Paul Andrew Valencia & Princess Pilarte
NEE1
1. Heat Transfer
Column
1. Conduction is the transfer of
heat between substances that are
in direct contact with each other.
2. Convection Thermal energy is
transferred from hot places to cold
places by convection.
3. Radiation is a method of heat
transfer that does not rely upon any
contact between the heat source
and the heated object as is the
case with conduction and
convection
\
Equation
Q = kAT/L,
k : materials conductivity,
A : Surface Area,
T : Temperature Gradient,
Q : Local Heat Flux,
L : Thickness,
Q = hc A dT
Q = heat transferred per unit time (W,
Btu/hr)
A = heat transfer area of the surface (m2,
ft2)
hc = convective heat transfer coefficient
of the process (W/(m2K) or W/(m2oC), Btu/
(ft2 h oF))
dT = temperature difference between the
surface and the bulk fluid (K or oC, F)
Q= T A4
q = heat transfer per unit time (W)
= 5.6703 10-8 (W/m2K4) - The Stefan-
Boltzmann Constant
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K)
A = area of the emitting body (m2)
Sample Problem
Determine the heat transfer rate per unit area, by
means of conduction for a furnace wall made of fire
clay. Furnace wall thickness is 6" or half a foot.
Thermal conductivity of the furnace wall clay is 0.3
W/mK. The furnace wall temperature can be taken
to be same as furnace operating temperature
which is 6500C and temperature of the outer wall of
the furnace is 1500C.
Q/A = k (T1 - T2)/L
Q/A = 0.3(650-150)/0.3048 W/m2 = 492.13 W/m2
A fluid flows over a plane surface 1 m by 1 m. The
surface temperature is 50oC, the fluid temperature
is 20oC and the convective heat transfer coefficient
is 2000 W/m2oC. The convective heat transfer
between the hotter surface and the colder air can
be calculated as
Q = (2000 W/(m2oC)) ((1 m) (1 m)) ((50 oC) -
(20 oC))
= 60000 (W)
= 60 (kW)
If the surface temperature of the sun is 5800 K and
if we assume that the sun can be regarded as a
black body the radiation energy per unit area can
be expressed by modifying (1) like
q / A = T4
= (5.6703x 10-8 W/m2K4) (5800 K)4
= 6.42x 107 (W/m2)
Paul Andrew Valencia & Princess Pilarte
NEE1
 Paul Andrew Valencia & Princess Pilarte
NEE1

2. Quantity of Heat

Specific heat capacities provide a means of mathematically relating the amount of thermal energy gained (or
lost) by a sample of any substance to the sample's mass and its resulting temperature change.

Q = mCT

where Q is the quantity of heat transferred to or from the object,

m is the mass of the object,

C is the specific heat capacity of the material the object is composed of,

and T is the resulting temperature change of the object.

Example Problem 2
A 12.9 gram sample of an unknown metal at 26.5C is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 50.0 grams of water at 88.6C.
The water cools down and the metal warms up until thermal equilibrium is achieved at 87.1C. Assuming all the heat lost by
the water is gained by the metal and that the cup is perfectly insulated, determine the specific heat capacity of the unknown
metal. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g/C.

Part 1: Determine the Heat Lost by Part 2: Determine the value of Cmetal Solve for Cmetal:
the Water Given: Rearrange Qmetal = mmetalCmetalTmetal
Given: to obtain Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetalTmetal)
m = 50.0 g Qmetal = 313.5 J Cmetal = Qmetal / (mmetalTmetal) = (313.5 J)/
C = 4.18 J/g/C m = 12.9 g [(12.9 g)(60.6C)]
Tinitial = 88.6C Tinitial = 26.5C Cmetal = 0.40103 J/g/C
Tfinal = 87.1C Tfinal = 87.1C Cmetal = 0.40 J/g/C
T = -1.5C (Tfinal - Tinitial) T = (Tfinal - Tinitial )
Solve for Qwater:
Qwater = mCT = (50.0 g)(4.18
J/g/C)(-1.5C)
Qwater = -313.5 J

3. Calorimetry is the science associated with determining the changes in energy of a system by measuring the heat
exchanged with the surroundings

Qlost=Qgained
 Paul Andrew Valencia & Princess Pilarte
NEE1

Sample problem

1. A 100g sample of an unknown substance was heated from 25.00C to 40.00C by absorbing 5000J of energy. What
is the specific heat of the substance Q = mCT

5000J=(100g)(x)(40.0-25.00C)

5000J=1500g0C (x)

3.3333J/g0C =x

2 If the temperature of 34.4g ethanol increases from 25.00C to 78.80C. how much heat was absorbed the ethanol?
(Cp ethanol = 2.44J/g0C)

x=(34.4g)(2.44 J/g0C)(78.8-25.00C)

x=4520J

3.A piece of aluminum absorbs 345J when heated from 298K to 368K. What is the mass of the aluminum? (Cp
aluminum= 0.9025J/gK)

345J=(x)(.9025J/g0C)(368-298K)

x=5.4610g

4. A piece of aluminum is heated to 87.50C and placed into a Styrofoam cup calorimeter containing 350g of water at
an initial temperature of 23.00C. The final temperature of the aluminum and water is 24.80C . How much heat was
released by the aluminum?

x=(350g)(4.18J/g0C )(24.8-23.00C )

x=2633.4J

5. A piece of gold is heated to 65.40C and placed in a calorimeter containing 160g of water at 25.50C . The final
temperature of the metal and water is 27.80C . How much energy was released by the gold?

(160g)(4.18J/g0C )(27.8-25.50C )=x

x=1538.24J
 Paul Andrew Valencia & Princess Pilarte
NEE1

4. Thermal Expansion -Most of the matters, without some exceptions, expand with the increasing
temperature. When you give heat to matters; speed of its particles increase and distance
between them also increase which results in the increase of the volumes of matters.

4.1Linear Expansion: Picture given below shows the linear expansion of metal rod. When it is heated, its length
increases.

L=L0.. T

Where; L is the amount of change in the length of the rod, L0 is the initial length of the road, is the coefficient of

linear expansion and T is the change in the temperature of the matter.

4.2 Area Expansion-When plate given below is heated, it expands in two dimensions X and Y. We find
the area expansion with the given formula;

S=S0.2. T
Where; S is the amount of change in the area of the plate, S 0 is the initial area of the plate, 2 is the

coefficient of area expansion and T is the change in the temperature of the matter.
4.3Volume Expansion: If the objects expand in volume with the gained heat, we call this volume

expansion and find it with the following formula;

V=V0.3. T

Where; V is the amount of change in the volume of the cube, V 0 is the initial volume of the cube, 3 is
the coefficient of volume expansion and T is the change in the temperature of the matter.