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Bite
DA
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Y
Bite
DA
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Y
y tested Dengue
They g NS1 Ag
g ((-))
Noisakran S, Guey CP. Alternate hypothesis on the pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
(DHF)/ Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection. Exp Biol Med 2008;233:401-8.
Perjalanan Penyakit Infeksi Dengue
Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test
Hemagglutination Inhibition
IgM and IgG ELISA
Rapid tests
Syok
Isolasi virus Perdarahan Ab Anti-dengue
Tehnik molekuler
Deteksi antigen Dengue
dengan ELISA
Gigigtan Demam
nyamuk Viremia
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hari sakit
Immune Response
Symptom
S t
Bite NS1 Ag Antibody
DAY -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ab level
IgG
IgM
g
Ag/A
NS1 Ag
Day
Dengue Markers
Response to Primary Infection
1. NS1 antigens
Dayy 1 after onset of fever and up
p to Day
y 9.
Not detectable once anti-NS1 IgG antibodies are produced.
2 IIgM
2. M antibodies
tib di
Day 5 after onset of fever and rise
for 1-3 weeks, then for up to 60 days.
3. IgG antibodies
Day 14 after onset of fever and persists for life.
Dengue Markers
Response to Secondary Infection
1. NS1 antigens
Dayy 1 after onset of fever and up
p to Day
y 9.
Not detectable once anti-NS1 IgG antibodies are produced
(Appearance in short period )
2. IgM antibodies
Produced at low or undetectable levels or
for a shorter period than in a primary infection.
3 IgG antibodies
3.
Rise rapidly 1-2 days after onset of symptoms.
Dengue Markers
Advantage
g of NS1 Ag
g
- Detection of infection prior to seroconversion
- Can be detected in serum from Day 1 after onset of fever and up to Day 9
; Compared to IgM antibodies that are not detectable until Day 3-5
Disadvantage of NS1 Ag
- Not detectable once anti-NS1 IgG antibodies are produced
IgG IgG
Ab level
IgM
b level
IgM
NS1
S Ag
g
Ag/Ab
NS1 Ag
Ag/A
D
Day Day
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Simultaneous detection of Dengue NS1 Ag and IgG/IgM Ab test together !
It will be perfect to diagnosis of dengue infection
from acute to convalescent stage !
IgG
b level
IgM
NS1 Ag
Ag/Ab
Day
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
KALAU TIDAK PUNYA KIT
Uji Tourniquet
40
39
38
37
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hari
Fase demam
(3-7 hari)
Fase bebas
demam
(fase kritis)
Fase
penyembuhan
Sembuh
SYOK
Pathogenesis and Patophysiology
Gubler D, Hayes E. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. In : Dengue Branch and the Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases,
Centers for Disease Control, CID, Fort Collins, CO. USA 1998: p156-89.
.
Cutaneous immunobiology in auto-
immunity and emerging viral diseases
Dendritic cells
Innate immune response upon virus
injection in the capillary vessel
Noisakran S, Guey CP. Alternate hypothesis on the pathogenesis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) in Dengue Virus Infection. Exp Biol Med 2008;233:401-8.
DENDRITIC CELL
Proposed model of heterologous immunity in secondary dengue virus infections and its implications for the
pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Primary DENV-2 infection and sequential DENV-1 and DENV-2 infections are compared for illustration purposes. The naive T
cell repertoire (pale colors) likely contains some cells with higher avidity for DENV-1 than DENV-2 (red; DENV-1 > DENV-2)
g
and other cells with higher avidityy for DENV-2 than DENV-1 ((blue;; DENV-2 > DENV-1). ) Duringg primary
p y infection,, T cell
populations with higher avidity for the infecting serotype are preferentially expanded and enter the memory pool (shown as
darker colors). When DENV-2 infection follows DENV-1 infection, the memory T cell populations with higher avidity for the
earlier infection expand more rapidly than do naive T cell populations.
Because these DENV-1specific memory T cells have lower avidity for DENV-2, viral clearance mechanisms are
suboptimal, whereas proinflammatory responses contribute to disease. Clin Invest. 2004; 113(7):946
Cellular Immunity
In the secondary infection with different
dengue serotype, T-cell cannot inhibit viral
infection completely. Viral elimination
decreases, but the cytokine especially
proinflammatory cytokine e.g. TNF alpha,
secretion
ti iincreases. These
Th cytokines
t ki have
h
effect on vascular endothelium which
means the severity of the disease
disease.
Autoimmune on Dengue
g ?
Anti-E
Anti E antibody Cross reactivity among ADE
DV serotypes
Supresi Konsumsi
megakariosit Destruksi
trombosit
trombosit
Sumsum
tulang
hiposeluler
T
Trombositopenia
b it i
Peningkatan
Gangguan
Degranulasi
g kadar
pelepasan
trombosit b-tromboglobulin
ADP
dan PF4
Lei HY et al. Immunopathogenesis of Dengue infection. J Biomed 2001
Inflamasi melonggarnya Inter endothelial
cell adherens junction celah endotel
melebar
l b kebocoran
k b plasma.
l *
Konsekuensinya terjadi: Hipovolemia,
Hipovolemia
hemokonsentrasi, kelemahan, edema, dan
Kongesti viseral.
Terjadinya sindrom kebocoran kapiler sistemik
akibat Sindrom Inflamasi Sistemik merupakan
mekanisme patogenik yang berhubungan dengan
sitokin inflamatorik.
inflamatorik
*. Vaughn DW
DW.et
et al.
al J Infect Dis
Dis.1997;176:322-30.
1997;176:322 30
**. Duane J. Gubler. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 July; 11(3): 480496.
#. McDonald DM, Thurston G, Baluk P. Microcirculation 1999;6(1): 7-22.
##. Dejana E. J Clin Invest 1997;100(11):S7-S10.
Tingkat keparahan sindrom kebocoran
kapiler :
Pre kapiler
p Post kapiler
p
T. Hidros. > T. Onk. T. Onk. > T. Hidros.
PENERAPAN
Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control. World Health Organization, UNICEF,
UNDP. New Edition 2009.
Terapi Infeksi Dengue
Pemberian cairan
Istirahat
Antipiretik (hindari aspirin dan obat anti
inflamasi non steroid)
Pantau tekanan darah, hematokrit,
jumlah trombosit, dan tingkat kesadaran
Protokol 1: Penanganan Tersangka (Probable ) DBD dewasa tanpa syok
Terapi
p awal cairan intravena
Kristaloid 6-7 ml/kg/jam
Evaluasi
3-4 jam
PERBAIKAN TIDAK MEMBAIK
Ht dan frekuensi nadi turun, Ht, nadi meningkat
tekanan darah membaik, tekanan darah menurun < 20 mmHg
produksi urin meningkat produksi urin menurun
PERBAIKAN TIDAK
PERBAIKAN MEMBAIK
Kurangi infus
kristaloid IInfus
f kristaloid
k i l id
3 ml/kg/jam 15 ml/kg/jam
PERBAIKAN
KONDISI MEMBURUK
Tanda syok
y
Terapi cairan
dihentikan
24-48 jam Tatalaksana sesuai
Protokol syok dan
PERBAIKAN perdarahan
PROTOKOL 4
PENATALAKSANAAN PERDARAHAN SPONTAN
PADA DBD DEWASA
KASUS DBD :
Perdarahan Spontan dan Masif : - Epistaksis tidak terkendali - Gross hematuria
- Hematemesis
H i dan
d atau melena
l - Hematoskezia
H k i
- Perdarahan otak
Syok (-)
Respon (+)
Tidak berespon
Ht meningkat Ht menurun
Respon (+)
Koloid10-20 mL/kg BB bolus dalam 10-15 mnt Transfusi darah 10 mL/kg BB,
dapat diulang bila perlu
Kristaloid 3 mL/kg BB dalam 1 jam
Hipovolemik Normovolemik
Tidak berespon
Pantau Atasi
kristaloid gangguan
Respon:
p selama 10-15 asam-basa &
mnt elektrolit,
1. TD sistolik 100 mmHg
hipoglikemia,
2. PP > 20 mmHg anemia,
3. Frek. Nadi < 100 x/mnt, vol cukup infeksi
4. Akral hangat sekunder
5. Diuresis 0,5-1 cc/kgBB/jam
Obat Inotropik,
Vasopresor,
Vasodilator
Peningkatan
Kombinasi
Vasopressor
Respon (+)* koloid &
secara
kristaloid
bertahap
Prinsip Tatalaksana SRD
1. Parameter terapi yang paling penting
Penggantian volume cairan tubuh
Pemberian segera cairan IV dengan
kristaloid atau koloid
2. Teruskan penggantian hilangnya cairan
plasma selama 24-48 jam selanjutnya
untuk mempertahankan sirkulasi yang
efektif
3. Koreksi gangguan metabolik dan
elektrolit
4. Transfusi darah
PERHATIAN KHUSUS DALAM
PEMBERIAN CAIRAN
Terapi Cairan
RESUSITASI RUMATAN
Repair
Mengganti
gg kehilangan
g akut 1. Kebutuhan normal
(perdarahan, kehilangan mll (IWL + urin+ feses)
sal. cerna, rongga ke3) 2. Dukungan nutrisi
Terapi Cairan Resusitasi vs Rumatan
Ringer Laktat
Normal Saline
Waspadai
KELEBIHAN CAIRAN
Respiratory distress
WHO Regional Publication, SEARO No.29. Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Comprehensive Guidelines.
2. Mempertahankan Sirkulasi
yang Efektif
Kristaloid vs. Koloid
Salah satu variabel hasil pengobatan yang utama :
Waktu pulihnya tek. nadi (pulse pressure recovery
time / PPRT) Waktu pemulihan yang paling
panjang kelompok RL
% pasien
p = 0.022
Ngo TN, Cao XTP, Kneen R, et al. Acute management of DSS: A randomized double-blind comparison of 4 IV fluid regimens in the first
hour. CID 2001;32:204-13.
2. Mempertahankan Sirkulasi
yang Efektif
Ef k if
Saran pemilihan koloid dari DepKes RI :
1. Gelatin (Gelofusin, Gelafudin,
Haemaccel)
2. HES BM 130,000 Da (Tetrastarch, Voluven)
3. HES BM 200,000 Da (Haes Steril 6% /
10%, Firma Hes, Hemo Hes, Wida Hes)
4. HES BM 40,000 Da (Expafusin)
5. Dextran 6% (Dextral
( l)
6. Dextran 10%
Departemen Kesehatan RI, IDAI, PAPDI, PDS PATKLIN, PERDICI & PPNI.2005. Pedoman
Tatalaksana Klinis Infeksi Dengue di Sarana Pelayanan Kesehatan. 2005. Jakarta : Depkes.
AN OPEN PILOT STUDY OF THE EFFICACY
AND SAFETY OF HAEMACCEL
IN ADULTS SUBJECTS WITH
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
WHO Regional Publication, SEARO No.29. Prevention and Control of Dengue and
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Comprehensive Guidelines.
Indikasi ICU
Syok yang tidak responsif setelah 1 jam
Syok berulang
Syok dengan perdarahan masif
Syok dengan komplikasi lainnya, mis.
respiratory distress
distress, ensefalopati
ensefalopati, gagal
jantung, gagal ginjal, kejang & kondisi-kondisi
yyang
g memerlukan terapi p titrasi.
Departemen Kesehatan RI, IDAI, PAPDI, PDS PATKLIN, PERDICI & PPNI.2005. Pedoman
Tatalaksana Klinis Infeksi Dengue di Sarana Pelayanan Kesehatan. 2005. Jakarta : Depkes.
Kesimpulan
1. Infeksi Dengue masalah kesehatan
penting
2. Mortalitas meningkat tajam sesuai derajat
keparahan infeksi Dengue
Penanganan yang tepat !!
3. Modalitas utama terapi SRD
Pemberian / resusitasi cairan
T i
Terima Kasih
K ih