Answers to Biology for IGCSE Chapter 9

Chapter 9 Summary Questions page 114.

(Suggested marks are given in square brackets)

1 drawing of circulatory system similar to that in Fig. 9.1.3 on page 101.

(a) circulatory system consist of blood that flows through blood vessels and is pumped
by the heart to organs in arteries and returns to the hearty in veins [1]

(b) blood flows through the heart twice during one circuit of the body;
two circuits pulmonary and systemic;
heart to lungs and back, heart to body and back [2]

(c) arteries, veins, capillaries blood vessels that blood travels inside
artery blood flows away from the heart
vein blood flows towards the heart
capillaries blood flows from artery to vein; exchange of substances between blood
and tissues occurs across the walls of capillaries (NOT cell walls) [4]

2 valves in the heart; atrioventricular valve between ventricle and atrium (on each side
of the heart); semilunar valve between ventricle and artery (on each side of the
heart); semilunar valves in veins; all fill with blood when it flows backwards; valves
fill with blood and close veins so blood cannot flow backwards; (see Fig. 9.1.2 on
page 100) [3]

3 atria fill with blood; atria contract; valves between atria and ventricles (atrioventricular
valves) open; blood flows from atria to ventricles; ventricles fill with blood; ventricles
contract forcing blood into arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery); ventricles empty of
blood; semilunar valves close; atrioventricular valves open [6]

4 (a) pulse regular swelling of the arteries in response to contraction of the heart;
can be felt at pressure points, e.g. at the wrist [2]

(b) pulse rate increases during exercise; because heart pumps more blood more quickly
to provide oxygen and glucose to tissues (especially muscles); removes carbon
dioxide quicker

pulse rate remains high immediately after exercise; because of oxygen debt;
decreases with time [4]

5 (a) cholesterol sticks to walls (of coronary artery); narrows the artery; makes the inside
of the wall rough; blood clots / thrombus occurs [3]

(b) risk factors see list on page 107 any four

ways to reduce chances of CHD see list on page 107 any 2 [6]
6 (a)

artery vein capillary

highly magnified

artery roughly circular; thick walled; two layers

vein not circular; thin walled; two layers
capillary circular; one layer; some indication that capillary is much smaller than
other two vessels [6]

(b) differences could be set out in the form of a table

feature artery vein capillary

thickness of wall thick thin one cell thick
muscle fibres in wall thick layer very thin layer none
elastic fibres in wall thick layer very thin layer none

1 mark for reach difference (each row of the table) [3]

(c) functions:

artery withstand pressure; allows blood to flow from heart at high pressure; elastic
recoil helps to push blood

vein low pressure so no need for thick wall; valves prevent backflow to make sure
blood flows towards heart

capillary blood flows from artery to vein; exchanges of substances occur between
cells and blood through walls of capillaries [6]

7
components of blood functions
red blood cell transports oxygen
phagocyte defends against / ingests, bacteria
lymphocyte makes antibodies
platelets release substances to stimulate blood
clotting
plasma transports, nutrients / waste / hormones
contains clotting factors (e.g. fibrinogen)

[10]
8 relationship between structure and function

artery thick wall to withstand pressure; elastic tissue to recoil and maintain blood
pressure / keep blood flowing away from heart

vein wide space inside to accommodate lots of blood; semilunar valves to stop
backflow of blood; makes sure it flows to the heart

capillary very thin wall (one cell thick); thin so helps diffusion; pores in wall; to help
molecules such as glucose leave blood plasma to go to cells [6]

9 (a) platelets release substances; that change fibrinogen to fibrin; fibrinogen is soluble,
fibrin is insoluble; fibrin forms a meshwork of fibres over the wound; red blood cells
get caught in the fibres; blood dries and hardens to form a scab [4]

(b) lymphocytes release antibody molecules; antibodies cause agglutination (clumping)

of bacteria; dissolve cell membranes of bacteria; neutralise toxins released by
bacteria; after an infection (or vaccination) lymphocytes act faster if the same
pathogen enters the body again; phagocytes, ingest / digest, bacteria [4]

(c) blood pressure; forces water and solutes (from plasma); out of capillaries; through
pores in lining of capillaries (forms tissue fluid that surrounds cells) [3]

Chapter 9 Exam-Style Questions page 114-115.

Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1 B
2 C
3 B
4 C

Short Answer Questions

5 (a)(i) A aorta;
B pulmonary artery;
C pulmonary vein;
D vena cava;
E atrioventricular valve; [5]

(ii) A and C; [1]

(b) oxygen absorbed; combines with haemoglobin; forms oxyhaemoglobin;

carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood; [4]

(c) little resistance (to blood) in lungs (as full of spongy tissue);
high resistance in circulation through rest of body;
lungs are closer to the heart / not so far for blood to travel; [3]

6 (a)(i) F phagocyte;
G lymphocyte;
 H red blood cell / erythrocyte; [3]

(ii) F ingest / digest, bacteria;

G make / produce / release, antibodies;
H transport oxygen; [3]

(b) diameter 7 mm = 7 000 m

magnification = 7 000 / 1100 ;
= 6.4 m / 6.36 m ; [2]

(c)(i) K white blood cells / phagocytes and lymphocytes;

L red blood cells / erythrocytes; [2]

(ii) plasma; transports (soluble substances); nutrients / named nutrient(s); waste; heat;
hormones; [5]

7 (a)

feature arteries veins capillaries

relative thick ; thin very thin
thickness of
wall
muscle tissue lots ; some none
elastic tissue lots ; some none ;
direction of heart to organs organs to heart ; arteries to veins
blood flow
[5]

(b) artery thick wall to withstand pressure; elastic fibres stretch when heart beats; and
recoil to maintain blood pressure / keep blood flowing away from heart
[3]

(c) oxygen; diffuses through thin walls; NOT cell walls

glucose (for respiration) / amino acids (for making proteins);

passes through pores in capillary wall; [4]

8 (a) (i) lymphatic vessels transport lymph from tissues into the blood; lymph flows through
lymph nodes; vessels have valves to, stop backflow / ensure one way flow

(ii) lymph nodes contain lymphocytes; divide to make more cells during an infection;
lymphocytes make antibodies; [4]

(b) phagocytes ingest bacteria; digest / destroy, bacteria; lymphocytes make antibodies;
agglutinate bacteria / clump bacteria together; dissolve cell membranes of bacteria;
neutralise toxins released by bacteria; [5]