ALEXANDRA DRYER

BEHS DISEASE CHART

Disease Symptoms Duration Etiology Treatment

Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder Fear of future panic attacks/conseq OR A significant change in At least 1 mo Classical conditioning Benzodiazepines
behavior related to the attacks (e.g., avoidance of exertion, needing an (short-term use)
escort) [Attacks are Unexpected] Antidepressants (e.g.,
SSRIs)
Agoraphobia Fears >2 of the following: -- --
Using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed
spaces, standing in line or being in a crowd, being outside of the home
alone [Fear of not being able to escape]
Specific Phobia Death, flying, bugs- specific -- Classical conditioning
Social Anxiety Disorder Unrealistic fear of negative evaluation in social situations (can be -- --
performance only)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder
OCD
Hoarding Disorder (HD)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Unctronolled general anxiety (low concentration, muscle tension, Usually more than
tired, irritable, cant sleep). Sx start young. 6 months
OCD & Related Disorders
Obsessions and compulsions. Could be with absent insight Prefrontal-striatal Cognitive behavioral
(delusional beliefs) completely convinced that OCD beliefs are overactivity therapy (CBT)/SSRIs
true. Obsessions- Make anxiety worse Serotonin deficiency cingulotomy,
Compulsive- Repetitive actions that relieve anxiety after Strep capsulotomy
PANDAS DBS
PANDAS- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Associated with Strep infections
Specify if HD is with absent insight (delusional beliefs): Person is -- -- CBT
certain that HD beliefs/behaviors are not problematic
with muscle dysphoria: The preoccupation with belief that ones -- -- CBT
body is too small or insufficiently muscular.
with absent insight (delusional beliefs): completely convinced BDD
beliefs are true.

Excoriation Disorder Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions time consuming, >1h/day -- --
med complications

Trichotillomania Pulling out hair CBT- urge distraction

Trauma & Stressor - Related

PTSD Intrusion Symptoms (dreams, recollections, psychological or >1 mo, usually -- --
physiological distress when encounters symbols), Avoidance starts 3m later
Symptoms, Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood (negative
beliefs, expectations, emotions, diminished interest/participation,
detachment, dissoc amn), Alterations in Arousal and Reactivity
(sleep dist, irritable/angry, reckless, hypervigilant, startle resp)
Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) PTSD but symptoms start and resolve within the first 30 days after <30d -- Psychotherapy, benzos,
the trauma ADs
Adjustment Disorder Emotional symptoms re: aka divorce, moving, job loss, etc. Subtypes: -- -- Coping, therapy,
with anxiety, with depressed mood ,with disturbance of conduct possibly hospit,
(misconduct), with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, with mixed psychotropic meds
disturbances of emotion & conduct, unspecified (symptoms not
covered by above)

Dissociative Amnesia/ Psychogenic
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Depersonalization/Derealization
Disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Memory loss for autobiographical information [Patient learns new -- -- Hypnosis
information well; Only past memory loss (retrograde memory loss) Psychotherapy
will be present.]
W dissociative fugue = wandering
Primary + alter ego + amnesia -- -- Psychotherapy
Depersonalization: Experiences of unreality, detachment or being Psychotherapy
an outside observer with respect to ones thoughts, feelings,
sensations, body or actions. [feel like a robot]
Derealization: Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect
to surroundings (e.g., objects seem unreal or dreamlike) [room feels
weird]
Person knows it isnt normal

Depressive Disorders
MDD Depressed mood OR anhedonia + Sleep change/Interest 2 or more MDEs - Frequent activation of Psychotherapy, Ads,
loss/Guilt/Energy problem/Concentration poor/Appetite change/ DEs(last 2 weeks) the HPA axis = high ECT, TMS, VNS.
Psychomotor changes / Suicidal ideation [SIG ECAPS] cortisol levels, SSRIs- fluoxetine
With Melancholic Features, With Atypical Features: (Mood damage negative- [Prozac]
reactivity, weight and sleep increase, leaden paralysis), With feedback R in SNRIs
Psychotic Features (With mood congruent psychotic features: hippocampus. TCAs [cardiac side
depressive features, With mood incongruent psychotic features: happy effects (postural
themes), With Catatonia, With Anxious Distress, With Peripartum hypotension,
Onset, With Seasonal Pattern tachycardia)],
MAOIs (diet restrictions
to avoid tyramine-
induced htn)

Persistent Depressive Disorder If depressive symptoms are subthreshold (i.e., a MDE doesnt Chronic depressed
(PDD) occur during the PDD), then diagnose PDD: with pure dysthymic mood for >2 years
syndrome
with persistent MDE (i.e., if MDE is > 2 yrs), with intermittent
MDEs

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
(PMDD)
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
Disorder (DMDD)
BP I
Mania (always) + MDE (usually)
BP II
MDE + Hypomania
Cyclothymic Disorders
Hypomania + Dysthymic
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Schizoaffective Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
(PPD)
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
(NPD)
Antisocial Personality Disorder
(ASPD)
PDD with Pure Dysthymic Syndrome- low self-image, brooding,
sullen, pessimistic, appetite, sleep and energy have always been low
mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms, -- -- SSRIs, Birth control
anhedonia, problems concentrating, lethargy, appetite and sleep pills, Nutritional
change, physical symptoms (e.g., breast tenderness, weight gain) supplements (e.g.,
calcium), Diet and
lifestyle changes (e.g.,
exercise, no caffeine,
carbohydrate-rich diets)
Severe & persistent irritability in child 3outbursts/wk -- --
Sx must be before
10, dx shouldnt be
made before 6/after
18,
Bipolar Disorders
At least 1 manic episode. Sx last at least 1 increased lithium (therapeutic
with mixed features (If MDE symptoms occur during the same time week (or any monoaminergic drug monitoring
period as mania), with rapid cycling (If a patient experiences >4 duration if activity + genetics required)
mood episodes/yr ), with psychotic features hospitalization is anticonvulsants (select
required). ones)
antipsychotics (select
ones)
NO Ads unless w Mood
stabilizer
ECT, psychotherapy
A person experiences at least 1 MDE and at least 1 hypomanic Hypomania must -- w focus on bipolar
episode last at least 4 days depressive drugs
For >2 years, a person experiences periods of hypomanic symptoms -- -- Mood stabilizers
that fluctuate with periods of depressive symptoms. (No MDEs!!)
Schizophrenia Spectrum
At least 2 psychotic domain symptoms, at least 1 is CORE Signs of dist > Overactivity of Trad antipsychotics: D2
(1) Delusions (2) Hallucinations (3) Disorganized speech (4) 6mo. Active Phase mesolimbic DA = receptor Antag:
Grossly disorganized behavior (5) Negative symptoms >= 1mo positive symptoms. (chlorpromazine
Underactivity of (Thorazine),
mesocortical DA = haloperidol (Haldol)
negative symptoms Atyp antipsych: DA2,
Ventriculomegaly, 3, 4 & 5-HT2A antag:
hypofrontality clozaril
Neurodevelopmental (Clozapine)(agranulo),
lesion risperidone
(Risperdal),
olanzapine (Zyprexa)
ECT, psychosurg
At least 1 month of Active-Phase Symptoms, Signs of the disturbance <6 months -- --
(all phases) last LESS than 6 months
1 Core Sx, return to full function Episode lasts < -- --
With /without marked stressor 1mo
Persecutory Type (belief of malevolent treatment), Grandiose Type Delusion > 1 mo -- Antipsychotics
(belief of having some great [but unrecognized] talent or insight or
having made some important discovery), Erotomanic Type (belief of
somebody being in love with the individual), Jealous Type (belief of
infidelity by partner), Somatic Type (belief involving bodily
functions/ sensations), parasitosis, malodorous, organ dysfunction
Unspecified Type (theme is none of the above)
With/without bizarre content
Active phase sxs of schizophrenia occur concurrently with a major Active phase sxs -- Antipsychotics
mood episode (a MDE or manic episode). last >2 wks without
mood sxs present for majority of psychotic break mood sxs.
bipolar type (if mania present), depressive type
Personality Disorders
Distrust & Suspiciousness -- -- CBT, meds as adjunct
In PPD, the paranoid thought is merely suspected.
In PPD, symptom onset is gradual and typically in childhood with
pervasive paranoia
Interpersonal Detachment -- --
Eccentric, odd speech/thinking, beliefs in with paranormal -- --
phenomenon, premorbid personality of schizophrenia.
Excessive Emotionality
Instability
Grandiosity (In DD, the person typically has a single grandiose belief
of delusional proportion; in NPD, the person shows general
arrogance.
DD patients have an abrupt/older age of onset of symptoms than
NPD)
Pervasive disregard for others rights + lack of physiological response at least 18 for diag
to stressors. Psychopath/sociopath need evidence of
 Conduct Disorder
w onset b4 15yo

Avoidant Personality Disorder inferiority complex (doesnt want to do new activities, fear of -- --
criticism). Schizoids have no desire for a relationship.
Avoidants DO desire a relationship
Dependent Personality Disorder Excessive need to be cared for -- --

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Inflexible perfectionism & control -- --

Disorder (OCPD)

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)
Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)
excessive thoughts/ feelings/behaviors about the symptom(s) like symptomatology Cognitive bias, CBT
anxiety, etc. diagnosis of SSD focuses on the abnormal (usually >6 mos) behavioral
behaviors/thoughts/feelings in response to the distressing somatic consequences (sick
symptom(s). role), overactivity of
ant. cingulate, insula,
somatosensory cortex
Preoccupation with having/acquiring a serious illness despite NOT Illness CBT
having somatic symptoms preoccupation
IAD, Care-seeking type present >6 mos
IAD, Care-avoidant type

Conversion Disorder (Functional
Neurological Syndrome)
Evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and neurological Usually short Psychological distress Psychotherapy
conditions. Subtypes: with weakness or paralysis, With abnormal duration without is converted into
movement, With swallowing symptoms, With speech symptoms, recurrence. neurological symptoms
With attacks or seizures, With anesthesia or sensory loss, With special
sensory symptom (e.g., visual), with mixed symptoms

Factitious Disorders A patient fakes/induces (feigns) physical or psychological symptoms, -- -- NONE

in self or others, in the absence of obvious external rewards.

Malingering A person fakes/induces (feigns) physical or psychological symptoms -- -- --

in self/others for external rewards (e.g., avoiding work).

Sleep Wake Disorders

Insomnia Disorder Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep for >3 mos. >3 mo Classical conditioning Stimulus Control
Technique
Sedatives
(benzodiazepines like
diazepam)
Benzodiazepine-like
drugs (e.g., zolpidem
Hypersomnolence Disorder Excessive sleepiness despite sufficient sleep (at least 7 hrs) for >3 >3mo Unknown Stimulants (e.g.,
mos. methylphenidate)

Narcolepsy Recurrent irresistible sleep occurring within the same day, several >3mo -- Stimulants for
times per week, for >3 months. + cataplexy (loss of muscle tone while somnolence(e.g.,
awake), hypocretin deficiency, OR PSG abnormalities (low REM modafinil) and
sleep latency) Antidepressants for
cataplexy OR Xyrem
(sodium oxybate)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Multiple episodes of breathing cessation/reduction occur per night -- rise in CO2 during CPAP + weight loss,
(OSAH) due to an upper airway obstruction apneas causes avoiding back sleeping,
temporary arousal (not orthodontic devices, and
awakening) from surgery.
sleep, which bumps the
person from a deep to
a light stage of sleep
Central Sleep Apnea Multiple episodes of cessation of breathing per night caused by CNS -- Primary (idiopathic) CPAP, respiratory
dysregulation of breathing. CSA (no thoracic effort occurs) Opioid use stimulants (e.g.,
Congestive heart acetazolamide),
failure nocturnal oxygen

Circadian Rhythms Sleep-Wake Excessive sleepiness or insomnia resulting from a mismatch between -- No Phototherapy
Disorder (CRSWD) a persons circadian sleep- wake pattern and the sleep-wake schedule lightSCNactivates
required by the environment. pineal gland
Delayed Sleep Phase Type: Delayed sleep onset and awakening times increases
melatonindrowsy

Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorder Repeated episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep with either -- -- If needed,
sleepwalking or sleep terrors + episodes occurring within first 1/3 of benzodiazepines to
sleep+ amnesia SWS; If sleep walker,
then consider
environmental
protection
Nightmare Disorder Extremely dysphoric dreams that typically involve threats to -- -- If needed,
survival, security or physical integrity. awakening in the 2nd half antidepressants to
of sleep period (during REM sleep) REM.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Vocalizations and/or complex motor movements occur during REM -- Assoc w Clonazepam (a
sleep. neurodegenerative benzodiazepine)
REM sleep without atonia is confirmed by PSG. disease

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Urge to move legs in response to uncomfortable sensations -- -- Anti-parkinsons drugs
to DA (also, benzos,

Periodic Limb Movements (PLMs)
Alcohol Intoxication
Alcohol Withdrawal
Substance Use Disorder
Intellectual Developmental
Disorder
<Neurodevelopmental>
Autism Spectrum Disorder
<Neurodevelopmental>
Specific Learning Disorder
<Neurodevelopmental>
ADHD
<Neurodevelopmental>
Separation Anxiety Disorder
<Anxiety>
Selective Mutism
<Anxiety>
Reactive Attachment Disorder
<Trauma/Stressor Related>
Disinhibited Social Engagement
Disorder
<Trauma/Stressor Related>
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
< Disruptive, Impulse-Control &
Conduct Disorders>
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
< Disruptive, Impulse-Control &
Conduct Disorders>
anticonvulsants, etc.)
Repetitive muscle contractions during sleep, usually of the lower -- -- Anti-parkinsons drugs
limb. to DA (also, benzos,
Associated with multiple sleep stage arousals anticonvulsants, etc.)
Patient complains of daytime sleepiness but is unaware of
movements
Substance Use Disorders
A significant maladaptive psychological/ behavioral change (e.g.,
impaired judgment) PLUS >1 of the following:
(1) slurred speech (2) incoordination (3) unsteady gait (4)
nystagmus(5) impaired attention or memory(6) stupor or coma
> 2 of the following:
(1) ANS hyperactivity(3) insomnia(5) hallucinations/illusions (7)
anxiety
(2) hand tremor(4) nausea(6) psychomotor agitation (8) generalized
seizures
A maladaptive pattern of substance use as manifested by >2 of the 12 mo Dopaminergic (DA) CBT, family therapy,
following 11 symptoms in a 12-month period: (1) Taken in a larger pathway pharmacotherapy
amount (or for longer) than intended (2) unsuccessful attempts to cut mesolimbic (withdrawal tx,
back (3) Time consuming (4) Cravings (5) Reduction of important pathway replacement, aversion
activities(6) Failure to fulfill major obligations (7) Use in hazardous ventral tegmental area therapy), vaccinations
situations (8) Social/interpersonal problems (9) Use despite having to the nucleus
physical/psychological problem (10) Tolerance (11) Withdrawal accumbens
syndrome
Developmental Disorders
Deficits in intellectual functions, -- -- --
Deficits in adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical
domains
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction Usually diagnosed -- --
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (via by age 2
2: repetitive motor movements, inflexibility, fixated interests,
hyper/hypo reactive to sensory input)
Difficulty learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the symptoms -- --
presence of at least one of the following symptoms persisting for at persisting for at
least 6 months least 6 months
Inattention: Six or more specific symptoms of inattention have At least 6 months. -- --
persisted for at least 6 months to a degree th some sx of
Hyperactivity and Impulsivity Six or more specific symptoms of impairment were
hyperactivity impulsivity have persisted for at least 6 months to a present before age
degree that is inconsistent with developmental level at is inconsistent 12 years.
with developmental level impairment is
present in two or
more settings (e.g.
at school, work,
home
Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety Fear lasting 4 wks -- --
concerning separation from attachment figures (sep from home, worry in children or 6 mo
about harm to AF, worry about kidnapping/lost, refusal to leave + in adults
home, wont sleep away from home, nightmares re separation)
Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there At least 1 mo -- --
is an expectation for speaking, despite speaking in other situations
A consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior disturbance is -- --
toward adult caregivers, persistent social and emotional disturbance evident prior to age
(2: minimal social/emotional responsiveness, limited positive affect, 5
unexlplained irrit/sadness), pattern of extremes of insufficient care child has a
developmental age
of at least 9
months.
A pattern in which a child actively approaches and interacts with child has a -- --
unfamiliar adults and exhibits at least 2 of the following: Reduced or developmental age
absent reticence in approaching unfamiliar adults, Overly familiar of at least 9
verbal or physical behavior, Reduced or absent checking back with months.
adult caregiver after venturing away, Willingness to go off with an
unfamiliar adult with minmal or no hesistation + insufficient care
Recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control 3 behavioral -- --
aggressive impulses, as manifested by either of the following outbursts in a year
(dmg)
verbal or physical
aggression
occurring twice
weekly for 3 mo
(no dmg)
A pattern* of (1) angry/irritable, (2) argumentative/defiant, or (3) under age 5: -- --
vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, as evidenced by at least 4 behavior occurs on
symptoms from the following, and exhibited during interaction with most days for 6 mo
at least one person who is not a sibling: angry/irritable, 5 years +:
argumentative, vindictive behavior occurs at
least once / wk for
6 mo
Conduct Disorder
<Disruptive, Impulse-Control &
Conduct Disorders>
Enuresis
<Elimination Disorder>
Encopresis
<Elimination Disorder>
Gender Dysphoria (GD)
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal
Disorder
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration
Disorder:
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire
Disorder
Erectile Disorder
Premature Ejaculation
Delayed Ejaculation
Paraphilia
Exhibitionism
Voyeurism
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic 3 criteria in past -- --
rights of others or major age appropriate societal norms are violated, year w 1 in past 6
as manifested by the presence of at least 3 of the following 15 criteria mo
in the past 12 months, with at least 1 criterion present in the past 6 Childhood Onset
months: aggression (bullies, fights, weapon, cruelty, forced sex, At least one
stolen), property destruction, deceit or theft (lying, breaking in, criterion prior to
stealing), rule violations (curfew before 13yo, run away overnight 2x age 10
or 1x for longer period, truant from school before 13yo) Adolescent Onset
Absence of any
criteria prior to age
10
With Limited
Prosocial Emotions
Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes involuntarily or Twice a week for -- --
intentionally at least 3
consecutive months
OR clinically
significant distress
/impair
at least 5yo
Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places- involuntarily or At least 1 such -- --
intentionally event each month
With/without constipation and overflow incontinence for at least 3
months
at least 4yo
Sexual Dysfunctions
Incongruence between ones assigned (natal) gender and ones Sx endure at least 6 altered androgen Transgender living
experienced gender months exposure during Hormone treatment
critical period Phalloplasty (creation
In M2F GD, the of penis)
BNST is more similar Vaginoplasty (creation
in size to females of vagina)
(suggesting lack of
androgen exposure).
problems with libido and/or physiological arousal) Psychological factors Dual Sex Therapy,
are primary (e.g., stimulants inc libido
(a delay in, the inability to, or having low-intensity orgasms) anxiety, guilt, body Strengthen
image). pubococcygeal muscle
Meds, drug use, (through tightening of
diabetes, menopause pelvic floor muscle) to
vaginal dryness, age increase orgasm
potential.
Difficulties with vaginal penetration or vulvovaginal/pelvic pain Use of dilators (e.g.,
during vaginal intercourse or penetration attempts. Hegars) to expand
vaginal opening in
conjunction with
relaxation techniques
(problems with low libido stimulants inc libido
problems maintaining or attaining an erection) Phosphodiesterase-5
(PDE5) inhibitors (e.g.,
sildenafil [Viagra]) for
erections.
ejaculation occurring during partnered activities within 1 min SSRIs (or topical
following vaginal penetration) anesthetics) to slow
ejaculation
Squeeze (partner
squeezes the glans penis
to cause discomfort).
Start & Stop
(partner ceases
stimulation of the
partner to reduce
pleasure
(marked delay in, or absence of, ejaculation) -- --
deviant sexual interest (as manifested by fantasies, urges or persistent (>6 mos testosterone levels Behavioral therapy:
behaviors). frontal lobe aversion therapy,
dysfunction & masturbatory
serotonin reconditioning
dysregulation affecting SSRIs to reduce libido,
impulse control Anti-androgens
classical conditioning (chemical castration)
imitation (Medroxyprogesterone
acetate (Depo-
Provera) is used to
decrease testosterone
levels (and thus libido).)
Sexual arousal from exposing genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.
Sexual arousal from observing unsuspecting person either naked, in Person must be at
the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity. least 18 yo
Fetishism Sexual arousal from nonliving objects or a highly-specific sexual
focus on a non-genital body part.
Transvestism Sexual arousal by cross-dressing (wearing the opposite sexs clothing)
Frotteurism Sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non-consenting
person
Sexual Sadism Sexual arousal from causing psychological/ physical suffering of
another person.
Sexual Masochism Sexual arousal from receiving psychological/ physical suffering
Pedophilia Sexual arousal by a prepubescent child (usually 13 yrs or younger). Perpetrator must be
at least 16 yrs old
AND 5 yrs older
than the child.

Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa Restriction of food leading to being severely underweight + fear of Adults: BMI <17 Genetics, culture Inpatient
weight gain + body image disturbance (clearly Hospitalization, CBT,
A. Binge-eating/purging type: The person recurrently binges and/or belownormal) or Antidepressants and
purges*. BMI >17 but appetite stimulants (e.g.,
B. Restricting type: The person does not recurrently binge or purge*. around 18.5 (grey antipsychotics) are tried
Low BMIAmenorrhea & loss of sex drive zone) but often lack
ConstipationHypothermia & lanugo Bradycardia & hypotension Children (2-18 effectiveness.
HypercholesterolemiaAnemiaLeukopeniaLow bone mineral yrs): BMI <5th
density percentile
Bulimia Nervosa Recurrent binge eating, recurrent compensatory behavior for binge binge/inappropriate Low (unstable) CBT, antidepressants
compensatory serotonin is associated
behaviors must with this disorder
occur >1/wk for 3
mos.
Binge-Eating Disorder (BED) Binging + NO compensatory behavior Binge eating (as Unknown CBT, antidepressants
per bulimia
criteria) at least
1/wk for 3 mos.

Neurocognitive Disorders
Delirium Disturbance in awareness and attention + additional cognitive Sudden onset of Multiple etiologies use antipsychotics to
AKA: Acute confusional state, acute disturbance (memory language thoughts perception) +physiological symptoms (over hrs Widespread brain treat associated
brain syndrome, encephalopathy, cause to a few days) that regions affected symptoms (e.g.,
ICU syndrome typically fluctuate Core deficits in agitation, psychosis) of
during the day. central cholinergic most deliriums.
functioning use benzodiazepines to
Deficits in reticular treat delirium caused by
activating system and alcohol withdrawal
its ascending + environmental
connections supportive measures

Amnesia Significant ACQUIRED memory impairment. Hippocampal Damage Underlying cause tx,
Intact STM Must be ONLY (bilateral temporal cognitive rehab,
Short-duration retrograde amnesia memory loss lobectomy), mnemonics
Prominent anterograde amnesia Korsakoffs Syndrome
(thiamine (vit B1)
deficiency damages
mammillary bodies &
DMN of thalamus )

Dementia refers to multiple and severe cognitive impairment without impaired

consciousness

Alzheimers Dementia (AD) Significant memory impairment plus impairment in at least 1 other Exclusion of other Neuroanat:cortical 3 Cholinesterase
cognitive domain causes of the atrophy, hippocampal inhibitors: donepezil
A gradual onset with steadily progressive decline symptoms atrophy, enlarged (Aricept) ,
Encoding deficit ventricles galantamine
Neurochem: multiple (Razadyne) ,
NT deficiencies, focus rivastigmine
has been on loss of (Exelon)(Approved
Ach neurons in the for mild-moderate AD)
nucleus basalis of 1 NMDA receptor
Meynert blocker: memantine
Neurofunctl: Post. (Namenda)(Approved
hypometabolism for moderate-severe
(parietal/temporal) AD)
Histopath:: -amyloid Antipsychotics-used
plaques and off-label for demented
neurofibrillary tangles patients
In vivo Biomarker: (FDA-black box
CSF amyloid & tau warning of increased
levels, PET imaging of mortality risk if used
amyloid plaques with this population)
Anticonvulsants &
antidepressants (select
ones)

Vascular Dementia Dementia results from multiple infarcts caused by cerebral vascular Treat underlying CVD
disease (CVD) to prevent further
patient history includes signs and symptoms of CVD. damage
Sudden onset with stepwise progression Alzheimers drugs for
Usually focal neurological signs cognitive problems
Headache & onset of seizures are more common in the early stages

Frontotemporal Dementia (e.g.,
Picks disease)
Lewy Body Dementia (LBD)
Parkinsons Disease Dementia
(PDD)
Huntington's Disease (HD)
Prion Disease (e.g., Creutzfeldt-
Jakob)
Reversible Dementia
Pseudodementia
AKA Dementia Syndrome of
Depression
Benign Senescent Forgetfulness
than in AD
Lt-Rt discrepancy in motor signs, worse executive functioning than
AD, retrieval deficit
Similar to AD but with predominate frontal signs early in the course Frontal lobe atrophy
of the dementia (e.g., marked disinhibition & personality change) and hypometabolism
fluctuating cognition/alertness If dementia Hallucinations-benign
visual hallucinations develops within neglect. Pts have
mild parkinsonism (but usually not tremors) first 12 months of sensitivity to
REM-sleep behavior disorder often precedes the onset of LBD (or parkinsonian signs neuroleptics
Parkinsons disease) by many years. LBD Parkinsons drugs (l-
dopa) are relatively
ineffective in LBD and
worsen psychosis
Up to 50% of PD patients develop dementia, Similar pathology to If dementia
LBD develops >12
months after well-
established
parkinsonism
PDD
In HD, dementia develops AFTER the onset of choreathetosis and
psychiatric symptoms
Dementia progresses rapidly over a few months with death under a
year.
Infection
Depressed (MDD) patients often show memory and other cognitive
disturbances that resemble a dementia.
Cognitive decline associated with NORMAL aging.