Answers to Biology for IGCSE Chapter 7

Chapter 7 Summary Questions page 86.

(Suggested marks are given in square brackets)

1 (a) carbohydrates; proteins; fats; vitamins; minerals; water; fibre [7]

(b) carbohydrates; fats; proteins [3]

2 maintain good health / protect against disease; growth; repair; replacement of

tissues; regulate metabolism [3]

3 (a) balanced diet - diet that provides sufficient energy for way of life; and all nutrients
required for good health
(b) malnutrition unbalanced diet because too little or too much energy or too little or too
much of a nutrient [1]

(c) ingestion taking food into the body [1]

(d) egestion passing out indigestible food (in the form of faeces) [1]

4 mechanical breakdown of food into small(er) pieces with large surface area; for
enzymes to act upon / for chemical digestion [2]

chemical breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules;

so they can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the blood [2]

enzyme site of secretion site of action substrate end-product(s)

amylase salivary glands; mouth starch maltose /
pancreas (oesophagus); glucose / (simple)
small intestine / sugar
duodenum / ileum;
protease stomach; stomach; protein amino acids
pancreas small intestine /
duodenum / ileum
lipase pancreas small intestine / fats fatty acids and
duodenum / ileum glycerol

[12]

6 absorption diffusion of, small / soluble, molecules of food from the space inside gut
into the blood [1]
assimilation use of food molecules inside cells, e.g. to make large compounds such
as muscle protein, glycogen for short-term storage in the liver and muscles, fat for
long term-storage [1]

7 fluoride strengthens enamel; makes enamel more resistant to tooth decay; low
content of fluoride in many sources of drinking water; added to protect everyones
teeth; in some places people are opposed to adding something to drinking water;
 perhaps because of possible unknown effects on health; also there is no choice
whether to have the fluoride or not if it is added to drinking water [3]

8 capillaries deliver oxygen (for respiration of cells in villus); take away carbon
dioxide (from respiration of cells); absorb glucose; amino acids; water; ions / calcium
/ iron; water-soluble vitamins (e.g. C) [3]

lacteal absorb fatty acids and glycerol [1]

9 excess amino acids are broken down; nitrogen-containing part becomes, ammonia /
NH3; ammonia combines with carbon dioxide to form urea; urea transported in blood
to kidneys; excreted; rest of amino acid molecule is converted to carbohydrate or fat
and used for energy; [4]

Chapter 7 Exam-Style Questions page 86-87.

Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1 B
2 B
3 C
4 B

Short Answer Questions

5 (a) bile; [1]

(b) assimilation use of food molecules inside cells, e.g. to make large compounds such
as muscle protein, glycogen for short-term storage in the liver and muscles, fat for
long term-storage [1]

(c) (i) liver in metabolism of glucose

absorbs glucose (from the blood); converts glucose to glycogen; for storage;
regulates concentration of glucose in the blood;

(ii) liver in metabolism of amino acids

uses amino acids to make proteins; breaks down excess amino acids; [6]

(d) either
store of energy NOT food store / good long-term energy source / high energy
content per gram (which is 39 kJ per gram); (see Q.7 (a) on page 55)

or
good (thermal) insulator; [1]
6

(a) four labels as above [4]

(b) at least one arrow from oesophagus to stomach;

at least one arrow from stomach to the duodenum; [2]

(c) four letters as above [4]

7 (a) see Fig. 7.7.1 on page 84

label line to a capillary;
label line to the lacteal; [2]

(b) duodenum;
ileum; [2]
allow 1 mark maximum if small intestine given as the answer

(c) (from space in small intestine) into epithelial cell;

into capillary; hepatic portal vein; (liver) [3]

(d) any 3 from

glucose; amino acids; vitamin C; iron; calcium; water; [3]

8 (a) liver; nitrogen-; ammonia / urea; respired; energy; deamination; [6]

(b) alcohol; paracetamol; [2]

allow 1 mark maximum if toxin(s) / drug(s) is given as the answer