Ocean Cable Engineering Handbook Vol5 Compiled by Ian S. Coote

Ocean
Engineering Notes.
Compiled
by
Ian S. Coote
Part 3
Handbook
for
Ocean Cable Engineering.
Volume 5
Rigging Procedures
and
Cable Stoppers
for
Working Ocean Cables.
1st. Edition
This compilation
Copyright 2009 by Ian S. Coote.
Neither Ian S. Coote, or any of his associates

makes any warranty, express or implied,
or assumes any legal liability or responsibility
for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of
any information, apparatus, product or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not
infringe privately-owned rights.
Page i
Contents.
Page No.
1. Introduction. 1
2. General. 2
3. Stoppering Off - Cable End ( Over the Bow ). 4
3.1 Requirements. 4
3.2 Equipment. 4
3.3 Procedure. 4
4. Stoppering Off - Cable end ( Inboard ). 8
4.1 Requirements. 8
4.2 Equipment. 8
4.3 Procedure. 8
5. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method 1. 16
5.1 Requirements. 16
5.2 Equipment. 16
5.3 Procedure. 16
6. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method 2. 22
6.2 Equipment. 22
6.3 Procedure. 22
7. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Inboard ). 28
7.2 Equipment. 28
7.3 Procedure. 28
8. North Atlantic Slip. 38
8.2 Equipment. 38
8.3 Procedure. 38
9. North Atlantic Slip -Alternative Method. 52
9.2 Equipment. 52
9.3 Procedure. 52
Page ii
Contents ( Continued ).
Page No.
10. Laying a large Rigid Housing. 68
10.2 Equipment. 68
10.3 Procedure. 68
11. Laying Closely Spaced Rigid Housings. 76
11.2 Equipment. 76
11.3 Procedure. 76
12. Picking up a Large Rigid Housing. 84
12.2 Equipment. 84
12.3 Procedure. 84
13. Laying a Mark Buoy. 94
13.2 Equipment. 94
13.3 Procedure. 94
14. Laying a Cable End Buoy. 100

14.2 Equipment. 100
14.3 Procedure. 100
15. Recovery of Balloon Buoy using Ships Boat. 108

15.2 Equipment. 108
15.3 Procedure. 108
16. Deck Recovery of a Balloon Buoy. 116

16.2 Equipment. 116
16.3 Procedure. 116
17. Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Bow to Stern. 126

17.2 Equipment. 126
17.3 Procedure. 126
Page iii
Page No.
18. Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Stern to Bow. 128

18.2 Equipment. 128
18.3 Procedure. 128
19. Deep Mooring. 132
19.1 Usage. 132

19.2 Equipment. 132
19.3 Arrangement. 132
19.4 Procedure. 132
19.4.1 Scope. 132
19.4.2 Deployment. 134
19.4.3 Recovery. 134
19.4.4 Twisting of Mooring and Cable. 134
20. Landing a Shore End. 135
20.1 General. 135

20.2 Pulling the Cable by Rope. 135
20.2.1 Preparation. 135
20.2.2 Procedure. 135
20.2.3 Alternative Procedures. 136
20.3 Pulling the Cable by Launch. 140
20.3.1 Preparation. 140
20.3.2 Procedure. 140
20.4 Spacing of Floatation. 140
20.5 Recovery of Floatation by divers. 140
21. Cable Stoppers. 146
21.1 General. 146

21.2 Chain Stoppers. 146
21.2.1 Usage. 146
21.2.2 Application. 146
21.3 BTL Stoppers. 148
21.3.1 Usage. 148
21.4 Preformed Cable Stopper. 150
21.4.1 Usage. 150
21.5 Two-tailed Rope Stopper. 154
21.5.1 Usage. 154
21.6 Stoppering off Over the Bow. 155
21.6.1 Usage. 155
21.6.2 Method. 155
Page iv
Page No.
Appendices.
A. The Cutting of Cables, Ropes, and Chains. A.1
A.1 Cutting Ocean Cables. A.1

A.2 Cutting Grapnel Ropes. A.2
A.3 Cutting Wire Ropes. A.2
A.4 Cutting Woven or Stranded Fiber Ropes. A.3
A.5 Cutting Chain. A.3
A.6 Safety. A.3
Page v
Figures.
Page No.
2(a) Layout of foredeck with main dimensions. 3
3.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable End ( Over the Bow ).) 5
3.3(b) 7
4.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable end ( Inboard ).) 9
4.3(b) 11
4.3(c) 13
4.3(d) 15
5.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method 1.) 17
5.3(b) 19
5.3(c) 21
6.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method 2.) 23
6.3(b) 25
6.3(c) 27
7.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Inboard ).) 29
7.3(b) 31
7.3(c) 33
7.3(d) 35
7.3(e) 37
8.3(a) (North Atlantic Slip.) 39
8.3(b) 41
8.3(c) 43
8.3(d) 45
8.3(e) 47
8.3(f) 49
Page vi
Figures ( Continued ).
Page No.
8.3(g) (North Atlantic Slip.) 51
9.3(a) (North Atlantic Slip -Alternative Method.) 53
9.3(b) 55
9.3(c) 57
9.3(d) 59
9.3(e) 61
9.3(f) 63
9.3(g) 65
9.3(h) 67
10.3(a) (Laying a large Rigid Housing.) 69
10.3(b) 71
10.3(c) 73
10.3(d) 75
11.3(a) (Laying Closely Spaced Rigid Housings.) 77
11.3(b) 79
11.3(c) 81
11.3(d) 83
12.3(a) (Picking up a Large Rigid Housing.) 85
12.3(b) 87
12.3(c) 89
12.3(d) 91
12.3(e) 93
13.3(a) (Laying a Mark Buoy.) 95
13.3(b) 97
Page vii
Page No.
13.3(c) (Laying a Mark Buoy.) 99
14.3(a) (Laying a Cable End Buoy.) 101
14.3(b) 103
14.3(c) 105
14.3(d) 107
15.3(a) (Recovery of Balloon Buoy using Ships Boat.) 109
15.3(b) 111
15.3(c) 113
15.3(d) 115
16.3(a) (Deck Recovery of a Balloon Buoy.) 117
16.3(b) 119
16.3(c) 121
16.3(d) 123
16.3(e) 125
17.3(a) (Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Bow to Stern.) 127
18.3(a) (Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Stern to Bow.) 129
18.3(b) 131
19.3(a) Arrangement of deep mooring. 133
20.2.2(a) Light rope being pulled used to pull heavy rope ashore. 137
20.2.3(a) Pulling cable end ashore using rope and tractor. 138
20.2.3(b) Pulling cable end ashore using cable machinery. 139
20.3.2(a) Pulling cable end ashore by launch. 141
20.3.2(b) Two launches bringing cable end to shore where 142

manual labor and winches will take over.
Page viii
Page No.
21.2.2(a) Typical certified tapered chain stoppers. 146
21.2.2(b) Chain stopper applied to cable ( or rope ) with half hitches. 147
21.2.2(c) Chain stopper applied to cable ( or rope ) by winding 148

around cable.
21.3.2(a) BTL cable stopper assemblies. 149
21.3.2(b) BTL cable stopper, arrangement of tails to ensure correct 150

winding on.
21.3.2(c) BTL cable stopper applied to cable. 150
21.4.2(a) Preformed cable stopper. 151
21.4.2(b) Application of Preformed cable stopper. 153
21.5.2(a) Two-tailed rope stopper. 154
21.5.2(b) Two-tailed rope stopper applied to cable or rope. 155
21.6.2(a) Arrangement for stoppering off bight of cable over the bow. 156
21.6.2(b) Application of single leg Preformed stopper over the bow. 157
A.1(a) Binding of ocean cable prior to cutting. A.1
A.1(b) Explosively powered cutter. A.2

Page ix
Tables.
Page No.
20.4(a) Spacing for 40-gallon steel drums. 143
20.4(b) Spacing for balloon floats. 144
20.4(c) Spacing for small inflatable floats. 145
21.3.2(a) Working loads for BTL stoppers. 148
21.4.2(a) Preformed cable stoppers - Cables less than 1 inch/25.4 mm dia. 151
- Size and strength data ( PMI Industries Inc. )
21.4.2(b) Preformed cable stoppers - Cables greater than 1 inch/25.4 mm 152

dia - Size and strength data ( PMI Industries Inc. )
Page x
Sources of Material Used.
The following are the identifiable sources from which the material used in this volume has
been derived.
Chapters.
J. H. Stevens: Book on Cable Engineering, 1927. 3 to 18, 20
Meyers, Holm and McAllister: Handbook on Ocean and 20

Underwater Engineering, 1969.
USN NAVFAC P-906 Volume 2, April 1976. 20
Memo WECo, 1965(?) 3 to 9
Wilkinson: Title unknown, circa 1900s 3 to 18, 20
Chapters without defined source are from personal notes and correspondence, trade literature,
and sources too diverse to effectively define.
Page 1
1. Introduction.
This part of the handbook contains a range of rigging procedures used for working ocean
cables during grappling, laying and repair on a cable ship, working cable buoys, method for
deep mooring, and landing cable ends. It is intended as a guide from which rigging procedures
for a given cable ship can be developed.
Dimensions and lengths are given in both English and Metric units, where applicable.
Page 2
2. General.
The rigging procedures described are based on those developed during cable repair and
system installation. The arrangements have been adjusted to suit a representative cable ship
with a foredeck layout as shown in figure 2(a). The lengths of rope and cable shown in the
figures describing the rigging procedures must be taken as approximate lengths only, actual
lengths can only be determined from experience. By changing the lengths of rope and cable
that have been indicated, these rigs can be made to suit any cable ship. In many cases, a
modification will produce an improvement. These procedures are intended to serve as a guide
and not a blueprint.
For stern working cable ships or working from the stern of vessels of opportunity, the rigging
procedures should be the same ( except that port and starboard are reversed ).
For auxiliary vessels ( ie lighters and barges ) the basic techniques can be used as a starting
point in setting up suitable rigging. Due to the large variations in configurations no standard
rigging for these vessels can be defined.
8x3 grapnel rope is used in all descriptions, however other suitable sizes ( 6x3, 9x5, etc. )
can be substituted as necessary. All riggings shown can be reversed to suit conditions, though
all grappling is taken as done over the center sheave. On ships with a different arrangement of
sheaves it will be necessary, in some cases, to modify the way cable and rope is worked over
the sheaves.
It should be noted that in selecting rigging components, the forces that they will experience
must be determined, either by calculation or trials, so that the safe working loads on these
components will be adequate. The effect of possible shock loads and motion of the ship in a
seaway must also be considered.
Lengths of ropes, etc. are based on three wraps around the cable drum, the minimum likely to
be used. Each additional wrap will increase lengths by approximately 47 ft. - 14.3 m. The
standard length for grapnel and buoy rope is taken as 3000 ft. - 915 m. If grapnel and buoy
rope is supplied in shorter lengths, this may have to considered when working out lengths of
ropes.
Underwater swivels are an sealed ball bearing swivel able to withstand hydrostatic pressure,
manufacturers include Miller and Tridente. Alloy stud chain should be Grade 3 chain as a
minimum.
132.5 ft.-40.4 m.
Hatch to Hold and Holdback and Drawoff
Pipes
Cable Working Deck
L
Engines P&S
C Rope
38.5 ft.-11.7 m.
Eyes
CL Pad
Bow Sheaves (3)
11 ft.-3.4 m. dia.
CL Bow
Sheaves
Rope Drum Cable Engines P&S
Drums
L Cable
Pipes P&S
C
15 ft-4.6 m. dia.
Depth to Buoy Dynamometers P&S
Rope Bins Skids P&S
36 ft. -11 m. 67.5 ft.-20.6 m.
Fig. 2(a) Layout of foredeck with main dimensions.

Page 3
Page 4
3. Stoppering Off - Cable End ( Over the Bow ).
3.1 Requirement.
When grappling for a cable end with a large grapnel, or if the cable is large, the grapnel or
cable may not, when it is brought to the surface come inboard of the bow sheaves. In this case,
the cable has to be stoppered off over the bow. During the stoppering off, the cable ship should
be maneuvered to keep the tension in the cable to a minimum. As a cable end is being lifted,
this should not present any problems.
3.2 Equipment.
Quantity Description
1 Certified chain stopper or if armorless or plastic covered cable, Pre-

formed stopper.
3000 ft. - 915 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in one end and a
thimble, link, swivel and link in the other.
3.3 Procedure.
Stage 1 Figure 3.3(a).
The grapnel and cable are at the bow; the stopper has been placed on the side of the cable that
is continuous care must be taken to place the stopper on the side that is continuous, not on
the side that the end is on. ( If the stopper is on the side that the end is on, then when the load
is transferred the stopper is likely to pull off and the cable will sink to the bottom ). The
3000 ft - 915 m. of 8x3 grapnel rope is on the port drum and the end is shackled to the
stopper.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope ( Length 3000 ft.- 915 m. )
To Bottom
Grapnel
Stopper
Cable
To Cut End
Fig 3.3(a)
Page 5
Page 6
Stage 2 Figure 3.3(b).
The starboard drum pays out until the tension is transferred to the stopper. The cable can
then be brought inboard for testing or to prepare it for buoying. The excess cable between the
stopper and the end can be cut off if required.
The grapnel can be brought inboard by means of the hoist on the gantry.
Cable Supported
by Stopper
Fig. 3.3(b)
Page 7
Page 8
4. Stoppering Off - Cable End ( Inboard ).
4.1 Requirement.
When grappling for a cable end with a small grapnel and if the cable is small, when the cable
is brought to the surface it may be possible to bring the grapnel and cable inboard of the bow
sheaves. In this case, the cable can be stoppered off inboard of the bow sheaves. During the
stoppering off, the cable ship should be maneuvered to keep the tension in the cable to a
minimum. As a Cable end is being lifted, this should not present any problems. If the grapnel
and cable do not come easily over the bow sheaves stoppering off should be done over the bow.
4.2 Equipment.
1 Certified chain stopper or if armorless or plastic covered cable,
Preformed stopper.
3000 ft. - 915 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in one end and a t
1 60 feet - 18m. of 1 inch dia., manila rope, and a suitable sheave with
strop.
4.3 Procedure.
Stage 1 Figure 4.3(a) .
The grapnel and cable are inboard of the bow sheaves, with sufficient cable available between
the grapnel and bow sheaves to allow application of the stopper. The 3000 ft. - 915 m. of 8x3
grapnel rope is on the port drum and the stopper is on the foredeck.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope ( Length 3000 ft.- 915 m. )
Stopper
To Bottom
To Cut End
Grapnel
Cable
Fig. 4.3(a)
Page 9
Page 10
The stopper has been placed on the side of the cable that is continuous ( care must be taken to
place the stopper on the side that is continuous, not on the side that the end is on. If the
stopper is on the side that the end is on, then when the load is transferred the stopper is
likely to pull off and the cable will sink to the bottom ). The 3000 ft. - 915 m. of the 8x3
grapnel rope is shackled to the stopper. If necessary, the manila rope is used to separate the
two sides of the cable to allow easier access for installing the stopper.
Stopper on Cable
Cable Pulled Away

( If necessary to
allow application
of Stopper )
Fig. 4.3(b)
Page 11
Page 12
Stage 3 Figure 4.3(c).
The starboard and port drums both pay out until the grapnel and cable are outboard of the bow
sheaves. Care must be taken when the stopper goes over the center bow sheave to keep the end
of the 8x3 grapnel rope from becoming jammed under the cable. When the grapnel is outboard
of the bow sheaves, the 8x3 grapnel rope is placed into the port bow sheave and the slack
picked up.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
in Port Sheave
Grapnel Outboard
of Bow Sheaves
Fig. 4.3(c)
Page 13
Page 14
Stage 4 Figure 4.3(d).
The starboard drum pays out until the tension is transferred to the stopper. The cable can
then be brought inboard for testing or to prepare it for buoying. The excess cable between the
stopper and the end can be cut off if required.
Cable Supported
by Stopper
Fig. 4.3(d)
Page 15
Page 16
5. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method

Number 1.
5.1 Requirement.
When grappling for a cable bight with a large grapnel, or grappling for a large cable, the
grapnel or cable may not, when it is brought to the surface come inboard of the bow sheaves. In
this case, the cable has to be stoppered off over the bow. It should be stated that if the strains
recorded on the dynamometer indicate that there is danger of parting,the cable, or any part of
the rigging stoppering off the cable bight, it should not be attempted. The cable should be cut
over the bow and a separate drive made for each end of the cable. The result will be less strain
when the cable is brought over the bow. This may also be expedient in rough weather.
5.2 Equipment.
2 Certified chain stoppers or if armorless or plastic covered cable,

Pre- formed stoppers.
2 1 inch chain, alloy, 8 feet - 2.4 m. long with an Egg link each end.
43 feet - 13 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in each end ( Static
Messenger ).
320 feet - 97.5 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in each end (
Messenger ).
1 Ground chain holding plate or Devil's Claw.
5.3 Procedure.
The grapnel and cable are at the bow; the stoppers are in place on the cable. The 3000 ft. - 915
m. length of 8x3 grapnel rope is on the port drum , and the end is shackled to the port stopper.
The 8x3 Messenger is shackled to the starboard stopper, and the inboard end is shackled to
the 1 inch chain, which is shackled to the deck padeye. The 320 ft. - 97.5 m. 8x3 Messenger is
ready for shackling to the inboard end of the static Messenger and the outboard end of the
Ground Rope.
The starboard drum now pays out easily so the weight of the cable is divided equally between
the grapnel and the chain stoppers.
Ground Chain ( Length 60 ft. - 18.3 m. )
Grapnel
Stopper
Cable
Stopper
8 x 3 Static Messenger
( Length 43 ft. - 13 m. )
1 in. Chain ( Length 8 ft. - 2.4 m. )
1 in. Chain ( Length 8 ft. - 2.4 m. plus chain holding plate )
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope ( Length 320 ft. - 97.5 m. minimum )
Fig. 5.3(a)
Page 17
Page 18
The 8x3 Messenger is shackled up. The starboard drum now pays out until all the weight is on
the stoppers and the grapnel is clear of the cable.
A Ground chain holding plate or Devil's Claw secured by the 1 inch chain to a deck padeye, is
hooked into the ground chain ( Note: A Ground chain holding plate is a 1 inch steel plate
approximately 8 inches by 4 inches, with a hole for shackling it to a 1 inch chain, and with a
slot for hooking it over a chain link ). The general arrangement is shown in figure 5.3 (b) ). In
place of this method, a chain stopper may be utilized; but if time is the essence, the former
should be used.
The weight of the grapnel and the Ground Chain is transferred to the Ground chain holding
plate by paying out on the starboard drum. The slack Ground Chain can be unshackled from
the Ground Rope. The inboard end of the Ground Chain should be immediately shackled to a
deck padeye.
Ground Chain Holding Plate

or Devils Claw
8 x 3 Ground Rope 8 x 3 Messenger
Ground Chain Holding Plate
Fig. 5.3(b)
Page 19
Page 20
Stage 3 Figure 5.3(c)
The starboard drum takes up the slack of the 8x3 Messenger. This Messenger has been
measured so that at this point with standard turns on the drum, the end of the Messenger will
reach the rope stowage ( Note value on drawing is nominal length for 4 turns ). The Ground
Rope can be taken off in the rope stowage and replaced with a 3000 ft. - 915 m. length of 8x3
grapnel rope*, so that this side can be paid out and buoyed without a further change in
moorings. This Messenger has an additional advantage, while conducting the previous rigging
at no time is there a break in continuity of line from the cable to the starboard drum.
The port and starboard drum pick up about 1 foot. The slack 1 inch chain on the Static
Messenger can now be unshackled. The cable is cut and one side paid out immediately to
relieve tension, This will normally be the fault side so that the good end can be tested first.
* An alternative buoy rope is double braided Nylon rope for the riser of the mooring.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Cable Cut
Over Bow
8 x 3 Messenger
Fig. 5.3(c)
Page 21
Page 22
6. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method

Number 2.
6.1 Requirement.
This system of stoppering off is used for the same type situation as in Method 1. The
difference here is that the stoppers are not secured to deck padeyes. This can be an advantage
where the quoted strength of the padeye is in question, The dynamometers are also able to
continuously record the weight of the cable.
The big disadvantage is that until the stoppering maneuver is complete, small adjustments of
pick up and pay out cannot be made on individual sides. This is not the case with Method 1.
6.2 Equipment.
2 Certified chain stoppers, or if armorless or plastic covered cable,

Preformed stoppers.
thimble, link,, swivel and link in the other.
45 feet - 13.7 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in each end ( Static
Messenger, Port Side ).
Messenger, Starboard Side ).
11 feet - 3.35 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in each end ( Span ).
6.3 Procedure.
Stage 1 Figure 6.3 (a)
The grapnel and cable are at the bow; the stoppers are in place on the cable. The 3000 ft. - 915
m. of 8x3 grapnel rope is on the port drum, and the outboard end is shackled to the port 8x3
Static Messenger, which is shackled the the port stopper. The 8x3 Span is also shackled to the
outboard end of the 3000 ft. - 915 m. of 8x3. The outboard end of the 6x3 Span is shackled to
the 8x3 Static Messenger which is shackled to the starboard stopper.
The 320 foot Messenger used in Method 1 has not been used in the description of this method.
This is to show that stoppering off can be accomplished without its use. But it is recommended
for safety reasons and facilitates future mooring and pay out procedure.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope ( Length 3000 ft. - 915 m. )
Ground Chain ( Length 60 ft. - 18.3 m. )

8 x 3 Static Messenger ( Length 45 ft. - 13.7 m. )
Grapnel
Cable
Stopper
( Length 35 ft. - 10.7 m. )
8 x 3 Span ( Length 11 ft. - 3.35 m. )
8 x 3 Ground Rope
Fig. 6.3(a)
Page 23
Page 24
The grapnel has been paid out so that it is clear of the cable over the bow, and the weight of
the cable is now on the port drum. A chain stopper is placed on the ground chain and shackled
to the deck padeye ( The same rig as in Method 1 could have been used ). The starboard cable
drum slacks back on the ground rope and the ground chain is unshackled. The inboard end of
the ground chain should be immediately shackled to a deck padeye.
The slack ground rope is taken forward and its outboard end is shackled to the inboard end
of,the starboard Static Messenger. ( Normally the 320 foot Messenger would be substituted for
the ground rope, as described in Method 1 ).
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Chain Stopper
8 x 3 Ground Rope
Fig. 6.3(b)
Page 25
Page 26
The starboard drum picks up the slack of the ground rope and takes the weight of the cable on
the starboard side, until the 8x3 Span is slack. The Span can now be unshackled from both
port and starboard sides. The cable is cut and one side paid out immediately, normally the
fault side, to relieve tension. It may be necessary to cut the cable prior to unshackling the
Span,, to gain sufficient slack in the Span to achieve the unshackling.
The grapnel can now be brought inboard by means of the hoist on the gantry.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Cable Cut
Over Bow
Unshackle Slack 8 x 3 Span
8 x 3 Ground Rope
Fig. 6.3(c)
Page 27
Page 28
7. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Inboard ).
7.1 Requirement.
When grappling for a cable bight with a small grapnel and if the cable is small, when the cable
is brought to the surface it may be possible to bring the grapnel and cable inboard of the bow
sheaves, In this case, the cable can be stoppered off inboard of the bow sheaves. It should be
stated that, if the strains recorded on the dynamometer indicate that there-is danger of
parting of the cable, or any part of the rigging, stoppering off of the cable bight inboard of the
bow sheaves should not be attempted. The stoppering off should be done over the bow, if
strains are reduced sufficiently, or the cable should be cut and a separate drive made for each
end.
7.2 Equipment.
2 Certified chain stoppers or if armorless or plastic covered cable,

Preformed stoppers.
1 1 inch chain, alloy, 8 feet - 2.44 m. long with an Egg link each end.
messenger ).
320 feet - 97.6 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in each end
( messenger ).
1 60 feet - 18.3 m. of 1 inch dia. manila rope and a suitable sheave with
strop.
7.3 Procedure.
The grapnel and cable are inboard of the bow sheaves, with sufficient cable available between
the grapnel and bow sheaves to allow the application of stoppers. The 3000 ft. - 915 m. of 8x3
grapnel rope is on the port drum and the port stopper is shackled to it. The starboard stopper
is shackled to a deck padeye by the 8x3 Static Messenger and the 8 foot length of 1 inch chain.
The 320 ft. - 97.6 m. 8x3 Messenger is ready for shackling to the inboard end of the Static
Messenger and the outboard end of the Ground Rope.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope ( Length 3000 ft. - 915 m. )
Grapnel
Stopper
Cable
Stopper, 8 x 3 Static Messenger

( Length 43 ft. - 13.1 m. ) and
1 in. Chain ( Length 8ft. - 2.44 m. )
8 x 3 Messenger ( Length 320 ft. - 97.6 m. )
Fig. 7.3(a)
Page 29
Page 30
The stoppers have been applied to both sides of the cable. If necessary the cable bight has
been pulled slightly apart using the length of manila rope, to allow easier access for the
application of the stoppers.
Stoppers on Cable
Cable Pulled Apart ( if necessary )

To Allow Application of Stoppers
Fig. 7.3(b)
Page 31
Page 32
The starboard drum pays out until the stoppers are outboard of the bow sheaves. Care must be
taken when the stoppers go over the center bow sheave to keep the ends of the 8x3 grapnel
ropes from becoming jammed under the cable. When the stoppers are outboard of the bow
sheaves, the 8x3 grapnel ropes attached to them are placed into the port and starboard bow
sheaves. The starboard drum then pays out again until the load in the cable is taken by the
stoppers. This may require some picking up or paying out by the port drum,to balance the load
between the stoppers. The starboard drum again pays out until the grapnel is clear of the
cable.
If the tension is high, the cable can be cut at this stage and the port side paid out to relieve
the tension.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Cable
8 x 3 Ground Rope
Fig. 7.3(c)
Page 33
Page 34
If the grapnel was outboard of the bow sheaves to allow it to disengage from the cable. it is
brought inboard and secured. The Ground Rope is unshackled from the Ground Chain.
The 8x3 Messenger is shackled to the Ground Rope's outboard end and the inboard end of the
Static Messenger.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
8 x 3 Messenger
8 x 3 Ground Rope
Fig. 3.7(d)
Page 35
Page 36
Stage 5 Figure 7.3(e).
The starboard drum takes up the slack in the 8x3 Messenger. The Ground Rope is taken off in
the rope stowage and replaced with a 3000 ft. - 915 m. length of 8x3 grapnel rope or buoy
rope, so that this side can be paid out or buoyed without a further change.
The port and starboard drums pick up about 1 ft. - 0.3 m. The slack 1 inch chain on the Static
Messenger can now be unshackled. The cable is cut and one side paid out immediately to
relieve tension. This will normally be the fault side, so that the good side can be tested first.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Cable Cut
1 in. Chain
8 x 3 Messenger
Fig. 7.3(e)
Page 37
Page 38
8. North Atlantic Slip.
8.1 Requirement.
The North Atlantic Slip is a system devised for stoppering off two cables in deep water so that
a splice, commonly called a final splice, can be made and the cable successfully slipped. This
system has been in use for at least thirty years. Small variations in the method and
improvement in the equipment have been made, but the basic concept has not been changed.
The advantage is that only one rope has to be cut when the splice is finally slipped. Other
methods require that two ropes be cut simultaneously with the obvious disadvantage.
8.2 Equipment.
1 8x3 bridle, 390 ft. - 119 m. long with thimble and link spliced in
each end.
4 BTL stoppers or if the cable is armorless or plastic covered,
Preformed stoppers.
1 Sail thimble ( round thimble to suit 8x3 ).
1 1 inch chain,, alloy, 8 ft. - 2.44 m. long with an Egg link each end.
1/2 coil 6 thread.
1/2 coil 21 thread.
3000 ft. - 915 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in one end.
( Approximately 200 feet - 61 m. from the top of the coil will be used
and replaced in stock )
1 20 ton underwater swivel.
8 1 inch shackles, Anchor, screw pin.
8.3 Procedure.
With both end of the cable to the port and starboard drums respectively, pick up any slack on
the tank side ( the side which has the stock cable from the cable tank ) so that the cables take
the correct lead.
Put BTL stoppers ( or Preformed stoppers ) on the port and starboard cable, just aft of the bow
sheaves. One end of the 390 ft. - 119 m. 8x3 bridle is shackled to the stopper on the port
cable.
The starboard stopper is shackled to the 8 ft. - 2.4 m. 1 inch chain which is in turn shackled
to a deck padeye. Additional stoppers may be necessary if there is excessive strain on the
starboard cable.
BTL Stopper
Cable Cable
BTL Stopper
8 x 3 Bridle ( Total Length 390 ft. - 119 m. )
Fig. 8.3(a)
Page 39
Page 40
The sail thimble is tied in at the midpoint of the 8x3 Bridle; the bight is tied off with 6 thread
for approximately 100 ft. - 30 m. This is to ensure that the 8x3 does not become foul, it also
assists in laying the 8x3 Bridle on the cable drum without twists or crossovers.
The starboard cable is then slacked back easily until the weight is taken on the chain to the
deck padeye. Continue hauling slack cable forward of the drum.
Cable Cable
Middle of 8 x 3 Bridle Tie Off Bight of 8 x 3 with 6 Thread

Sail Thimble
Fig. 8.3(b)
Page 41
Page 42
Flake the slack cable on the starboard deck and out the cable at 140 ft. - 42.7 m. from the
stopper. Reverse the starboard drum and take the cable off, replacing it with the top end of the
3000 ft.- 915 m. coil of 8x3. Shackle the end of this 8x3 to the sail thimble in the bight of the
8x3 Bridle with the 20 ton underwater swivel ( or similar ) between.
The starboard leg of the 8x3 Bridle is then shackled in the end of the starboard stopper.
Cable
Cable
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Cable Measured Length 140 ft.- 42.7 m.
Underwater swivel
Fig. 8.3(c)
Page 43
Page 44
Stage 4 Figure 8.3(d),
Take up the slack of the single 8x3 on the starboard drum and follow with the bight of the 8x3
Bridle, laying the Bridle on the drum without twists or crossovers. Continue picking up on the
starboard drum and take the weight of both cables on the stoppers. Stop the starboard drum at
this point.
The port cable is then slacked back and cut 180 ft. - 54.9 m. inboard from the stopper. The
slack 8 ft. - 2.4 m. 1 inch chain is unshackled.
Haul Slack Cable off Drum and Measure
180 ft. - 54.9 m. from this Point and Cut
Cable
Cable
Unshackle the Slack 8 ft. - 2.4 m. Length of Chain
8 x 3 Bridle
Fig. 8.3(d)
Page 45
Page 46
The 8x3 Bridle is paid out until the stoppers are outboard and clear of the bow sheaves. Care
must be taken when paying out to ensure that the cable rides on top of the 8x3 in the bow
sheaves. The cable is tied up clear of the bow sheaves so there is no possibility of chafe. Just
aft of the bow sheaves, the cable is laid outboard of the 8x3 Bridle, the port cable to the port
side and the starboard cable to the starboard side . The slack cable is then secured to the deck
padeyes by additional stoppers.
The respective ends of the cable are passed aft into the cable working deck for splicing.
Cable Ends to Cable Working Deck for Splicing
Cable
To Guard Against Slipping of the Outboard Stoppers or 8 x 3 on Drum,

Lay the Slack Cable on the Outboard Side of the 8 x 3 Bridle and Put
Siemens Stoppers, BTL Stoppers or Preformed Stoppers on the Cable
and Connect to Deck Padeyes, Keeping the Cable Slack
Fig. 8.3(e)
Page 47
Page 48
Stage 6 Figure 8.3(f).
The splice has been completed, the additional stoppers removed and the cable tied to the 8x3
Bridle with 6 or 21 thread.
The cable is then paid out slowly on the 8x3 Bridle. At the same time, more 6 or 21 thread
stops are used to tie the cable to the 8x3 until about 20 ft. - 6 m. of cable is left in the bight.
The stops securing the bight of the 8x3 are removed as the 8x3 bight progresses forward. The
bight of cable is eased over the bow sheaves with the help of a slip rope attached to the gantry
frame.
Remove Ties as Bight Progresses Forward
Cable is Tied to 8 x3 Bridle
with 6 or 21 Thread
Splice Displaced 20 ft - 6 m. from Center
Fig. 8.3(f)
Page 49
Page 50
Stage 7 Figure 8.3(g).
All the ties on the bight are removed, the payout is halted when the sail thimble is
approximately 18 ft. - 5.5 m. aft of the bow sheaves.
A heavy chain is laid over the end of the single 8x3 to guard against whipping when the bridle
is cut. A single cut is now made in the 8x3 Bridle about one foot from the sail thimble and the
cable will drop clear of the bow sheaves.
Stop Payout and Cut
Heavy Chain Preventer
Fig. 8.3(g)
Page 51
Page 52
9. North Atlantic Slip - Alternative Method.
9.1 Requirement.
This type of North Atlantic Slip has an advantage over the standard method. When the splice is
slipped, the bridle remains intact and no weight comes on the splice or cable adjacent to it, It
is also convenient to utilize this method when a splice is to be laid out on the bottom, and
permits the use of a release rather than cutting the rope.
9.2 Equipment.
1 8x3 Bridle, 360 feet - 110 m. long with a thimble and link spliced in
each end.
4 BTL stoppers or if the cable is armorless or plastic covered, Preformed
stoppers.
1 Sail thimble ( round to suit 8x3 grapnel rope ).
1 1 inch chain, alloy, 8 ft. - 2.4 m. long with Egg link each end
1/2 coil 6 thread.
1/2 coil 21 thread.
3000 ft. - 915 m. 8x3 grapnel rope with a thimble and link spliced in one end. ( Approx-
imately 200 ft. - 61 m. from the top of the coil will be used, about 35 ft.
- 10.7 m. will be cut from the end, if a release is not used, and the
remainder will be replaced in stock ). The weight distribution may
justify using manila rope in place of grapnel rope.
7 1 inch shackles, Anchor, screw pin.
1 Acoustic release if grapnel rope is not to be cut.
9.3 Procedure.
With both ends of the cable to the port and starboard cable drums respectively, pick up any
slack on the tank side ( the side on which the stock cable comes from the cable tank ), so that
the cables take the correct lead.
Put BTL stoppers ( or Preformed stoppers ) on the port and starboard cables, just aft of the
bow sheaves. One end of the 360 ft. - 125 m. 8x3 Bridle is shackled to the stopper on the port
cable.
The starboard stopper is shackled to the 8 ft. - 2.4 m. 1 inch chain which is in turn shackled
to a deck padeye. Additional stoppers may be necessary if there is excessive strain on the
starboard cable.
BTL Stopper
Cable Cable
BTL Stopper
1 in. Chain ( Length 8ft. - 2.44 m. )
8 x 3 Bridle ( Total Length 360ft. - 110 m. )
Fig. 9.3(a)
Page 53
Page 54
The sail thimble is tied in at the midpoint of the 8x3 Bridle, the bight is tied off with 6 thread
for approximately 80 ft. - 24 m. This is to ensure that the 8x3 does not become foul, it also
assists in laying the 8x3 Bridle on the cable drum without twist or crossovers.
The starboard cable is then slacked back easily until the weight is taken on the chain to the
deck padeye. Continue hauling slack cable forward of the drum.
Cable Cable
Sail Thimble Tied into the Mid-point of

the 8 x3 Bridle with 6 Thread
Fig. 9.3(b)
Page 55
Page 56
Flake the slack cable on the starboard deck and cut the cable at 220 ft. - 67.1 m. from the
stopper. Reverse the starboard drum and take the cable off. Replace it with the top end of the
3000 ft. - 915 m. coil of 8x3. Shackle the end of the 8x3 to the sail thimble in the bight of the
8x3 Bridle. The starboard leg of the 8x3 Bridle is then shackled in the end of the starboard
stopper.
If the cable is to released rather than cut, then an acoustic release is placed between the 3000
ft. - 915 m. length of 8x3 and the Bridle.
Cable
Cable
Cable Measured Length 220 ft. - 67.1 m.
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
End of 8 x 3 Shackled to 8 x 3 Bridle
( with Acoustic Cable Release, if Required )
Fig. 9.3(c)
Page 57
Page 58
Take up the slack of the single 8x3 on the starboard drum and follow with the bight of the 8x3
Bridle, laying the Bridle on the drum without twists or crossovers. Continue picking up with
the starboard drum and take the weight of both cables on the stoppers. Stop the starboard
drum at this point. The slack 8 ft. - 2.4 m. 1 inch chain is unshackled.
Cable
Cable
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Unshackle the Slack 8 ft. - 2.44 m. Length of Chain,
then Payout on Port and Starboard Drums until BTL
Stoppers are Outboard of the Bow Sheaves
Fig. 9.3(d)
Page 59
Page 60
The 8x3 Bridle is paid out. Care must be taken when paying out to ensure that the cable rides
on top of the 8x3 in the starboard bow sheave and also in the port bow sheave. Keep
approximately equal tension on the port cable and the port leg of the Bridle, so that the cable
in the port sheave will not be damaged, and there is sufficient tension to keep the turns tight
on the starboard drum. This will also help to avoid twisting up the cable and Bridle.
When the stoppers are outboard and clear of the bow sheaves, take the weight of the port cable
on the port drum, pick up until the port leg of the 8x3 Bridle has sufficient slack to lay it in
the starboard bow sheave. When this has been accomplished, payout the port cable drum to
transfer the weight back to the 8x3 Bridle.
Continue slacking back on the port drum and cut the cable 150 ft. - 46 m. from the stopper.
Take the Weight of the Port Side Cable on the Port Drum. Lay the Slack
Port Leg of the 8 x 3 Bridle into the Starboard Bow Sheave. Then Payout
Cable
8x3
Cable
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Fig. 9.3(e)
Page 61
Page 62
Stage 6 Figure 9.3(f).
The cable is tied up clear of the bow sheaves so there is no possibility of chafe. Just aft of the
bow sheaves, the port and starboard cables are laid on their respective sides of the 8x3 Bridle.
The slack cable is then secured to deck padeyes by additional stoppers. The ends of the cable
are passed aft into the cable working deck for splicing.
To Guard against Slipping of the Outboard Stoppers or the 8 x 3 on the
Drum,Lay the Slack Cable on the Outboard Side of the 8 x 3 Bridle and
Cable Connected to Deck Padeyes, Keeping the Cable Slack

Cable Measured Length 150 ft. - 45.7 m.
Cable
Ends of Cables to Cable Working Deck for Splicing
Port 8 x 3 Starboard 8 x 3
Starboard Bow Sheave, Looking Forward
Fig. 9.3(f)
Page 63
Page 64
Stage 7 Figure 9.3(g).
The splice has been completed and the additional stoppers removed. The cable is tied to the
8x3 Bridle with 6 or 21 thread.
The cable is paid out slowly on the 8x3 Bridle. At the same time more 6 or 21 thread is used to
tie the cable to each side of the 8x3 Bridle. As the last 80 ft. - 24 m. of the bight comes off the
drum, the 6 thread ties securing the bight together are removed.
Some difficulty may be encountered in preventing the 8x3 Bridle from twisting as the sail
thimble leaves the drum. It is not advisable, for safety reasons, to pass a bar through the two
parts of the Bridle or through the sail thimble. One method is to secure 21 thread or larger
line to the sail thimble and hold a tension of about 1000 pounds - 450 Kgf. The tension can be
maintained as the bight moves forward be securing additional line, and transferring the
tension from bollard to bollard.
Care must be exercised to lead the 8x3 and cable through the bow sheave in the depicted
order, especially when slipping a ring splice with its associated tapers.
When the bight of the cable reaches the bow sheaves, it is hand lifted over, and if necessary,
lowered from the bow with a slip rope attached to the gantry frame.
21 Thread
Splice Displaced 35 ft. - 10.6 m.

from Center of Bight
8 x 3 Bridle
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Port Cable
Starboard Cable
Port 8 x 3
Starboard 8 x 3
Starboard Bow Sheave, Looking Forward

Fig. 9.3(g)
Page 65
Page 66
Stage 8 Figure 9.3(h).
The cable and splices are clear of the bow sheaves. At this point the payout can be continued
to lay out the splices on the bottom or the payout can be stopped in preparation for slipping.
If an acoustic release is used the release must be in the water prior to slipping.
If the 8x3 is to be cut, a heavy chain is laid over the 8x3, fifteen feet abaft the bow sheave, to
guard against whipping when the 8x3 is cut. A single cut is now made in the 8x3 about two
feet forward of the heavy chain and the cable drops clear of the bow sheaves.
If an acoustic release is used then when the cable bight is at the desired position, the release
is activated and the cable slipped.
Stop Payout and Cut, or Lower to
Bottom and Release
Fig. 9.3(h)
Page 67
Page 68
10. Laying a Large Rigid Housing.
10.1 Requirement.
When laying a system with large rigid housings, such as repeaters, that cannot pass through
the cable machinery or around sheaves, it is necessary for the housings to bypass this
equipment while tension is held on the cable.
10.2 Equipment.
1 Dolly or similar equipment for moving housing around the deck.

1 Lifting rig for housing.
1 BTL stopper or if cable is armorless or plastic covered, Preformed

stopper.
500 feet - 152 m. 4 in. circumference manila rope with thimble,, shackle, swivel and
shackle in one end. Other ropes may be used, type depending on
tension being hold.
10.3 Procedure.
The ship has been stopped, the housing is about 40 to 50 ft.- 12 to 15 m. away from the
starboard holdback and draw-off engine and a stopper is on the cable just inboard of the bow
sheaves. The manila rope is made up on the port drum and is attached to the stopper. The dolly
for the housing is brought up ready for use.
Manila Rope ( Length 500 ft. - 152 m. )
Stopper on Cable
Cable
Housing on Cable Working Dolly
Deck 40 to 50 ft. - 12 to
15 m. away from Holdback
and Drawoff Engine
Fig. 10.3(a)
Page 69
Page 70
The cable is now paid out until the stopper is outboard of the bow sheaves and the housing is
just aft of the starboard holdback and draw-off engine.
The manila rope is placed in the port bow sheave and the tension is transferred to it by
picking up on the port drum. The cable is removed from the starboard drum and flaked on the
deck. The housing is moved from the cable working deck and lifted onto the dolly.
Tension Carried by Manila Rope
Stopper Outboard of Bow Sheaves
Cable Removed from Starboard Drum

Housing on Dolly Ready to be Paid Out.
Fig. 10.3(b)
Page 71
Page 72
The manila rope and cable are paid out together until the housing is at the bow sheaves. The
lifting rig for the housing is attached to the hoist on the bow gantry, ready for lifting
outboard.
The cable in made up again on the starboard drum.

Manila Rope
Housing Under Hoist on Bow Gantry

Ready for Lifting Outboard
Cable Made Up on Starboard Drum
Fig. 10.3(c)
Page 73
Page 74
The housing is hoisted outboards cable being paid out as necessary to allow the housing to go
outboard. The cable is then placed in the starboard bow sheave and the manila rope paid out
until the tension comes on the starboard drum again. The housing is slipped.
The manila rope is lashed to the cable and cut off, The ship gets underway and laying
continues.
Cut Manila Rope Before
Continuing Laying
Housing Outboard
of Bow Sheaves and
Manila Rope Tied
Slipped
Off to Cable with Thread
Fig. 10.3(d)
Page 75
Page 76
11. Laying Closely Spaced Rigid Housings.
11.1 Requirement.
When laying a system that has closely spaced rigid housings that cannot pass through cable
machinery or around sheaves, it is necessary for the housings to bypass this equipment while
tension is held on the cable.
11.2 Equipment.
Quantity Description.
as required Dollies or similar equipment for moving housings around the dock.
as required Lifting rigs for housings, one for each housing.
as required BTL stoppers or if cable is armorless or plastic covered Preformed

stoppers. For estimating number required, take one for each housing
and one for beginning of sequence as starting point.
as required 4 in. circumference manila ropes with thimble, shackle, swivel and
shackle in one end of each length. Other ropes may be used, type
depending on tension being hold. Length of each rope is dependent on
spacing between housings but 500 ft. - 152 m. should be taken as
minimum.
Note: For this kind of work the actual equipment and quantities required must be carefully
worked out before and made up prior to the lay to avoid problems.
11.3 Procedure.
The ship is stopped the first housing of the sequence of closely spaced housings is about 40 to
50 ft. - 12 to 15 m. away from the port holdback and draw-off engine and a stopper is on the
cable just inboard of the bow sheaves. The first length of manila rope is made up on the
starboard drum and is shackled to the stopper. The dolly for the first housing has been
brought up ready for use.
First Housing on Cable
Working Deck, 40 to 50 ft.
- 12 to 15 m. away from
Holdback and Drawoff
Engine Dollies
Cable
Stopper on the Cable
First Manila Rope
Fig. 11.3(a)
Page 77
Page 78
The cable is now paid out until the stopper is outboard of the bow sheaves and the first
housing in just aft of the port holdback and draw-off engine. The manila rope is placed in the
starboard bow sheave and the tension is transferred to it by picking up slowly on the
starboard drum.
The cable is removed from the port drum and flaked on the deck. The first housing is moved
from the cable working deck and lifted onto the dolly.
First Housing on Dolly
Cable Removed from Port Drum

Ready to be Paid Out
Stopper Outboard
of Bow Sheaves
Tension Carried by
First Manila Rope
Fig. 11.3(b)
Page 79
Page 80
The manila rope and cable are now paid out together until the first housing in at the bow
sheaves under the bow gantry hoist. The lifting rig for the housing is attached to the hoist
ready for lifting outboard.
A stopper is now placed on the cable inboard of the housing. The next length of manila rope is
made up on the port drum and shackled to this stopper.
Second Housing on Dolly
Second Manila
Rope First Housing under Hoist on Bow
Gantry Ready for Lifting Outboard
First Manila Rope
Second Stopper
on Cable
Fig. 11.3(c)
Page 81
Page 82
The housing is hoisted outboard of the bow sheaves cable being paid out as necessary to allow
the housing to go outboard. The cable is placed in the center bow sheave and the manila rope
on the port drum in the port bow sheave. The starboard drum and the hoist now both pay out
until the load is transferred to the port drum. The housing in now slipped. The starboard
manila rope is now tied off to the cable with thread and cut. The next length of manila rope is
made up on the starboard drum.
This procedure is repeated, alternating between the port and starboard drums to carry the
tension until all the housings in the sequence are outboard. The last housing is treated in the
same way as for a single housing ( Section 10 ) so that when it is outboard ready for slipping,
cable is pulled from the cable tank and made up on the free drum. Tension is then transferred
to the cable and the last housing slipped and the laying of the remainder of the system can be
continued.
During the laying of the sequence of closely spaced housings the ship can move along the
required track or remain stationary and pull the housings out after the last housing is
outboard.
Third Housing on Dolly
Third Stopper on Cable

Second Manila Rope
Carrying Tension
First Manila Rope

Second Housing
Tied to Cable with
Under Hoist on
Thread and Cut
Third Manila Rope Bow Gantry
After Tension
Ready for Lifting
Transferred to
Outboard
Second Manila
Rope
Fig. 11.3(d)
Page 83
Page 84
12. Picking up a Large Rigid Housing.
12.1 Requirement.
When recovering or repairing a system, it is sometimes desirable to recover a housing without

cutting it out from the cable as is the more normal practice. When this housing cannot pass
through cable machinery or around sheaves, it is necessary to bypass this equipment while
tension is held on the cable. It should be noted that the technique described is an outline and
is very dependent on the freeboard at the bow and the size of the housing. If it is impractical
to place a stopper below the housing or the strain on the cable becomes too great, then the
cable should be paid out until the housing is underwater and then cut. A separate drive can
then be made for the end with the housing coming up on the low tension side of the bight.
Directions are also provided for when the housing can be cut out from the cable as footnotes in
the relevant stages.
12.2 Equipment.
1 Dolly or similar equipment for moving housings around the deck,

1 Lifting rig for housing.
as required BTL stoppers or if cable is armorless or plastic covered, Preformed
stoppers.
500 feet - 152 m. 4 inch circumference Manila rope with thimble, shackle, swivel and
shackle in one end. Other ropes may be used, type depending on
tension being held.
1 Chain stopper.
1 1 inch alloy chain, 8 ft. - 2.44 m. long with an Egg link in each end.
Messenger ).
12.3 Procedure.
The housing in just outboard of the bow sheaves, and a stopper has been placed on the cable
below the housing. The manila rope in made up on the port drum and is shackled onto the
stopper. The dolly for the housing is just inboard of the bow sheaves, below the hoist track on
the bow gantry.
The lifting rig for the housing has been applied and connected to the cable of the bow gantry
hoist. This cable is slack.
Manila Rope ( Length 500 ft. - 152 m. )
Dolly
Stopper on
Cable
Housing
Cable
Fig. 12.3(a)
Page 85
Page 86
The tension has been transferred to the manila rope and the weight of the housing taken by the
bow gantry hoist.
The manila rope is now picked up very slowly and the housing is eased over the bow sheaves as
the cable comes inboard over the port bow sheave. Care must be taken to ensure that the cable
and stopper come over the port bow sheave smoothly and tension is not allowed to come onto
the housing as it moves inboard.
Note: If the housing is to be cut from the cable then after the tension is taken by the manila
rope, the cable can be cut just below the housing to free it.
Manila Rope
Stopper
Housing Being Lifted over

Bow Sheaves Using Bow
Cable ( Slack ) Gantry Hoist
Fig. 12.3(b)
Page 87
Page 88
As the manila rope is picked up the housing can be placed on the dolly and moved along the
deck with the cable. Sufficient manila rope should be picked up to bring the stopper on the
cable as far inboard as possible.
A second stopper is now applied to the cable outboard of the bow sheaves and shackled to the
static messenger which in turn in shackled to a deck padeye.
After this has been done, the cable is removed from the starboard drum.
Note; If the housing has been cut from the cable, the manila rope is used to lead the cable onto
the port drum and allow picking up to continue. The housing can be cut from the other end of
the cable and stowed. The cable removed from the starboard drum is coiled down in a cable
tank so that if desired, the cable now being picked up by the port drum can be coiled on top of
it.
Manila Rope
Stopper Inboard as far

as Practical
Second Stopper
Static Messenger
Housing on Dolly
Cable Removed from

Starboard Drum
Fig. 12.3(c)
Page 89
Page 90
The port drum pays out the manila rope until the tension comes onto the static messenger. The
housing is moved along the dock as necessary while this in done.
The stopper next to the housing is shackled to a dock padeye with the length of chain and the
manila rope unshackled from it. The manila rope is now paid out until its end is outboard of
the bow sheaves where it is shackled into the second stopper. The manila rope is placed in the
port bow sheave.
Manila Rope
Chain Between Stopper
and Deck Padeye
Manila Rope Shackled

into Second Stopper
Fig. 12.3(d)
Page 91
Page 92
The manila rope is picked up until the tension comes onto it. The slack static messenger is
now unshackled from the second stopper as in the chain from the first stopper. Picking up
then continues until the second stopper is as far inboard as is practical.
Another stopper is now placed on the cable outboard of the bow sheaves and shackled into the
static messenger. The tension is transferred again to the static messenger and the second
stopper is shackled to a deck padeye by the length of chain.
This sequence is repeated until enough cable has been picked up to allow the making up of the
cable on the starboard drum with the housing inboard of the holdback and draw off engine (
about 250 ft. - 76 m. ).
When the cable is made up again on the starboard drum and the tension taken, the stoppers are
removed and the recovery continued.
Manila Rope
Outboard
Stopper
Inboard
Stopper
Housing Inboard of Holdback Cable Flaked on Deck Ready for

and Drawoff Engine Making Up on Starboard Drum
Fig. 12.3(e)
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13. Laying a Mark Buoy .
13.1 Requirement.
A Mark buoy is often laid to provide a navigation reference for use during repair, laying
special systems or survey, even when other navigation aids are in use. The method described
is for mooring in depths greater than 180 to 240 ft. - 55 to 75 m.
13.2 Equipment.
1 Balloon buoy, normally Number 0-0, complete with mast, light and
radar reflector.
1 Set of chain assemblies ( bridle, riding leg and buoy chain ) to
suit balloon buoy.
110 feet -33.5 m. Side rope, grapnel or Double braided Nylon, as required.
main section of scope. consisting of chain for shallow water, or grapnel

or Double braided Nylon rope for deeper water, Length determined by
water depth and current.
60 feet - 18.3 m. Ground chain, 1 1/4 or l 1/2 inch stud alloy.

1 or 2 Anchor, 1 Danforth or Lightweight anchor, or 2 Mushroom anchors,
4 cwt.
as required 10 ton underwater swivels and shackles.
1 Recovery rope and floats.

1 Chain stopper with 8 ft. - 2.4 m. chain assembly.
1 Buoy lowering rope with slip book.
as required Handling lines to festoon mooring along ship's side.

1 Slip ropes grapnel with release shackled into outer end, or 4 or
5 inch Manila rope with thimble spliced in one end. Minimum length
300 ft. - 91.5 m.
13.3 Procedure.
Prior to coming up to the mark, the balloon buoy is on the buoy skid, fully rigged with
lowering rope attached. The end of the buoy chain is connected to the side rope with an under-
water swivel, and they are festooned along the side of the ship. The lower end of the side rope
is brought inboard over a bow sheave and secured with the chain stopper. The anchor(s) are
outboard of the bow sheaves and shackled to the ground chain and the scope, which is made up
ready for laying on one drum.
On reaching the mark, the anchor(s), ground chain and scope are paid out.
Buoy Lowering Rope
with Slip Hook
Main Section of Scope Ground Chain
( Length 60 ft. - 18 m. )
Chain Stopper on
Side Rope
Anchor(s)
Side Rope
( Length 110 ft. - 33.5 m. )
Underwater Swivel
Balloon Buoy Recovery Rope

Buoy Chain
Bridle Riding Leg
Fig. 13.3(a)
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Stage 2 Figure 13.3 (b) .
The anchor(s) have reached the bottom and the upper end of the main section of the scope is
outboard of the dynamometer. The end of the side rope is shackled into the end of the main
section of the scope.
The balloon buoy is lowered, ready for slipping.

Slip Rope Side Rope Shackled onto End of
Main Section of Scope
Balloon Buoy Lowered

Ready for Slipping
Fig. 13.3(b)
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Stage 3 Figure 13.3(c )
The slip rope in now paid out until the side rope and the main section of the scope are
outboard of the bow sheaves. The festooned section of the scope is released and the balloon
buoy slipped.
The scope is slipped either by actuating the release or if a Manila rope is used, by cutting it
through. The cable ship then backs away, leaving the Mark buoy to take up its position.
Mooring Ready
for Slipping
Balloon Buoy Slipped
Fig. 13.3(c)
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14. Laying a Cable End Buoy.
14.1 Requirement.
A cable end buoy is laid when it in necessary to leave the end of a cable on the bottom during
cable working. The method described here in for the scope of balloon buoy to be made up of
buoy rope and the cable connected to the bottom of the mooring, and is for depths greater than
120 to 180 f. - 35 to 55 m.
14.2 Equipment.
1 Balloon buoy to suit depth, complete with mast, buoy light and radar
reflector.
1 Set of chain assemblies ( bridle, riding log and buoy chain ) to suit
balloon buoy.
1 Set of 3x3 grapnel rope, polypropylene rope and balloon floats if deck
recovery required.
110 feet - 33.5 m. Side rope, grapnel or double braided Nylon.

as required Main section of scope, consisting of chain for shallow water, or grapnel
or double braided Nylon rope for deeper water. Length determined by
water depth and currents.
60 feet - 18.3 m. Ground chain, 1 1/4 or 1 1/2 inch stud alloy.
1 or 2 Anchor(s), Mushroom 1 cwt. or 4 cwt. complete with anchor chain(s),

30 ft. - 9.1 m. long and fittings.
as required Underwater swivels and fittings.
2 Cable stoppers, BTL or if cable is plastic covered, Preformed stopper.
1 Preventer, 30 ft - 9.1 m. long 1 inch chain or 4 inch dia. wire rope.

Chain stopper and 100 ft - 30.5 m. of 4 inch Manila rope.
1 Buoy lowering rope with slip hook.

as required Handling lines for festooning mooring along ship's side.
1 Slip rope, grapnel with release shackled into outer end, or 4 or 5
inch Manila rope with thimble spliced in one and. Minimum length 300
ft. - 91.5 m.
14.3 Procedure.
The cable to be buoyed ( shown on starboard side with port drum used for other cable being
worked ) has been cut off, the end sealed and the stoppers and preventer applied. The cable
end is just forward of the starboard drum with the tension being held by the grapnel rope
between the cable end and ground chain now shackled to the stoppers and preventer and on the
starboard drum.
The balloon buoy is on the buoy skids fully rigged, and is connected to the side rope. The
ground chain and anchor(s) are ready on the foredeck.
Buoy Lowering Rope
with Slip Hook Grapnel Rope
Cable Being
Mushroom Anchor(s)
Worked
and Chain
Cable Being
Buoyed
Stoppers and Preventer
Side Rope ( Length 110 ft. - 33.5 m. )

Buoy
Ground Chain ( Length 60 ft.- 18.3 m. )
Balloon Buoy Riding Leg Chain
Bridle
Fig. 14.3(a)
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The inner end of the grapnel rope between the cable end and the ground chain has been
connected to the ground chain and the main section of the scope.
The starboard drum nova pays out until the ground chain in between the drum and the bow
sheave. The anchor(s) are attached and pay out continues with the anchor(s) being lifted over
the bow sheaves by the hoist on the bow gantry and then slipped. The main section of the scope
is now paid out.
Main Section Of Scope, Grapnel
or Double Braided Nylon Rope
Ground Chain
Anchor(s) Shackled into
Ground Chain
Fig. 14.3(b)
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The top of the main section of the scope has been connected to the slip rope and paid out until
it is about in the middle of the foredeck. The side rope end is now brought around and through
the bow sheaves using the chain stopper and Manila rope to take the tension.
The end of the side rope is now shackled into the top of the scope and the chain stopper is
removed.
Slip Rope
Side Rope Shackled to End
of Main Section of Scope
Chain Stopper
Fig. 14.3(c)
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The slip rope in now paid out until the end of the side rope and the top of the scope are
outboard of the bow sheaves. The festooning of the chain assemblies and side rope are released
and the balloon buoy is lowered into the water and slipped.
If a release is used on the end of the slip rope this is now actuated to free the mooring from
the ship. If Manila rope is used as the slip rope, it is now cut just inboard of the bow sheaves
with a chain preventer to stop whipping, to free the mooring.
Mooring Ready
for Slipping
Balloon Buoy Slipped
Fig. 14.3(d)
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15. Recovery of Balloon Buoy using Ship's Boat.
15.1 Requirement.
Recovery of a balloon buoy, either a cable end buoy or a Mark buoy, is done using the ship's
boat if no recovery rope is fitted to the buoy or it has been lost. The method is limited by sea
conditions as the ship's boat must be able to be launched, work alongside the buoy and then be
recovered. The method can be used if table is being laid as the buoy is recovered.
15.2 Equipment.
3000 ft. - 915 m. 6x3 or 8x3 grapnel rope with a link and thimble spliced in the outer
end.
1 Light heaving line.
1 Buoy hoisting rope to suit buoy skids.
as required Light lines to tie off working ropes.

as required Shackles to suit loads.
15.3 Procedure.
For the example it is assumed that the cable ship is laying cable from the port side as it
recovers the buoy, though this will not be so in many cases.
As the cable ship approaches the buoy, the ship's boat is swung out ready for launching, the
grapnel rope is made up on the starboard drum and has a heaving line attached to its outer
end. The buoy hoisting rope is rigged on the buoy skids ready for use.
The ship stops close to the buoy, and the ship's boat is launched and comes to the bow where
the end of the grapnel rope is taken onboard, using the heaving line.
Cable Being Laid
Ships Boat
Grapnel Rope
Buoy Hoisting Rope
Balloon Buoy
Heaving Line
Fig. 15.3(a)
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The ship's boat comes alongside the buoy and a safety line is made fast to the end of the
bridle. When this is done, the bridle is cut from the buoy and the end brought onboard the
boat. A light line is used to tether the buoy to the boat.
The ends of the bridle and the grapnel rope are shackled together and slipped over the side of
the boat.
Bridle Untied from Buoy and
Shackled to Grapnel Rope
Tether
Fig. 15.3(b)
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The starboard drum picks up the excess slack in the bridle and grapnel rope. The boat
maneuvers around the buoy to the slip hook on which the riding leg is attached, and on
command, slips the riding leg, thus transferring the mooring to the cable ship and freeing the
buoy.
Riding Leg Released from
Buoy and Mooring Trans-
ferred to Cable Ship
Fig. 15.3(c)
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The boat tows the buoy back to the ship and shackles it onto the buoy hoisting rope. The buoy
and boat are then recovered.
The ship then starts to pick up the mooring with the starboard drum, laying cable if required.
When the riding leg is fully inboard, picking up is stopped and it is unshackled. Picking up is
recommenced until the anchor(s) are at the bow sheaves. These are unshackled and brought
inboard using the gantry hoist. If it is a cable end buoy, then picking up is continued until
the cable end is inboard, ready to be worked on.
Cable Paid Out as
Mooring Picked Up
Riding Leg Unshackled after It Comes

Inboard as Mooring Picked Up
Balloon Buoy Recovered

onto Buoy Skids
Fig. 15.3(d)
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16. Deck Recovery of a Balloon Buoy.
16.1 Requirement.
Recovery of a balloon buoy, either a cable end buoy or a Mark buoy, is done from the deck if
the buoy is fitted with a recovery rope. The method can be used if cable is being laid an the
buoy is recovered. The method described here, uses a special buoy recovery sheave and can be
done in reasonably heavy seas. Alternatively it can be over the bow sheaves, though if cable is
being laid great care will be needed.
16.2 Equipment.
3000 ft. - 915 m. 6x3 or 8x3 grapnel rope with a link and thimble spliced in the outer
end.
1 Hand grapnel and line.
1 Buoy hoisting rope to suit buoy skids.
2 Handling lines, Manila or polyester, with thimble spliced in one end,,

typically 3 inch circumference and 30 ft. - 9 m. long.
as required Shackles to suit loads.
16.3 Procedure.
For the example it is assumed that the cable ship is laying cable from the port side as it
recovers the buoy, though this will not be so in many cases.
As the cable ship approaches the buoy, the grapnel rope is made up on the starboard drum and
the hand grapnel and buoy hoisting rope ( for the buoy skids ) are rigged ready for use.
The ship comes up to the buoy and the hand grapnel is thrown to pick up the recovery rope and
its floats. The end of the recovery rope is lifted inboard and shackled to the end of the
handling line, which is then made up on the capstan, and the buoy recovery sheave.
Cable Being Laid
Grapnel Rope
Handling Lines
Hand Grapnel
Balloon Buoy
Buoy Hoisting Rope Buoy Recovery

Recovery Rope
Sheave
with Floats
Fig. 16.3(a)
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Stage 2 Figure 16.3(b),
The buoy is lifted from the water under the buoy recovery sheave, the floats being cut off as
they come inboard. The masts light and radar reflector are removed from the buoy. The second
handling line in made fast to the end of the bridle, which is then cut free of the buoy and
brought inboard.
Handling Line
onto Bridle
Mast, Light and Radar

Balloon Buoy
Hoisted under Reflector Removed
Recovery Sheave
Fig. 16.3(b)
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The buoy is lifted from the water under the buoy recovery sheave, the floats being cut off as
they come inboard. The masts light and radar reflector are removed from the buoy. The second
handling line in made fast to the end of the bridle, which is then cut free of the buoy and
brought inboard.
Bridle Shackled to Grapnel Rope
and then Slipped over Side
Fig. 16.3(c)
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The starboard drum picks up the excess slack in the grapnel rope and the bridle. The riding
leg is then slipped free from the buoy, thus transferring the mooring to the cable ship and
freeing the buoy.
The buoy hoisting rope from the buoy skids is made fast to the buoy.
Riding Leg Slipped
and Mooring Trans-
Buoy Hoisting Rope ferred to Grapnel Rope
Attached to Buoy
Fig. 16.3(d)
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The buoy is lowered into the water and pulled along the ship's side until it is under the buoy
skids where it is recovered.
The cable ship starts to pick up the mooring, laying cable as required, When the riding leg is
fully inboard, the picking up is stopped and it in unshackled. Picking up recommences until
the anchor(s) are at the bow sheaves. These are unshackled and brought inboard using the
gantry hoist. If it is a cable end buoy, then picking up is continued until the cable end is
inboard ready to be worked on.
Riding Leg Unshackled
after it Comes Inboard
Balloon Buoy Recovered
Fig. 16.3(e)
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17. Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Bow to Stern.
17.1 Requirement.
When laying a system with a double ended cable layer, it can be necessary to pass the cable
from the bow to the stern to allow over the stern laying to be done. This is normally done when
the end of a previously laid section of cable is picked up and spliced into the section onboard
ready for the continuation of the lay, or when it has been necessary to bring the cable to the
bow during a lay for working and on completion of this work the cable is to be laid again over
the stern.
The method is essentially a modification of the North Atlantic slip described in sections 8
and 9.
17.2 Equipment.
as required Handling lines for festooning the cable along the side of the ship.
The remainder of the equipment is an for a North Atlantic slip per sections 8.2 or 9.2.
17.3 Procedure.
The cable from the stern has been festooned along the side of the ship from the stern to the
bow using the handling lines. The splice between the two sections of the cable is completed
and the cable is ready for slipping using a North Atlantic slip ( see section 8.3 or 9.3 ).
Just prior to slipping, the festooned cable is lowered into the water using the handling lines
and allowed to hang free. All ship's propulsion must be stopped to allow this to happen
without the danger of damage to the cable from the propulsors. When released the bight must
hang free of the ship.
The bight of cable at the bow is now slipped free of the ship and after the cable has settled,
laying can commence over the stern.
Cable Festooned along Ships
Side with Handling Lines
Cable Splice
To Bottom
Cable over Stern Sheave North Atlantic Slip

ready for Laying ready for Cutting
Fig. 17.3(a)
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18. Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Stern to Bow.
18.l Requirement.
When laying a system with a double ended cable layer, it can be necessary to pass cable from
the stern to the bow to allow working over the bow. This is normally done when the end of the
section being laid is reached and the end is to buoyed. Also in the case of a problem
occurring, as it is normal practice to carry out rectification work over the bow for this type of
cable layer.
18.2 Equipment.
1 4 inch circumference Manila rope, length to suit with thimble spliced

in one end or if cable to be buoyed.
3x3 grapnel rope with thimble and link spliced in each end. ( Transfer
rope as required ).
Handling lines for festooning transfer rope along ship's side.
1 (2) BTL stopper or if cable is armorless or plastic covered, Preformed

stopper.
(1) Preventer, 30 ft. - 9 m. long 7/8 inch chain or 3/4 inch dia. wire rope (
if cable end to be buoyed ).
1 4 inch circumference Manila rope, typically 150 ft. - 45 m. long with
thimble spliced in one end.
18.3 Procedure.
Stage 1 - Figure 18.3(a).
The ship has come to a stop and the cable has had the stopper applied inboard of the stern
sheave ( or if the end is to be buoyed, stoppers and preventer applied with the inner stopper
inboard of the stern sheave ). The 150 ft. - 45 m. long manila rope is attached to the stopper
and made up on the port stern cable engine drum or on a capstan if there is only a single stern
cable engine.
The transfer rope has been festooned along the ship's side and is attached to the stopper and
is made up on the port bow cable engine drum, and is over the port bow sheave.
Transfer Rope Festooned along
Manila Rope Made up on Port

Ships Side with Handling Lines
Stern Drum or on Capstan
Cable Stopper Transfer Rope Made up

on Port Bow Drum
Fig. 18.3(a)
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The tension of the cable is transferred to the manila rope on the port stern drum, or capstan,
and the cable is removed from the starboard stern drum and cut and sealed as required. The
ship's propulsors are now stopped and the manila rope paid out until the stopper and transfer
rope are outboard of the stern sheaves. The transfer rope in then lowered into the water and
the handling lines removed so that it is supported from the bow and stern only.
The manila rope is now cut inboard of the stern sheaves and the cable is transferred to the
bow, for buoying or further working.
Transfer Rope Hanging Free
Stopper Outboard of
Stern Sheaves
Cable Cut Manila Rope Cut to Complete

and Sealed Transfer to Bow
Fig. 18.3(b)
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19. Deep Mooring.
This chapter describes a method for mooring a cable ship in deep water using mostly normal
cable working equipment.
19.1 Usage.
Mooring in deep water is done for two main reasons. The first is when a cable has been laid,
such as in the trials of a system with on end on the cable ship for testing, etc. To prevent the
continuous use of propulsors to maintain station, the cable ship can moor.
The second reason is when the cable ship is required to stay in an area for some time, the deep
mooring provides an economical way of doing this.
19.2 Equipment.
1 Anchor, Danforth or US Navy Lightweight. For guidance a 5000 to

6000 lb anchor is suitable for a 6000 to 8000 ton ( fl ) displacement
cable ship.
1 Ground chain, l inch stud alloy, 30 ft. - 9 m. long.
1 8x3 grapnel rope with thimble and link spliced in each end, 3000 ft.
- 915 m. long.
as required 6 inch circumference double braided Nylon rope with thimble and link
spliced in each end, 3000 ft. - 915 m. long. ( 5 inch circumference
also suitable ).
as required Underwater swivels, 35 ton.
2 Steel screw pin anchor shackle 13/4 inch.
19.3 Arrangement.
The arrangement of the mooring is shown in figure 19.3(a). The anchor is shackled to the
ground chain which is in turn shackled to the 8x3 grapnel rope and then to the lengths of
braided Nylon rope. To absorb rotation, underwater swivels are used along the scope, one
between the ground chain and the 8x3 grapnel rope one between the 8x3 grapnel rope and the
first length of braided Nylon rope and then one between each second length of braided Nylon
rope. The mooring is normally deployed over the center bow sheave.
19.4 Procedure.
19.4.1 Scope.
The grapnel rope is used to provide the wear section of the mooring since braided Nylon rope
cannot sustain prolonged wearing on the bottom. Hence the scope required for the mooring is
determined by:
maximum scope = ( water depth + length of grapnel rope )/( water depth )
that is the length of braided Nylon rope is always less than the depth of water. In shallower
Page 133
water depths, where this scope would be excessive, a scope of 1.5 to 2 would be more practical.
Chafing Sock on Test Cable

over Bow Sheave
Mooring
6 inch Circ. Braided

Test Cable
Nylon Rope 3000ft. -
915 m. Lengths
Underwater Swivel
8 x 3 Grapnel Rope
Underwater Swivel 3000 ft. - 915 m.
Danforth
Anchor
Ground Chain 1 1/2 inch

Stud Alloy 30 ft. - 9 m.
Fig. 19.3(a) Arrangement of Deep Mooring

Page 134
19.4.2 Deployment.
In preparing to deploy the mooring, the first step in to make up the scope. While this can be
done directly from the rope store, it is often advantageous to draw the necessary ropes from
the rope store and coil down the assembled scope in one of the cable tanks, where it will not
affect any cable working.
The next stage is to prepare the anchor. In some cases the anchor can be placed on the bow
whiskers with the stock resting on the center bow sheave and the ground chain shackled to a
deck padeye. However, if there is not sufficient clearance for equipment or the cable to pass
under the the anchor as it goes over an outer bow sheave, the anchor must be suspended off to
one side, typically under a buoy recovery sheave with a crown line around a capstan and tied
off to a bollard.
When it is time to moor, the grapnel rope is made up the designated cable engine and
connected by an underwater swivel to the ground chain. If the anchor is suspended to one side,
the grapnel rope is taken over the center bow sheave and around the bow to the anchor and
ground chain for connection. Mooring then proceeds in the usual manner with the paying out of
the scope to the required length ( if the anchor in suspended off to one side, the anchor is
first lowered into the water with the crown line and slipped free ). When the required length
of scope is reached the cable engine is stopped and a rope stopper placed on the braided Nylon
rope inboard of the holdback and draw-off engine.
If cable is being laid at the same time it is preferable to commence the deployment of the
mooring while still laying the cable, both to save time and to keep the anchor from landing on
the cable. After the mooring is deployed, it in advisable to place a chafing sock on the cable at
the bow sheave to reduce wear on the cable. Also from time to time, depending on the weather,
a small amount of cable should be paid out to change the touchdown point of the cable to
reduce the wear.
19.4.3 Recovery.
Recovery of the mooring in the reverse of the deployment If the mooring has been deployed
with a cable being laid, then the recovery of the mooring should commence simultaneously
with the picking up of the cable. The mooring will stream aft of the bow sheaves and the cable
will tend forward if this is done, thus keeping the mooring and cable apart.
19.4.4 Twisting of Mooring and Cable.
When a cable and mooring are deployed together, sometimes the wind and current will twist
the ship around and cause the cable and mooring to cross over. With most cable ships there
will be sufficient twisting power available to undo this as soon as it is noticed.
However when this is not possible, steps should be taken to provide a buffer between the cable
and mooring, to reduce wear. If the cable is on the outer side of the mooring, this can be done
by placing a stopper on the cable and connecting it to a deck padeye by a static messenger. The
cable is then paid out until the load in taken by the stopper. The cable is then transferred to
the bow sheave on the other side, picked up and the stopper removed ( this should be changed
back prior to picking up ). The crossover point will now be inboard of the bow sheaves and a
chafing sock can be readily fitted on the cable at this point.
If the mooring is outboard of the cable, then a chafing sock is placed on the cable and worked
down until it is at the cross over point.
Page 135
20. Landing a Shore End.
This chapter describes a range of rigging procedures for landing the shore end of an ocean
cable from a cable ship.
20.1 General.
In most circumstances it will not be possible to bring the cable ship close enough to the shore
so that the cable can be landed directly from the cable ship. There are two basic methods
which are used to bring the cable end ashore, either pulling the cable using a rope or towing
the cable using a launch. It should be noted that landing a cable requires good weather to
ensure success and safety of the operation if necessary the operation being delayed until
conditions are right.
20.2 Pulling the cable by rope.
20.2.1 Preparation.
The cable ship positions herself off the shore, bow in, as close as is practical and safe. If the
ship has stern anchoring, then anchoring by the stern may be desirable. ( Note: Cable layers
sometimes deploy the shore and over the stern rather than over the bow, however this places
the propellers and rudders nearest the shallow water and the bathymetry of the area should be
closely examined before doing it this way).
The cable end is brought up from the cable tank and made up on the cable engine. A stopper is
then placed on its end. The light and heavy ropes for pulling the cable ashore are placed ready
for use. Finally the flotation for the cable is stowed on the foredeck along with the lashings.
The amount of flotation should be ample, with sufficient to allow for some losses.
Traditionally the heavy rope has been 3 inch or 4 inch circumference Manila rope, however the
use of a buoyant rope such as polypropylene may be more practical for both the light and
heavy ropes.
Flotation may be provided by many means, such as fuel drums, barrels etc. The most effective
flotation for use on a cable ship now is the inflatable floats. These have the advantage of being
easy to stow and transport and need only be inflated when required thus keeping the foredeck
of the cable ship relatively free during the operation. If dragged to the bottom they do not
collapse and may be reused many times.
The preparations ashore are done in parallel to those on the ship, with rollers or pipes being
placed in the trench for the cable, to keep the cable off the ground and to allow it to be pulled
readily up the shore. If deadmen are required, they are dug in and sheaves attached.
20.2.2 Procedure.
When the preparations are complete, radio communications are established between the cable
ship, the shore and the motor launch ( or tug or ship's boat as, is the case ). The motor launch
comes to the ship's bow where the light rope is passed out over the bow sheaves and made fast
to the launch. The launch then heads for the shore towing the light rope behind it.
The next stage is to got the light rope ashore. If there is no surf, then the launch can come
right up to the shore and the rope can be handed across. If there is a surf or other impediment
to bringing the launch to the shore, then there are several methods open to landing the light
Page 136
rope.
The first method is to use a surf boat to bring a line through the surf to the launch, the second
is to use a swimmer to carry the line and the third is to use a rocket or gun to fire a line over
the surf. This line is then made fast to the light rope which is cast off from the launch and
then pulled ashore.
The end of the light rope on the cable ship is attached to the heavy rope ( or if necessary to a
series of ropes increasing in size finishing with the heavy rope ). The shore party then pulls
the light rope ashore, bringing the end af the heavy rope with it as shown in figure 20.2.2(a).
The outer end of the heavy rope is now made fast to the stopper on the end of the cable.
The cable is now paid out over the bow sheaves with the flotation being lashed along it as it
goes out. The shore party pull the heavy rope ashore bring the cable with it. This continues
until the cable end reached the shore. The cable end is then pulled up the shore to the cable
vault and beach anchor, with the flotation being cut free as it comes ashore. When the cable
end is secure, divers are used to cut all the flotation free of the cable, starting at the shore, so
that the cable will settle to the bottom.
When this is complete, the cable ship backs away from the shore, picking up her anchor ( if
laid ), paying out cable. When sufficiently clear the cable ship turns around and continues to
lay the cable out to deep water, or to the splice point.
It should be noted that the shore party can only pull the cable ashore by hand if there is very
good weather, the cable ship can come relatively close to the shore ( about 1 n. mile ) and there
are no strong currents.
20.2.3 Alternative procedures.
In many cases, it will not be possible to pull the cable ashore by using manpower on the heavy
rope. In these cases an alternative method of pulling must be used.
The first method is to used a winch on the shore, onto which the pulling ropes can be wound or
can pass around a capstan or gypsy. The winch must be firmly anchored to the shore such as
by attaching it to a deadman.
The second method is suitable where the shore has an area behind it suitable for a tractor to
run on. The tractor is hitched to the rope and pulls it ashore by driving inland. If necessary,
it may take the tractor several runs to get the cable end ashore, depending on the distance it
can go inland.
If the shore does not have an area behind it to allow the tractor to go inland a modification of
the method can be used. A deadman is dug into the shore next to the cable trench and a sheave
attached. The tractor then runs along the shore line as shown in figure 20.2.3(a) to pull the
cable ashore.
The third method is suitable for a shore where it is not possible to run a tractor inland or
along the shore. Two deadmen are dug into the shore, one next to the cable trench and the other
some distance along the shore. A sheave is attached to each deadman. When the light rope is
brought ashore, it is reeved through both sheaves and taken back to the launch. The launch
then pulls the light rope through the sheaves and back to the cable ship. The light rope in then
brought in over the bow sheaves and made up on the other cable engine, which is used firstly
to pull the heavy rope ashore and back to the ship and then the heavy rope is used to pull the
cable ashore. This is shown in figure 20.2.3(b).
End of Heavy Rope Connected to Cable
Heavy Rope Flaked on Foredeck
Launch
Heavy Rope
Shore Light Rope
Shore Party Pulling Light Rope

Ashore ( alt. Using Winch )
Fig. 20.2.2(a) Light rope being used to pull heavy rope ashore
Page 137
Page 138
Floats Being Lashed to Cable as it is Paid Out
Heavy Rope Cable with Floats Attached
Deadman and Sheave
Shore Cable Trench
Tractor
Fig. 20.2.3(a) Pulling cable ashore using rope and tractor.

Cable Ship Anchored by Stern
Floats Being Attached to Cable
Heavy Rope Made up on

Cable
Engine to Pull Cable Ashore
Cable with Floats Attached
Cable
Trench
Shore
Heavy Rope
Deadmen and Sheaves
Fig. 20.2.3(b) Pulling cable end ashore using cable machinery.

Page 139
Page 140
The disadvantage of this method is in the large amount of rope required for the pulling ropes,
especially if the ship is some distance from the shore.
20.3 Pulling the cable by launch.
20.3.l Preparation.
The preparation is basically the same as for pulling the cable by a ropes except that only a
short length of tow rope is required in the place of the light and heavy ropes.
20.3.2 Procedure.
When the preparations are complete, the launch ( or tug or ship's boat ) comes to the cable
ship's bow ( or stern ) where the tow rope is passed out over the bow sheaves ( or stern sheaves
) and made fast to the launch. The launch then heads for the shore slowly, with the cable
being paid out over the bow sheave ( or stern sheave ). The flotation is lashed along the cable
as it goes out.
When the launch reaches the shore, the tow rope is passed to the shore party and they pull the
cable end ashore and up to the cable vault and beach anchor. Divers then cut the flotation from
the cable, starting from the shore to allow it to settle on the bottom. When this is complete, the
cable ship backs away from the shore, picking up her anchor ( if laid ), and paying out cable.
When sufficiently clear of the shore, the cable ship turns around and continues to lay cable
out to deep water, or to the splice point. Figures 20.3.2(a) and 20.3.2(b) show the operation.
It should be noted that this method has some strong limitations. Firstly the area in which the
cable is to be landed must be sheltered and not have a surf. Secondly the operation must be
done under very good weather conditions with no significant wind or current otherwise the
launch may not be able to effectively pull the cable and the cable ship must be relatively close
to the shore. Finally a second launch should be ready to take the tow if the first breaks down,
otherwise the cable may drift and become damaged.
20.4 Spacing of flotation.
Tables 20.4(a), 20.4(b) and 20.4(c) give flotation spacing for three commonly used
floats/buoys. If currents or choppy water are present, flotation should be used half loaded, in
fine weather they can be three quarters loaded.
20.5 Recovery of flotation with divers.
Two boats or launches are required for the operation. One boat is used to recover the flotation,
while the other assists the divers as required, standing by in their vicinity. The divers,
equipped with lengths of Manila rope in addition to their scuba gear, start from the shore line
cutting the flotation gear loose and positioning the cable on the bottom. A diver on the surface
threads a length of manila through the D-rings or the manila lashings of the flotation gear,
after other divers cut the flotation gear loose. When approximately 15 balloons are threaded
on each length of manila, the manila is stopped off and the cluster is towed to the ship, or the
shore, by the recovery boat. Empty oil drums are recovered in groups of five. The manila
lengths must be of sufficient strength to allow the flotation gear to be hoisted onboard the
ship, or lifted by a crane onto the shore. As the divers work into deeper water, the weight of
the cable in suspension may pull some of the balloons or drums under. In this case the
flotation gear is cut loose and the surface diver threads them after they come to the surface.
Boats working in the vicinity of the divers and the cable must use extreme caution not to
endanger the divers or the cable. Balloons should be used if divers are available.
Floats Being Lashed to Cable as it is Paid Out
Cable with Floats Attached

Launch
Tow Rope
Shore
Cable Trench
Fig. 20.3.2(a) Pulling cable end ashore by launch.

Page 141
Page 142
Fig. 20.3.2(b) Two launches bringing cable end to shore where

manual labor and winches will take over.
Page 143
Table 20.4(a)
Spacing for 40-gallon steel drums.
Weight of Distance between Weight of Distance between

cable per drums in ft. - m. cable per drums in ft. - m.
n. mile drums drums n. mile drums drums
in water 3/4 1/2 in water 3/4 1/2
Tons - loaded loaded Tons - loaded loaded
Tonnes Tonnes
___________________________________________________________________________
5 - 5.1 187 - 57 121 - 36 29 - 29.5 32 - 9.7 21 - 6.4

6 - 6.1 156 - 47 101 - 30 30 - 30.5 31 - 9.4 20 - 6.0
7 - 7.1 133 - 40 87 - 26.5 31 - 31.6 30 - 9.1 20 - 6.0
8 - 8.1 117 - 35 76 - 23.1 32 - 32.6 29 - 8.8 19 - 5.7
9 - 9.2 104 - 31 68 - 20.7 33 - 33.6 28 - 8.5 18 - 5.4
10 - 10.2 94 - 28.6 61 - 18.5 34 - 34.6 28 - 8.5 18 - 5.4
11- 11.2 85 - 25.9 55 - 16.7 35 - 35.6 27 - 8.2 17 - 5.1
12 - 12.2 78 - 23.7 50 - 15.2 36 - 36.6 26 - 7.9 17 - 5.1
13 - 13.2 72 - 21.9 47 - 14.3 37 - 37.7 25 - 7.6 16 - 4.8
14 - 14.3 67 - 20.4 43 - 13.1 38 - 38.7 25 - 7.6 16 - 4.8
15 - 15.3 64 - 19.5 40 - 12.1 39 - 39.7 24 - 7.3 15 - 4.5
16 - 16.3 58 - 17.6 38 - 11.5 40 - 40.7 23 - 7.0 15 - 4.5
17 - 17.3 55 - 16.7 36 - 10.9 41 - 41.7 23 - 7.0 15 - 4.5
18 - 18.3 51 - 15.5 34 - 10.3 42 - 42.8 22 - 6.7 15 - 4.5
19 - 19.3 49 - 14.9 32 - 9.7 43 - 43.8 22 - 6.7 14 - 4.2
20 - 20.4 47 - 14.3 31 - 9.4 44 - 44.8 21 - 6.4 14 - 4.2
21 - 21.4 45 - 13.7 29 - 8.8 45 - 45.8 21 - 6.4 14 - 4.2
22 - 22.4 43 - 13.1 28 - 8.5 46 - 46.8 20 - 6.0 13 - 3.9
23 - 23.4 41 - 12.5 26 - 7.9 47 - 47.8 20 - 6.0 13 - 3.9
24 - 24.4 39 - 11.8 25 - 7.6 48 - 48.9 20 - 6.0 13 - 3.9
25 - 25.4 37 - 12.2 24 - 7.3 49 - 49.9 19 - 5.7 13 - 3.9
26 - 26.5 36 - 10.9 23 - 7.0 50 - 50.9 19 - 5.7 12 - 3.6
27 - 27.5 35 - 10.6 23 - 7.0 51 - 51.9 19 - 5.7 12 - 3.6
28 - 28.5 34 - 10.3 22 - 6.7 52 - 52.9 18 - 5.4 12 - 3.6
___________________________________________________________________________
Page 144
Table 20.4(b)
Spacing for Balloon Floats.

cable per floats in ft. - m. cable per floats in ft. - m.
n. mile floats floats n. mil e floats floats
Tonnes Tonnes
___________________________________________________________________________
5 - 5.1 117 - 35 78 - 23.7 29 - 29.5 19 - 5.7 13 - 3.9

6 - 6.1 97 - 29.5 65 - 19.8 30 - 30.5 19 - 5.7 13 - 3.9
7 - 7.1 83 - 25.3 55 - 16.7 31 - 31.6 18 - 5.4 12 - 3.6
8 - 8.1 72 - 21.9 48 - 14.6 32 - 32.6 18 - 5.4 12 - 3.6
9 - 9.2 64 - 19.5 43 - 13.1 33 - 33.6 17 - 5.1 11 - 3.3
10 - 10.2 58 - 17.6 39 - 11.8 34 - 34.6 16 - 4.8 11 - 3.3
11 - 11.2 53 - 16.1 35 - 10.6 35 - 35.6 16 - 4.8 11 - 3.3
12 - 12.2 48 - 14.6 32 - 9.7 36 - 36.6 15 - 4.5 10 - 3.0
13 - 13.2 45 - 13.7 30 - 9.1 37 - 37.7 15 - 4.5 10 - 3.0
14 - 14.3 41 - 12.5 27 - 8.2 38 - 38.7 15 - 4.5 10 - 3.0
15 - 15.3 39 - 11.8 26 - 7.9 39 - 39.7 15 - 4.5 10 - 3.0
16 - 16.3 36 - 10.9 24 - 7.3 40 - 40.7 14 - 4.2 9 - 2.7
17 - 17.3 33 - 10.0 22 - 6.7 41 - 41.7 14 - 4.2 9 - 2.7
18 - 18.3 32 - 9.7 21 - 6.4 42 - 42.8 13 - 3.9 9 - 2.7
19 - 19.3 30 - 9.1 20 - 6.0 43 - 43.8 13 - 3.9 9 - 2.7
20 - 20.4 29 - 8.8 19 - 5.7 44 - 44.8 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4
21 - 21.4 27 - 8.2 18 - 5.4 45 - 45.8 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4
22 - 22.4 26 - 7.9 17 - 5.1 46 - 46.8 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4
23 - 23.4 24 - 7.3 16 - 4.8 47 - 47.8 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4
24 - 24.4 24 - 7.3 16 - 4.8 48 - 48.9 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4
25 - 25.4 23 - 7.0 15 - 4.5 49 - 49.9 11 - 3.3 7 - 2.1
26 - 26.5 22 - 6.7 15 - 4.5 50 - 50.9 11 - 3.3 7 - 2.1
27 - 27.5 21 - 6.4 14 - 4.2 51 - 51.9 11 - 3.3 7 - 2.1
28 - 28.5 20 - 6.0 13 - 3.9 52 - 52.9 11 - 3.3 7 - 2.1
___________________________________________________________________________
Note: A properly inflated balloon float will support 288 to 300 lbs - 130 to 136 Kg.
depending on supplier.
Page 145
Table 20.4(c)
Spacing for Small Inflatable Floats.

cable per floats in ft. - m. cable per floats in ft. - m.
n. mile floats floats n, mile floats floats
Tonnes Tonnes
___________________________________________________________________________
5 - 5.1 72 - 21.9 48 - 14.6 29 - 29.5 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4

6 - 6.1 60 - 18.2 40 - 12.1 30 - 30.5 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4
7 - 7.1 51 - 15.5 34 - 10.3 31 - 31.6 11 - 3.3 7 - 2.1
8 - 8.1 45 - 13.7 30 - 9.1 32 - 32.6 11 - 3.3 7 - 2.1
9 - 9.2 40 - 12.1 27 - 8.2 33 - 33.6 10 - 3.0 7 - 2.1
10 - 10.2 36 - 10.9 24 - 7.3 34 - 34.6 10 - 3.0 7 - 2.1
11 - 11.2 33 - 10.0 22 - 6.7 35 - 35.6 9 - 2.7 6 - 1.8
12 - 12.2 30 - 9.1 20 - 6.0 36 - 36.6 9 - 2.7 6 - 1.8
13 - 13.2 27 - 8.2 18 - 5.4 37 - 37.7 9 - 2.7 6 - 1.8
14 - 14.3 25 - 7.6 17 - 5.1 38 - 38.7 9 - 2.7 6 - 1.8
15 - 15.3 24 - 7.3 16 - 4.8 39 - 39.7 9 - 2.7 6 - 1.8
16 - 16.3 22 - 6.7 15 - 4.5 40 - 40.7 9 - 2.7 6 - 1.8
17 - 17.3 21 - 6.4 14 - 4.2 41 - 41.7 8 - 2.4 5 - 1.5
18 - 18.3 20 - 6.0 13 - 3.9 42 - 42.8 8 - 2.4 5 - 1.5
19 - 19.3 18 - 5.4 12 - 3.6 43 - 43.8 8 - 2.4 5 - 1.5
20 - 20.4 18 - 5.4 12 - 3.6 44 - 44.8 8 - 2.4 5 - 1.5
21 - 21.4 17 - 5.1 11 - 3.3 45 - 45.8 7 - 2.1 5 - 1.5
22 - 22.4 16 - 4.8 11 - 3.3 46 - 46.8 7 - 2.1 5 - 1.5
23 - 23.4 15 - 4.5 10 - 3.0 47 - 47.8 7 - 2.1 5 - 1.5
24 - 24.4 15 - 4.5 10 - 3.0 48 - 48.9 7 - 2.1 5 - 1.5
25 - 25.4 14 - 4.2 9 - 2.7 49 - 49.9 6 - 1.8 4 - 1.2
26 - 26.5 13 - 3.9 9 - 2.7 50 - 50.9 6 - 1.8 4 - 1.2
27 - 27.5 13 - 3.9 9 - 2.7 51 - 51.9 6 - 1.8 4 - 1.2
28 - 28.5 12 - 3.6 8 - 2.4 52 - 52.9 6 - 1.8 4 - 1.2
___________________________________________________________________________
Note: A properly inflated small float will support 180 lb. - 82 Kg.
Page 146
21. Cable Stoppers.
21.1 General.
There is a large range of cable stoppers, or grips as they are also known. There are basically
two forms, one that requires threading over the end of the cable or rope, and the second that
can be applied anywhere along a cable or rope. In the working of ocean cables it is generally
impractical to get access to the end of the cable or rope, and it is the use of the second form
that is described here.
21.2 Chain Stoppers.
21.2.1 Usage.
Chain stoppers are a quick application stopper for use on armored ocean cables, grapnel and
buoy rope and chain. They are not suitable for use on armorless cables or plastic covered
cables. The disadvantage of chain stoppers is that as the load is applied, they will cause the
cable or rope to kink at the inboard end. This means that they cannot be used in the middle of
a cable, only at the ends where the part that is damaged can be cut off.
The other use for chain stoppers is as a safety stopper where if the load is applied to the
stopper by slippage or similar action, then the prevention of loss of the cable and the safety of
personnel outweigh the damage caused.
Chain stoppers can be reused until wear exceeds allowable limits.
21.2.2 Application.
The standard chain stopper used in cable working is the certified, tapered chain stopper, with
two standard sizes shown in figure 21.2.2(a).
7/8 certified tapered chain stopper - proof test 57500 lbf/26100 Kgf
227/5766mm
* * 94/2387mm 58/1473mm 40/1016mm 23/584mm
7/8 chain 3/4 chain 5/8 chain 1/2 chain

Egg links
(3)
3/4 certified tapered chain stopper - proof test 46000 lbf/20900 Kgf
* = 6/152mm 147/3733mm
16/
* * 58/1473mm 33/838mm 28/711mm 406mm
3/4 chain 5/8 chain 1/2 chain 3/8 chain

Egg links
(3)
Fig. 21.2.2(a) Typical certified tapered chain stoppers

Page 147
Chain stoppers can also be made up from a length of normal chain ( preferably alloy ), as long
as the strength of the chain is greater than that of the cable it is to be applied to and it is
sufficiently long to allow the gripping forces to be developed. All chain stoppers should be
inspected for wear both before and after use, and if found to be above the allowable limits, the
stopper must be discarded.
Two methods can be used for applying chain stoppers. The first method, shown in figure
21.2.2(b), is to put a series of half hitches in the stopper around the cable or rope, with the
direction of the lay or strands. The chain in between each half hitch is bound with thread,
lashing wire or Band-it bands, to the cable or rope as well as the end of the chain. As the load
is applied, the first half hitch will straighten out, putting a hitch in the cable or rope around
the chain and thus aiding the gripping action of the stopper. It should be noted that this
action will cause damage to a cable.
Half hitch Lashing between

To deck padeye around cable half hitches
or drum rope
Half hitch thrown in

cable under load
Load
Fig. 21.2.2(b) Chain stopper applied to cable ( or rope ) with half hitches.
The second, and more common method of applying a chain stopper to a cable or rope, shown in
figure 21.2.2(c), is by putting a half hitch in the stopper around the cable or rope with the lay
of the armor or strands, and then winding the stopper around the cable or rope against the lay.
The outer end is then bound to the cable or rope with thread, lashing wire or Band-it bands.
As the load is applied, the half hitch will tend to tighten and rotate in the direction of the
load, twisting the cable or rope. In the case of a cable the combined crushing and twisting
forces in the half hitch will cause damage to the cable.
Page 148
Half hitch Wound around End lashed

To deck padeye around cable cable against lay to cable
or drum rope
Load
Fig. 21.2.2(c) Chain stopper applied to cable ( or rope ) by winding around cable.
21.3 BTL Stoppers.
21.3.1 Usage.
BTL stoppers are a cable stopper suitable for use on armored ocean cables, and with care on
armorless and plastic covered cables, They are capable of being applied at the ends and in the
middle of cables, and do not cause kinking of the cable under load. The main disadvantage of
these stoppers is that they require some time to apply, however they are reusable.
21.3.2 Application.
The BTL stopper comes in three sizes, shown in figure 21.3.2(a), to suit cable diameters and
strengths. Table 21.3.2(a) gives stopper size against maximum working load as well as the GS
number, the BTL stopper is also known as a GS stopper. The BTL stopper should be inspected
for wear both before and after use, and if found the stopper must be discarded.
Table 21.3.2(a)
Working loads for BTL stoppers.
Wire size Breaking strength Braking strength Max. working load

Type inch - mm wire lbf - Kgf stopper lbf - Kgf lbf - Kgf
___________________________________________________________________________
7/16 inch 7/16 - 11.1 36960 - 16800 398720 - 181236 98560 - 44800
5/16 inch 5/16 - 9.5 19040 - 8654 203840 - 92654 51520 - 23418
1/4 inch 1/4 - 6.4 12096 - 5498 129920 - 59054 32480 - 14763
___________________________________________________________________________
Note: Maximum working load is highly dependent on effective application of the stopper and
the type of cable it is applied to. Hence the maximum working load must be taken as a
guide only.
Page 149
Swaged Clamp
Thimble
Sleeves
Swaged
Sleeves
Type A - Wire size B - Clamp I.D. C - Length

inch - mm inch - mm ft - m
7 7
16 inch 16 - 11.1 3 1
4 - 82.5 27' 6"- 8.38
5
16 inch 5
16 - 9.5 1 7
8 - 47.6 20' 10"- 6.35
1
4 inch 1
4 - 6.4 1 3
8 - 34.9 15' 6 3 4 ' - 4.74
Fig 21.3.2(a) BTL cable stopper assemblies.
To apply the BTL stopper to an armored cable the following steps are used. A schematic of the
installed stopper is shown in figure 21.3.2(c). When used with cables larger in diameter than
the clamp internal diameter, the clamp may be removed and omitted.
(i) Attach the clamp to the cable at the desired location using the bolts provided. Orient the
clamp so that the eye of the stopper may be conveniently attached to the drum rope or deck
padeye,
(ii) Make four tails from the wires, each tail consisting of two long wires with one short wire
in between, as shown in figure 21.3.2(a). Wrap the four tails around the cable in opposing
helices taking care to cross each tail alternately over and under the tail being crossed. This
will work out if at the start, tail number 1 is placed over number 4, and tail number 3 is
placed over number 2, as illustrated in figure 21.3.2(b). The pitch of the helix should be as
close as possible without a strong tendency to spring away. Care should be taken in wrapping
to keep the strands of each tail flat and parallel and snug against the cable. Continue the wrap
to the end of the short tails.
Page 150
2 3
Clamp
1 4
Fig. 21.3.2(b) BTL cable stopper, arrangement of tails to ensure correct winding on.
(iii) Serve with lashing wire, or place a hose clamp or Band-it band just forward of the swaged
sleeve as shown in figure 21.3.2(c).
(iv) Continue the helical wrap to the end of the stopper and serve or band as in step iii ( see
figure 21.3.2(c) ).
To deck padeye Clamp - Clamp -

or drum rope Clamp short tails long tails
Serve cable with manila rope Load

to protect from shackles, etc.
Fig. 21.3.2(c) BTL cable stopper applied to cable
21.4 Preformed Cable Stopper.
21.4.1 Usage.
Preformed cable stoppers are a specialized stopper for use on all types of ocean cable. They
are capable of being applied at the end and in the middle of cables and do not cause damage to
the cable under load, The disadvantage of the preformed stopper is that the stoppers are
matched to a cable and are not generally interchangeable between different cable sizes. It is
not good practice to reuse preformed cable stoppers.
Page 151
21.4.2 Application.
The preformed cable stopper, the general arrangement of which is shown in figure 21.4.2(a),
come in a range of sizes. The data for smaller cables is given in table 21.4.2(a) and for larger
sizes in table 21.4.2(b). The working load is a function of the length of the gripping section of
the stopper, the diameter of the cable and it construction, with the lay of the wires in the
stopper being the same as the lay of the armor wires in the cable. A coating is applied to the
gripping surface of the stopper for plastic covered cables and for high working loads.
Total length
Eye length
Cross over marks Eye
One lay
length
Fig. 21.4.2(a) Preformed cable stopper.
Table 21.4.2(a)
Preformed Cable Stoppers - Cables less than 1 inch/25.4 mm Dia.

Size and Strength Data
( PMI Industries Inc. )
Part Recommended Nom. Wire Lay Rated Holding Total

Number Cable Range Rope Size Direction Strength Length
inch / mm inch lbf - Kgf inch-m
___________________________________________________________________________
2202116 0.561-0.583/14.2-14.8 LHL 40.1K-18230 55-1.40

2202111 0.619-0.644/15.7-16.4 LHL 45.3K-20590 64-1.63
2202112 0.745-0.775/18.9-19.7 LHL 62.5K-28410 76-1.93
20017700 0.879-0.915/22.3-23.2 LHL 75.0K-34090 85-2.16
2502108 0.509-0.529/12.9-13.4 1/2 RHL 27.3K-12410 44-1.12
2502109 0.569-0.592/14.5 -15.0 9/16 RHL 35.9K-16320 49-1.24
2502110 0.636-0.661/16.2-16.8 5/8 RHL 35.9K-16320 53-1.35
2502112 0.757-0.787/19.2-20.0 3/4 RHL 54.5K-24770 61-1.55
2502114 0.896-0.932/22.8-23.7 7/8 RHL 75.0K-31820 72-1.83
___________________________________________________________________________
LHL = Left Hand Lay, RHL = Right Hand Lay.

Actual rated holding strength is dependent upon cable construction.
PMI trade name - CABLE-GRIP.
Page 152
Table 21.4.2(b)
Preformed Cable Stoppers - Cables greater than 1 inch/25.4 mm Dia.

Size and Strength Data
( PMI Industries Inc. )
Part Recommended Lay Working Eye Total

Number Cable Range Direction Load Length Length
inch / mm lbf - Kgf inch-mm inch-m
___________________________________________________________________________
21021925 1.08-1.12/27.4-28.4 LHL 14K-6360 11-279 128-3.25
21026397 1.08-1.12/27.4-28.4 LHL 14K-6360 11-279 93 -2.36
20026412 1.21-1.26/30.7-32.0 RHL 15K-6820 12-305 75 -1.91
21021010 1.23-1.28/31.2-32.5 LHL 15K-6820 12-305 140-3.56
21021009 1.23-1.28/31.2-32.5 LHL 10K-4550 12-305 103-2.62
20026371 1.31-1.38/33.3-35.1 LHL 15K-6820 13-330 80 -2.03

20027531 1.31-1.38/33.3-35.1 RHL 15K-6820 13-330 80 -2.03
20028575 1.35-1.42/34.3-36.1 LHL 15K-6820 13-330 98 -2.49
20020990 1.40-1.45/35.6-36.8 LHL 15K-6820 14-356 118-3.00
21020539 1.47-1.53/37.3-38.9 LHL 10K-4550 15-381 89 -2.26
21020540 1.47-1.53/37.3-38.9 LHL 20K-9090 15-381 122-3.10

20026413 1.57-1.63/39.9-41.4 RHL 20K-9090 16-406 96 -2.44
20028598 1.62-1.68/41.1-42.7 LHL 20K-9090 16-406 100-2.54
20026370 1.67-1.73/42.4-43.9 RHL 25K-11360 17-432 102-2.59
21025592 1.72-1.79/43.7-45.5 LHL 25K-11360 15-381 103-2.62
21025591 1.72-1.79/43.7-45.5 LHL 25K-11360 15-381 140-3.56

21020542 1.82-1.89/46.2-48.0 LHL 50K-22730 18-457 150-3.81
21020541 1.82-1.89/46.2-48.0 LHL 25K-11360 18-457 109-2.77
20026414 1.92-2.00/48.8-50.8 RHL 30K-13640 19-483 115-2.92
20026372 2.02-2.10/51.3-53.3 RHL 40K-18180 20-508 120-3.05
21020544 2.06-2.14/52.3-54.4 LHL 50K-22730 20-508 169-4.29

21020543 2.40-2.49/61.0-63.2 LHL 25K-11360 20-508 123-3.12
21011788 2.40-2.49/61.0-63.2 LHL 25K-11360 23-584 127-3.23
21011787 2.40-2.49/61.0-63.2 LHL 50K-22730 23-584 177-4.50
21010546 2.65-2.75/67.3-69.9 LHL 100K-45450 23-584 184-4.67
21010545 2.65-2.75/67.3-69.9 LHL 50K-22730 23-584 131-3.33

21026679 2.65-2.75/67.3-69.9 LHL 50K-22730 23-584 131-3.33
21016024 2.99-3.10/75.9-78.7 LHL 50K-22730 29-737 150-3.81
___________________________________________________________________________
LHL = Left Hand Lay, RHL = Right Hand Lay.

Actual holding strength is dependent upon cable construction.
PMI trade name - STOPPER-GRIP.
Note: An equivalent range of preformed type cable stoppers is made by Tridente, the GCG and
GTG Hyperformed stoppers.
Page 153
Cross Over Marks

To Deck Padeye
or Drum Rope
Cable Place Cable into First Spiral

of Stopper ( At Cross Over mark ) Load
Stage 1
Wind One Leg of Stopper Leave Last Two

Stage 2 Around Cable Lays Off
Wind Second Leg of Stopper

Around Cable Taking Care
to Ensure Cross Over Marks
Stage 3
Match
Apply Each of Four Split Sections

Separately, Making sure Rod Ends
are Snapped into Place
Stage 4
Fig. 21.4.2(b) Application of Preformed cable stopper.

Page 154
The following steps are carried out to apply a preformed cable stopper:
(i) Orientate the eye of the stopper so that it may be conveniently attached to the drum rope or
deck padeye, if not already attached. Place the cable through one leg of the stopper at the
cross over mark Stage 1, figure 21.4.2(b) ). It is recommended that a hard eye be inserted into
the eye of the stopper to reduce deformation of the stopper, particularly under high loads,
which may lead to premature failure.
(ii) Holding the second leg away, wind the first leg around the cable towards the direction load
will be applied, except for the last two pitches ( Stage 2, figure 21.4.2(b) ).
(iii) Match the second leg at the cross over marks, and wind it around the cable between the
pitches of the first leg, except for the last two pitches Stage 3, figure 21.4.2(b) ).
(iv) Split the last two pitches of each leg into two equal sections and then wind these four
sections onto the cable making sure that the ends of the rods in the stopper are snapped into
place ( Stage 4, figure 21.4.2(b) ).
21.5 Two Tailed Rope Stopper.
21.5.1 Usage.
Two-tailed rope stoppers are quick application stoppers for use on cables or ropes under low
tensions typically on the back tension side of cable machinery for safety when the cable or
rope is being held for long periods. The two-tailed rope stopper can be reused until the outer
surface becomes worn.
21.5.2 Application.
The two-tailed rope stopper, shown in figure 21.5.2(a), is applied form the eye end by
wrapping the two tails around the cable or rope, over and each other. The end of the stopper is
then bound with thread to the cable or can be tied to the cable with a hitch in each leg if it is
for short period use only as a safety precaution,( figure 21.5.2(b).
3 in. Circ. Manila Rope Seizing

Thimble
Seizing
72
Fig. 21.5.2(a) Two-tailed rope stopper.

Page 155
To Deck Padeye Lash End ot Knot Around

Cable or Rope
Wrap Tails Alternatively Over

and Under One Another
Fig. 21.5.2(b) Two-tailed rope stopper applied to cable or rope.
21.6 Stoppering off Over the Bow.
21.6.1 Usage.
Stoppering off over the bow is done whenever it is not possible to bring a cable inboard of the
bow sheaves, such as in grappling or changing a cable between bow sheaves.
21.6.2 Method.
The stoppering off of a cable over the bow is done with either a chain or preformed stopper
whichever is suitable for use on the cable.
To carry out the application of the stopper, a bosun's chair is rigged over the bow suspended
from the bow gantries on the side on which the stopper is to be applied. For stoppering off
both sides of a bight of cable, two bosun's chairs are rigged, one on each side, as shown in
figure 21.6.2(a). The egglink or eye of the stopper is shackled to the link and, swivel in the
end of the drum rope or static messenger. The stopper is then paid out over the selected bow
sheave until the eye of the stopper, or egg link is at about the level of the cable, and the man is
lowered in the bosun's chair.
The man then applies the stopper, as previously described with the bosun's chair being raised
or lowered as necessary, Figure 21.6.2(b) shows the application of a stopper. If both sides are
to be stoppered off, the process is repeated. In applying the stopper, the man in the bosun's
chair should hold onto the cable with his hands only, under no circumstances should he wrap
his arms or legs around the cable or tie himself to it, for if the cable slips or breaks, he will
be carried away. It is advisable, if both sides are to be stoppered off, to do each separately as
it is easier in the case of trouble, to aid one man rather than two.
When the application of the stopper is completed, the man in the bosun's chair should be
recovered as quickly as possible, and before any load is applied to to the stopper.
Page 156
Bosuns Chair Ready

for Use
Starboard Stopper
on Drum Rope
Port Stopper on Deck Padeye
Not Normally Outboard until
Required )
Cable Bosuns Chair Tied Back out of the Way until Required
Fig. 21.6.2(a) Arrangement for stoppering off bight of cable over the bow.
Page 157
Fig. 21.6.2(b) Application of single leg Preformed stopper over the bow.
Appendices.
Page A1
A. The Cutting of Cables, Ropes, and Chains.
This chapter contains the methods for cutting ocean cables, grapnel ropes, wire ropes, woven
and stranded fiber ropes, and chain, during the working of ocean cables.
A.1 Cutting Ocean Cables.
The method of cutting ocean cables depends on whether the cable is under tension and if the
cut is to be made inboard of the bow/stern sheaves or outboard. It should be noted that the
methods described here are not suited for cutting ocean cable in preparation for splicing.
If the cable is inboard of the bow sheaves and not under tension, the most effective and
quickest method is to use a hydraulic wire rope or cable cutter, either hand or electric
powered. For small cables, under inch diameter, a hand operated wire rope cutter can be used.
If these are not available, a hand hacksaw can be used, but the cable must be securely clamped
on either side of the cut, otherwise the armor wires may move and jam the saw blade.
It is recommended that to prevent the armor wires from unraveling when a cut is made, and to
enhance the cutting action, that the cable be wrapped tightly with insulating tape for several
inches each side of the cut, as shown in figure A.1(a).
Hose clips may

be required on
Position of cut
either side of
cut if done
with hacksaw
Bind 2 to 3 inches - 50 to 75 mm
each side of cut with insulation
tape
Fig. A.1(a) Binding of ocean cable prior to cutting.

Page A.2
When the cable is under tension there are two ways of cutting it. If the cable is to cut inboard
of the bow/stern sheaves then a specialized hydraulic cable cutter can be used. Alternatively,
for a cut inboard or outboard of the bow/stern sheaves, the cable can be cut with an
explosively powered cutter of the type shown in figure A.1(b). These may be fired by a
lanyard or by electrical means. If the cut is to be made inboard of the bow sheaves, a chain
preventer should be used to reduce the whipping of the cut cable. The cutter should also be
attached to a safety line to prevent loss as the lanyard or electric cable used to fire the cutter
is not intended for this purpose.
Ocean cable or
grapnel rope Cartridge
Lanyard
Firing head
Arresting bar Cutting knife
Fig. A.1(b) Explosively powered cutter.
A.2 Cutting Grapnel Ropes.
Because of the hard steel wire strands in grapnel rope, the most effective method for cutting
grapnel rope during working is by an explosively powered cutter of the type shown in figure
A.1(b). There is a correct cartridge for each size of grapnel rope. Firing is by a lanyard or
electrical means.
If the cutter is used inboard of the bow/stern sheaves and the rope is under tension, then
chain preventers should be used to reduce the whipping of the cut grapnel rope. The cutter
should be attached to a safety line to prevent loss, as the lanyard or electrical cable used to
fire the cutter is not intended for this purpose.
A.3 Cutting Wire Ropes.
The cutting of conventional wire ropes is carried out using the same methods as for ocean
cables. Very small wire rope, under 1/4 inch diameter, can be cut using a hammer and cold
chisel against an anvil if not under tension. Explosively powered cutters specifically for wire
rope, similar to the unit shown in figure A.1(b), are also available.
Page A.3
A.4 Cutting Woven or Stranded Fiber Ropes.
Cutting a woven or stranded fiber rope not under tension can be easily carried out using a
sharp knife.
If the rope is under tension, the best way to cut the rope is to support the rope on a block of
wood at the point of the cut, and sever the rope with a blow from a sharp axe. For woven
synthetic ropes, such as double braided Nylon, preventers should be used on each side of the
cut as when cut under tension, these ropes tend to snake in a similar way to chain.
For ropes up to 1-1/2 inches diameter, explosively powered cutters are available for use both
above and below water. They are similar to those for cables and wire ropes. Mechanically
powered cutters are also available.
A.5 Cutting Chain.
Chain must not be cut when under tension as the two ends will snake across the deck and the
cut link can be catapulted across the deck. If it is necessary to cut a chain during working,
then the tension must be taken off the chain before it can be cut.
The easiest method for cutting small chain is by a hammer and cold chisel against an anvil.
Larger chain can be cut by oxyacetylene torches or similar equipment.
A.6 Safety.
The cutting of any ocean cable, rope or chain has the possibility of danger, especially if it is
under tension. When a cut is made, and only the personnel involved in carrying out the cut
should be on the deck, all other personnel being back out of the reach of possible danger, even
though this may slow up the work.
The use of preventers, made up from heavy chain, on either side of a cut reduces the danger
from whipping cable or rope, protecting not only the personnel but equipment as well. The
time required to rig preventers is thus well spent.

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3. Stoppering Off - Cable End ( Over the Bow ). 4

4. Stoppering Off - Cable end ( Inboard ). 8

5. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method 1. 16

6. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Over the Bow ) Method 2. 22

7. Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Inboard ). 28

8. North Atlantic Slip. 38

9. North Atlantic Slip -Alternative Method. 52

10. Laying a large Rigid Housing. 68

11. Laying Closely Spaced Rigid Housings. 76

12. Picking up a Large Rigid Housing. 84

13. Laying a Mark Buoy. 94

14. Laying a Cable End Buoy. 100

14.1 Requirements. 100

15. Recovery of Balloon Buoy using Ships Boat. 108

15.1 Requirements. 108

16. Deck Recovery of a Balloon Buoy. 116

16.1 Requirements. 116

17. Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Bow to Stern. 126

17.1 Requirements. 126

18. Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Stern to Bow. 128

18.1 Requirements. 128

19. Deep Mooring. 132

19.1 Usage. 132

20. Landing a Shore End. 135

20.1 General. 135

21. Cable Stoppers. 146

21.1 General. 146

A. The Cutting of Cables, Ropes, and Chains. A.1

A.1 Cutting Ocean Cables. A.1

2(a) Layout of foredeck with main dimensions. 3

3.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable End ( Over the Bow ).) 5

4.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable end ( Inboard ).) 9

7.3(a) (Stoppering Off - Cable Bight ( Inboard ).) 29

8.3(a) (North Atlantic Slip.) 39

8.3(g) (North Atlantic Slip.) 51

9.3(a) (North Atlantic Slip -Alternative Method.) 53

10.3(a) (Laying a large Rigid Housing.) 69

11.3(a) (Laying Closely Spaced Rigid Housings.) 77

12.3(a) (Picking up a Large Rigid Housing.) 85

13.3(a) (Laying a Mark Buoy.) 95

13.3(c) (Laying a Mark Buoy.) 99

14.3(a) (Laying a Cable End Buoy.) 101

15.3(a) (Recovery of Balloon Buoy using Ships Boat.) 109

16.3(a) (Deck Recovery of a Balloon Buoy.) 117

17.3(a) (Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Bow to Stern.) 127

18.3(a) (Cable Layer - Passing Cable from Stern to Bow.) 129

19.3(a) Arrangement of deep mooring. 133

20.2.3(b) Pulling cable end ashore using cable machinery. 139

20.3.2(a) Pulling cable end ashore by launch. 141

20.3.2(b) Two launches bringing cable end to shore where 142

21.2.2(a) Typical certified tapered chain stoppers. 146

21.2.2(c) Chain stopper applied to cable ( or rope ) by winding 148

21.3.2(a) BTL cable stopper assemblies. 149

21.3.2(b) BTL cable stopper, arrangement of tails to ensure correct 150

21.3.2(c) BTL cable stopper applied to cable. 150

21.4.2(a) Preformed cable stopper. 151

21.4.2(b) Application of Preformed cable stopper. 153

21.5.2(a) Two-tailed rope stopper. 154

21.5.2(b) Two-tailed rope stopper applied to cable or rope. 155

A.1(a) Binding of ocean cable prior to cutting. A.1