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 Water Electrolysis & Renewable Energy Systems

Contents

Executive Summary 2

1. Introduction 4

2. Electrolyser Technology 6
2.1 General Principles 6
2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysers 7
2.3 Alkaline Electrolysers 8
2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysers 9
2.5 Reversible Fuel Cells 9

3. Application of Water Electrolysis 10

3.1 Existing Markets 10
3.2 Energy Applications 11

4. Electrolysers in Distributed Applications 13

4.1 Distributed Electricity Generation 13
4.2 Household and Building Energy 14
4.3 Autonomous Backup and Remote Power 15
4.4 Stranded and Localised Grids 16

Special Feature: German Hybrid Power Plants 18

5. Electrolysers and the Electricity Grid 20

5.1 Grid Requirements 20
5.2 The Renewables Challenge 20
5.3 Managing the Integration 21
5.4 The Role of Electrolysers 23

6. Markets for Hydrogen 29

6.1 Centralised Power Generation 29
6.2 Hydrogen Injection into the Natural Gas Grid 31
6.3 Hydrogen for Transportation 36
6.4 Production of Synthetic Fuels 39
6.5 Industrial Uses of Hydrogen 43

7. Conclusions 44

Page 1 Fuel Cell Today

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Water Electrolysis & Renewable Energy Systems

1. Introduction
This report describes how the electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen can be used in conjunction
with renewable energy sources to provide a number of benefits. It begins with a brief summary of the
fundamentals of water electrolysis and the available electrolyser technologies. It then looks at how
electrolysis has been applied in the past and its applicability to, and suitability for, energy use.

One of the chief advantages of electrolysis is that it can be applied at a great range of scales. The report first
examines its use at smaller scales, in off-grid or localised power generation, where it is a key component
to enable smart, secure and flexible distributed energy systems that include renewables such as wind and
solar power. True independence from the grid is difficult to achieve and in many instances electrolysis can
be the crucial missing link.

One of the most exciting aspects of the technology currently is its emergence as a candidate for large-
scale renewable energy storage without a doubt one of the biggest challenges facing society in its
efforts to move away from fossil fuels. Many nations support an increased contribution from wind and
solar power, which are difficult to harness but potentially unlimited, unlike bioenergy. However, these
sources provide a variable output which is difficult for the electricity grid to accept while maintaining
its stability, and this places a real and fundamental limit on how much of this energy can currently be
incorporated into the supply.

This limit can be circumvented if the renewable energy can be stored at times of excess production,
buffering the effect of variability on the grid and providing a more predictable supply. But energy storage
at the scale needed for a global shift away from carbon is a significant technological challenge that cannot
be satisfactorily met with existing technology. As this report describes, using clean electricity to drive water
electrolysis and produce hydrogen in large quantities as an energy storage medium is in fact one of the
most viable options available to us. The use of the technology to facilitate the integration of renewable
energy into the electricity supply is the subject of a dedicated chapter of this report.

Hydrogens advantages as a clean energy carrier are numerous because it can link all forms of energy use,
allowing for greater integration, greater flexibility and greater efficiency overall. As Figure 1 illustrates,
hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis driven by either distributed renewables or grid electricity and
then stored (in small or terawatt-hour-scale quantities and in a variety of ways). From there, it can fuel
on-demand electricity or combined heat and power (CHP) generation, or it could instead be used in other
ways: for example, as a vehicle fuel, or supplied to industry as a commodity or feedstock, or chemically
combined with carbon to produce synthetic hydrocarbon fuels.

There are synergies to be explored; for example if hydrogen from electrolysis is used to renewably upgrade
the carbon dioxide (CO2) fraction of biogas. Hydrogen can also be injected into the natural gas network,
either in methanated form or directly, to increase the proportion of renewable energy in grid gas. Gas has
been combusted for many years to generate electricity and heat, but electrolysis and hydrogen for the first
time provide a link between the electricity and gas grids in the opposite direction.

These connections and synergies are the central theme of this report.

Page 4 Fuel Cell Today

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Renewables: Electricity Grid

Wind, Solar,
Hydro,
Geothermal

Fuel Cells or CCGT

Electrolyser
Synfuel Production

Hydrogen Hydrogen

Industrial Uses
Transport Fuel of Hydrogen
(non-energy)
Hydrogen Storage

Distributed
Power Generation
(also CHP)

Anaerobic
Digester

Fuel Cell

Generated Heat Flows

Heating Gas Grid Not Shown

Electricity Hydrogen Biogas Natural Gas Synthetic Fuel

(includes synthetic)

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Berlin Brandenburg Airport Project
at Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) as part of a second hybrid power plant project with ENERTRAG and Linde, as well
as associated partners McPhy Energy and 2G Energietechnik. The project is worth 10 million and will comprise the
following components:

Up to 40 wind turbines ranging in size from 1.82.3 MW each in an ENERTRAG wind farm close to the airport.
A 500 kW alkaline electrolyser also from Enertrag.
A 100 kg capacity metal hydride solid state hydrogen storage system from McPhy Energy ensuring a constant supply

gas (CNG) fuelling the CNG blend will be 88% natural gas, 10% biogas, and 2% hydrogen.
On-site solar panels from TOTAL subsidiary SunPower will supplement the electricity supply from the wind farm.
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