curvalure vanishes eren iilhe
beam is cracked. On the other hand, Branson's curve for
p'lp : I car,not be cor.ect ither because a cracked
doubly reinforced concrete beam will develop
some
shrinkage cu ature as a result of rhe shdnkage of the
uncracled compre..ion 7one. In rhe cracked rensionzone.
shrinkage wiu add littte to the srrain in the steel, excepi
that it will result in an increase in the widlh ofthe cracks.
For this reason, it is thought that the curves ofBeeby are
m-osr plau'ible. and Lhe] s i be adopreJ tor r he predr;lron
ol shflnkase curv.trr re
.shrinkale curvature is calculated according to the
.elation
V",{rl: -r",$ 120.21)
where 6,h(r) = free shrinkage,
&h : shrinkage curvature coefiicient of a cracked
reinforced concrete member (see Fig. 20.6).
and I- eflecrive depth olrhe member.
The resulring (hrinkage deflecrion A ejven b) It-.Sll.
wbich is repealed here ior convenience
0.035
a"h(,) : Ii,h.,,r'"i(r)l'?.
120.221
For simply supported beams, (.h.. = *; for olher sup-
port conditions, see page 274.
_ Bransonr5 has proposed to include the shrinkage de-
flecnon silh rhal due ro creep by moditying lhe mu[i-
plier ot [20.lel as lollows.
(": 1/(1 + 50p'). 120.231
For beams withp > 0.007,this coefficient seems io be verv
hrgh. and rl is. lheretore. preterabte ro crlcu,are.hrinkage
deflection separatety and to add to it the creep deflecri;n
ol [20.18], with rd defined by [20.20].
Conpafiso of cdculated Mlues with test rcsutts
of Washa and Flucklr
The results of the two approaches to the catcularion of
creeD dellec on d^cus.ed earlier are compared \rith the
\
ob,erred deflectrons ot asha and ftucl. The re\r para-
meters and the results are compiled in Table 20.1. The
iDilidl deflecl,on. oi borh approache, (ompare selt w h
the-re:ls. for lhe rheorelicaj prediction ot rhe tonE-term
delleclron\. a conslant value of shrinkage s,h_ 750 .
l0 6 and d - 5.0 were errracled trom re[ence tO. Bolh
values are ver) high bur can be e\ptained by rhe ver)
sorkable concrete. wilh a Jump ot,50 mm. fhcse\alue!
were used for all the beams, although it is well known that
the cross-section of the member allects both the creep and
the shrinkage (ree Ch. 12) in rhat smail members develop
hiher time-dependent deformations than larger ones.
This trend is clearly re6ected by the results ofTable 20.1.
The time-dependent deflecrions of the thicker members
 Bean subjected to oariable loarl or to differential settleneht 335

.9

b0.

-9 o.

Tension reinforcement area ratio, p

Ar d. Rdatim bdwem shnnkaee.uwruE oeEcient K,L a rei.foMent ratio
-?r
conpreseon rernlo(ment area ratios p.Ll
rne tasile / for different

are overcstimated arrd those of the smaller members Eo = modulus ofelasticity ofconoete at age ro,
underestimated owing to the use ofconstant values of d
and 6"h for all the beams.
E1 = modulus ofelasticity ofconoete at age ,1,
1"o : second moment of area for load applied at
age ,o,
Beah sublecled lo variable load or to and I"1 = secord momena of area for loads applied at
dlller6ntlal seltlement age ,o and tr,
ln many actual structures, the magnitude of the super-
The second term on th.ight-hand side of [20.24] should
imposed load vades with time, but it is rarely that exact
be recognizd as the iitial deflecrion ao due to moment
inJormation on this is available. Nevortheless, ir order to
make a rcliable prediction ofdeflection, the magnitude of
Mo. The creep deflectiondue to the twomoments at, > ll
the sustained load must be realistically assessed.
Ifa major part ofthe sustained load is applied at a later LaA): aoKbft,td + a6a4)O,t). l2o.2s)
stage, this should be reflected in the deflecrion calculation_
Two factors should be consideredt first, the reduction Ifthe structural membd has to support temporarily a
in the flexural rigidity determined wirh a new ratio relativly heavy load at an early age, as in the cas when a
(M"./M^") in [20.8] or a new vatue ofdj in [20.15], and member ofalower storey has tosupport theweight of the
a higher value o{ the modulus of elasticity at the age of fresh concrete of an upper storey, the ellect of the
application of the additional load; second, the reduc- temporary load on defle.tion shouldalso beconsidered. A
tion ifl ffeep for a higher age of concrete. Although not reduction of the moment by Ml at age ,r leads to a
rigorously conect, it is recommended to calculate the reduction of the initial deflection by
creep deflection due to the additional load by muttiplying
the additional initial deflecrion by the appropriate value , E,I. [20.13 (a)]
of }id and d.
Theinitial deflection due to the suprimposed moment
M1 applied at ag to is:
The deflection at r- due to the temporary load is
detemined with the irecoverable component of creep
(-rqoMt* + &1M1" )r, 4"*6* 1. developed betweer the ages lo and ,r. According to the
E,1", E"r.o CEB-FI P, 1978 creep formulation,3 1he irrecoverable pa
(ct [12.10]):
is
f20.24)
where i<,o : deflection coefrcient for configuration of o,(t,t)- p"ai - p,(t,) +.bilpttlt ftti).
t20.26)
moment Mo applied at age to, All the terms of this equation are defined in connection
f,; : deflection coefrcient for conignration of wnh [12.10]. Realizing that the oeep cofficient in the
moment M1 applied at age 11, CEB-FIP approach is defined for 4:ra, we car
 336 l ime-dep?nrlent defanndtions al rcinlorrcd conUete structwes
express the irrccoverable de8ection by With lhe steel stress undcr M--, o" : 35.12 x 10 3r
(0.816 I 10 r x 0.870 x 0.318) : 156 Mpq we find.
usins [20.15]:
^,r/):i r [Kd,,biir]. ro rl. t20 271
t'. l)6 )
The et.,live \ccono romenl ot ar<a, /., .Jn be o(Ler- du:1'0 ora; ^ r16,:o.sll
o
ni'lcd hJ 20N o b) /r ro. whJre /. anJ ru rre detncJ
by [20.]'l and [20.15], rcspectivety. An cxample demon, -
For the load,configuralion given. Fig. 17.9 yields K,:
slrating the applicarion of rhis cquation when load is 0.0951 so tha!, from [20.1a], the initial deflection duc
removed lrom a slab is given on page jt8. to the two point-loads is:

_ Changes in moments may atso be induced by dif- 0.olt . n0951 . 3l 09 . l0 r .4.101

x l0l
ferential setllement of the suppo(s. It a reinforced con-
ri.802
crete strucixre undergoes difl'erential scttlement. rhe :5.77mm.
charts of Chapter 19lFigs. 19.t4 to 19.16) mav bc used
w,rh d r(JLced .reep c;(ftcrenr (,d,rr /,1 in.redd ot The observed value is 5 86mm
a41r, to). The use ol these charts for reinforccd concrete Now. for the initial,plus-creep deffecrion. rve have, for
structrres is srraightforward if the sccond momenr of d(360,281:2.50: q = no[1 + d(360,28)] 30.66; aIso, :
J-ea (. i, L4.h/nged Juring.he se emenr pro(e\\. 1hr\ from t20.71, with n, lnstead of ,1o, t, :0.594 so rhai
i, rlr cdse if rhe ma\r]lum momenr g(nerdred b) rhe x:189mm, z:25smnt, and (a/L,: s.4,lMNm,.
,elllem(nt doe: nor e\Le(d value. reacted previoL.t) tl From [20.17], with d. : 1s6MPa.
lhN rs noi so, a proper assessment has to be made of the
6 .\'26.2
average value of Ie for the srr cture during rhe settlement :0.914.
process. A conservative value ot the lorces induced h! (l + 2.5)0.0142
or'rerer, rl .elleF-(nl r,
^h.di1eo $iln a \dlue or lhe
Thus.
second moment o[ area equal ro the alerage ot thar ar the
: ----
11 6a 1 10 I x 4.10'?
b.snnrns and thal ar rh end ot the settlemenl period. ,r(160) 0.9i4 . 0.0951 x 103
5.46

As an erample of calculation of defleclion. tet us consider For p:0.0142 and p':0, Fig.20.6 yietds a shrinkage
a simply supported beam iested by Haddad.ro lts cross- curvature coefrciert K"r : 0-79 so that, according to
: 0.350m, d 0_3l8rn. and
scctional dimensions arc l]
t - 0.1,{n m. fhe hear \pxn,4.10m ino- up ro rhe ag(
[20.21] and [20.22], rhc shrinkage deflection at agc 360
days is
ol Joo ddy, ri,Jblecrcd ro r{o Lonc<nrrdted loadj_ each
a.h(160):+ x 0.79x2t)4x 10 6 x 4.30r/0.I7
1.75m l,om rhc nedr \uppo . prodLcrng a mdrimum
bendrng momenl M - 3l.bgk\m. Ihc mdrrmum mo- :1.18 x I0 3m: 1.l8mm.
ment due 10 the sellweight of rhe beam is 3.43 kNm so The creep deflection due to the two poiflrloadsis (9.94
thai the total momenr at mid-span is M-.- : 35.12 kNm. 5.77):4.17mm, and the creep deflection due to the
-
Other data are as follows: self-weight of the beam (deflection coeficient - S/48)
is obtained by proraling this deflecrion according to
Iy,:262MPa at age at application of load /o
: 28 days, the diferenr deliection coefficients Aa. and to the mo_
Eo : 22.9 x 10r MPa.
5t .: : 049,"",.
4 : 201 x 10r Mp4 .^.----.
tlo - 8.16,
^d(160)-4.r? 48 00951 ll 69- ' '
The total measu.ed deflecrion is the initial deflection due
.4, :0.8t6 r l0 3m1.
to the lwo pointloads plus the time-dependent de|ection
6.h(360): 204 x l0 6.
due to the total load so that
p _ 0.0t42,
a1360): 5.71 +.4.17 + 0.49 + I.l8 - 11.61mm.
d(360,28) - 2.50, This compares very well with the observed value of
p, :0. l1.il0mm.
We first check whether or nor rhe beam is cracked. With For comparison, rve shati now use Branson.s
th: -Tldull: of ruprure. raken as t_:0.6JI= approach.s W;th the known vatues of 1r,12:
3.07MPa, 1::760x l0 6ma, and -yi:0.r60m. we lEl),/Ea. M., and M-", we find the efrective second
lind, usins [20.9]: ,1{".:14.54kNm < M-"-. From momenl ol area according to [20.8]:
[20.6], ft. : 0.390 so that l" = 0.870, and from [20.3 (a)]:
(EI)2: 201 x l0r x 0.816 x 10 3
,.-f:i::)
' l5 ,
r 12
.oo o" |L -rlilir
\rs.t)/
i
I
x 0.318?(1 0.190)0.870 t375tl0 6

: 8.802 MNm'. :402 x 10 6ma

 Defectio oJ urwo'\|a) slah 137

and the initial deflection; duce ihe most reasonable results with a relatively small
computational enort. The wide beam approach with
0.0951 x 31.69 x 10 rx4.30'1 modifications has been used by a nurnber of
"" x l0 :
I 6.05 mm.
,79 ^ r0'^ 402 l0 " workers.3o,3',32
33.14

According to the $ide beam approach (se Fig' 20 7),

$hich also comparesvery $ell with the observed valLre ol
the deflection is determined bv adding the dflection of
5.86mm.
the column strip in one direction to that o{ the middle
The time-dependent de8ection due to creep and
strip in rhe other direction, i.e.:
shrinkageis found using [20.18] with$e coefficjcnt ,(, of
[20.23] for p' : il: t20.28(a)l
Aa(360)= 6.05 x 1.0 x 2.5: 1512mm
so that the total deflection, including thc creep deflection [20.28(b)]
due to dead load of l.79mm, is and
and Iindicate thc directions. and
The subscripts r '
d(360) : 6.05 + 15.12 + 1.'79 - 22.96 mm. reler ro colirnn .rto and middle 'rrip.'esDeclrvel)'
For recLangJldr panel'. diferenr \arue' oi "re ob_
Clcarl\. thrs rs ei(cessile
taincd kom rhe l$o eqtrd ion' 'n shrch ca'e Ihe arerdge
Vaier ' creep dellecl'or cocfficienlr3 i' found from value of thc two results should be used:
E lb.4 * rh aop - 0'la ro be & - u.lq5 'o rhdl
rhe
f
a =+(a,. + a,- + ay" t,y-). I20.281c)l

Aa(r) : 0.295 x 2.5 r 6.05 : 4.46mm. ln order to be able io use the wide beam melhod, the
moments in thecolumnslrips and middle strips in the two
Includinq thc creep deflection due to self_weight of the
directions r and ], musi bc known. Thes moments may be
beam o{ 0.5lmm, we obtain the totaldeflection
obtained eithr from a direct design method, wherebv
: 6.05 + 4.46 + 0.53 + 1.18 : 12.22nm. certain fractions ol the total static moment are assigned to
"1r) crilical sections of thc positive and ngative moment
This value, like that using the effectile modulus q,
compares very well with the experimental resull, \Ihere- dco
as Branson's coeficicnt leads to a significani oveF
estimatioiroi the time_dpendent deffection of this beam'

dc1
Delleclion ol a two-way Elab

It was demonstraled in the previous section that the

deflection of beams can b predicted with a reasonable
acLurac\. I nloll'lnalell, lhi' ''
nol 'o for lso_su)
.r,h.r"- Dimcrhies ariie from rhe rhree dimen'ional
n ature of the oroblem. the uncertainty about the xtent of
reinforcement ratios' Assumed s!PPo11 line
cracking, ani from the verv small
which isult in a large differnce between the second >']. s cor'
momenl ol area in the uncracked and in the fullv cracked
state. The urcertainty about the extent of crackingis due
to thefactthat the modulus ofruptureis notnecessarily a
reliable indicator of the cracking moment and that
shrinkage, particularly non-uniform shrinkage, afrects
crackin; in ;oncrcte slabs.27 We shouldnote that reliable
ernerimintal inlormarion about lrme-dcpenden' deflec
r,on ol one_\ a\ and l$o_qav 'rabs conlarning 'mall
amounts of ste;l (say, p < 0.007) is scarce' Differential
shrinkagc due to aggrgaie segegation, as reported by
\rlander.)3 mav corpound the problem in som ca'es'
Mea'.rrenenrs oi Jab deflecrrons in buildrngs 53ve
shown thal there may be a dramatic increas in the
defleciion with time: ratios of long-term to short-term2 3''e
J"n""ii.". *.gl.g r.o- 4 to I o hav; beer recorded'
Such increases in d;flection with time canrol be predicted
Jn\ of Ihe e\r.ring formulde lor 'ong-term dcfleclion'
bv-oiihe
ranou. approache' ro predicl 'lab deflecrion'' (c)
2,7 t.rn,ld.rr,r. ."'re u'o. l'"am m \od-' rr' .'dire rior
lhe uide beam meihod. ..rmbincd trith Bran.on ' effec- ,,1,
rive.e.oB,t momenl oi ared lormulalion.'scem' lo pro_ l-.id.r e (b, r.d' 1 r'or'.ro'ng,1J'.' como ed berd'1s'
 333 Tine-dependent dejomatio s.)f reinforced conuete
structures
,/oncs rn the colLrrn o.rd mrJdJeirrip, rvp rete,cnce
'-om the soldlled equivatenr irame merhod., ..bl. or for creep deflection. The reason lor rhis is rhat members
the $ ilh ,1larl reinrorcernenl rario,,/, . U.0071 beha\e
moment5 rdenlrned b) e her ot rhc L$o apfrodchec drffer-
dre eqtlJ lrum ho,e qirh more .ree, On .he o.,rer
a\rune! to be \on\tdnl over the wrdth L,t lhe stnp\. ll hdnd,
Branson's multiplier for creep deflections works wetl for
should bc mentioncd rhat ihe widrh of rhe hali
coiumn 'mdll ia-ue5 ot p as dcmonitrar<d b)
strip on cither side ol the ccnare-line oI the columns rhe (idmpte ro
is lo'los. The mLch targer rcterive crer:p deflecrion
ds\umed,o be0 2s,rmes thermartcr pdne, ormen,,on .lhe oi Jabr
\lflp bertreen lhe boundanc, oi rhe co,umn .trip\ i. mdy be e\plained bJ rhe frcr rh.rl in menber. u
h small
amounts of steel only relatively few cracks form and
defrned lhe mrddle ,lrip. tl L ,.r the.e ,tup, rnd .hei. that
porrl re",and n(giri\e rromenr\ rhat rhe oefleclion. the creep oi the conc.ete betw;er cracks is best relleclcd
are by a m ultiplier which is closc to the cre6p coeflicient
of the

The shrinkage deflecrion is determincd by the pro-

For a uniformly loaded struc.ural member subjected cedure outlinedfor beams. The shrinkasedefleclion
to oi the
end moments Vj and 1,, Jnd I mid.p-n monent Lncrar ked /one. oi (he.tdb i. (.rtcutdred b) rhe procedure
,l.,lll 1.,.", u . u, !M, U.
u,,. rhe m,J_p",, grven rn ( haprer I7 {paqe :71t.
deaectron rs expresscd b]

One o, rhe burloints.lab. monitorcd b) Heiman),

'" =
uff'*'' **'n', *
',, t20.291
i. used
lo e\plirn lhr dnal)lica procedu,c and lo compare rhe
re5rlt. u rhc ob\cr \ed raluc ol mid-tab deflectron.
r. risn,oJ,tJ co,recr ont) ir M, - rr'r: ii 'rh
Jlt.,1u"l,q,
M: + Mr it iq only
I he mea\rrement\ $er( raken over a penoJ of
llou
apnrorimate dd \. l, h ree dnd d hdlI v(ar,, on.n rnreflor pdnetot
.
Fo- eqrdl end moment,. !r. . y.. rhi. equdrron .r.n- /l
or con,lant lhrcknes, o.24ln _ 0.2tom,
a 5lJb
ld $ilh rhe
drrrcn,ion. ,hown in Frg. 20.r dno 20.q repr(senrrng
.":fr,:**,,, [20.29(a)l
Heiman's Buitding No.4. The formwork was removed
ar

The.e cquar,on. auromarrcall) rnc,ude thc

.otatron. cau.ed b) unbaJraced effcct oi end utrr_n--
'I ht cnd momcnl,
elleclr!c .ecund monrcnt ol area tor d conUnuL,ur
Tember ma) be isumed to be l\e d\eragc of
lhdl Jt
mrJ-span anLr at the \-Lpporl,. a. e\pre*ed b) ,10
t2l.
I hc.pan 1 u,ed rn 20.2q1 need.
| some drqcuc.ron. Some
$orkers use .he clear sp,n /..,. whrle .lhe^ u.e lhe
dr:'ancc belqeeq co,umn a\e. /. in our optnron,lhe
(pan ,hoLrrd al$rys be u.ed clcJr
tor lhe Tiddte \rnp. oLl tor
'he co'umn 5lrip only rJ rhe column drmen\ronr tr L __ JL- tr
a-e re.
laliver) .rrdll. t-or Idrge columns. the crcar ,pan
teao5 ro
ar overe,t,mdrron oJ rhe defl<crion. I or rhe Lomputlrlion fi, ,r.8. Floorirt.n oiHeihan\ buil{linE No.4.r,
ol del,e(rion5 il i5.,herelore.,ecommended lo L,ea ,pdn
eqral to thc.clear span ptus the effective deplh
rember. e. t" - /-r, d /. I hrs in(rea,e in span the
ot
aoore
,ne crear.pan \ rnlended to compen\dre
tor th( putJ-oul
eiccl
^,.lhL reir{orccmenl " thera(eoi rhe.olumn.nhr(h
arways tead\ ro a rmdjl di,conl,nuity at ,he ld(e ol thc
corrmn. thF disconlrnurO is mJnite.led b) d
retatr\e,y
$rde c.a.I drolnd rhe cotumn which can
bi obserreo in

r
vrrtuatt) atl reinlorced concrere llar slabs
As mentioned before, Branson.s ellective
second m.-
menl o[ shou]d be u,ed tor s.rU. tecau.e rrre,o
"rea
coelicient of [20.15] was estabtished for beams
with
p > 0.001.
It should be mentioned that in a normat rcrnlbrced
conc-ete.ldb o.rly the cotrmn \trip, are (racled u
hrle lhe
nroore \lIp momenl\ a.e normd,tl connderdbiv
\mafl.r
'ha n rhe crackin! moment.

Iine-depe ndent dqe ct ion

+
For lwo-way slabs, the esective modutus method I
and the
multipliergiven by f20.2ol do notgive satisfactorv sions oi an interior panel oI
results
 Dellection o[ tt tvra \9tt]' slab 339

theage ol21 days while thc slab u as still carrying thc load \r l ttirlJpjlet,o, oj rclunr,t t'n-drc.tna
of thc slab above equal to
5.91kPa. This load was The effectivc sccond momenl of area, 1", at the section
sustained lor 34 days. Thereafter, only thc dead load of over the supporl (per metre width) is found as follows.
5.51 kPa $asacting. The concreie strength al lhe age of 28 With ,h:9.3. and p:0.0060, we find /r,:0.282 and
days was 22.8 MPa, and the strcngth al1he rge of 2l days t. : 0.906, so that I, : 0.365 x 10 I m4.
is calculated to be 21.9 MPa. Othe. rclevant data are: Also, M".lM''"':27.2/74.57:0.365, and /" = 1.166 x
l0 rm4. with this information, wc calculale,
p .0ouoo,' .\e.ecuo .ubjecred ro muvrtrll
moment. /.:0.1653x1.166x10 3+(1 -0.3653)x0r6s Y l0 3

r.h(1300)- 620 x 10 6, d(]100,21):2.0,

:0401 x 10 r ma.
:
,o E(21) : 21.1 x l0r MPa, At mid-span, with p : 0.0026, we find
no : 9.1. ;(28) : 22.1 x 103 MPa.
k,:0.197,1,:0.934.
E1s5) : 25.0 x 103 MPa.
I, :0.182 x 10 3ma,
Olher design data are not given in relerence 21. For this
rcason. the momcnls at the rarious sections in the two and M",/M-" : 27.2/32.12 : 0.841. Also, I.:1.166
dircctions are established according to lhe ACI Code6 x l0 I ma. Hence.
.t. :0.847r x 1.166 x 10 + (1 0.847tr)
clauses for an intcrior panel- 3
The siatic moments due to dead load and thc moments
x 0.182 x 10 r
due to dcad load and conslruction Ioads (given in
brackcisl in the j and ) direciions ar:
:0.779 r 10 rma.

,u, : +r'Dli. -1, : i5.51 \ 1.32'z t 1.24 Th mean value ol 1" for the column st'jp is

: kNm (553.8kNm) r. j(0.401+ 0.779) xl0 r:0.591 x10 3m1'

267.2 ^..,:
and The inilial deflcclion of the column slrip is found ftom
L-20.29(a)l using the moments of Fig. 20.10
and after
,My:+,!Ji.,l,-*5.s1 i 6.48'?x 7.54
eslabljshing lhe span to be used lor the calculations, viz'
:2i8.1kNm :
1452.0kNmJ.
1.- : 7.32 + 0.22 : 7.s4 1.:

The distribution of thcse moments to ihe various critical

sections is depicted in Fig. 2010. The values in brackets q'-:a'213'101.542
, 0J91 , 10
are those due to dead load plus construction load. '
L'ing l^-0.6\2l.rl-)gr VPa and / -0.)4r1 '/ lzl14.s'7 + )2.t2) 74.571 : 8.06mm.
l2' l.loo . l0 'mr n, rhe cra(\rng momenr N found
to be M", : 27.2kNm/m. lb) lnitial deflection oi mi(ldle strip i y diredion
Both moments in this strip are smaller than the cracking
momcnt so that the value 1": 1.166 x 10
3naisused
ior the computation of do.,-. The effective span is 1".' :
6.48 + 0.22 : 6.70m. Now,

6.701
a.^:r,zr.rrro x 1.166 r 10

x [:(18.71+ 16.14) - i8.74]:2.32mm.

The lolal initial dcflection at lhe midpoinl ol the slab is
ao: d0,," + do.".,: 8.06 + 2.32: l0lltmm.
Repeating this proccdure for the column strip in rhe )
dirclionand thcmiddle strip in the I dircction.we obtain
./o : + 3.90':7.97mm.
4.07

The average valuc ol the 1wo results is ihe inilial

deflection at th mid-poini of the slab:
ao: (10.18 + 7.97)/2:9.18mm.
The recorded initial deflection was 8.60mm. The partial
deflection due to the dcad load of the slab is
t 4-u u va c..r\\r"',1'(r',.p.'ad
t'u"r." r",a l. i*"r.a,i lor rhe cxample on'ddrou.,JrJnnL.
page ib. a!.D=s18 5.51 (551 +5'ol):4'43Inrn'
"oi
340 Tine-depenient de[arndtians of rcinfot1d oncrete structutes
(c) Time dependent delectian x l0
The creep deffection duc to thc dead load is readily
4,y',h(1300) - 620 6

calculated by mLrltiplying ao.D blr d : 2.0 and ,(d :0.85

0.0186(1 +0.82 x 2.0)
(from [20.19] with p' :0). rhus, Tr , nnqs\rl
AdD(1300) : 0.85 x 2.0 x 4.41 : 7.53 mm.
1 + oorsol * (ffi) 1,,
+ 0.82 2.0)

0095
Thecreepdeflection due to a temporary construction load ::5r8
(, /()'
(J ^ 10 'm L

which is applied up to the age of 55 days is found by

calculating the irrecoverable creep occurring between 2l The correspondins deflection is
and 55 days. From ihe table of Fig. 16.17, weestablish thar
ihe flow coellicicnt corrcsponding to the creep coellcien! Ad"r.y-(1300):+518 tlo 6 t'7.241 /101
.y'(r:,211 : 2.2(assumingthal.at ll00days.90percenlol - 1.70mm.
rheu.rinarecreetr"oe\eopeo I ig. l).4,dii.Jtn-o\i Thc shrinkage defiection a! midpoint is
irdrel) ,-br 7 5. \ 'rh hr,. sc 1'nd ll'c Iloq o..Jr nts
betweer 21 and 55 days from [20.26], with p"(21) : 0.217 Aa,b : 5.18 + 1.70 = 6.88mm.
and p.(s5) : 0.097:
+ 2.5(0.52 0.36):0.52.
lf)TotaL deleoiolt
dr(55,21):0.217 0.097 Thc total dcflcclioD is the sum ol all the component
Thc coeliicicnts li ar read from the CEB'FIP, 1978
graph in Fig. 12.4(d). With this inlormation we can now d(1300): 9.18 4.06 + 2.03 + 6.88 = 21.57mm.
+ 7.51
find the irrecoverable deflection due to the temporary
construction load, remembering that drisassociared $ith This agrees surprisingly wellwith the recorded deflection
E(2rJ):
It should be mentioned, however, thal in this example
2l ,l x 103
Ad(1300) : (9.18 4.43) x 0.85 r 0 52 known data about the concrete were used. Withoui the
221 x r03 information about the actual stre gth of concrete, lts
: 2.0lmm. modulus of elasticily, creep and shrinkage. the results will
be less reliable.
(dj Elastic recoury at the ase ol 55 days
With E(55) : 25.0 x l0r MPq and E(21) :21.4 x Dellecllon due lo shear
l0r MPa, the elastic recovery upon removal of load a!
Shear deformarion of uncracked beams and of dender
the age of 55 days is equal to
cracked beams is so small that it can always be neglected.

Ad"r5)r ro.l' - 44J,:

. 4.0bmm.
But after the formation of inclined shear cracks. shear
" 250^ t0, delormation may be subslantial, and tests by Leonhardt
and Waltherr6 3r have shown that, under high shear
k) Shtinkas? defection stresses. the deflection due to shear can be of the same
Let us consider lhe column strip in the r direction. With order of magnitude as deflection due to bending. Since
p : 0.0060 and p' : 0.0026, we iind from Fig. 20.6 the comparativeLy high allo\:rable shear stresses are used in
value (.h : 0,{0 so tha! the shri*age curvature at the many cases, shear defiections, especially in short beams,
should not be ignored.
620
oon.nrl 106 |5.t0,n The proposed calculation ol limc-depcndcnt dellections
due to shearis basedon the elastic shear deBection so thal
A! the mid-span ol the column strip, lhe shrinkage cuF
: we have io stari by finding the lalter delleclion. Dilger\
vature is found using ,li"r, 0.44:
approach,3s using a modified lruss analogy, will be used.
044. -670 6. l.'o r0 n
It is assumed lhal shear cracks form when the shear
't ^- oii 'o slress rcaches a ralue6 of

The resulting shrinkage deflecrion of that strip is prc : V : 0.l6\ l,r + 11r" V,] f20.t0l
dicted using the avcrage values of the curvalrre and ', h_l
&h." : 1/16 (s,e pase 274):

- - '- _.54: :
I
d.^ . t'100) rr '5 t 1..2b, 4.28nm. I/ shear force,
b. : width ot the beam web,
For the middle strip in the other directjon, lhe shrink d = elTeclive depth,
agc curvature has to be established lor the uncracked
condition. which is given by [17.71]. With pro : 0.002 x
p.: A.l(b*t),
9.3:0.0186, l:0.82 lfrom Flg. 16.17), .r(1300,21): /""r : compressive strength ol concrete cylindcr,
2.0,J1 : 0.095m and r :0.070. we find: and ,U : moment at ihe section investigated.
 Delectiar ol d t^,"s"! sldb J4l
When the shear stress excecds I]c. thc wcb of a rc and that ol the stirrups
inforced concrete beam is assumcd to behave as a truss.
f20.331
as indicatcd in Fis. 20.11(a). Assumi.s the cracks to make
an angleB, and theslirrups an angle a, with the axis of the where r., nnd .s! arc thc strains in the slrxl and the
beam, we can derjve the loUowing relation belween the stirrups, respectively. Equation [20.31] can now be ex-
shear angle ) and the deformations of the concrete strut pressed in the form
and the stirrups (see Fis. 20.11(b)):

4,. 4.. (cor a + cot P) sin

sinP ' sin (
[20.31] t20.r4l
,(col, + cot lj) (co1d + cot r)sin'z1'
Using the truss analogy, the iorcc in the inclined strut is

: shorlening of ihe concrete compression strut C": Ylsl'n ll [20.35]

(negaiive), and the tensile force which develops in thc stirrups is:
: clongation of the stirrups,
4",
x
and , : k,d: lever arm (cl [20.5)), ot z -118d. I = I/lsin [20.]61
where I/-
shoar lorce in the section. The area slressed
The deformation of the compression slrut is by the fo.ce C, is
4"" - e""Z,/sinp [20.32] ,4", : l-:(cota + colflsin tr [20.37]

Tension memb,er (stitrup)

;;7

rncrined compress o)

4."
z1- 1 A.'
(b)

Fir. rr.ll. Delomations in lhe web ol shearspan ol abeam wilh inclinedcacts

(b) Deromarions in web.

 312 Txne depentlent deformatians d rcinfoftul cancrcte structures
and the srirrup area carryi.g the lensite tbrce is Enp iul nodiJitation
11":p,&":(cola+cot/)sin(. I1 is \rell known lrom the lirerature on shear that thc
t20.llJl aciual stresses in stirrups are smatlcr than thosc resulting
The shear reinforcement area rario is defined by [_on rl( cla*ical lr r* I h\ can be e\nr(.red ir,l
$r) b!
"nr,,ri
dcur.,rng tt-( ,hedr rc.r.reo ot thc con-
'rmole
A:;r,-,i;,
"4, [20.3e]
( ere. r. irom rhe ruldl ,her.. t.,o lhrl .he.iIrLpr are
.r..uned ., cdr.! 'a( .heir or.c I l. Ihe.herr
wherc ,1",: cross-sectional a.ea of onc s mp(normal),
ln,,r i, rlFa (.turl ro..r.d$i ,, defir( b) L2r,rnl
xlo lesg. I llrodJ.ing - niner.rl,ne- tr,ro r, - r t/. I
: I - | , , ll0 441 (nn be $ntten rn rhe rorm
I." $.eb u,idth
and s: sli.rup spacing. . 1,. E. srna r sina I i(or, + (ot rr,

We can no$ lormulate e)(prcssions lor lhe strains in I rn'l ' ao,. 'n o
[70461
concrctc and ncel by the relevant substitulions. We 6nd The sinplified expressions oi [20.15] become:
the (rain in conc.ctc:

,1 A, + 4rop,
""'= r,,4-' r*, * -,pXi"1l [20.401
and
and lhe nrain in thc stirrups:
p+, 7,, !.E
t/l ^'-'"( [20'1-rbrl
: "
'i' I,/L, ;i""1, + t20.411 Comparing [20.a7(a)] and t20.471b)1, it js interesting
""10si,,, to note ihal bcams with stirrups inctincd at 45, have a
,e,e'a / .r / ,. ,,e.er . 'c.per, .! ].11. l]oddtr. considerablJ higher shear stiffness rhan beams with
' .1r. . ,. 6, ' ,. ..e.i .rd o e.or..r..re.,r rhJ Jge ar ve.tical sti..ups. This is thc resull of ihe smaller com-
ool ,..o' .d. I'c r.. . .lt rrr r. ,.{ obl..ned pression in the inclined struis in bcams with 45,, stir-
b\ .rb.' ur ns ,...,(.r.rrn.or l.0.J1lrfe\at-.,hom
[20.10] and [20.a1]. Afrcr rearrangins, wc obrain trom
rups.rT It rs clear rhat if the shear iorce varies alons rhe
[20.]11
he rm ne he.rr ..iln(,. A, , .o r"rie. I h( \her; Je-

,l'rtrr
ti".,.o. , .orl, 11,.""'A DL.'r,",)l .""=i"-*,.*;* t20.48l
[20.,r2] where 4r is the shear forcc due !o a unit force applied
\\. nou .c(.rl' rhc srdnddrd c\prestrron o, .he. .,rd n at the poinl at \rhich the dcflection is to be catcutai;d.
tn . 1r,,m.gc teox'
'ecrr.n Lolg -t em s he at defedi on
.vl If we areintercsted in the long lcrm deflcction we can stijl
':il,c-6' [20'4]l
use the cquations for (,
bur theprimary difference is thar
:
\ihe.e 6 shea. modutus. r:", musl include the rime,dependert strains.If the.e is no
and n; : shear stllTncss
sb.inkage, we simply multipty r", by Ii + .r(r.ro)]. Thus,
[20.16] becomes
we car .ner.-ore.or.idcr ,he (rm rr ,qL".L bract
eLr in
)n.j2l J rf. Inr.r.c ot hc o..r-cric,|I|q ,r(d. .r']he., A.l.r A.
p,4 sinad sina l(cot ( + coi ll,
or 3 concrete member Th,,\ k,sina,4 + p,no0 + d(r,/,,)l sina, [20.49]

and [20.17 (a) I and 120.47(b)l no$ read

(,= i.2,,l:" siaa r sinal(cot a + cotll:
$n /i + ,,it. \rn') [20.4,1]
(i'(r) p,E,
= b", f20.501
k" + 4p.,nrll + Olt.ta)f
Th. ..r ra r,, r .i-rptrne..^r .r.lrrdot] r {e nare er.rer
\cr'rcrl or 4. .ri .rp. Jl, ir uc matt ne rr,rom-rr
'..r rp ro- rl -l n. nc rr(J sr-.,1. rc " dr -1gie ot a5
For r: 45'and ,i : 90'
Kf 14 : b-'
t, +4tnrt + otrr", [20.50(a)]

Tte ,hi,r Jeflec .,,r .j re ro.h-rn,aac t obr. ned b\ fir\r

x:":b",t*Lo^r: [20.a5(a)l ocnr irp rl.e .\eJ. -rJle .i t-or, rru* ni.h rairaote
angles , and C. rhe shortening of the inclined concrete
and forl = 45'and = 45'
' strut due to shrinkagc is equal to the length oi the strur
multiplled bI rhe lree shrinkage, yiz.
,.i,=,",#*p" t-20.15(bll
:
4.". r',oir. r"l. sin, [20.s ] l
 DeJotmation dk to torsion 313
Putting 4., : 0 and replacing 4., in [20.31] by from
""h
[20.51], we obtain
a"h- 2x( 400)r10 6 x 3.00:2.40x 10 rm.
o.h(r,r.)
)+: Lotl) t20.521 The roral inrlral-plu=lime-dependenr dellecrion
P(cotd + ic

which simplilies for f: 45' and a : 90" to a"- : 6.86 + 2.40: 9.26mm.
):ho : 2s"h(r, ro) [20.53] For comparison, it may be inleresting to note that the
: initial and ultimate deflection duelo bending are 3.15 mm
and for p 45' and d = 45" to
and 6.04mm, rcspectively.
].'; : s",,{r,,"). [20.53(a)]
The shear deflection due to shrinkage of a beam is Delormalion due to lorsion
oblained by integration of the shear angie )"!, over the
length of the beam which conlains inclined cracks. For a
The volume of information on torsion ir reinforced
concrete providcs ample eviderce aboul the drastic
beam with vertical stirrups and a symmctrical pattern of
reduction of the torsional stillness caused by the forma-
inclincd cracks over its fuil length (as caused by a con-
tion olinclined cracks. As in the casc ofbending and shear,
centrated toad ai mid-span), thc shear deflection due to
we need 10 know the elastic postcracking stiffness before
shrinkage is
we can assess lhe long-term efiects on thc iorsional
[20.s1] deformation. The elastic pos!-cracking torsional stiAness
is well documented in the literature. and lor pure tor
These expressions ior time-dependenr shear deflections
sior information on time-dependenl ellecls is available.
duc to creep and shrinkage havc bccn verified by experi-
Howcvcr, such information is lacking for torsion-plus-
ments of Dilger and Abele.re
bending, and for torsion, shear and bending combined.
For this reason. our discussion is restricted to the case of
A' an e\amplc.lcl u..'on.ider a I00 m cdnrile!er cJrr) ing ln pure torsion, the drasticchange in torsional rigidity
a concentrated load ol P : 1.12 MN at the end. isgoverned by ihe formation olihe first inclined crack. To
The properties of this beam are: b" = b:0.300m, d : predict the cracking torque we use the theory olelaslicity
1.50m, p : p*: 0.027, ," : 0.012 (provided by verti- in combination with the cracking stresses recommended
cal stirrups), l:25.0MPa, ro:8.0, and E :200 x by Leonhardt and Schelling.4o According to these
103 MPa. For thc concrete used, d- : 2.5 and ,.b. : wo.kers, the value of the principal tensile stress which
400 x 10 6. Frorn [20.30], ,":1.03MPa so that leads to torsional crackingdepends on the shape and size
4: 463 kN. Hence, of the cross-section and lies between the modulus of
rupture and the direcl tensile strength. Evaluated by
k' : |20 463 :0 586' elastic theory, thc following principal stresses 01 have
1120 been Iound tu..ru,e craclins under pure ror.ron:
From f20.47], with: : 7/8 d: 1.312m.
in a hollow box scctioni d :0.241 f., t,'r Mpa
: 0.012x200x10tr
r.:o 0.300 x 1.312
"--0.586+4x8 x 0 012 in a rectangular section: when ,/b : 1,

l71 : 0.30(rr1)'?r3 MPa

: 974MN, ./hen hlb 2,
=
Equation [20.48] gives the instantaneous shear deflection .'1 : 0.34(^yj),/3 Mpa
1.12 x 3.00 when I/, : 3,
s'74 o, : 0.38(f,,)'z/3 MPa
From [20.50], //b : aspct ratiq
where
0.012x200x103 and Iyr : concrete cylinder strength in MPa.
K:9 : o.3o x 1.312
'- -- 0.586 +,1 x 0.012 x 8(1 + 2.50) These values were dctcrmined on specimens with a cross-
: 490 MN, sectional area of 0.11m'?. For beams with /y'b:2, an
increase ir the cross-sectional area from 0.047m2 io
Using this value, we 6nd the initial-plus-crcep deflection 0.42m': resulted in a decrease oi cracking stress from
0.36(LrrFts to 0.25(f,,)'?/3. This decrease is, without
doubt, the rcsult of shrinkage and temperalure strcsses.
a": l.l2490
x :1.00
= 686 x 10 'm Theseresultscan serve as a guide for estimating thc tensile
stresses reached in olhcr beams.
The shear deflcction due to shrinkage is found by mulri- Under pure torsion, the principal slress is equal to the
plying the shear angle of f20.531 by the lensrh of the shear stress ard can be delermined lrom the foilowing
 341 'rine-depentlent dehrnatn)ns .l rejnlbrtetl concrcte stru.tures

.jf
l-
--
T
bbr lr ,,J

Ii,
II la)
2, r.r. Deiriiion.i dinensions oI a saace lrus
6

l-
ac.ordtng (o C!B-Flp, 1978.!
(b)

are the dislances belwcr the corner bars (Fig. 20.12). The
lor a rectangular scction \,!all thickness ofthe bon is also deiined in Fig.20.12.
The truss consists ol longitud inal slringers represcnting
T lhe longitudinal reinlorcement concentrated at lhc cor-
t-20.55.l ners, and inlcrmediate shear r!alls reinforced by stirrups
and for a hollow lhin-walled scctionl
which act as posls. The concrcte struts in the inclined
shear walls transfer the diagonal compression as depicted
T in Fig. 20.11. The angle oiihe incl;ncd srrurs is normalty
t20.56l somewhat less than ,15', but for our computation of the
delormation ofthe space lruss. we can assume p = 45. as

f: applied lorsional momen!. Conc.ete compression s1r!1

4: a coemcienr given in Table 20.2.
b: thc smaller dimension ofttrc cross-section.
I: the larger dimension ofthc cross-section,
lr : arca enclosed by centre linc of the thin-walted
box section.
and q. : rv211 1hi.1r.r, olbox section.
Denoling the torsional momcnt at thc tormalion oi the
first crack by 4. and the princlpal stress l,1 ar rhe
lurmar,o'r or thJl cric{ b} I.. rte cr.rc,rng rorq.re i,.
for a rectangular section | 7., :.l",Ab1h
[20.ss(a)]
and for a box secrion: 7.,: L,A,qr.
[20.56(a)]
f
Postcracking slltfness in pure torston
The torsional stiflness of a member subjecled to pure
lorsion can be deri.red from a rruss model as in theiasc
of shear, bur for lorsion we have to consider a th.ee Lonqiludina str nqer
dimcnsional model. The space truss model was 6rst
applied 1(] design for torsion by Rausch in 1929a, and
furiher developed by Lampert.a,
In our derivarions, we first establish the torsional
stiffness without considering the effect of the concrete in
tension. and ihen modify the resutts by introducing a
coefficient kr to account for rhis effecr. The derjvation
iollo{, "ronr rhe ,nc, nr.t d(\eloDeo rur ,l-ed. o}
3
Drlger anJ ipp ied ru ror.ion bl Lamper..' tne cro,*
scctional dimcnsions used lor the analysis are defiled in
lig. 20.12 according to rhe CEB-FIp. 1978 Modct Code.3 f,a.-lr./.i ldealizarion oI a con-elebeam subjeded to purc ro6ion as
The governing dimensions ofihe spacc rruss, bi and dr,
 Post-cracking stilln^s in pute torcjan 315

shown by Thnrlimann and Liichingcraa and Karlsson and For pure torsion, we may assume that the angie ) is
Elfgren.a5 For a variable anglet] olthe struts, rhe relevanl constanl around the periphcry ollhe box so rhat
equations are similar to those derivedfor shear. Since the
stirrups are always vertical, d 90'. :
The post-cracking stiffness oi a membcr subjected to f:;,0,n0,1 [20.63]

pure iorsion, denoted by Kr, is dlined, by analogy to the Making the appropriate substilutions and rcarranging,
reiation for a homogeneous member, by lhe relalion

Kr: da T fu, * " * +,"1

t20.571
a',:;;+lz+ r" q, ] L-20.641

where dd : t\ ist developed over the lenglh d-!. wherc ,h = modular ratio.
Thc value ol d0 is defired by the strains developing ll r' (on!enierr ro introduce the lollouing rdtrn\:
undr the torque T in the longitudinal stdngers, the
ilr up. rnd rhe,nc ined concrele .rrurs. {"umin8.)m'
meurcal longirudinil rernlorccmenr tor pure tor'ron. i.e. /.,rr
,{" -,.1:, we find from the equilibrium of the internal ""'' h.J,',,4,,l/r
lrs [20.6s]
forces in the 45' space-truss:al
and for longitudinal steel
strain in the longiludinal steel
2A" 24,
r20.661
""
' --Tu,
4,{-,,1. E.
[20.58]
Wilh these definitions.
strain in the stirrups

t", : ?s
f20.591
d0
.&: ,h5(;.;.,,"#)] [20.67]
2t,,4J.,
By analogy with [20.57], the post-crackirg stiffness is the
and strain in the 45' concrete struts invcrse ofthe term in square brackets, i.e.
T 4E,A+
A,q,h
For convenience. ail the terms arc defined below:
[20.60]
(r
I *1
F t20.681
*AnoAr
I: applied torsional moment,
ur : perimeter ofthe space truss (: 2(br + dr) for a This is the post-cracking torsional stiflness derived by
rectangular section), Lampert.a3
-1r : area enclosed by the centre line of the thin
walled box section, Edpiical nodif.ations of the exprcssiot' fot
l" : cross-sectional area ofthe longitudinal steel in po st - c nc k i,tg s t ifne s s
the two bottom corners, Equatior [20.68] needs to be modilied to represent the
-4s, : cross sectional area of one stirrup 1eg stiffness under service conditions. It is known from many
experimenls that the stresses in the longitudinai reinforc-
s: spacing olthe stirrups,
ing bars and in the stirrups do not increase linearly with
,8" : modulus ofelasticity ofthe steel,
the torsional moment but increase only alter cracking, as
Eo : modulus ofelasticity of the concrete, shown in Fig.20.14. This behaviour can be represented by
and qI: wall thickness of the concrete box used in inrrodJcing a coemcrenl lr. As.uming a linear iDcrease rn
calculations. stress (or strain) from zero at the cracking moment 'li, to
the valueat theyield moment 4,weobtainthe coefrcient
The strains given by [20.58] to [20.60] define the shear
strain ? of each of the {our walls of lhe box in much the
/.rioratorque l:. < I<'!:
same way as demonstrated for shear, except that the
l,_l Trl/T ". T\
longitudinal strain ofthe comer bars needs to be added. ' T \7, T,,.J
I [20.60]

*irh ?i. d"6,;d by i20.55(a)l and t20.56(a)l and

f20.611 ^
2 4",Arl,
The angle of twist can now be determined from the T [20.70]
anatogy with the well-known relation for twist o{a thin-
walled closed section:

9:La.,^
dx )ArJ' r20.621 - 4 A.ArlJ
f20.70(a)l
316 Tine-dependent deforru ians of reinforced concrcte structues
with 45' struts lcads to shear anglel.L
a 2E"h1l, lo). Wc :
now use [20.61] to deflne theangle oftwistper unit length
resultins from l'"h or E"h(r,1.):
da
: ].h:,;r.hlr.rot, 120.73)
dr
shrinkage being considered from the instant olcracking
which normaliy coincides with thc time at Iirst application

ExampLe
Karlsson et d7.46 subjecled a rectangula! rcinlorced con-
crete beam (6/I : 0.20 m/0.40 m, irldr:0.16m/0.36m)
toaconstantpure torque I: 19.8 kN lor aperiod of400
days. Other data are as follows:

A,: A::340 x l0 6m'?, ,1", :

reinforcement: 50 x
6m'?, s-0.080m, E,:200x 103 MPq
10 ,:
465MPa:
0 I. f f" concrete: 1- 26.7 MPa, .r(428.28):2.9.
580 x l0 6. '.i(428,28):
orque
aig.:r 1? Rclatio. tetween srr$,n rhesrirrupol ancnbdsubjeclen From ihe information on pagc 341, x
purelorion
to and applied torque.
(26.7F'r: l.llMPa (for Ii, - 2.0 and ,1":0.0tt0m'z).
From Table 20.2. 4 : ^.:0.35
0.246. trquation [20.55(a)] yields
the cracking torque
!here J; : yield stress ofsteel.
In a beam properly designed lor lorsion, [20.70] and 7., : 3.13 : 12.32kNm
x 0.246 x 0.2': x 0.4 x 10r
[20.70(a)] yield the same value for 4; otherwise the and [20.70] and t20.70(a)1, with lr:0.16 x 0.16:
average of the two values is to be taken. A similar 0.0576m'zand Lr : 1.04m, gives
approach has bccn lollowed by Kartsson and Eligren.as
Introducing tr, [20.68] becomes
2xi0x l0 6x00576x465 l0l
T"
0.080
4E"Ai
T r20.irl
: 33.48kNm

,.f' r')*o^"
\/,tr /' / \qr 1xl10xl0 6x0.0576x465
r, : 35.03 kNm.
104
Eltecl ol creep and shrinkage on lorsional slilfness
'Iherme.dependen delo'marionorrhecontrererncrea'es
We use the average value of
34.26kNm. Now,
I: +(11.48 + l5.o3r:

the twist olrhe beam with time. The effect olcreep can be t) \) /)4 )6 rg 80\
included, as ir the case of shear, by increasing the de-
formation ofthe concretc slruls by the creep cocmcient d.
t-_: I
' I
r9.80\14.26- tr t, /t:059 (from t20.6el)

The strains in the steel members arc assumed to rcmain 50x10 6 x 1.04
: 00lt:l
unchanged. The torsional rigidily for the inilial'plus- 0rom t20.651)
0.0576 x 0.080
creep deformation is then obtained by replacing ,1o by
,,: ,otr + d(t,,o)l in t20.711. rhus. and

4 E"Al 2 x 34(}x lO 6
:0.0118 (from t20.661).
K.1r) : E 120.121
0.0576

+ l) + ',,'1,tt
'
+ drr
4
A-fa
\,t1" qql '"rl :
J Eo = 4800i 24.8 x 10r MPa so thal nu = 8.0. The
Shrinkage strains are nor dependent on load and wall thickness qr
^
: 0.20/6 0.0llm.:
cannoi, therefore, be determined using the stiffness ol a
member. As discussed before, shrinkagc can contribute
coffiderably to the long-term delormations ofa member Iabtu r0., Values olcoemcient 4lor dillerenr ratios nrb
subjected to shear and should, thereiore, also be included
1.0 t.i 2.0 t0
in the longlerm delormation of a member subjected to
ror{on. A. sl'oun lo, .heJ L)0.511..\I1rJtse rn J Iru* 0.208 0.211 0.2,16 0.267 0.282 0.299 0.301 0.113 0ll3
 Lots columns 347
We find ihe torsional stitrnss irom [20.71]: columns of unusual shape and ol variable cross-section.
For this reason. amethodwhich allows us toanalysc such
4x200x103!0.05763 columns is presented here.
r04 While in most cases crep does not no liceably aflecl the
4 x 0.0576 x slrength ofconcrete mcmbers, in long columns and shal_
1 04 x 0.033 low arches, creep can produce deformations (Fig. 20.15)
leading to a considerablc increase jn the bending mo-
: 0.907 MNm'] ment, which may result in instability. The problem is
and the angle oftwist per metre complex because crecp teads to a iime_dependent shiil of
lhe neutral axis, and this shift, togcther with the long-tcrm
19.8 , l0 3
:21.8 x 10 I radians deformaiion of the concretc, leads to a time-dependent
0.i163 momentwhich in turn aflectsthe strain distribu lion in lhe
The initial-plus-creep deformation is found using n, : scction. Closed solutions olrhe problem are not available
: in the literaiure and lor this reason wc shall resort to an
8(1 + 2.9) 31.2 and
approximate solution. Wc assume that the column is
4x 200x103x0.0576r subjected to srvice loads which are sustained for an
1 04'z er;nded DenoJ or rime lr i. the nurpo\c of our (a'
I\rlrl - | l 4.o.o5o.lr) culerion. io nrd .\e rnrrJl anJ ine-depcndenr larcrJl
" - ' | 0d 0.r,rt dellections of lhe coiumnl instabilitv is assumed to occur
\r,.,,1 l3 0,,1 l8 ' as aresult oi an additional short term ioad. and not under
:0.45,1MNm'? a sustaincd load oflixed magnitude.
.o r lhc rrrial-plu. t reep rngle ol tq oer mct-e i' The noDroach 'aren s " trial ard-adirsl-nenr pru
rhd ''t *au,. l,'eo on rhe e1(Lr,\e m.'duru5 dplrodch
q,hich has been successfully applied by a number of
x,,,: 01l1:qi.6
454 ^ ro
rrad,ans.
workers.a'a3 a' In this approach, an assumed strain dis_
tribution within th section is successively modified un_
Shrinkage generatcs an anglc ol iwistpermerre [20.73] of til the resulting intornal forccs are equal to the external
rnd ones. Wehave to apply this procedure to two sections, one
a,,,' 'odilo' ssn' to lo4 lr' 'rJd'Jn" at ihc end. the other at thc mid_heighl ofthe column, in
which case thc external moments include the moment
This results in a tolal argle of twisr afte 100 davs under Ar', caL.ed h! rhe defl(cred shape o' rhe (olumn. For
a\sumed \dlues ot lhc concretc rrrain r
rnd lhe neLrrJl
l
0(,),",,, : (43.6 + 10.4) x 10 : 54.0 x 10r radians. axis deprh r, we can establish the well-knorvn relations
3
between slrain. stress and internal forces in a section. For
The observed inirial angle of twisl was 21 x 10 radians the cracked cross section of Fig. 20.16 containing t\vo
I
and lhe value after 428 days was 53.0 x 10 radrans, layers ol reinforccment, we iind:
demonstrating excellent agreement.
siress in tension steel

Combined torsion, bending and shear

""
: !1,7 x)4 12o.74)
Reliable prcdiction of the deformation of a reinlorced
concrcle member subjected to the combincd action ol
torsion. bending and shear is rather complex. Simpllfied
(rore..ion\ ha\e oeen dc'rved b) Lr'nNn'r ano bt
I hnrlimdnn ,nd Lil(hrnger.a" borh Jpproacl"et neglecl- M.menls Deil-.ct o.s
ing the contrjbution oi the concrete Not coffidering the
Eontribution of concrete excluds, ol course. the possi-
bility ol predicling long{erm delormatiofl due to crcep
and shrinkagein the way used for purc lorsion and shear.
Using the equations for deformatioDs due to bending,
shear and torsion independently ofone anothcr normally
lads only to a roLrgh estimale of the deformations
because of the interaction of the various forces and also
because of the limjtations of the validity of some ol the
rclevant equalions in thc presence ofother forcs.

Long columns
Design of regular long columns is covered in all design
codes. For simplicity, the code equations are oflen con- 1;
servative, and they are also generally not applicable to Momentsand dcnecxonsi. a...centr.nlly loaded column
 J48 Tin!11?poklent delnhnatians al t tlJorced toru:rete structufts

n
.1-
I
f --- l
o a.o jd L/.""'-' o.a! i,
!3
t/
t/
V

I
d

rid 2, 16 Strahsand nresses in th..ro$ lecxon oI a6lum. subiecled to n.flnal lorce and bendins momenl

stress in compression sieeL Calculale strsses in concrete and steel ([20.74] to

120.7611
ot : :(r /,)lj. t20.751 Calculare lnlernal forces N and M ([20.77] and
[20.7n])
stress in the extrene fibre ofconcreie in compressron Deteflnine tlc curvature (120.791) and the deficction
i20 76l
a," ([20.80])
Calcuhtc addiiional momcnt AM: il the sccrion ar the
l: miie:hr. iro ia!eri olirrel are present. rhc cquations end of lhe column is aflalyzcd, A,t, : 0
ha\. ro be modrrl.d accordingl\. The inrernal iorces are Compare inlernal forces N and M $,i1h the applled
axial force l: and moment M - r\,1o + AM.
IN:l6.br - o;A', + n,A. f20.i71
Thc numerical ellori to obtain intemal lorccs which are
equal to the external ones is no.mally quire substantial
L,: *.*(i i)..,,. "r,r(! u) because of lhe dependencc ofthe applied momenr on the
inlernal strain distribution. However. with a program-
t20.78l mable calculalor, this becomes an easy task. For the
The cur\'ature is exprcssed bl calculation ofthe initial lateral dcflection. thcmodulus oi
elasricily t" in [20.76] is equal to Eo, the vatue at the
t20.79l applicalion of the load L The lorg-rerm dcflecrions are
Thc curvature has to be eslablished al mid-heisht and ar obtai.ed by putting t": E,: Eor[1 + dt,ro)1. Shink
rl-e co urn eno. b(to.e se can pred hc iarerdt ,,J- c age effecls are not considered.
fleclion ai mid,hcight, which is expressed by:

,,:1,/,,1'+1,/, ,i )(1)' [20.n0]

One ol the tesis ol Kordina5o is usd to exptain rhe
numerical procedure and to provide evidence thal good
agrccment with experimenls is obtained. The particular
where I is the lengrh ol the colxmn, tj is rhe curvature al column chosen was made of concrete with a high creep
rhe column ends du io l
and l,fo - f.o (s.e Fig 20 151,
coeficient and providcs, rherelorc, a relativcly severe rest
and /, rs lhc curvarxre a! mid-heighl due ro F and (,V. +
AM), dM bcirg the moment caused by the taleral lor the procedure. The column considered lTest desig-
deflectiona ollhecolumn. The fractions 1,8 and hz, are nation XII) is pinned a1 borh ends, is 5.13m long, and
defleclion coemcients for a constant momcrt and lor a has a cross-section b,/r = 0.265m.10.171 m. Thecolumnis
moment diagram of sinusoidal shape, respcctirely. For rernlorced D! tu-r l2 Tn Jramerer od., pro\ iding a
I -l5rnm .
other moment corfigurarlons. Fig 17.9 mal be of help. 1L,ed r rr lrE. 20.tol "r d l).5TT
It should bc cvident that rhe c-urvature ;t mid h.ishr lrom lhe lacc of the column so ihat d : 138.5 mm. The
.r Jepeao. Jn I re n,.merr a V - / a. uh.Lh rn i rrn concrete properties ar: 4 : 200 x 103 MPa. cube
depends olr the deflection d. so that sevral cycles of strengfi 1",, : 32 I MPa so rhat we eslimare (using L,r :
caiculations are necded before we can find the corrcct 0 85 / , r :- .r V Pa. rnd Lreep coetrc,(nr El , . )o/ -
defieclion- k js recommended that the followins scquence 3.7 based on the modulus of elaslicirr Eo:10.1 x
ofsleps is followed: 10r MPa.
The conrputation of rhc shortrerm dcformarions will
Assumc enternal concrere fibre strain and neutral axis be pcrformed using lhe modulus of elasricitv ofthe sreel
depth E.:200 : lorMPa. and that of rhe co;crele deter-
 Relerct.tes tle
mined by the ACI equation:6 The long-ierm dcfornalions are preCicted with an el'
I; : 4800.J(L,,(MPa)) : 25.0 x 103 Mpa. The load fecti!. modulus olelasticity r. = 30.1 x l0r,(1 + 3.7) =
l' : 301kN is ccccntric by 34.4mm so lhat o4n . ln VPa. lhe \ rlL(. . .vr.reie ..r:ri I
1.093 t l0 I togethcr with r neutral ar.is depth
Mo : 10.35kNm.
r:0.162m salisly cquilibrixm and cornpatabilit) at
thc cnd sections and lead to a curvaturc t1 : 6.75 x
For rhe section ai mid-depth of thc column wc slart by
assxmingc: 600 x 10 6andr:d: l38.5mmand 10 r m r. At mid-heighr r" : 2.,15 t l0 3, r :
0.099m and /: :21.75 x l0 rm '. with rhese results
obtain the srresses using [20.74] !o t20.761:
,"=0 d-:+6.75 x I0 rx5l4r+(24.75 6.75)
600x l0 (138.5
6

118.5
12.51 x 200 x l0r
^ ro
.l:]l\',
= 91.8MPa :70.5 x l0 rm
and
6
- 70.5mm.
o.: 600 x 10 x 25.0 x 10r: -15.00MPa. The observed latcral deflection was 61.2 mm. while the
The internal forces are agreement of the dcilections is not parlicularly good 115
per cenl diflerence), the observcd strain in the com-
tN:i( 15.00) x 0.265 x 0.[85 x r0]: 27s.lkN pression face at mid-heighl (r. : 2.5 x 10 r) is lery
91.8x735x10 r : 675kN 2.45 x l0 3. It is
close to ihe theoretical value t.:
, t\- J4l.8k\ also inleresiing to nolc that the strcss in concrele oi
the extreme fib.e does nol vary much between time
IM:27s.1 x (0.r71/2 0.I]8s/l) : l0.8lkNnr ,o : (,. 14.9 MPa) and r- (o. : 2.15 r l0 3 : 6.4 x
61.5 x (0.t1t12 0.0325) : 3.58 10r: l5.7MPal, which explains why the ellcctive
lrt u.r t x rrr modulus method \iorks quite $,ell for prediciing long-
rcrm lateral deflections ol Iong columns.
The curvature is Although ihc prescnl example represents the simplest
possiblc case. ihe method can be extendcd to pinned
,y',:600xr0 6/0.1385 : 4.13 x 10 3m 1.
columns uith a variable cross-section. in which case more
Before we can calculate the dc0ection at mid-heisht, we rhan two sections should be invcstigaled and a numerical
hale to know the curvature ry', at the end sections. technique applied to 6nd thc deflection.
Investigating ihese, we find that they are uncmcked so The method can be extended to reslraind colum ns. bul
that the curvalure is establishcd using the elementary the numerical work will thcn incrcasc considerablv.
relation,y'1 : Mol(EoI:). with I'" : 139.3 x 10 6ma{es- Vanue and Vdccregor ' lr(rrmcnt'' ol t1t p-oblem rs
tablished with ,o : 8.0), we find helpful in such a case.
10 35 x l0 l
25.0 x l0r x 139.3 ! 10 6
:2.97 x l0 3m ' Concluding remark

The initial lateral deflection is now found using t20.801: The book ends, but creep goes on.

a.:tr2.97 x l0 3xs.132+(4.33-2.97)

,.'(T)', MAYER. H and RLjSCH, H., Bauschadetr als lolee

dcr Durchbiegung von Stahlbeton BauieiieD, Derrsc&er
: 13. 40 x 10 3m. ,tu\nhuls Jtu Stdhlbetoh,No. t9l, 1967,90 pp.
SWAIN. G. F.. Stuct tdl Ersinkrins: Slt.nsth oJ Md-
The additional moment AM:301 x 13.4 x 10 r: reriah, Mccraw flill: Ne{ York. 1924. 570 pp.
4.03kNm sothat M: 10.35 + 4.03: l4-l8kNm. While .1. TROST. H., a.d MAINZ. B., Zwcclrm.i$ige Ermitlluns
our 6rst guess of e" and r leads to a bending moment de. Durchbiegung von Stahlbciontragrn, Rrr,L u/
Sr dilb.r dnbar. 6:1. No. 6, 1969, pp. 142 6
Nhich is very close to the internal moment, IM. the
BRANSON, D. E., Delornatbn .J Canoete Stucttt.s,
applied axial force is less than IN. After several ad- Mccraw'Hill: Nes York, 1977. 546 pp.
ditional trials $e Iind that with.": 596 x 10 6 and BRANSON, D. E., hstanlaneous and trme dcpendell
x - 0.124mr o, : ll.9 MPa, : 87.7 MP4 o" : deflect,ons oi liftple and conlinuous reirfor@d concrete
14.90MPq IN: l00kN, "l beans. Patr I, Alabdn@ Llishva! Re\.oth Rep ,Burenu
IM:14.76kNm, and
/,=596x10 610.124:1.81 x10rm'. The calcu- ol Pt.L|,. R, od. n.r."/ \. . \u8. 1061. pp. 8
lated dellection da: 14-67 t 10 3m leads to AM: ACI COMMITTEE 3lE,,BriL1ing Cod. Raynen.nts Jat
R?nlart.d Card.r? l!C1-r1,v 77t. American Concrete
4.42kNn and M:14.77MPa. which is almost the hstitrtc: Dctroii, 1971.103 pf,.
same as lM. The observed deflection was ao : l4 6nrm r A\ADIA\ Sl q\DARDS A\\Or ICIIO\ r../. /;,
and compares very well with the calculaied value of the Desigh of Con.tet. Stru.turc\ (CAN A23.3 M77),
1,1.67 mm. Rexdalc, Ortlrio. 19r7, 131 m.
350 Time d epen lent delbmations ol rcinlorced co crcte structutes
8. CEB-t^lP, Motl.l Cade l Conuete SttuLtwes, Conne 28. NYLANDER, H.,Non unitorn shrinkagc ol concrele due
Euro InternaiioMl du B6to! Fed6ratio! Inlernaliolate to segregatio! ol coa6e aggregates,4th Congress IABSE,
de la PraconbaiDte, Paris, 1978, 348 pp. CambridCe dd Lo.don, P/dimiiarr Publiatiah, Inter
9. sAI VO\. l^. C. SHAIKHA. t-. drd M|R7A, M. s narrond A*o\hrior .or BldSe d.d Sr'ucrLral l-nginee-
(-omnularirn o deiecrion. fo_ heans one-wa\ $,h, ing, 1952. pp. 831 46.
"no
Deflc.Ior olCon.'eresr.Jcturc., qn.rtod.ar. t4 19 MARION, J. and TAYLOR, P. J., Long term deflections
nitute specidl ratblicatiah N..7J, 1974, pp. 15 54. ^t\ ol re,_ro,cer .onc cre far ,lab. dnJ pl^tc\. Fh|tk.nh|
l0 WASHA, G. w. and FLUCK, P. G., The etrect ot com- ,?ser/, Toronto,25, No.7. July/Aus. 1979, pp.41-43.
pressive reinforcemeli o. rhe plsstic flow of reiltorced 30. VANDERBILT. M. D., SOZEN, M. A. and SIESS, C. P.,
conoele beams, ,.1Cl,/,!/ral :19. 1952. pp. 89 108. Deflection of rei ored concrete floor slabs. ,t ,.r4r4l
11 LEONHARDT, F. and KAYATZ, H. O., yoBchtag inr Rpspat. h 5, ti., \'. )DJ.Dcpdflren,ol( \illngineclnS.
die Bcrechnung der Durchblegung von Srahlbctonbatken Urive6ity olllliiojs, April 1961, 188 pp.
bel Biegu!8lft Cebrauchsznsra\d, Brlletin d tafomatk)h lt. RANGAN. B. v., Prediction ol longle.m delleciion ot far
Na. 9r. Paris, Comil6 Europ6er du Baton, Aprit 1973, slabs,IC1Jo ,al,73,1976,pp.223 6.
plntes and
pp.8.1 8.13. 32. NILSON,A. H.mdWALTERS.D. 8., Deflection of two-
12. YU, W. W. and WINTER, G.. Instanlaneous dd lor8- way floor slstems by the equilalen! trame method, ,4C1
iimc deflectlons oi reintorced colc.ete beahs under *ork Jownal. 72, 191 5. pp. 210 lN.
ing loads, ,,1C1 Jortul, 57. 1960 61,pp.29 50. 33. RANGAN, B. V. and MCMULLEN, A. E.. A rational
13. NEVILLE, A. M., Cteq ol Concrete, Ploin, Reihlited approach 1o conirol of slab deflector,s, ACI Jownal75.
arl Presrrsse4 North-Holland Publishing: Amsterdan. 1978.pp.256 62.
1974.622 pp- 34. VANDERBILT, M. D., Deflcction calculations: Two wav
14. ARGA E LIMA, J. and MONTEIRO, V., p.acrical rules Pra, - s- ht-
for the computaiion oi dell.ctions, Bulletin .l lnfomatiah 'lab.-
ACI
"n Dtie, t,on' ol St'"tural t a-,"ti,
Canadia! Capilal Chapter, Moltreal, 1971. pp. 113
1, 00. Pdri...Jm i l-dr.pern d,r Belon. Apnt ,{-{, 40.
pp.2 I 2.28. 35. CORLEY. W. C.
and JIRSA, J. O.,
Equjvalent
15. BEEBY. A W., A note on studies ol the calculatior ard Lame analysis lor slab desien, ACI J ournal, 67, 1970. pp.
liniitaiior ol deflecrlon carried out at the Cement and 875 84.
Conc.ete A$ociation, ibil., !p. 3.1 3.17 36. LEONHARDT, F. .nd WALTHER, R., Yorsuche an
16. BRAKEL. J. Steifigkeit und Durchbiegulg bei unSeris- Plalterbalken mjl hoher Schubbeanspruchung, rerb.rel
sen.n und gerissenen Querch tren atrs Kiesberor und Aussch"ssfii Stahlbeto",No. 152, 1962.71 pp.
Leichtbeton. ibrd., pp.6 I 6.12. 31. LEONHARDT, F. and wALTHER, R.,Schubversuche an
17. ELIAS. E., Einflus des Kriechens aul eiren eebogenen Plattenbalken mit unteBchiedlicher Schubbewehrurg.
Stahlbeton Rechleckbalken in Stadiuft ll. Det Batin Deutschet Aussthuss fnr Stu /r.rrn, No. 156,1963,84 pp.
8.r&0.36, No. 3, 1961, pp. 91 9. 38. DILGER, W., Anf?ingliche und nachbediche Durch
l8 MA\fR H.. Dr Eere.hnu-g der DLrchb.eBUlE \on breSrng inlo,ge Qrerk al bei Slrhloeronbrlken rm
Slahlbetor Baureilen. D.rrschet Auschuil fnt Stuhlbetoh, Zutt:atd II, Betun- und StahLbetanbtu!, 62. No. 9, 1967,
No. 194,1967,73 pp. pp.2l2 17.
19. CORLEY. W. G. ald SOZEN. M. A., Time dependent 39. DILGER, W. H. and ABELE, G., Initial and time,
deflections of reinlorced concrete beani ,C1 ./rrrral, 63. dependenl slear doflcclions ol rejnforced concrete T-
1966. pp. 373 86. beam\, Defle.rirn ol Colcrere s[u(rure.. 4aplr.an
20. HADDAD, c. J., Versuche riber das Verhalier von Stahl- Ca ctete Instnub Spccial PubLietinh Na. 43, t974.
betonbalken unler .uhender Dauerbelastung, DiJl./ra, pp.487 514.
,,:o,, Technische Hochschulc Karhruhe, 1960,99 pp. 40. LEONHARDT, F. and SCHELLING, G., Torsionsver
21. HEIMAN, J. L., A comparison of measured and calculated Stahlbetonbalke,, Dcutschet Ausschu\tJ r Stahl-
suche an
deflectlons olnexural members in lour rei.forcrd concrete be t an. No. 239.
9 1 4, 122 pp.
1

buildings, Deflection ol Concrete Slruciures. ,4meri.a,
cohLrete lnstitute Stecial Pubtiatioh No. 13, 19j4.
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22. BLAKEY, F. A., Auskalid cxperiments with flai plares,
A(:l Jotthdl,60, 1963, pp.515 26.
23. CLARKE, C. Y., NEVILLE, A. M. and HOUGHTON-
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24. RUSCH. H. and JUNGWIRTH, D.. Stahtbetah
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41. RAUSCH,E-, Berechhu s.les Ebe betotlt seEen re teh,
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Name index

Tnefitste.titlABFl-F. G )oan be used to illustrlre llre operalion ol BOT r, G., r2 r? (205)

thnindex: l0:19 denotcs rclfen.e 39 i. Chaprer 20(as eiv.. i.lhe BRAKEL.t,2016 (lr0l
Refernces.r lhe end ol eaclr.hapre, a.d rhe l.1l in paEnrheses n BRAND, W.,5.17 (t9), 114:l (r88)
lhe page on Nhich this tuhhc.lin N reie.Ed to in thc rc\r BRANlrr', A, n 16 (i 181
!RANSON. D. E.. 11.18 (188, 1r19), r r 45 r188, 189). 18.21287). t8.l
ABIL!. G :]0 r9 (r.1:r) (287), 18.4(281.20.4(3!9. ll0,:t:12),20.5(129,3t2,134.136,ll7).
ACHENBACII, G, D.6 491I]'1] 20.25 (11,1)
ACr COMMITTEE 209. 1.9 (2), 1.Il (2),6 r 1 (71, i2. 7]), 10 5l1166, BRESLER, B, ?:]2 OO], 1l]:])
16r, 177, rflll, 1r.t6 (183, 18,1. 188). 12.10 (199.200), 15.20 (t43r. 16.4 BROMS, B..20.47 (l,ll)
(2.17,156), 19 U 11221
BROOKHAVEN NATTONAL LABORATORY, 3.11 {211)
A( r coMMITTEE118.20.6(129.ll0,ll8,lt9,140,l49l BROOKS. J I,:r ? (19, 20), 1.41 (31. 12, 31), l.4l (ll,l4).344 (13,35),
ACt CO\4MTTTEE 415,20.26 (:ll7) I5t (14,lj),1.56 (21),8 6 (r 1:r, I14, ll5).9101142, 143, 144). Lr8
r\CI COI1NIITTEE 517.7.15 (106) (r461,9 r9 (l 16).9.20 (146).9 2l (1461,9 2E (r50, t52), 1t.:15 (186),
ADA\1S. R F..1l4 t4rl,5 4516r).8.291120).9.81141. t5u 1r 161r86, r87. r8rJ. rE9). r3.t (20r,209.210). 15.1 (213.217,2:tlj)
lK]\TSt jKA, Y. 15.' (l:li) BROWN, E Il, ] 2l {25).4.1114i).8 31r i2,111,115,117).8.2:l (119)
\L ALUSI. H R.6.1-11801 BROWN,t! H.:r:r8F0.:ltl. 10.84(111. 178)
\LLXI\DFR X \1 T J\ IIJ] BROWNE. R. D.. !' 20 t411,7 r9 (92,93)
1LE1\\DRE.I 619 r3l I]ROWNYARD, T. L,,I.I9 (6)
\L Kl,B\tS\. \1 \.810i11.1 115 |61 BRUERE, G \'1, I45 (14)
ALl. L.lllrlr. j r 151 .6.19lrt. ir) t0j,s(1671.1056(t61.t68),1059 BUETTNER, D R.1,1.5{221, tlt,2U2)
r168). Ll j rl8ll. I1 li tlN:lt. r.1l 12181. l5 5 (215.2.t61 BUILDINO RESLARCH I]STABLTSH MENT, 4.42 148)
AlI. M. A. .1.10(18)
,\LLAART, P 1., r9 101106) cANADIAN ST^NDARDS ASSOCIATION. 20 7 (1291
ANAND. K L.,1.20(14) a,\Rr soN. R. w. .1.9 (.101
ANDERSEN, P.8 17018. I19) cEB, 16.2 1247, 255). 16 2l (256)
ARG LIMA, J..20.1,1(rl0)
E cFB FIP,2.t6 O5l,6 r0 (71,72,711.6 ]] (]r.72,71),9.51(154. 1551,
ARNSTEIN ,r0[(159] r2.8 (r 9r. r92, 194, 195.202), l2 9 (194, 196. t9?. 198,202,203), 16.3
ARTHANARI. S.. Ll4 (3E,89,95. 102).9.40 {t5l) (247), 16.6 {24r, 156. 257, 259. 260). t7 7 (277), 1912 (111,122).20 8
ARUTYUNyAN,N. Kh.. 1l t7 (1811 (r:10,335. ]44)
ASGHARLA A.9.12(l50. l5t) cEMIN a AND CONCR[TL ASSOCTATION, ].42 (33)
AS'|V.:1.461:I CHAUDHURT_ B. K., 17.10 (281)
AVRAM, C,5 6: (65.66) cHANG. T. S., r4.r0 {?:1.212). I4.ll (221,222.210)
CHINDAPRASIRT, p.,5.67(61).862(l]6)
BAcKsi R(i\4, s..9 6 (t1r) cHtvaMrT, P..5 60 (61)
BAIIR,\, B S.,3.49 (21) CHRISTIASON, M. L., 11.18 {188, I89)
tsAMFORTH, P 8.,3.47 (20 2l),149(2t) cHLANC. J. \{.
12(120, t28)
8
BASkAKOV, N.1,5 ll (53) CILOSANI, Z. N,6.26 (75,83), 10l5 (162, t6l, t69)
BAST6IN. K J., 1622(156, 257) CLARK. L. L.3 65 (136)
BAZANT,Z.P..6 14(71,72.rr.76. 771 6.12(16,7?),7.18(91),?28 CLARKE, C V.. 20.21 (33r. llTl
(99. r00),7.29 (99, 100). E.55 (114),9.1: (150, t5ll. 10.61(t7t. 178), coLE. D. G., r4.27 {231)
) l/ -81 'i{ .._- t' '' 8., . t8 t.
d2. -L ed) coNcRETE SOCIltTy,4.2l (44), 6.12(71. 72, 7l), 7.20(9r), 951
)' LU,.'2 'n.t2.t.''(!, i.iO. t, r,jJ,. j.t I
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(2591. 16 2t (2j5 256, 25r), t8 1 I (287), 19.2 (l04) coPF.I_AND, L. L.l08l t176)
BEEBY, A W.,2015 (l:r0,134,l:tjl coRLEY, W. c..20.19 (132),20:15 (3:18)
B|NNETT, Fr W, I2.1(26) couNTo.u J.,2.11(12, t3),4.r7(42,.l],44),9.22(147, 148. 149)
BENTUR, A, r0 49 (l66) CoUTINIIO, A S, 5.66 (61). 8.60 O:rs)
BERECZ(Y, A . 10.62 (l69) cow^N, H. J., 1,1.121t22)
tsERG, O. Ya,n.61(13i) CRIPWELL. J. B, ].56(2])
BERNHARDT. C. J.6.45 {81,81),8 58 0:t5l cRUZ,C. R..15.t8 (2421
BERTERO. V. V.. 6l-1t80)
BasT, c. E..7.1(J8,98, t0l), 106,1(169. lrO). ts ? (215.217) DAVIiS, R. D..9.41r41)
IEAVSAR. P. D.. r45 (221. tll.2l2l DAVIS. H. E. r 7 (2).l.2l125).41 Og.4 t3 (11).4.37 (4r),4l8 (47),
SrNGHAM, F C., 10.4(1581 5 32 (57),8.1012, r l], 1r5, ]17).8181118, 120, 128).8.35 (120. 127,
BIRKELAND. H W, 18 6I'287) r28).9.r5 (145, 14?. 150,I5ll. I I 3 (t82), 14.7 (221)
BJL(]GREN. U., l4 181t26) DAVIS. R. E.. r.7 {2),3 2l {25).l.12 (28).4.1 (3E),4.2 (181..1.]] {41),
BLAKEY, F A.2022 (:lll) 4.18(,17),5.12157).5.31(5r,58,62_631.61(69.?0.r4),83(1t2, 113,
BT,ETZAC(ER, R. W.,9.1 (119), i,1.2:l (2281 ll5, l l7). 8 rl (l]9), 8.35 (120, l2t
8), 9.15 (145, 147, 150, 151). 1 1.1
BLUNDELL, R.,4 20 (41), (182, 186, r87, r881. .l
{182), 14.7 (22t)
BONN, G M 5.30 (5r. '.I9{92,9l)
60_ 61), 8.64
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DINWOODTE,J M.7 glrl7.881 SANSO^_. J A. I 16 {106. 107, 1091. 1 1.44 ll3lrl
DISCHINGER. F. 1l 101208.21tr. 16 Ll lt4rJ) HARDY, H R. 1.30 (,r51
DOLCH, W L.618 r?51.10.12 (r6r) HAROUN W.1510(llil
DO\'IONL. P L. 11.9 (114,115. 116,I L7) iIARRISON, T ,541]3) A
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DUBROVSKiI, V. B..74t 1108),7.,1: tloiJl Hr:LLLSLAND, J..5 il i6l )
DUKE, C. M,818 0 r11. r20. r28) HELNIUTH, R, A,, I0.24 (] 61I
DTINL P, A B,441i,18) HICKF.Y, K B.7 25 (95,911
DUTRON. R., 6.21 (7,1), 9.49 (1t2) HtcLrcHL Y.. 1.1.26 ()10. llrl
HILLERBOR(], A.4I14OI
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T l7 (781, 1 L,l2
EL-SHAFIY. O A B., 161612561 l2.l (t9L)
1188t.
ELVERY, R H, ]5I() (2]7] HIRST. C A, E 5r (r12 Lll). S.52 rlll. ll4), l0 611 llrll
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t3.t I (208, 210. 2r r 2r2). r6.1,1 (249. l5l. 25:)'5). HOUCIITON EYA|"S. w, 20 lr 1lll. :ll7l
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ERZEN. C. (rt:l
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FREUDENTHAL,A M, I i.l(4),i6(5r.6r). r09(159), ll Ll(209). I14. 115. 116).8 40 (12r ). 3.1r lr2r).8.,161128. 129).9.13 (1,15, 146,
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GANIBAROV. G A..8.31 (r20. r28)
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1416(224) l5 l,l (2191, 16.ll {25:1,1551. 1151276).17.61:76).19 7 JESSOP,E L.Il7(lg.0).4.1j14l.r12). 10..15(16,s, 1661
(l2r) .iHA.P (, r6r7{251,2551
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6IFFORD. P M.,1.55 (]11 JONES P (;.5.8 {51)
GILCHRIST, J.,l2? l15) JONES. R.,l,l!8llll)
GLANVTLLE, W H,2 5 (r 1t,I I1r7,21,2,1), Ll6 (2:l).5.1,1(trl.8.l JONES. T R, I l: (ll. I l4 (191, 5 ll (551. 6.17 l7EJ. I I 42 (1881 12 l
0l t20).8.24 (120),8.:16 (120).
L. 10 i (158), 10.8 (159), I1.4 (r82), r4 8 (1911
c21), 16.1r C18) toRDAAN, r .r, 8.,10 021). 8.41 1121t. 8.,16 (12E, r29l
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9451152, 154). 9,1?(152), 10.31 (t6tl. 14.19 (226.]27t, 14.20(226,
227). rs r2 (2381 I<ARApETTAN. ( S.5 56 t62J,5.57 (61,64,65). J 65 (66.6r)
CoPALAKRISHNAN,K.S,8.:t,1(r20).8,14(122. 123. 128),9.29 KARLSSON.L,20.4513,15,346),2046{116)
(150).9.46 (152, 151). 1416 (22.11. 1511{139) KAWASU\fI. \L l19l],1r. r2r r9t.1)5 981
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(EETON. J R., a I 1691. 6.21 {7.1)
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1,17.150,1511 KIN'IISHIN'A, E, 9 9 1]'I1)
HAN'NANT, D. J , 6.47 (84).7.10 (87,92,99, 100).8.10 (110, ll5, 1281. KINC. J. W. H,3 15(r25)
9 39 il5l l. 10:17 6l. 16,1. 169. tl4l. I5 1l t23l1l KrsT, H r.1! !0(1061
KLTEC[R, P,3 r2 (20,5.14 (5]l MISHIMA. K., Lt9 (2.11
KLUCi, P, 10 66 (r711, r3 6 t207) MONFORL G r]. 15 16(240)
KOIDT, S :r.r9 (24) M()NTEIRO.V., 20.14{lr0)
KORDINA, K..4.,r (18,:19,41,46,,1r),,1.16 (42.46),8 42 (121, 122, voRCAN, D. R.,3.40 (lt.3i). 10.52 (1661
1211, 11.43 (121), r.2:l (119),20J01148) MORLIER. P _ 4.18 (45)
KOaERA, J., 7 1 (871 MULLEN,W. O,6.28 (75). 10.12(1621
KOWALCZY(, R, r4 29 (211r MULLIR, H. S..9.52 t155). 12.16 t20:l_ 204.205t
KRAUSZ, A. S. 1014 (r74) MULLIC(. A K.,.1.18 (4t)
KRiPr\NARAYANAN. K. M., I 1.45 (188, 18r)
KRUMt, f
,5.191531.10.4:l0651. r :r3 t185. t86l
KUBO. K..5.18 (5:r) NAG,{TAKr, S.,3.13 (I,22).7.39 008. r09)
(LLAKOVSKII. M. Ya.,7 41 (108) NAJIAR. L. l. 167(247, 249, 252.25,1)
NASSER, K. W.5l6 (5ll),71) (87, E8,89,90,91,9:1,98,99,100, 104).
7 r6 (88.89,90.91,9:1. LoO, 1041,7.17, (90_
LADYGIN, A Ya,7.41(108). r.42 (lOti) 'I,92,99),9.16 (151).9l7
( l 5 !
), 10 llr (r 77), I i 17 (t42)
L,\r. K l_., 19.8 (ll6) NFPPER CIIRISTENSIN. P., 4.26 (,15)
LAMBOTTE, H,8 19 (118) NFVILLE. A. M. I L7 (5,6),2.r 181,2.4{r01.3.1(li,2r, 1.2 (l?. 18,
LA M PERT. P., 20 ,12 (:14,11. 20.43 (314. 145, 347)
2l),r.71r9,20),I t7(21),3.18(21).l2t (24),1.22(25),1.35(291,:r.36
L[4, M.. ]0 2l {r60, r6rl
F. (29,30).117(29 101,1.41 (lr,t2.tll,l.,f (13.14).114(31,:151,:150
LE CAI\'1US, B,5.26 (55. 56),8.14 (l1r. 118). 8 49 (l]0), 1] 2 i2O7) (2r),35r (14.15),410(40,.11),.1r5(41,42).,1llr(42).4.34(.15),4.15
LriF, c R, l0 2l (r60.161) (15),5 4 Or, sr,5.7 (511.51r (52. sll. 5.12 62),5.10 (57,60,61),5.36
LEFFVRE. C., 1 l.:t9 (t86, |J7, i88) (i8), j.4r (60),561 (611.6.i8(78),7.1(88).?9{87,88.89,90.91,93.
LENCzNER. D., 4.22 (1,1, 45) 98,99.100, 1041. 16 (88,89.90,9r,91, 100, 104). I6 (lt:1, I14. 1t5).
LEONHIRDT,F.. 17.9(280.281t,2011 (330).20.16(140) 2017(340, '
11r4 (r20).8.44 (122, 123.128).8.50 (110. r 3r, 132, r34),8.51 (112,
3.12), 20 .10 (1,11) 113). 8 52(rll 114), 8 59(l]5),'r64(l]6),9.11 (1.14. 145. 146, 1,17
LHERNIlTE,R i].,5 l5(51.5,1,55. i6,61).5.r6(53.54). 5tr(56.57, 150).9 18 {146).9.19 (1461.9 20 (r46),9 2r {r461,9.28 (150. 152),9.29
181,6.,1(70),65(72.ll),6.6(69,7t,80.81,8:l),6ll(r7.80.821.828 (1501,9.16 0 5rl,9 46 (r52. 153), r.48 (152), r0.10 (1591, r018 (r59),
1r20),9ll (l5lr. r5rl,
r0 26 (162). l r r9 (r32), 11 l9 (186, 1lt3), 10.27 (162). 10.29 (162, lr7), l0:ll
(162), 10 ils (165. 166), 10.68
126(19r), 1541::14.215) '8r, (r7rl, r0 75 (r79). l0.8il0tl), I t.l4 (1861. I I l5 (186), 11.36 (186,
Lrsz(A. w z 1r :r,1(r86t. lt:t (2_1,1, 2t5) 187, 188, 189). r2 7 (r9l),13.1(207.209,210), l4l6 (224), 15.1(233.
LTTVI\. A..1..151,191 2:17,23rJ), 15.2 (2141, 15.1(21,1,23s), r5.14 (219). 15.17 (2,12), 1519

jlr 12!'ll. r617 (!51,2551. 171(264). l].2 (264), 18.91287), 19.7 (:l2t),
LOHTTA. R. P. I rr r90.91.9:,99).9 r7 (t 20.11 {ll0l. 20.23 tl3:r. 3l7t
loR\r1\. rv. R.. r.1011).5 28156). r I 1.1(183) NGAB, A S,:1.52{12,ll),I5l (l:r)
LOSBERG. A. 10..161:t,16r NIILSEN,K E. C..28{12)
LOTT, J L.15816t,64),7.[ (88.100. ]01) NIELSIN, L F,2.13 (]5),8.25 (120, l2r),ll t6 (211.2l]). t6.15 (25])
LUCHINGER, P.. 20 4,1 (1,15. 1.171 NrLSON,A.IL,l.s2(32.:l:ll,:1.53(13),20.32(]]7)
LUKAS,J., t1.12 (r 82) NISHIBAYASHI,S,, 3,9 (]l]]
LYN,\V. C. C., 10.7 (159, 161) NtYOGl.A (_5.19(59)
LYSE, t..4 r2141),9.14 (t4i. 147), I t.t3 (l8l) NYLANDER. ll..20.28 (137)

MaCGREGOR, J (1, 20.51 (:149) oBERTI, C..8 tj

McHFNRY, D. ,l.l I {45),9.2 (119, 140),9,5 (141), t Lt6 (182), 0 r7)
l:l5 oKADA.L..3.9 (20)
(207). 1:l r7 (2]].21:]), t6 8 (247, t:5t)
MCMILLAN, L R, 1.6 (2)
o(AMURA,H., 3.14(21. 221

McMtTLLEN. A. E, :0:ll (:ll7)

oRowAN.lj.,1](1)
VAES, M, 10.27 (:l:fl
osMAN.E.. Ir.1l1182, 185). 11.28 (t8ll l2.l2(200), 16.5(247)
N'IAGURA, D D., ]7,:] (2'6)
ozELL. A. M, 18 2 {28r), r8 3 (287)
MATNZ. B.. t8 8 (28?), 20.1 t:t29. 132. ll3, ll4)
MAMILLAN, M.. 5 5 (51),5.15 (51. j,1,55_ 56.61).6 6 (69, ?1.80.81. PAEZ, A.. t0.10(t6t), r4 t7(224.225,226)
8l).8.4 (r r2), !.17 046. t4?, l,1lt, 150, t541, l0 28 {162). l1.20lt8t), PA\ULA, L.6 1.1(71, r2,71, 16,77),6.32 (?6, r7).7 2lj (99, 1l]O).7.29
r.39(186, r87, ft8) (99. rU),8 55 (l:14), l1.29 (r84), r2.11(u00). 12.1:l (200,201,203)
MANEY, (; A.. 1020(160, 162) PARROTT, L. J.,5.2 (5r1,6.r8 l]1.7,1,77,8t).6.20 (7.1J,6,10 (78. ?9),
MANN,H.M..108l (l 76) Il39 (121),8.41 (r20,9 2? (150),9.44 0trr, l2 1111202. ?031
vANNING, D G.. 3.19{lt,:r5)
v,{N!-EL. R. Ir., 20 5t 11.19) PCI COMMITTEE ON PRES'|RESS L{)SSES, I7,4 (2]6]
MARECH,{L, J C,7.6 (88),7 24 (94,95,96,97),10.69 (171) PTABODY. D.,9l4 (r 51)
MARION,.r., 20.t:9 (3171 PEC(, R 8.,19.91121)
MARTiYAMA. K. I ll(21, 22) PERCAMINSHCHIK, B. K. 7.,11 1108), 7.42 11081
MASLOV. G. N.. 169(247,2i21 PERRY. E. S.8 32 tr20,1t8).8.18 (r20)
MATTOCK. A H.,5.55 (62.611. .40 (l86.llj?.188) PESCHEL,O.. 10.58{r68)
MAXSON. O. C,6,19 (84) PETERSEN, P H,,I41t? 181.525 (5s)
MAYER, H.,201{128t. t0 t8 (112,:!1. r37l PFLIFER.D W.. 11,11 (1118)
MEHMEL. A.,8.54 (I:l:1, l].]) PFRANO, F: O.,20.48 (147)
vErRL S.. Lr8 (91), 15.15 (219,240,2411 PHILLEO. R. E.. r.1 24 t?281
MENN. C., 19.6 19) PIC(ETT_ C..1.8 (.10).6.4:179). t0 2t (160). Lt.li (186)
MEYER, H. C . 5.,10 (60). 8.rr (120,l2tl PTRTZ, D..4.1,1(.r),5 45 (611.8 29 (120),9 8 (141, 152). 15 7 (235,217)
MEYHRS, B L.,4.15 (.151.5:18 (58 J9), 5 l9 (5r). 6.tO (75), 9.33 (151). PODVALNYI. A, M. ] 27 (98)
10 4l i163,
165), 1t 1811E8, 189), l],15 (1113, 189r.I5.612151 POLMA, M ..1 t4 {41), i..1i (61),6,14 (U0),7 321101. t0l).8 29 (120).
MTCKLEBOROUGE N. C., S 5:l (l]1, Ll4).8.57 (l1.1) 9.8 (141. 152). t0.6,1 1r69, 1701 15.7 (215, 217)
MIELENZ, R. C., ,1 24 r.15) POlAPOV, J. V., 3.25(261
MILESTONF. N B.. 10.49 (t66) POl\,ERS.T.C. r r6(5), 1.19(6r.5.:1151).61(69), 10.57(167, 168).
VILLS, R. H,4.18 (42),648 i84),10l8 (t6l) 10.79 (1?6. 177). 10.80 (176, r7E). 10.81 (l16). 14.1,1(22:r,224)
MTNDESS, S. r 0.19 (166) PRTCE, W. H.,3.8 (20)
MIRSU, O . 4.36 {46, ,1r). 5.6t (65.661 PROBST. E.,8.,1r (1r0, r:r5), 1148 (110. Lli)
MTRZA. V. S.,209 (130) PROCTOR. B A..r.4l1481
 Name index 355

RADKEVTCH, B L.7.17 t106).9.24 (149) TADROS, M. K., 1?.5 (276), 17.6 (216)
RATNT.ORD.E C., 7.11 Lt0r) TAMAS. F. D., 10.47(r661
RANGAN, B. V.,20,1r Elr, tt8).20.11(137) TAYLOR, P. J,20.29 tlll)
RAO. P. S,5,19t61) TAYLOR, R. S..l.4l{100)
RAO.V J. 18.14(294), ]llr5(194,297,298) TETCHEN.K.-Th, r3 r 5 (2101
RAPEAEL,J.M.,.12(18),5.1:l(57. 58,62.611,6.1 (69.70.7.1). ILl TERTEA, I ,
,1 16 (,16. ,17)
{182.186, rnr.llr8) TERZAGHI. K., 19.! (322)
RALTSCH. r--, 2041 (144) THTODORAKOPOLILOS,D. D,4.19(48.49).444(48,49)
REICHARI), T. W.,4.6 (39.46),5 22 (51,5,1). 11301186. 188) THIUER, A. U, ? 4187,88,95).9.4:l (151,
RLTNUR. M..2.15 (l5t. r0,1{158), ]012 (159), 1014 {159), 14.2 (2191 TEOMAS. F C., 3.1 (17, 21. 2,1), 8., (l I l, 120),
'52) 10.8 (l5q), 10 11 (159),
RIIOADES, R.,421(45) l0 7? (l?4), 11 15 (183, 185, 186)
RICHARDS, C \{., 10.11(17:ll
'tHoMsoN, J N..8.12 (120.128),8.18 (1201

RrcHdRT.F.E..43(18), 58{5rl. t9(il). 1061158 9), 119(llJzl THONGUTHAL W., I1 28 (18:l), 1212 (200)
ROLL, F.,5.6 (5r,6r),9.11(1,15).9 25ll'19, 150), 14.13 (122,221), 18.5 THURLIMA NN. B., 20.44 (145. 147)
'1IMUSK, J.5 46 (6r) 7.ll (101),8..15(125)
1287t
ROPER. H..4.21144t. r2 r7 (2051 TIPTON, C R.7.4O1108)
ROSS. A. D., t.r 3 (3),1.6 (18. 19).3l0 (20.21),5.21 (511.6.29 (75), TOMIS,,\WA. T.l9 (20)
I2 (87,88, q4,95), Ll5 (88, 1001.8.21 (118), rl26 020).9., TOPPLER. J. F., r7 r0 (281)
04r. 142). 11.211i8lt, r2.1 (191, 192), ll.4 (207,208,209,210, TOR ROJA, E . 10.10 (162), 1,1 r'1 ()24. 215. 226)
2r 1. 21:l, 214), ll.rJ (2081, 1.1,1 (221), 221), l5.ll 1.23'1. 2)8, 241, l RosT. H.. t:l9 (208), 1l r9 (214).16 20(255,256,25r). 18.7 (287),
242),_16.11246) 18.8 (287), 18.10{28?). 19.1 (104).203 {129,132. lll,134)
ROSlASY. F S.. 13.1512101 TROXELL, G i., l.l2 (181. ,l 2 (:lE), 4.37 (47). 5.ll {57, 5ll, 62. 6ll. 6 1

RL',ETZ. W..5.15 (5rJl,6 r5 (72,75. ?61.I22 (91,94),8.11 (115, 118, (69,70.l4). l.t
(182. 1E6,18?, 188)
rr9, r 20), r 0 60 (1691. 10.61(169) TSUJt, Y.,1.14(21,22)
RUSCH. H.,4.16 (41,,16),5.48 (61),5 49 (61),8.43 (122),9.10 (r50), TULIN, L 6,8.6i (l:16)
r0 42 (!651, r6 t6 (252), r71r (278), 18.13 (289), 19.5 (31!),20.1 (l!8). 1LJRK.D.Ir.1024(l6r)
20.21(31)
RUSShLL, H. C.:1.15 (22,lll)
RUSSELL. J J..616 (78) uLITSKII.t.t.,5.54i6r,62),6.8(?0), 11.22(l8l)
RUTLEDGE. S. r:, rl.l (191) us ARMY ENGINEERS. rl3l{18), rr r4(182)
T]S ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS,8,l] (1I7)
US ARMY ENGINEERS WATERWAYS EXPERI\,lENT
sAr IGER, R., 11 1l 0rJzl STATION,41r (41,,11)
sAl-MoN, c.c,209(ll0l US BURE^UoFRECLAMATION,I28(26),,1.12(1r.131{45).
SANDERS, P D, ?.10 (101, l0l), r.ll (101, 103, 10,1, 105, 106), 9.42 5206).82{111, 112),91(r4O),9.16(145 6). 11.8(11J2, lll8l, ll lt
(151) {186),rr32tr86)
SaNGIJA.C M.,5 50(6r)
SATALKIN, A. V,I26 (26,27). 1112 (117)
SATTLER. K.18.11231) VAISHNAV.R N., 1054(167). 14.1C19,220,229,230)
scHADE, D, r6 r9 (:54.256,2s71 vAN ANTWERP. E Il..l.l0 (27,28)
ScHELLINC, C.,20 40 (r,11) VANDFRBILT, M D , 20 30 (ll7l. 20.14 (137)
SCHMIDT, J.,9.12(150, 151) vhNlJAT, M,3.11 (21)
ScHUMANN, C C., I I 331133, 189) VERBECK, G,6 r7 (74)
saAMAN. F. E.,7 3r1t1061 vERLAAN. K.. 19.101306)
SEED. H B. r025 (161).11lJ 1208) vrEsr" l. M..20.47 (l4rl
sE(r, s.I l9 (l4t. r.2l (93.95,98) vocT, F.,2.14 05), r0I (1581. 10 22 (160)

ShLLEVOLD.E l, l0.lt (l7l) volNA. N., 5.62 (6s, 66)

SERAFIM, L J,7.12 (81),9.141151)
SEREDA, P J, r.r 8 (6).10.50 (166.171.174.177,l?8)
sHArKH, A. F..10.9 l]t0) WAGNER. O. 5.29 (56), 12 2 09ll
SHANK, J. R., rJ.22lr r9), ll.7 (182), l3.l {207) WAINWRTGHT, P. J , 3.43 (ll, l1), 3.44 (31, l5), 1.50 (21). 3.51

sHFrKrN..\ A,5.ll(51) t34. t5L 1.56 (21). 9.20 (r461. 9.21 (1.16)
SHIDELER, J. I , ,1 5 (19t,4.45 r49) WALLAGE. P. A., I48 (20)
SIESS, C P. r7I1276),20.301lr7) wALLO, E V.,5 58 (63,6-1),6.16 (7), ?.r I (88.100.101),11.27 (183)
srftcIl, s. P.,135 (29) WALTERS, D. 8., 2012(ll7)
SLATE,F O., I 52 tl:. ll). l.5l (ll),5 r8 (58.59).6l0(75) wAL'fIrER, R., 20 16 (140). 20.17 (140.142)
sMtTH,A A,7 8 (87.881 wARD. M. A,l.l5 (29, 30).I l7 {29), 1.55 (21)- 4.15141,42).8IJ (114),
st4rTH, [.8..18 (])
sNowDoN, L. c..425 (4il wARNER,R F..19.8 (:r6l
sozEN, M. A., r? I (2761.10.19 (1321, 20.10 (ll7) WASHA. G. W, 5 l1 (51), 20.10(r10, 111, 31.1)
SPOONaR. D. C.. 5,ll (60), 1,1 27 l2lll WATSTETN, D,1.4(17 lll).5.25 (55)
STALEY. H. R.,9.1,1(151) wEtL.c..5.53 (61.621
STAUNTON. M M., i.30 (57,60,61),8 6.1(116) wli-cti, G. B , 3,r0 (]1,35)
STAVRIDES, H., 4.19 (,18,.r9) wEscHs, (..5 3l (59). 11.43 (188)
STFPHENSON. E K, r r2 (l). l.l4 (29), s 24 (55). 6 ll7 (78), I I 42 wHALEY, C P,lr.50 (130,131.112,114),9 48 (152)
088). t2.l (l9]) wr TE, A.It,14(2)
STEVENSON, J. F..5.59 (61),ll66 (116) wHTTNEY,C S, rl.rz (209),16.12 (248)
sT6cKL. S.,5 5r t6l) wIERtG, H J.,6.2i(751
srRArjB. F. 10 67 (r 71. L7l) WILLIAMS, A. J., 7.,11 (l0ll)
s].RALrB. L. G., r 16(182) wrNTER, G.,20 r2 (ll0)
WITTMANN, F H. t,l2(60). 10.65(l7q 171. 172, l?1, 1741.1066
STUPACHEN(O. P P. 10.48 1166)
(rrl, lo.rl (1?4- 178), 11.12 (182), 13.6 (207), 1l7
SUTER. G T, S 5l (1ll,ll4) (171), 10.67 171),
s\lAI\. G I:.,20I (ll9) c0r)
s\1.,\NIY. R. N, r 20124),4.39 (48,,19),4.44 (48,.19) woLFF. H..i, r8.8 (2871
S!VE-_SO|-. Il G, l0 5l (166), ll 22 (243) wooD. R H.,8.17 (120)
s\rI\7o\\ c. K. 1019 (r59.160) wooLsoN,L H, r.2(l)
YASHIN, A. V.. 5..1-1(61
YU^N. R L. 5 53 (61 6.11 7 1l rS8, 100. t0ll, I I lr_ ltSll
YoRK,G P,8ll t Lr0) YUNEKURA, A,. i,]9 (108, I09]
YOU\G, A G, 3.10 {t ln,I15,116)
YOU\G,J I:,10,161166) I049 (166) ZAL,\N, L M,:] 25I:6I
YL. C. W. i 11188,39.95, l0:). r.40 (l5ll zlA.l.5 i9 i6lr.8 66 tl16)
Subiect index

ACl. r?e Aneican ConcEte lnrlnut

Acousic str.in gauge, 2,10
Activalioncncrgy. 1ll, 169 anrhon tetrnchloride. 8,1
Carbonalion, 48, 69. 78, El,21l

Adsorben waler, 6. 167. 168, 171. 176 Can iron asEregat., 41. I 17, 14E
CEB, ee Conn6 Europeen du B6ton

.hemntr, nolation, 1l
Ase adiu$.d.lTedive nodulus, 255, 299 compositcs. reinlorced. 4?
Aee at applicrlion oI load,51,51.69, 151, 192. 199
conrent, l9l, l9l, I94. 200
asnrulli pn,s nateral5
content,11.40,42.149 inlluen.c on crep. 17

inlluence on crftp.,10 content,I9,,10,116

influ.ne on recovert,l46. 149
influenEon shrinkase.40 porosit],23,51.18

lype, 17, j?. Ll7, 1.15, 19I. 191, 195. 199

AsEregateicement ratio,,10
AEing,5l Coemcie.r ol vncous lraction. 119

coeficlcnr. 214. 251.2s5, 256. 259.287, 2811. 291,293.301, 319

Combi.ed {res aprardld: lli
Conhined toEron. be.din! and jh*.. rr_
a.niia Furo lntemational du Baton i.. Cor,t. EL:.e:
Altematrng loadins, 128
Comn6 Europeen du Baton.1l910r il l9i
l:. -1. ii. l9!
Ambient condirions, conlrol. 242 Comn! Europaen du BeIo.. rl9r8r I

Ameican Concrcle Innnule, 71, 199 Conplction undersu*ain.d l.ad.l0 i- rio 6l

Apparatus Ior fecp n.asurement, 231

A\beros frbre reinlorceient. ,1, nodnlus ot elanicnl. l:
Aukiclavod concrete, shrinkaec oI. 106 Conposne models ior crccp. .11
Composne stel con.rele slru(ures. l.{l
Autoeen.us shrinkase, 8 Corpositc Frecan case in situ st.ucrures.139
Arerase thickness, 61, 199, 200 Composition oI mir. ?1, 116. 191. 191, l99 lm
Axial shon..ine, 264, 270 Compound cosposition, 17. 1.1
Arial $rain, lime-depend.nt. 270, 282

Basic.rce!, 8. 9. ll, 75. 76. 87 CompEsvon apprralm. 233

Bazant lnd Panula nodelll.
Biaaial conpEssion. 88, 123, 128
Bilxial.recp reovery. 122,
Bibliogrlfhy,2
Conc.ele Society, 71. 201
Conciele. slruclu ol,5
1978.200 Condensatonol gclslruclure, 167, 168
CosLinuous beams qit]1 ni ritujoinl.106
C..renion oI high rlu,nina ceben!2l
124, 152 Craoking duc to shrintage. 42, 71. 80, 266, 267
Cra.king momenl,129

Bondlomaliontrndercreep.l6T, 169, 177

Boundary condilions in slructtrres, 107 cocmcient. 10.59,62,81. 191,207,246

Briitle behavrour, ;1. Ii8

ultinale. 199,202,l0l
 358 Subje.t iruta
curv., nandard, 191 or a cncked nember.128,ltO
lime-dcrendenl. 26,1, 274. 3:14. 338

Par.llel. 247, 248, ]]l')

and dampins, 111_ :16, 229

dryrng,8,9. 11,69.72
caily inrcsligations, I

residual. sce Pernanenl sei

line-dqre.dent, 289, 299, 328. ll8
vis.ous, 11, 151),216
inluence on nrucrures. ,l
in to$ion. E0, lot. 102, 104, 105, i18
Delorhnlions,.lasefl cnrion, I
Delayed e141ic slram, ll. 14, 101. l0l, 128. 151, 154. 155, 19,1,202.
nreve^ible, 10,15, 152 210. t47,251
Delaledelanrcity. 166, 167
limitnrg value of, 71, t82, 181 Delayed pla(ic nruin, 15,1

Delialoic delormarion, 15
Difr.rcnLidsn nkagc,289-294.ll8,lr7
Di[usi,ii!, dryi.g. 2CO I
ol old concrele,58,89. ?49.252 DisjorinE pr.ssu.e, 174, 176, I77
!redrcxon,7t,99. 128. 134, 182, l9l Displacenenl, timc dependenr, :104, ll9
Pohson's ratio, l5 16, 120, 122 Dsplacenonl lransducer, 240
Drline creep, 8, 10. I l, 69, 72
rare oI, 57, 511.62, 71. 95. 99, 165 Dryinsdifrusi!n},200 t
rso!c.y, 10, l5j 4:l .1, 139. I.14,:,18 Drying, iniluen.e o. creep.69, ?2. 150.161

Dynanic nrodu[N of clasricily, ]t

Etleclive modulus meth.d, 207, 2.17. ll0
Efcctive modDlus or etanicir!, 12. l4l
Elleclirc srresrn.e.grh ralio,.l9. 5l
Eltective thic(nes. 6:1, 202
Ecovery/treeprario,145, 146, 149,
151
-dr. 01.o.'l.rer, 08 _o "r. ' ..2-) .ol rl]4 ,....)O
re\er ibe, r52, r58 tr4
and shinkaee, 72, 76, ,00

Poisson s.atio. 120, l2l

rensile. 48, 62. 64, 67- lll
lertiarr. 9, 45, 52, 61, 1 1.1, tl5
hDc expreslons. 182
dcl,red, ll, I4, l0i, l0l. 128, l5t, 154. lsj. 194. 202, 210, 241.
2.51
rorar, 10, i5, 56, 71. 9,1
lranslorned s..tio!, tredicrion ol,182. i91
26,1, 278, 281, 28?. 292, 299
tlne exp.e$ion, 183
Elecrical rcsnt an.c s train sa uFe, 240
units !I measurementj l1]
r:.vironmcnLal rfluerccsoncreep.:r.69.81.87. 167
Eth!lalonol,84
Elapo.ablc{ater,6,51.69.?7. 116_241
Crlsalline flos theor]. t59 Fxpanded.l!) agSreSai., 46 7.149
Crynallizalion. water oI. 6
Curin.r rnflu(ne nn (rap hq,74, t0h Exponenlial exp.e$ion. l8l
Expre$i.ns tor cret, IE2
duc lo shrinkagc, 272, :116, l:l Ext.apolation ol creep. 185
lime-dcpendent, 271. 28r, 291. 299, lt7

Flexibiiity coemcienr. lO4, :107

Flexural isidir!. 289, 128

Flow, l03.2lq 249,3:15

Danping capa.ily, spi6c. 229

due 1o shrnrt,ge, 274, lll, :118. 142

 tubiext inda. 359

Forces, tine-depen dent, 304, 308 Maturity, 53, 89, 99, 104 151, 192

Masurenent of {eep, 240

M*hanical detomation lheory 158
Meclranical slrain 8auge, 240
Mmhanism ol crep, 158

Mjcrocracking, 9, 1 I , 15,49.51,56,84,96,98, lid 130, 132,135,136

Gel,5 152,163,167
@mpliance Iaclor, 51, 73

dgid. 161 Mixlroporlions, s., C.nposition oi nix

Modular Btio. 264. 283
class li6re reinio.mmt. 47 Modulusoleldticily,9,lO 11.41,87,184,201,246.251,253

Gl!$ rciniorced cenent, 48

Grading o, aggreBate, 4.1 dynmic,ll, 185,201
GRC, sre Glass Ei.iorced cesenl
initial tmgen! l0 ll
oi acgegate,4.0,41,41
Heal oI adsorption,116 of mnposile naterial, 12, 13
High-alunina cenent, 23 M o isrure @.tent oi concrere, 69, 1 50

Eigh{lrengtn mncete. ll Moistde molemenl, 75, 150

Moleculd siele efrect, 84 163

MomotE rednhbution oi l5
Hunidily
influene on rsp, 69
on creelr molery 150 Muilidial cleep rsove.Y, 152

degrceoI,6,51,73.74 Mulliphrse Ealerials, 5

Mul! slage pBtessing, 28i

Hidroxylated carboiylic acid ldmixrur6, 29

Elperbol ic eipressio., 83 1 Neal cmmt pasle,40, 55, 14,
Hyperstatic shuctureE 4

Improved Discbinger meurod, 21 l, 251 Non-evaporable water. 6

Inpurities in @nent, 17 Notional tnicknes, 195, 258

Initial tanSenl nodulus oI elas(city. 10 I 1

Insiantaneous slrai!. 10
lntedayerwaler,5,6. 166,173,17?. 178
Inrrinsic inducnc6 on cr@p, 38. 51, 69, 1 67
IrEovera6le defomation. l0
Irraolerable flos .onponol,
Ir.eversiblc cEp, 10, 15, I52
Old concrere. 58, 89, 249, 252
Pamlel deep culves, 247, 248, 249
Pasle @ntent, see AcgreBate conletrl
249. 315 Pemanenl set, 10, 14, 152
Ph@onenologi@l approach, 3. 158

Iterative appioach, se Step by-slep procedur delomation, 14, 216

Late.al crep, 47, 120, 12 Pla$cizins admixlures, 29

LiSllweisht aggregale corcrcte, 22, 29, 39,51 Poisson's rali o, 15 16,33,135
LiElosulphonic admixrures, 29 creep, l5 16, 120,122

Load-beri.g wa1. 167, I 76

Pol;hr inprcs.aled @ndetq 26
alte.nating, 128
Polwropylene libre rcinlor@ment. 4?
Pore siz dishibnlion, 166
Losarit]loic dtrrdent,229

Loss ol prestress, 55, 108 of assreerte..l-4,45

of cement pasre. zl. 51. i8
Poser expEssio., 182

Mass concrete, 87, 88, 140, 20?

 16A Suhiect hdex

methods.182.l9l,2O3
oI cEep,7l,99. 128. lld 182. 19l reinlorcem.fi ar.a ritio, 142
olelasticstrai., 182, l9l Shorr rerm creep,5l 185
oisnnnkage.l82, 19l
Prc dryin&74,91,95. 169 Sh.inf,ase. 1.3,51, 5),71.71,76. 78. l6l, 182. l9l,:07,246.155.:64,
Preplaced aggrcgale .on.rte, 47 266,267.t8l,10,1.Ir6.ltr,r37,l4t,146
and aggregale contenl. :10
lossoi 55. 108, 278, 291. 297, 106

Prestresed.o.cr.te,9.1, 108. r28,20r,26,1,275,278,t81,318 .racknrs.42,7l 80,266,267

Preslressins, mulli naee, 28 1 .nd creep.72,76.200
curvarurc, r72. ll6. 133
Pincipleolsuperyosrtion.8, l2l, 128. l19, 147,212.2,1?, 252 deiection. ll4. lll.
ll8. r.12
diflercntial, 2E9, 29.1, 318, 337

Rale ol cEep, 57, 58, 6:, 71. 95, 99. 165

merhod, 128.110.2.19
Ratcol loading, 10, 183 oI aurocLalcd co.oere, 106
oI neam-cur.d concr.re 106
Rate process theorl. s.e Acrilation ener8y oI tosio. specimens. ll8
Recolerable detormalion, I4. 52 1 prediction ol, 182, 191

squarehalilime. 100.200
Rednldburion ol moments. l5 timeexpresion.l8l
Rcinlorcd cement conposites. ,17 Dnimar., 4?. 199. 200
Reinlorced concrere, 1,9, 2.16. 128 unrts ol meastrcment, 10

Sl2eenecr, 61. 194, 197, 200

Size oI aeerceate, ,14, 47

Sj/e oI specimens. 5 I , 6 I . 69, 8 I
influene or creef re.overy.l50
So]nl solLnion theort. 160
Relaration, 8. ll, 207. 292, 298
.ocnicient, 251, 255, 259

intrinsic, 276, 277, 292 Specificfc.p, 10,41 l. 186, 191,220,246,248

Spccinc elasdc $rai., l0

Speed ol loading.rse RaLe otloading
Standard crep cuN., l9l
redociion coefirient, 276, 283
Sta licall I dctermi n ate structu ros. 4
Residual defornation, see Pernanst ser Statically indererminate skuclures. 4

Retrogre$ion ol srrensih. 20, 2l

Reversible creep, 151 158, 174, 116 Steel 6bre rcinlorcem.nt, 47. 48

Re-Rening, 7?,19, 1r4, 178 Step byileppro.edure.253.2r5,ll9.32l

Rheological modeh,2l6
Richnes ol mi x, s.e AssEgatc ... ren I Storasecondltjons, 69, 8l
Rigidgel,l6l

due l. renperature.255

Scaled oncEIe. 20, 87, 91, 91, 116. 177

Secant modulus ot elasticily,I l el ecr ri.al resiru nce, 240
Seconda ry crcc!, 9, 14,45
Seepage lheory, l6l. 166 167 vibraling wne, rc.Strai. Baugc, acoustrc
Set-retardins admixtures, 29
innuene on crcep, l16
dillerenlial, ll8, 319, 135
i.duced reaction,122
Slnins due to tempraiure.255

Shape ol specimens. i1,61 increase wfiiie under load,19 20,57,61