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1. (I&D 6.6) The heat transfer rate per unit width (normal to the page) u, T
from a longitudinal section, x 2 x1 , can be expressed as
'
q12 = h 12 (x 2 x1 )(Ts T ) , where h12 is the average coefficient for
the section of the length ( x 2 x1 ) . Consider laminar flow over a
x = x1
flat plate with a uniform temperature Ts. The spatial variation of x=0 x = x2
the local convection coefficient is of the form h x = Cx 1 / 2 , where C
is a constant
(a) Beginning with the convection rate equation in the form
dq = h x dx (Ts T ) , derive an expression for h12 in terms of C, x1 and x2.
(b) Derive an expression for h12 in terms of x1, x2, and the average
coefficients h 2 and h 2 , corresponding to lengths x1 and x2, respectively.
2. (I&D 6.9) If laminar flow is induced at the surface of a disk due to rotation about
its axis, the local convection coefficient is known to be a constant, h=C,
independent of radius. Consider conditions for which a disk of radius ro=100 mm
is rotating in stagnant air at T = 20 oC and a value of C = 20 W/m2-K is
maintained. If an embedded electric heater maintains a surface temperature of
Ts = 50oC, what is the local heat flux at the surface of the disk? What is the total
electric power requirement? What can you say about the nature of boundary layer
development on the disk?
V, T
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3. (I&D 6.35) Forced air at T = 25 C and V = 10 m/s is used to cool
electronic elements on a circuit board. One such element is a chip,
4mm by 4mm, located 120mm from the leading edge of the board.
Experiments have revealed that flow over the board is disturbed by
the elements and that convection heat transfer is correlated by an
expression of the form. 120 mm
0.85 1/ 3
Nu x = 0.04 Re x Pr
Estimate the surface temperature of the chip if it is dissipating 30 mW.
''
a. Determine the heat fluxes associated with convection, q conv ,
" "
evaporation, q evap , and radiation exchange with the sky, q rad .
b. Do your calculations suggest why the concrete is wet instead of dry?
Explain briefly.
c. Is heat flowing from the liquid layer to the concrete? Or from the
concrete to the liquid layer? Determine the heat flux by conduction
into or out of the concrete.
10. (I&D 6.71) A successful California engineer has installed a circular hot tub in
his back yard and finds that for the typical operating conditions (T = 290 K,
relative humidity =0.3) water must be added at a rate of 0.001 kg/s in order
to maintain a fixed water level in the tub. If the tub is well insulated on its
sides and bottom and the temperature of the makeup water is equal to that of
the tub water, at what rate must electrical heaters supply energy to maintain
the tub water at 310 K?
11. (I&D 6.72) It is known that on clear nights the air temperature need not drop
below 0 oC before a thin layer of water on the ground will freeze. Consider
such a layer of water on a clear night for which the effective sky temperature
is 30 oC and the convection heat transfer coefficient due to wind motion is
h= 25 W/m2. K. The water may be assumed to have an emissivity of 1.0 and to
be insulated from the ground as far as conduction is concerned.
(a) Neglecting evaporation, determine the lowest temperature the air can
have without the water freezing.
(b) For the conditions given, estimate the mass transfer coefficient for
water evaporation hm(m/s).
(c) Accounting now for the effect of evaporation, what is the lowest
temperature the air can have without the water freezing? Assume the air to
be dry.