318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

1 CHAPTER 14 COLUMNS
2
3 14.1 Scope
4
5 14.1.1 Provisions of this chapter shall apply to the design of nonprestressed ,and prestressed,
6 and composite columns. The provisions shall also apply to the design of reinforced concrete
7 pedestals: <10.1>
8
9 (a) pedestals
10 (b) composite columns constructed of concrete and structural steel
11
12 14.1.2 The provisions of Chapter 25 shall apply for the design of pPlain concrete pedestals.
13 shall be designed according to Chapter 25. <22.2.1>
14
15
16 14.2 General
17
18 14.2.1 Materials
19
20 14.2.1.1 Design properties for concrete shall conform to Chapter 5. <~>
21
22 14.2.1.2 Design properties for steel reinforcement and structural steel used in composite
23 columns shall conform to Chapter 6. <~>
24
25 14.2.1.3 Design properties for structural steel used in composite columns shall conform to
26 Chapter 6. <~>
27
28 14.2.2 Composite columns
29
30 14.2.2.1 Columns shall be designed as composite columns where If a structural steel shape,
31 pipe, or tubing is used as longitudinal reinforcement, the column shall be designed as a
32 composite column. <10.13.1>
33
34 14.2.3 Connection to other members
35
36 14.2.3.1 For cast-in-place columnsconstruction, beam-column and slab-column joints shall
37 satisfy the requirements of 17.2. <10.12>
Ref to 17.2 based on LB12-7
38
39
40 14.2.3.2 For precast columnsconstruction, connections shall satisfy the force transfer
41 requirements of 17.3. <~>
Ref to 17.3 based on LB12-7
42
43 14.2.3.3 Connections of columns to foundations shall satisfy the requirements of 17.4. <~>
44
Ref to 17.4 based on LB12-7
45
46

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

47 14.3 Design limits

48
49 14.3.1 Dimensional limits
50
51 14.3.1.1 For columns of any cross-sectional shapewith a square, octagonal, or other shaped
52 cross section, it shall be permitted to base gross area considered, required
53 reinforcementminimum longitudinal reinforcement, and design strength on a circular section
54 with a diameter equal to the least lateral dimension of the actual shape. <10.8.3>
55
56 14.3.1.2 For columns with cross sections larger than required by considerations of loading, it
57 shall be permitted to base gross area considered, minimum longitudinal reinforcementrequired
58 reinforcement, and design strength on a reduced effective area, not less than one-half the total
59 area. This provision shall not apply to columns in special moment frames designed in
60 accordance with Chapter 20. <10.8.4>
61
62 14.3.1.3 For columns built monolithically with a concrete wall, the outer limits of the
63 effective cross section of the column shall not be taken greater than 1.5 in. outside the transverse
64 reinforcement. <10.8.2>
65
66 14.3.1.4 For columns with two or more interlocking spirals, outer limits of the effective cross
67 section shall be taken at a distance outside the spirals equal to the minimum required concrete
68 cover. <10.8.1>
69
70 14.3.1.54 If a reduced effective area is considered as permitted by 14.3.1.1 through 14.3.1.4,
71 14.3.1.2, or 14.3.1.3 are used, structural analysis and design of other parts of the structure that
72 interact with the column shall be based on the actual cross section.the effects of the actual cross
73 section on member stiffness shall be included in the structural analysis and considered in the
74 design of the other parts of the structure that interact with the column. <R10.8.2, R10.8.3,
75 R10.8.4>
76
77 14.3.1.5 For columns with two or more interlocking spirals, outer limits of the effective cross
78 section shall be taken at a distance outside the spirals equal to the minimum required concrete
79 cover. <10.8.1>
80
81 14.3.1.6 For composite columns with a concrete core encased by structural steel, the thickness
82 of the steel encasement shall be at least (a) for rectangular sections or (b) for circular sections:
83 <10.13.6.1>
84
fy
85 (a) b for each face of widthwhere b is the width of each face
3Es
86
fy
87 (b) h for circular sections of diameterwhere h is the section diameter
8Es
88

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

89
90 14.4 Required strength
91
92 14.4.1 General
93
94 14.4.1.1 Required strength shall be calculated in accordance with the factored load
95 combinations defined in Chapter 7 and analysis procedures defined in Chapter 8. <~>
96
97 14.4.2 Factored axial force and moment
98
99 14.4.2.1 Pu and Mu occurring simultaneously for each applicable factored load combination
100 shall be considered. <~>
101
102 14.4.2 Factored axial force and moment
103
14.4.2.1 Combined Pu and Mu shall be considered where Pu is calculated considering
104 loads on all floors or roof and Mu is calculated considering loads on a single adjacent
105 span of the floor or roof under consideration. Loading condition giving the maximum
106 ratio of moment to axial load shall also be considered. <8.10.1> -- Provision reworded
107 as presented above.
108
14.4.2.2 Consideration shall be given to the effect of unbalanced floor or roof loads
109
on both exterior and interior columns and of eccentric loading due to other causes.
110 <8.10.2> -- Provision deleted as it is covered in Chapter 8 (8.6.2.4).
111
112 14.4.3 Factored shear
113
114 14.4.3.1 When gravity load, wind, earthquake, or other lateral forces cause transfer of
moment at connections of framing elements to columns, the shear resulting from
115
moment transfer shall be considered. <11.10.1> -- Provision deleted as it is covered in
116 Chapter 17 (17.2.1.2).
117
118 14.5 Design strength
119
120 14.5.1 General
121
122 14.5.1.1 Design strength at all sections along the column shall be in accordance with (a)
123 through (c)satisfy Sn U, including (a) to (c), for each applicable factored load combination.
124 Interaction between axial force and moment, as well as interactions between other load effects,
125 shall be considered. <9.1.1> <11.1.1> <11.5.3.5>
126
127
128 (a) Pn Pu
129
130 (b) Mn Mu
131

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

132 (c) Vn Vu
133
134 14.5.2 Axial load force and flexuremoment
135
136 14.5.2.1 Pn and Mn shall be calculated in accordance with 9.4. <~>
137
138 14.5.2.2 For composite columns, forces shall be transferred between the steel section and
139 concrete by direct bearing, shear connectors, or bond in accordance to the axial strength assigned
140 to each component. <~> <10.13.3> <10.13.4>
141
142 The provision below has been rewritten to reflect composite design practice as presented
143 above.
144
145 14.5.2.2 For composite columns with a structural steel core, axial load strength
146 assigned to concrete shall be transferred to the concrete by members or brackets in direct
147 bearing on the composite column concrete. Axial load strength not assigned to concrete
148 shall be transferred by direct connection to the structural steel shape, pipe, or tubing.
149 <10.13.3> <10.13.4>
150
151
152 14.5.3 Shear
153
154 14.5.3.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance with 9.5. <11.1.1>
155
156 14.5.4 Torsion
157
158 14.5.4.1 If Tu Tth as defined in 9.7, torsion shall be considered in accordance with Chapter
159 13.
160
161 Commentary will be added to indicate that torsion rarely needs to be considered in
162 column design.
163
164
165 14.6 Reinforcement Limits
166
167 14.6.1 Minimum and maximum longitudinal reinforcement
168
169 14.6.1.1 For noncomposite columns columnswith average fpe < 225 psi, area of longitudinal
170 reinforcement Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag or more than 0.08 Ag.satisfy Eq. (14.6.1.1).
171 <10.9.1> <18.11.2.1> <18.11.2.2>
172
173 0.01Ag Ast 0.08Ag Eq. (14.6.1.1)
174
175 14.6.1.2 For prestressed columns with average fpe 225 psi, 14.6.1.1 need not be satisfied.
176 <18.11.2.1> <18.11.2.2>

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

177
178 14.6.1.3 2 For composite columns with a structural steel core, area of longitudinal reinforcing
179 bars located within the transverse reinforcement shall not be less than 0.01(Ag Asx) or more
180 than 0.08(Ag Asx). satisfy Eq. (14.6.1.1), where Ast is the area of longitudinal bars and Ag is the
181 net area of the concrete section. <10.13.7.3> <10.13.8.5>
182
183 14.6.1.4 For composite columns with a concrete core encased by structural steel, minimum
184 longitudinal reinforcement shall not be required. <10.13.6>
185
186 14.6.2 Minimum shear reinforcement
187
188 14.6.2.1 A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Av,min, shall be provided in all regions
189 where Vu 0.5Vc . <11.4.6.1>
190
191 14.6.2.2 If shear reinforcement is required, Av,min/s shall be the greater of (a) or (b).
192 <11.4.6.3> <11.4.6.4>
193
bw s
194 (a) 0.75 f c'
f yt
bw s
195 (b) 50
f yt
196 in accordance with Table 14.6.2.2 <11.4.6.3> <11.4.6.4>
197
198 Table 14.6.2.2 Required Av,min/s
Column type
Av,min/s

Nonprestressed bw
0.75 f c' (a)
and f yt
Greater
Prestressed with effective prestress
force < 40 percent of the tensile of: bw
50 (b)
strength of the flexural reinforcement f yt
bw
0.75 f c' (c)
f yt
Prestressed with effective prestress Greater of: bw
Lesser 50
force 40 percent of the tensile f yt (d)
strength of the flexural reinforcement of:
Aps f pu d
(e)
80 f yt d bw
199
200
201 14.7 Reinforcement: detailing
202

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

203 14.7.1 General

204
205 14.7.1.1 Concrete cover for reinforcement shall be in accordance with 6.8.1. <~>
206
207 14.7.1.2 Development lengths of deformed and prestressed reinforcement shall be calculated
208 in accordance with 21.4. <~>
209
210 14.7.1.3 Bundled bars shall be detailed in accordance with 21.6. <~>
211
212 14.7.1.4 The most restrictive requirements for reinforcement spacing and placement shall
213 apply. <11.5.3.8>
214
215 14.7.2 Reinforcement spacing
216
217 14.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be in accordance with 21.2. <~>
218
219
220 14.7.32 Longitudinal reinforcement
221
222 14.7.2.1 Minimum spacing s shall be in accordance with 21.2. <~>
223
224 14.7.3.12.2 For nonprestressed columns and prestressed columns with average fpe < 225 psi,
225 the minimum number of longitudinal bars shall satisfy be in accordance with (a), (b), or (c):
226 <10.9.2> <18.1.3>
227
228 (a) 3 within triangular ties;
229 (b) 4 within rectangular or circular ties;
230 (c) 6 enclosed by spirals or for columns of special moment frames enclosed by circular
231 hoops.
232
233 14.7.3 Longitudinal reinforcement of composite columns with structural steel cores
234
235 14.7.3.12 For composite columns with structural steel cores, A a longitudinal bar shall be
236 located at every corner of a rectangular cross section, with other longitudinal bars spaced not
237 farther apart than one-half the least side dimension of the composite column. <10.13.8.6>
238
239 14.7.3.2 Ends of structural steel cores shall be accurately finished to bear at end bearing
240 splices, with positive provision for alignment of one core above the other in concentric contact.
241 Bearing shall be considered effective to transfer not greater than 50% of the total compressive
242 stress in the steel core. <7.8.2.1> <7.8.2.2>
243
244 14.7.4 Offset bent longitudinal reinforcement
245
246 14.7.4.1 The slope of the inclined portion of an offset bent longitudinal bar relative to the
247 longitudinal axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6. with axis of column. Portions of bar
248 above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column. <7.8.1.1> <7.8.1.2>

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

249
250 14.7.4.2 If the column face is offset 3 in. or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent.
251 Separate dowels, lap spliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall
252 be provided. <7.8.1.5>
253
254 14.7.5 Splices of longitudinal reinforcement
255
256 14.7.5.1 General
257
258 14.7.5.1.1 Lap splices, mechanical splices, butt-welded splices, and end-bearing splices shall
259 be permitted. <12.17.1>
260
261 14.7.5.1.2 Splices shall satisfy requirements for all factored load combinations. <12.17.1>
262
263 14.7.5.1.3 Splices of deformed reinforcement shall be in accordance with 21.5 in addition to
264 14.7.5.2 for lap splices or 14.7.5.3 for end-bearing splices. <~>
265
266 14.7.5.2 Lap splices
267
268 14.7.5.2.1 If the bar stress force due to factored loads is compressive, compression lap splices
269 shall be permitted. It shall be permitted to decrease the compression lap splice length in
270 accordance with (a) or (b), but the lap splice length shall not be less than 12 in. <12.17.2.1>
271
272 (a) For tied columns, where ties throughout the lap splice length have an effective area
273 not less than 0.0015hs in both directions, lap splice length shall be permitted to be
274 multiplied by 0.83. Tie legs perpendicular to dimension h shall be used in determining
275 effective area. <12.17.2.4>
276
277 (b) For spiral columns, where spirals throughout the lap splice length satisfy 21.8.3, lap
278 splice length shall be permitted to be multiplied by 0.75.<12.17.2.5> <R12.17.2.5>
279
280 14.7.5.2.2 If the bar stress force due to factored loads is tensile, tension lap splices shall be
281 provided according to Table 14.7.5.2.2. <12.17.2.2> <12.17.2.3>
282
283 Table 14.7.5.2.2 Tension lap splice class
Tensile Bar
Splice Details Splice Type
Stress
50% bars spliced at any section
and
0.5 f y alternate lap splices on adjacent bars Class A
staggered by at least d
Other Class B
0.5 f y All cases Class B

284
285

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

286 14.7.5.3 End-bearing splices

287
288 14.7.5.3.1 If the bar stress force due to factored loads is compressive, end-bearing splices
289 shall be permitted provided the splices are staggered or additional bars are provided at splice
290 locations. The continuing bars in each face of the column shall have a tensile strength not less
291 than 0.25fy times the area of the vertical reinforcement in along that face. <12.17.4>
292
293 14.7.5.3.2 For composite columns, ends of structural steel cores shall be accurately finished to
294 bear at end-bearing splices, with positive provision for alignment of one core above the other in
295 concentric contact. Bearing shall be considered effective to transfer not greater than 50 percent
296 of the total compressive force in the steel core. <7.8.2.1> <7.8.2.2>
297
298
299 14.7.6 Transverse Reinforcement
300
301 14.7.6.1 General
302
303 14.7.6.1.1 Transverse reinforcement shall be provided in accordance with this section. The
304 most restrictive requirements for reinforcement spacing shall apply. <~>
305
306 14.7.6.1.2 Details of transverse reinforcement shall be in accordance with 21.8.2 for ties,
307 21.8.3 for spirals, or 21.8.4 for hoops. <7.11.2>
308
309 14.7.6.1.3 For prestressed columns with average fpe 225 psi, transverse ties or hoops need
310 not satisfy the 16db spacing requirement of 21.8.2.1 <18.11.2.2>
311
312 14.7.6.1.4 For composite columns with a structural steel core, transverse ties or hoops shall
313 have a minimum db of 0.02 times the greater side dimension of the composite column but shall
314 be at least No. 3 and need not be larger than No. 5. Spacing shall satisfy 21.8.2.1 but not exceed
315 0.5 times the least dimension of the composite column. Deformed wire or welded wire
316 reinforcement of equivalent area shall be permitted. <10.13.8.3> <10.13.8.4>
317
318 14.7.6.1.3 5 Longitudinal reinforcement shall be laterally supported using ties or hoops in
319 accordance with 14.7.6.2 or spirals in accordance with 14.7.6.3 unless tests and structural
320 analyseis demonstrate adequate strength and feasibility of construction. <7.10.1> <7.10.2>
321 <7.10.3>
322
323 14.7.6.1.64 If anchor bolts are placed in the top of a column or pedestal, the bolts shall be
324 enclosed by transverse reinforcement that also surrounds at least four longitudinal bars within the
325 column or pedestal. The transverse reinforcement shall be distributed within 5 in. of the top of
326 the column or pedestal and shall consist of at least two No. 4 or three No. 3 bars. <7.10.5.7>
327
328 14.7.6.2 Lateral support of longitudinal bars using ties or hoops
329
330 14.7.6.2.1 In any story, the bottom tie or hoop shall be located not more than one-half the tie
331 or hoop spacing above the top of footing or slab. <7.10.5.5> <18.11.2.2(c)>

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

332
333 14.7.6.2.2 In any story, the top tie or hoop shall be located not more than one-half the tie or
334 hoop spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the slab, drop panel, or shear cap. If
335 beams or brackets frame into all sides of the column, the top tie or hoop shall be located not
336 more than 3 in. below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the shallowest beam or bracket.
337 <7.10.5.5> <7.10.5.6> <18.11.2.2(c & d)>
338
339 14.7.6.2.3 For prestressed columns with average fpe 225 psi, transverse reinforcement shall
340 be at least No. 3 in size and center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the lesser of 48db of tie bar
341 and least dimension of column. Deformed wire or welded wire reinforcement of equivalent area
342 shall be permitted.
343
344 14.7.6.2.4 For composite columns with a structural steel core, spacing of transverse
345 reinforcement shall be in accordance with 21.8.2.1 but not to exceed 0.5 times the least
346 dimension of the composite column. Transverse reinforcement shall have a minimum db of 0.02
347 times the greater side dimension of the composite column but shall not be smaller than No. 3 and
348 is not required to be larger than No. 5. <10.13.8.3> <10.13.8.4>
349
350 14.7.6.3 Lateral support of longitudinal bars using spirals
351
352 14.7.6.3.1 In any story, the bottom of the spiral shall be located at the top of footing or slab.
353 <7.10.4.6>
354
355 14.7.6.3.2 In any story, the top of the spiral shall be located as provided in Table 14.7.6.3.2.
356
357 Table 14.7.6.3.2 Spiral extension requirements at top of column
Framing at column end Extension requirements
Extend to the level of the lowest horizontal
Beams or brackets frame into
reinforcement in members supported above.
all sides of the column
<7.10.4.6>
Extend to the level of the lowest horizontal
Beams or brackets do not reinforcement in members supported above.
frame into all sides of the Additional column ties shall extend above
column termination of spiral to bottom of slab, drop
panel, or shear cap. <7.10.4.7>
Extend to the level at which the diameter or
Columns with capitals width of capital is twice that of the column.
<7.10.4.8>
358
359
360 14.7.6.4 Lateral support of offset bent longitudinal bars
361
362 14.7.6.4.1 Where longitudinal bars are offset, horizontal support shall be provided by ties,
363 hoops, spirals, or parts of the floor construction and shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the
364 horizontal component of the calculated force in the inclined portion of the offset bar. <7.8.1.3>

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 318-14 Chapter 14 Code, Approved 2013-03-19

365
366 14.7.6.4.2 If transverse reinforcement is provided to resist forces that result from offset bends,
367 ties, hoops, or spirals shall be placed not more than 6 in. from points of bend. <7.8.1.3>
368
369 14.7.6.5 Shear
370
371 14.7.6.5.1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using ties, hoops, or spirals.
372 <11.5.6.2> <11.5.4.1> <7.11.3> <7.11.2><7.10.1>
373
374 14.7.6.5.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with Table
375 14.7.6.5.2. <11.4.5> <11.4.5.1> <11.4.5.3>
376
377 Table 14.7.6.5.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
Maximum s, in.
Vs Nonprestressed Prestressed
Column Column
d 3h
2 4
4 f b d'
c w Lesser of:
24
d 3h
4 8
4 f b d'
c w Lesser of:
12
378
379

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 ACI 318-14 CR145/LB13-5 2013-08-07

1 CHAPTER 14Columns
2 COMMENTARY
3
4 Notes:
5 1. Written for the revision of Columns chapter available on the reorganization website as
6 the Latest Version.
7 2. Purple highlights indicate reference numbers that will need to be updated.
8 3. Revisions of the 318-11 commentary relative to the first ballot are noted in red
9 strikeout/underline.
10
11 Ballot History:
12 This commentary was balloted by Sub D on LB13D-2. Ballot results were Y-5, N-8, C-0,
13 and A-0. There were a total of 111 comments of which 34 were negatives. All comments
14 were addressed, and all negatives were resolved. This commentary was balloted for the
15 first time by the main committee on this ballot, LB13-4. The comments from this ballot
16 were subsequently addressed by Sub D at the summer meeting in San Antonio. This is the
17 second ballot by the main committee on LB13-5.
18
19
20 R14.2 General
21
22 R14.2.2 Composite columns
23
24 R14.2.2.1 Composite columns include both structural steel sections encased in
25 concrete and hollow structural steel sections filled with concrete. Composite columns are
26 defined without reference to classifications of combination, composite, or concrete-filled
27 pipe column. Reference to other metals used for reinforcement has been omitted because
28 they are seldom used in concrete construction. <R10.13.1>
29
30
31 R14.3 Design limits
32
33 R14.3.1 Dimensional Limits
34
35 R14.3.1 With the 1971 Code, Explicit minimum sizes for columns are not specified
36 were eliminated to permit the utilization use of reinforced concrete columns with small
37 cross sections in lightly loaded structures, such as low-rise residential and light office
38 buildings. When If small cross sections are used, there is a greater need for careful
39 workmanship, and shrinkage stresses have increased significance. <R10.8>
40
41 For column design,10.25 the Code provisions for quantity of reinforcement, both vertical
42 and spiral, are based on the gross column area and core area, and the design strength of
43 the column is based on the gross area of the column section.
44
45 R14.3.1.2 In some cases, however, the gross area of a column is larger than necessary
46 to resist the factored load. In those cases, the minimum reinforcement percentage may be

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 ACI 318-14 CR145/LB13-5 2013-08-07

47 calculated on the basis of the required area rather than the provided area but cannot be
48 less than one-half percent of the actual cross sectional area.
49
50 The basis of 14.3.1.1 through 14.3.1.4 is that it is satisfactory to design a column of
51 sufficient size (called the reduced effective area in 14.3.1) to carry the factored load
52 and then simply add concrete around the designed section without increasing the
53 reinforcement to meet the minimum percentages required by 14.6.1.1. The additional
54 concrete should not be considered as carrying load; however, the effects of the additional
55 concrete on member stiffness should be included in the structural analysis. The effects of
56 the additional concrete also should be considered in design of the other parts of the
57 structure that interact with the oversized member as is required by 14.3.1.5 <R10.8.2,
58 R10.8.3, R10.8.4>
59
60 Note: the last part of the deleted commentary is no longer need as this has become a code
61 provision in 14.3.1.5.
62
63 R14.3.1.6 Steel-encased concrete sections should have a steel metal wall thickness
64 large enough to attain the longitudinal yield stress before buckling outward. <R10.13.6>
65
66
67 R14.4 Required strength
68
69 R14.4.2 Factored axial force and moment
70
71 R14.4.2.1 The critical load combinations may be difficult to discern by inspection. As
72 illustrated in Figure R14.4.2.1, only considering the factored load combinations with
73 maximum axial force (P1) and with maximum bending moment (P2) does not ensure a
74 safe design for all load combinations such as P3. <R8.10>
75
76 Section 8.10 has been developed with the intent of making certain that the most
77 demanding combinations of axial load and moments be identified for design. <R8.10>
78

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Pu

P1
Pu max
P3
Pu3

Pu2
P2

Mu1 Mu3 Mu max Mu

79
80
81 Fig. R14.4.2.1 Critical column load combination
82
83
84 R14.5 Design strength
85
86 R14.5.1 General
87
88 R14.5.1.1 The design conditions 14.5.1.1 (a) through (c) list the typical forces that
89 need to be considered for a column. However, the general condition Sn U indicates
90 that all forces, such as torsion, that are relevant for a given structure need to be
91 considered. <~>
92
93
94 R14.5.2 Axial force and moment
95
96 R14.5.2.2 Force transfer between structural steel and concrete can be accomplished
97 using various resistance mechanisms. AISC 360(XX) provides guidance regarding the
98 calculation of force transfer capacity in composite columns.
99
100 While bond can be considered as a force transfer mechanism, it may not be appropriate
101 for certain cases. For example, bond is typically considered for the strength of filled

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102 composite columns. However, a concrete encasement around a structural steel shape may
103 stiffen a column, but not necessarily increase its strength. AISC 360 does not permit
104 bond to be considered for concrete encased steel columns and does not permit bond to be
105 combined with other transfer mechanisms. <R10.13.3><R10.13.4>
106
107 Add new reference:
108
109 XX. AISC 360-10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute of
110 Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2010.
111
112 NOTE: Relevant section to review in AISC 360-10 is I6.3.
113
114 R14.5.3 Shear
115
116 NOTE: Request sent to Sub E to provide guidance in commentary of Section 9.5 on
117 calculation of d when all reinforcement is in compression. This will be balloted as new
118 business.
119
120 R14.5.4 Torsion acting on columns in buildings is typically negligible; torsion is rarely
121 a governing factor in the design of columns.
122
123
124 R14.6 Reinforcement limits
125
126 R14.6.1 Minimum and maximum longitudinal reinforcement
127
128 R14.6.1.1 Limits are provided for both the minimum and maximum longitudinal
129 reinforcement ratios.
130 This section prescribes the limits on the amount of longitudinal reinforcement for
131 noncomposite compression members. If the use of high reinforcement ratios would
132 involve practical difficulties in the placing of concrete, a lower percentage and hence a
133 larger column, or higher strength concrete or reinforcement (see R6.2.2) should be
134 considered. The percentage of reinforcement in columns should usually not exceed 4
135 percent if the column bars are required to be lap spliced. <R10.9.1>
136
137 Minimum reinforcement Since the design methods for columns incorporate separate
138 terms for the load carried by concrete and by reinforcement, it is necessary to specify
139 some minimum amount of reinforcement to ensure that only reinforced concrete columns
140 are designed by these procedures. Reinforcement is necessary to provide resistance to
141 bending, which may exist whether or not computations show that bending exists
142 regardless of analytical results, and to reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage of the
143 concrete under sustained compressive stresses. Tests have shown that creep Creep and
144 shrinkage tend to transfer load from the concrete to the reinforcement, with a consequent
145 increase in stress in the reinforcement, and that this the resultant increase in
146 reinforcement stress is becomes greater as the reinforcement ratio decreases. Therefore, a
147 minimum limit is placed on the reinforcement ratio to prevent reinforcement from

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148 yielding under sustained service loads.10.26 Unless a lower limit is placed on this ratio,
149 the stress in the reinforcement may increase to the yield level under sustained service
150 loads. This phenomenon was emphasized in the report of ACI Committee 10510.26, and
151 minimum reinforcement ratios of 0.01 and 0.005 were recommended for spiral and tied
152 columns, respectively. However, in all editions of the Code since 1936, the minimum
153 ratio has been 0.01 for both types of transversely reinforced columns. <R10.9.1>
154
155 Maximum reinforcement The amount of longitudinal reinforcement must be limited
156 to ensure that concrete can be effectively consolidated around the bars and to ensure that
157 columns designed according to the Code are similar to the test specimens by which the
158 Code was calibrated. Extensive tests of the ACI column investigation10.26 included
159 reinforcement ratios no greater than 0.06. Although other tests with as much as 17
160 percent reinforcement in the form of bars produced results similar to those obtained
161 previously, it is necessary to note that the loads in these tests were applied through
162 bearing plates on the ends of the columns and the problem of transferring a proportional
163 amount of the load to the bars was thus minimized or avoided. Maximum ratios of 0.08
164 and 0.03 were recommended by ACI Committee 10510.26 for spiral and tied columns,
165 respectively. In the 1936 Code, these limits were made 0.08 and 0.04, respectively. In the
166 1956 Code, the limit for tied columns with bending was raised to 0.08. Since the 1963
167 Code, it has been required that bending be considered in the design of all columns, and
168 the maximum ratio of 0.08 has been applied to both types of columns. This The 0.08 limit
169 can also be considered a practical maximum for longitudinal reinforcement in terms of
170 economy and requirements for placing. The percentage of Longitudinal reinforcement in
171 columns should usually not exceed 4 percent if the column bars are required to be lap
172 spliced, as the lap splice zone will have twice as much reinforcement if all lap splices
173 occur at the same location. <R10.9.1>
174
175 R14.6.1.2 Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement is necessary to prevent spalling
176 and ensure that the concrete outside the structural steel core behaves as reinforced
177 concrete. Limitations on longitudinal reinforcement are necessary for the reasons
178 described in R14.6.1.1. Transverse reinforcement requirements are provided in
179 14.7.6.1.4. <~>
180
181 For composite columns with a concrete core encased by structural steel, no reinforcing
182 bars are required. The minimum steel wall thickness of 14.3.1.6 inherently provides
183 adequate reinforcement. <~>
184
185 R14.6.2 Minimum shear reinforcement
186
187 R14.6.2 The basis for the minimum shear reinforcement is the same for columns and
188 beams. See R13.6.3 for more information.
189
190
191 R14.7 Reinforcement detailing
192
193 R14.7.3 Longitudinal reinforcement

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194
195 R14.7.3.1 Prestressed columns with average fpe 225 psi are exempted from this
196 requirement based on a history of successful performance of prestressed members with
197 fewer longitudinal bars than required by 14.7.3.1 <~>
198
199 For compression members, a A minimum of four longitudinal bars are is required when
200 bars are enclosed by rectangular or circular ties. For other shapes, one bar should be
201 provided at each apex or corner and proper transverse reinforcement provided. For
202 example, tied triangular columns require a minimum of three longitudinal bars, with one
203 at each apex of the triangular ties. For bars enclosed by spirals, six bars are required.
204 <R10.9.2>
205
206 When If the number of bars in a circular arrangement is less than eight, the orientation of
207 the bars will may significantly affect the moment strength of eccentrically loaded
208 columns and should be considered in design. <R10.9.2>
209
210 R14.7.5 Splices of longitudinal reinforcement
211
212 R14.7.5.1 General
213
214 R14.7.5.1.2 Note that the column splice should satisfy requirements for all load
215 combinations for the column. Frequently, the basic gravity load combination will govern
216 the design of the column itself, but a load combination including wind or seismic loads
217 earthquake effects may induce greater tension in some column bars.; and the column
218 Each bar splice should be designed for this the maximum calculated bar tensile force.
219 <R12.17>
220
221 R14.7.5.2 Lap splices
222
223 In columns subject to flexure moment and axial loadsforce, tension tensile stresses may
224 occur on one face of the column for moderate and large eccentricities as shown in Fig.
225 R14.7.5.2. When If such tensions stresses occur, 14.7.5.2.2 requires tension splices to be
226 used. or an adequate tensile resistance to be provided. Furthermore, a minimum tension
227 strength is required in each face of all columns even where analysis indicates
228 compression only. <R12.17>
229

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230
231
232 Fig. R14.7.5.2Special lap splice requirements for columns.
233
234 Staff to change figure text:
235 12.17.2.1->14.7.5.2.1
236 12.17.2.2-> Table 14.7.5.2.2 (Class A splices allowed with certain conditions)
237 12.17.2.3->Table 14.7.5.2.2 (Class B splices required)
238
239
240 The 1989 Code clarifies this section The splice requirements have been formulated on the
241 basis that a compressive lap splice has a tension tensile strength of at least one-quarter
242 0.25fy , which simplifies the calculation requirements in previous Codes. Therefore, even
243 if columns bars are designed for compression according to 14.7.5.2.1, nominal tensile
244 strength is inherently provided. <R12.17>
245
246 R14.7.5.2.1 Reduced lap lengths are allowed permitted when if the splice is enclosed
247 throughout its length by minimum sufficient ties. The tie leg areas perpendicular to each
248 direction are computed calculated separately and the requirement satisfied in each
249 direction to apply the 0.83 reduction factor. This is illustrated An example is provided in
250 Fig. R14.7.5.2.1, where four legs are effective in one direction and two legs in the other
251 direction. This calculation is critical in one direction, which normally can be determined
252 by inspection. <R12.17.2.4>
253
254 Compression lap lengths may also be reduced when if the lap splice is enclosed
255 throughout its length by spirals because of due to increased splitting resistance. Spirals
256 should meet requirements of 14.7.6.3 and 21.8.3.3. <R12.17.2.5>

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257
258
259 Figure R14.7.5.2.1 Example of application of 14.7.5.2.1(a)
260
261 R14.7.5.3 End-bearing splices
262
263 R14.7.5.3.1
264 End-bearing splices used to splice column bars always in compression should have a
265 tension strength of 25 percent of the specified yield strength of the steel area on each face
266 of the column, either by staggering the end-bearing splices or by adding additional steel
267 through the splice location. Details for end-bearing splices are provided in 21.5.6. The
268 end-bearing splice should conform to 21.5.6. <R12.17.4>
269
270 R14.7.5.3.2 The 50 percent limit on transfer of compressive load by end bearing on
271 ends of structural steel cores is intended to provide some level of tensile strength at such
272 splices (up to 50 percent) since because the remainder of the total compressive stress load
273 in the steel core are is to be transmitted by dowels, splice plates, welds, etc.or other
274 mechanisms. This provision should is intended to ensure that splices in composite
275 compression members columns meet essentially the same tensile strength requirements as
276 as required for conventionally reinforced concrete compression members columns.
277 <R7.8.2>
278
279 R14.7.6 Transverse Reinforcement
280
281 R14.7.6.1 General
282
283 R14.7.6.1.4 Research10.46 has shown that the required amount of tie reinforcement
284 around the structural steel core is sufficient for the longitudinal steel bars to be included
285 in the flexural stiffness of the composite column as permitted by Chapter 8. <R10.13.8>
286
287 R14.7.6.1.5 All longitudinal bars in compression should be enclosed within transverse
288 ties reinforcement. Where longitudinal bars are arranged in a circular pattern, only one
289 circular tie per specified spacing is required. This requirement can be satisfied by a
290 continuous circular tie (helix) at larger pitch than required for spirals under 10.9.3,; the
291 maximum pitch being equal to the required tie spacing (see also 7.10.4.3). <R7.10.5>

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292
293 Unusual columns such as pPrecast columns with cover less than 1-1/2 in., prestressed
294 columns without longitudinal bars, columns smaller than minimum dimensions
295 prescribed in earlier Code editions, columns of concrete with small size coarse aggregate,
296 wall-like columns, and other unusual cases may require special designs for transverse
297 reinforcement. Wire, W4, D4, or larger, may be used for ties or spirals If such unusual
298 columns are considered as spiral columns for load strength calculations in design, the
299 volumetric reinforcement ratio for of the spiral, s, is to should conform to 21.8.3.3.
300 <R7.10.3>
301
302 R14.7.6.1.6 Provisions for confinement of anchor bolts that are placed in the top of
303 columns or pedestals were added in the 2002 Code. Confinement improves load transfer
304 from the anchor bolts to the column or pier for situations where the concrete cracks in the
305 vicinity of the bolts. Such cracking can occur due to unanticipated forces caused by
306 temperature, restrained shrinkage, and similar effects. <R7.10.5.7>
307
308 R14.7.6.2 Lateral support of longitudinal bars using ties or hoops
309
310 R14.7.6.2.2 For rectangular columns, beams or brackets framing into all four sides at
311 the same elevation are considered to provide confinement restraint over a joint depth
312 equal to that of the shallowest beam or bracket. For columns with other shapes, four
313 beams framing into the column from two orthogonal directions are considered to
314 provided equivalent restraint. <~>
315 With the 1983 Code, the wording of this section was modified to clarify that ties may be
316 terminated only when elements frame into all four sides of square and rectangular
317 columns; for round or polygonal columns, such elements frame into the column from four
318 directions. <R7.10.5.6>
319
320 R14.7.6.3 Lateral support of longitudinal bars using spirals
321
322 R14.7.6.3.2 See R14.7.6.2.2.
323

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