Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization

Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
Chapter Outline
Parts of a Cell
The Plasma Membrane
Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Organelles
Nucleus
Protein Synthesis
Normal Cell Division
Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer
Notes
I. Parts of a Cell
A. Objective: Name the three main parts of a cell.
B. Plasma membrane
C. Cytoplasm
D. Organelles
II. The Plasma Membrane
A. Objectives:
1. Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
2. Explain the concept of selective permeability.
3. Define the electrochemical gradient and describe its components.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology I (SC481)
Chapter 3 – The Cellular Level of Organization
B. Introduction
1. Fluid mosaic model See Figure 3.2
2. The Lipid Bilayer
a) Phospholipid – Notice the arrangement of the phospholipids in
the cell membrane in Figure 3.2.
b) Cholesterol Notice the location and purpose of cholesterol in
the cell membrane.
C. Functions of Membrane Proteins
1. Just read this section and look at Figure 3.3 on page 64.
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D. Membrane Fluidity
1. Many of the phospholipids and the proteins rotate and move around
within their half (same layer) of the bilayer.
2. Cholesterol makes the membrane strong at normal body
temperature and more fluid in cold temperatures.
E. Membrane Permeability
1. Objectives:
a) Be able to define this selectively permeable.
b) Indicate that types of molecules that can pass through the lipid
bilayer and the types of molecules that cannot.
c) Describe how ions and large, uncharged polar molecules are
able to pass through a plasma membrane.
F. Gradients Across a Plasma Membrane
1. Objectives:
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a) Define concentration gradient.
b) Define electrical gradient.
c) Define membrane potential.
d) Define electrochemical gradient.
III. Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
A. Passive and Active Processes The difference between passive
processes and active processes is ___________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
B. Kinetic Energy Transport
1. Diffusion
a) Movement down the concentration gradient – What does it
mean when someone says that substances that diffuse move
down the concentration gradient? Read this section in order to
gain a greater understanding of the principle of diffusion.
b) Read the section that describes the various factors that
influence the rate of diffusion across plasma membranes.
2. Diffusion Through the Lipid Bilayer
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a) Objective: What kinds of substances are able to diffuse freely
through the lipid bilayer of plasma membranes? (You don’t need
to list the substances; rather, be able to give the properties that
they possess.)
3. Diffusion Through Membrane Ion Channels
a) Objectives: What types of substance pass through membrane
ion channels? Why are they not able to pass through the lipid
bilayer?
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4. Osmosis
a) Objectives:
(1) Define osmosis.
(2)
b) Osmosis is the net movement of a _________________through
a selectively permeable membrane. In living systems, the
solvent is _____________, which moves by osmosis across
plasma membranes from an areas of
_________________________ to an area of
________________________. Fill in the blank in this sentence.
c) Osmosis occurs only when a membrane is permeable to water
but is _________________________________________.
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d) Osmotic pressure – What is the relationship between the
concentration of solutes in a solution and the solution’s osmotic
pressure?
e) Tonicity – Define each of the terms below.
(1) Isotonic solution –
(2) Hypertonic solution –
(3) Hypotonic solution –
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C. Transport by Transporter Proteins
1. Facilitated Diffusion
a) Objective:
(1) What characteristics do substances possess that must
pass through a plasma membrane through the process of
facilitated diffusion?
(2) Describe the process of facilitated diffusion. (See the
second paragraph in this section in the textbook.)
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D. Active Transport
1. Objectives:
a) What distinguishes active transport from kinetic energy
(passive) transport?
b) Describe the difference between primary active transport and
secondary active transport.
2. Active transport involves pumping substances against the
concentration gradient.
3. Primary Active Transport – The energy that is used to move the
substances against the concentration gradient comes from ATP.

The Na+/K+ pump expels sodium ions (Na+) to the outside and brings potassium ions
(K+) into the cell.
4. Secondary Active Transport
a) The energy that is used to move the substances against the
concentration gradient comes from the flow of either Na+ or H+
down their concentration gradient and through a pump that
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moves a different substance against the concentration gradient.
Think of how a water wheel works – the flow of water down over
the wheel turns the wheel and provides energy.
b) The process of secondary active transport indirectly uses the
energy of ATP because ATP is used by a different pump that is
used to maintain the concentration gradient of either Na+ or H+.
c) Go to http://tinyurl.com/27q23m to see an animation
d) Symporters
e) Antiporters
5. Transport in Vesicles
a) Objectives:
(1) Define vesicle. endocytosis, and exocytosis.
(2) Describe the process of receptormediated
endodcytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis.
Endocytosis
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IV. Cytoplasm
A. Objectives:
1. Define cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.
B. Organelles
1. The Cytoskeleton
a) Objective: Describe the structure of the cytoskeleton.
2. Centrosome
a) Objective: Describe the purpose of the centrosomes.
b) The centrosome consists of two parts: two centrioles and the
region around them. The centrioles play a role in producing the
mitotic spindle, which are used during cell division.
3. Flagella and Cilia
a) Objectives:
(1) Describe the structure of flagella and the purpose of
flagella.
(2) Describe the structure of cilia and the purpose of cilia.
4. Ribosomes
a) Objectives:
(1) What do ribosomes look like?
(2) What is the purpose of ribosomes?
(3) Where are free ribosomes located?
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(4) What is the purpose of the ribosomes that are attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum?
5. Endoplasmic reticulum
a) Objectives:
(1) Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum.
What is the structural difference between the round ER
and the smooth ER?
6. Golgi complex (apparatus)
a) Objectives:
(1) Describe the appearance of the Golgi complex.
(2) Be able to identify the function of the Golgi complex.
7. Lysosomes
a) Objectives:
(1) What is found inside of lysosomes?
(2) Be able to identify the three functions of lysosomes.
8. Proteasomes
a) Objective: What is the purpose of proteasomes?
9. Mitochondria
a) Objectives:
(1) What is the purpose of mitochondria?
(2) Be able to identify the structure of mitochondria.
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b) Structure Outer membrane and inner membrane; inner
membrane is arranged into a series of folds called cristae
(KRIS tee). Central cavity enclosed by the inner membrane
and the cristae is called the matrix.
c) Function – The mitochondria are the main sites for
____________________________________
d) The breakdown (catabolism) of nutrient molecules occur on the
surface of the cristae. The generation of ATP is the result of
these catabolic reactions. Oxygen is needed in order for these
chemical reactions to occur.
e) Active cells such muscle, liver and kidney tubule cells have large
number of mitochondria.
V. Nucleus
A. Objectives:
1. Identify the name of the double membrane that separates the
nucleus from the cytoplasm.
2. Describe the structure and function of the nucleolus (plural,
nucleoli).
3. Define each of the following terms: chromosome, chromatin,
nucleosome, histones, linker DNA, and chromatid.
VI. Protein Synthesis
A. Objectives:
1. Define transcription.
2. Describe the purpose of RNA polymerase.
3. Define translation.
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VII. Normal Cell Division
A. Introduction
1. Objectives:
a) Define somatic cell.
b) Define mitosis and cytokinesis.
c) Define meiosis.
2. Somatic cell division Mitosis and cytokinesis
3. Reproductive cell division meiosis and cytokinesis
B. Somatic Cell Division
1. Objectives:
a) Define homologous chromosomes.
b) Define the term diploid.
c) Know that somatic cells are diploid cells.
2. Interphase
a) Objective:
b) “During interphase the cell ___________________________..”.
Complete this sentence see your textbook.
c) Chromosomes are not visible during interphase.
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3. Mitotic phase
a) Two sets of chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei.
b) Prophase
(1) Objectives:
(a) Describe what happens to the chromatin fibers during
prophase.
(b) Describe what a centromere is.
c) Metaphase
(1) Objective: Describe the position of the chromosomes
during metaphase.
d) Anaphase
(1) Objective: What happens to the chromosomes during
anaphase?
e) Telophase
(a) Objective: What happens to the chromosomes during
telophase?
4. Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis
C. Reproductive Cell Division
1. Introduction
a) Objectives:
(1) Where does meiosis occur?
(2) Define gamete.
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(3) Know that meiosis produces gametes.
(4) Define haploid.
(5) Know that gametes are haploid.
(6) Describe the basic events that occur during meiosis I and
during meiosis II.
VIII. Abnormal Cell Division: Cancer
A. This material will not be covered in class nor are there any objectives
over the material. But if you are planning on going into a medical field,
I’d encourage you to read this section.
B. Introduction
1. Tumor = Define this term.
2. Malignant and benign tumors What do these two terms mean?
C. Growth and Spread of Malignant Tumors
1. Hyperplasia = Define this term.
2. Metastasis = Define this term.
3. What cancer cells do to surrounding normal tissues – Indicate what
cancer cells do to surrounding tissues.
D. Causes of Cancer
1. Carcinogen = Define this term.
2. Viruses
3. Oncogenes = Define this term.
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4. Inactivation or mutation of antioncogenes (tumorsuppressing
genes)
E. Treatment of Cancer The following methods are used alone or in
combination for treating cancer.
1. Chemotherapy
2. Radiation
3. Surgery
4. Hyperthermia (high temperature)
5. Immunotherapy (promotion of the body's own immune system)
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