Procedures For Testing Hypotheses

About Location Parameters

-Sign Test For Two Related Sample-

Group 7

MUAZ BIN OMAR

NUR AISHAH BINTI RAMLI
NURHIDAYAH BINTI MAT NOR
 Learning Outcomes

Student will be able to use the sign test for two

related samples to make inference about
location parameters.
 Sign Test For Two Related
Sample
Is particularly useful if the measurement scale is
only ordinary.

Can determine only whether one is larger than

the other and if so which is larger.
 Assumptions
The data consist of a random sample of n pairs
of measurements (X1,Y1), (X2,Y2)(Xn,Yn) where
each pair of measurements is taken on the
same subject or subjects that have been
paired with respect to one or more variables.
The variable of interest is Xi - Yi = Di the
difference between pairs of measurements.
 Then pairsofmeasurementsare
independent.

The measurement scale is at least ordinal

within each pair, so that one can determine
which of two members is larger (unless they
are equal).

The variable under study is continuous.

 Case Hypotheses TestStatistic Decision
A. (Two-sided) H0 : MD = 0 Either asufficientlysmall RejectH0 atthe level
H1 : MD 0 numberofplussignora ofsignificanceif
sufficientlysmallnumberof
minussigncauseustoreject P(Kk |n,0.50)/2
H0.The numberofplussign
orminussigns,whicheveris
smaller.

B. (One-sided) H0 : MD 0 Ifsmallnumberofminus RejectH0 atthe level

H1 : MD > 0 signscausestorejectH0, ofsignificanceif
thereforethekisthenumber
ofminussigns. P(Kk |n,0.50)

C. (One-sided) H0 : MD 0 Ifsmallnumberofplussign RejectH0 atthe level

H1 : MD < 0 causestorejectH0, ofsignificanceif
consequentlykisthenumber
ofplussigns. P(Kk |n,0.50)
 Record(+)ifXi Yi >0

Record()ifXi Yi <0

IfXi =Yi foranypair,eliminatethosepairs

fromtheanalysisandreducen accordingly.
 Example
Latane and Cappell * studied the effect of togetherness on
heart rate in rats. They recorded the heart rates of 10 rats
while they were alone and while in the presence of another
rat. The authors, who used a ttest with the data, were able
to conclude at the 0.05 level of significance that
togetherness that in rats increases heart rate. Let us see
whether we can reach the same conclusion by using the
sign test. Let = 0.05.

*Latane,BibbandHowardCappell,TheEffectsofTogethernessonheartRatein
Rats,Psychon.Sci.29(1972),177179.
1) Hypotheses :
H0 : MD 0
H1 : MD < 0 (claim)
2) Test Statistic
Test differences between alone and
togetherness heart rates and their signs.
Alonerate(X) 463 462 462 456 450 426 418 415 409 402

Togetherrate(Y) 523 494 461 535 476 454 448 408 470 437

Difference 60 32 +1 79 26 28 30 +7 61 35
(Xi Yi)
Sign of(Xi Yi) + +

k = 2, n = 10, = 0.05
3) P-Value (Refer table A.1),
P(K 2|10,0.50) = 0.0547

0.0010+0.0098+0.0439=0.0547
4) Decision
Since P-Value > 0.05,
Do not reject H0.

5) Conclusion
Not enough evidence to support the claim
that togetherness in rats increase heart
rate.
EXERCISES
Exercise1
VanDuijn *studiedtheeffectofclonazepamon
cobalt includedfocalseizuresinalertcats.
Beforeandafteradministeringclonazepam,he
recordedfocalparoxysmalactivityasmean
secondswithspikes/10secondsrecording.Table
belowshowstheresultsofthispartofthispart
oftheexperiment.Canweconcludeonthebasic
ofthesedatathatclonazepamdecreasesfocal
spiking?Let =0.05.WhatisthePvalue?

*VanDuijin,H.,SuperiorityofClonazepamoverDiazepaminExperimentalEpilepsy,Epilepsia,
14(1973),195 202.
SOLUTION

Hypotheses
H0 :MD 0
H1 :MD >0(claim)
TestStatistic
Differencesoftheeffectofclonazepamonfocal
spikesproducedbycobalt.
Cat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Before
2.7 4.2 3.3 5.3 4.2 3.5 6.5 4.8 3.7 7.1
(X)
After
4.5 2.6 1.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 3.0 2.6 1.9 0.4
(Y)
Signof
+ + + + + + + + +
(X Y)

k=1,n=10, =0.05
PValue (RefertableA.1),
P(K1|10,0.50)=0.0108

0.0010+0.0098=0.0108
Decision
SincePValue<0.05,
RejectH0

Conclusion
Enoughevidencetosupporttheclaimthat
clonazepamdecreasefocalspiking.
Exercise2
Shani etal.*studiedtheeffectofphenobarbital
onliverfunctionsinpatientswithDubin
Johnsonsyndrome.Thetablebelowshowsthe
totalbilirubinintheseraofthesepatients
beforeandaftertreatmentwithphenobarbital.
Canweconcludeonthebasisofthesedatathat
phenobarbitalreducestotalbilirubinlevel?Let
=0.05.WhatisthePvalue?

*Mordechai Shani,UriSeligsohn,andJudithBenEzzer,EffectofPhenobarbitalonLiver
FunctionsinPatientswithDubinJohnsonSyndrome,Gastroenterology,67(1974),303308;
copyright1974,Williams&Wilkins,Baltimore.
SOLUTION

Hypotheses
H0 :MD 0
H1 :MD >0(claim)
TestStatistic
Totalbilirubin,milligramsper100ml,inseraof
patientswithDubin Johnsonsyndrome,before
andaftertreatmentwithphenobarbital.
Patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Before 4.0 3.2 3.8 1.8 3.0 5.3 5.7 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.8 1.8 2.6
(X)
After 3.1 3.0 3.5 1.0 1.8 3.9 2.2 2.1 1.4 2.9 2.6 1.4 2.5
(Y)
Signof 0
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
(XY)

k=0,n=12, =0.05eliminate
PValue (RefertableA.1)
P(K0|12,0.50)=0.0002
Decision
SincePValue<0.05,
RejectH0

Conclusion
Enoughevidencetosupporttheclaimthat
phenobarbitalreducestotalbilirubinlevel.
Exercise3
SmithandDiGirolamo *examinedthe
morphologicalchangesinepididymal fatcellsof
mature,moderatelyobeseratsduringreduction
ofbodyweightandadiposetissuemass.Table
belowshowspartoftheirresults.Dothesedata
providesufficientevidenceatthe0.05level
significancetoindicatethatreductionofbody
weightreducesthediameteroffatcells?

*Smith,JerryE.,andMarioDiGirolamo,EffectofWeightReductionintheRatonEpididymal Fat
CellSizeandRelative Dispersion,Amer.J.Physiol.,227(1974),420424.
SOLUTION

Hypotheses
H0 :MD 0
H1 :MD >0(claim)
TestStatistic
Tableofmeanfatcelldiameters,ofmature
obeseratsbeforeandafter20%reductionin
bodyweightbyunderfeeding.
Rat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Before 84.4 86.0 87.9 93.9 95.2 96.6 97.5 101.4 103.8 115.2 116.4 134.5
(X)
After 62.9 75.4 78.2 83.6 57.6 58.0 69.6 76.5 73.9 88.0 73.8 94.1
(Y)
Signof + + + + + + + + + + + +
(X Y)

k=0,n=12, =0.05
PValue (RefertableA.1)
P(K0|12,0.50)=0.0002
Decision
SincePValue<0.05,
RejectH0

Conclusion
Enoughevidencetosupporttheclaimthat
reductionofbodyweightreducesthe
diameteroffatcells.