INTRODUCTION

Now a days due to ever increasing vehicles on the road, it requires an

efficient control on the four way junction of road. In order to find a
solution to this problem the concept of an automatic traffic controller is
conceived. Apart from providing efficient control of traffic, it
also eliminate chance of human errors since it function automatically.
The automatic traffic controller automatically switches on the four way
junction for 15 seconds for direction control.

The main circuit components used are 555-Timer. The 555-

Timer generates a clock signal for 15 seconds. This signal is used to
clock counter circuit. Binary counter is converted to 3 bitcounter to
achieve 8 possible cases. The traffic light control is done by different
Boolean function of logic gate.
 HISTORY

On10 December1868,the first traffic lights were installed outside the

Parliament in London, by the railway engineer They resembled railway
of the time, with semaphore arms and red and green gas lamps for night
use. The gas lantern was turned with a lever at its base so that the
appropriate light faced traffic. Unfortunately, it exploded on2
January1869,injuring the policeman who was operating it.

The modern traffic light is an American invention. As early as 1912 in Salt

Utah ,police man Wire invented the first red-green electric traffic lights.
On5 August1914,theAmerican Company installed a traffic signal system
on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue in Ohio. It had two
colors, red and green, and a buzzer, based on the design of James Hoge,
to provide a warning for color changes. The design by James Hoge

Allowed police and fire stations to control the signals in case

of emergency. The first four-way, three-color traffic light was created by
officer William in Michigan in 1920.In 1923, Morgan patented a traffic
signal device. It was Morgans experience while driving along the streets
of Cleveland that led to his invention of a traffic signal device. Ashville
claims to be the location of the oldest working traffic light in the United
States, used at an intersection of public roads until 1982 when it was
moved to a local museum.
The first interconnected traffic signal system was installed in Salt Lake
in 1917, with six connected intersections controlled simultaneously from
a manual switch. Automatic control of interconnected traffic lights was
introduced March 1922 in Houston, Texas. The first automatic
experimental traffic lights in England were deployed in Wolverhampton
in 1927.

Ampelmnnchen pedestrian traffic signals have come to be seen as

nostalgic sign for the former German The color of the traffic lights
representing stop and go are likely derived from those used to identify
port (red) and starboard (green) in maritime rules governing right where
the vessel on the leftmost stop for the one crossing on the right.

Technology
In the mid 1990s, cost-effective traffic light lamps using light emitting
(LEDs) were developed; prior to this date traffic lights were designed
using in candescent or halogen light bulbs. Unlike the incandescent-
based lamps, which use a single large bulb, the LED-based lamps consist of an
array of LED elements, arranged in various patterns. When viewed from a
distance, the array appears as a continuous light source. LED-based lamps
(or 'lenses') have numerous advantages over incandescent lamps; among them
are:
Much greater energy efficiency (can be solar-powered).
Much longer lifetime between replacements, measured in years rather
than months. Part of the longer lifetime is due to the fact that some light
is still displayed even if some of the LEDs in the array are dead.

Brighter illumination with better contrast against direct sunlight, also

called 'phantom light'.

The ability to display multiple colors and patterns from the same lamp.
Individual LED elements can be enabled or disabled and different color
LEDs can be mixed in the same lamp

Much faster switching.

Instead of sudden burn-out like incandescent-based lights, LED start to

gradually dim when they wear out, warning transportation maintenance
departments well in advance as to when to change the light.
Occasionally, particularly in green LED units, segments prone to failure
will flicker rapidly beforehand.

The operational expenses of LED-based signals are far lower than

equivalent incandescent-based lights. As a result, most new traffic light
deployments in the United Canada and elsewhere have been
implemented using LED-based lamps; in addition many existing
deployments of incandescent traffic lights are being replaced.

In 2006,Edmonton,Alberta,Canadacompleted a total refit to LED-based

lamps in the city's over 12,000 intersections and all pedestrian
crosswalks. Many of the more exotic traffic signals discussed on this
page would not be possible to construct without using LED technology.
However, color-changing LEDs are in their infancy and may surpass the
multi-color array technology. In some areas, LED-based signals have
been fitted (or retrofitted) with special Fresnel (Programmed Visibility
or 'PV' lenses) and/or diffusers to limit the line of sight to a single lane.
These signals typically have a "projector"-like visibility; and maintain
unintentionally limited range of view. Because the LED lights dont
generate a significant amount of heat, heaters may be necessary in areas
which receive snow, where snow can accumulate within the lens area
and limit the visibility of the indications. Another new LED technology
is the use of CLS (Central Light Source) optics.

These comprise around 7 high-output LEDs (sometimes 1 watt) at the

rear of the lens; with a diffuser to even outland enlarge the light. This
gives a uniform appearance, more like traditional halogen or
incandescent luminaries. Replacing halogen or incandescent reflector
and bulb assemblies behind the lens with an LED array can give the
same effect. This also has its benefits: minimal disruption, minimal
work, minimal cost anthem reduced need to replace the entire signal
head (housing).

4 WAY TRAFFIC LIGHTS

LIST OF COMPONENT
Components No. of Ratings
Components

Ic 1 4017 ic

Ic 1 555 ic

Zener Diobes 8 4148

Capacitors 1 10uf

Resistors 2 100k

Resistors 1 47k

LED 12 3v Red Green

Switch 1 On/Off switch

Transformer 1 230v AC Primary to

12-0-12v, 1A
Transformer

PCB