Gerund

Gerund merupakan bentuk verb-ing dari kata kerja yang difungsikan sebagai kata benda ( noun). Bentuk
Gerund sama seperti dalam Present Participle tetapi mempunyai makna yang berbeda sehingga artinya
bukan berarti sedang. Contoh dari Gerund adalah sebagai berikut : Reading, hunting, swimming, smoking,
speaking, dan sebagainya.
Berikut ini beberapa Penggunaan dan contoh dari Gerund
Digunakan sebagai Subjek kalimat
Contoh :
1. Reading a lot is a must for every student.
2. Crossing the dessert is very tiresome.
3. Smoking is bad for your health.
4. Being a doctor is his ambition.
Digunakan sebagai Obyek kalimat
Contoh :
1. He loves hunting
2. They finish speaking
3. I dont like smoking
Sebagai subyektif complement
Contoh :
1. My favorite past time is swimming in the river
2. Her hobby is climbing mountain
Sebagai keterangan tambahan ( appositive ) dalam kalimat
Contoh :
1. Her favorite hobby, travelling , gives her more experiences.
2. She has an extreme hobby, diving in the deep sea.
Digunakan dibelakang possesive adjective atau possessive Noun
Contoh :
1. I dont mind your living here.
2. You know her feeling sad.
3. The idea of his selling house doesnt appeal to his wife.
Digunakan di belakang kata No fungsinya membentuk larangan atau peringatan.
Contoh :
1. No Smoking!
2. No parking!
3. No littering!

Digunakan setelah kata depan ( preposisi) ; without, after, before, instead of, about, by
Contoh :
1. Before leaving the house, I locked the door.
2. Instead of meeting, she is complaining.
3. They discussing about going to Bali next holiday.

Digunakan setelah verb + preposition

Accused of Depend on Insist on Succeed in
Approve of Confess to Keep on Think of
Be better of Give up Put of Dream about
Count on Go on Rely on Worry about
Contoh :
1. She gave up smoking because of his health condition.
2. They confess to stealing the shop.
3. Linda is thinking of buying new car.
Digunakan setelah kata kerja tertentu

admit delay cant help quint resist
advise deny keep recall risk
anticipate discuss mention recollect stop
appreciate dislike mind recommend suggest
avoid enjoy miss regret tolerate
complete finish postpone remember understand
consider forget practice resent smell, etc.

Contoh :
1. She dislikes watching horror movies
2. I smell something burning there.
3. He postponed making decision.
4. The students enjoy listening to Indonesian song.
5. She suggested staying here for a month.
Digunakan setelah Adjective + preposition

accustomed to capable of successful in

afraid of intent on sorry for
fond of interested in tired of
Contoh :
1. She is tired of doing her work.
2. We are interested in travelling around the world by bike.
3. Im sorry for cancelling the schedule.

 1. ____ all the way home made us tired.

A. Walk
B. Walking
C. We have walked
D. We walk
E. We are walking
2. It is difficult to get used ____ with chopstick.
A. eat
B. eating
C. not eating
D. to eat
E. to eating
3. I was interested in ____ more about history.
A. learn
B. to learn
C. learning
D. learnt
E. to learning
4. She is used to Harry's ____ about the food.
A. to complain
B. complaining
C. complains
D. to complaining
E. complained
5. "You ought to give up smoking", means ____
A. You shouldn't stop to smoke
B. You shouldn't begin to smoke
C. You should stop to smoke
D. You should continue smoking
E. You should stop smoking
6. Nina told me story but now she forgets that she did it. Nina forgets ____ me a
story.
A. to tell
B. tells
C. tell
D. told
E. telling
7. This knife needs _____. it is dull.
A. to be sharpening
B. to sharpen
C. sharpens
D. sharpen
E. sharpened
8. Lina is working hard for her examination. He avoids ____ too much.
A. to be going out
B. to go out
C. go out
D. goes out
E. going out
9. "What did he deny?"
" _____"
A. Stealing the wallet
B. When he stole the wallet
C. Stolen the wallet
D. He had stolen the wallet
E. To steal the wallet
10. Would you mind ____ your pet snake somewhere else?
A. to put
B. to putting
C. putting
D. put
E. puts
======================================================
================================

Berikut jawaban dan pembahasan soal- soal Gerund diatas.

Soal No. 1
Jawaban : B
Pembahasan :
Gerund sebagai subjek, maka jawabannya adalah Walking
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 2
Jawaban :E
Pembahasan :
Beberapa kata kerja yang diikuti Gerund.
to get used to
to be accustomed to
dll
maka jawabannya adalah to eating
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 3
Jawaban :C
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan Gerund setelah preposisi, seperti in, in, after, about, before, dll
maka jawabannya adalah learning
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 4
Jawaban :B
Pembahasan :
Maka jawabannya adalah complaining
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 5
Jawaban :E
Pembahasan :
Kalimat "You ought to give up smoking" sama maknanya dengan anjuran untuk berhenti
merokok, sama saja dengan "You should stop smoking"
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 6
Jawaban :E
Pembahasan :
Dalam kalimat "Nina told me story but now she forgets that she did it. Nina forgets ____
me a story." berarti bahwa Nina sudah menceritakan cerita, tetapi sekarang dia lupa
bahwa dia sudah bercerita. Sehingga bentuk Gerund yang digunakan setelah kata kerja
"forget".
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 7
Jawaban :
Pembahasan :D
Gerund diletakkan setelah kata kerja tertentu yaitu "need". Dalam kalimat "This knife
needs _____. it is dull"
maka jawabannya adalah "sharpening"
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 8
Jawaban :E
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan kata kerja yang diikuti oleh Gerund , termasuk kata kerja "avoid"
Maka , jawabannya adalah "going out"
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 9
Jawaban :A
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan kata kerja yang diikuti oleh Gerund , termasuk kata kerja "deny"
Maka jawabannya adalah "Stealing the wallet"
======================================================
=================================
Soal No. 10
Jawaban :C
 Pembahasan :
Penggunaan kata kerja yang diikuti oleh Gerund , termasuk kata kerja "mind"
Maka jawabannya adalah "putting"

 Direct and Indirect Speech

Kalimat langsung adalah kata- kata (kalimat ) yang diucapkan langsung oleh pembicara. Kalimat langsung
diceritakan kembali dengan cara yang lain tanpa merubah arti dan tidak mengulangi lagi apa yang pembicara
katakan tetapi menceritakan kembali apa yang dikatakan oleh pembicara.
Ada beberapa perubahan yang terjadi apabila kita ingin mengubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tak
langsung. Perubahan tersebut meliputi perubahan pronoun, tense, adverb dan susunan kalimat. Perubahan
lainnya adalah mengenai perubahan tanda baca. Berikut ini adalah beberapa perubahan yang terjadi pada
perubahan kalimat langsung menjadi tidak langsung.

Perubahan Pronoun

Contoh
(DS) Hendra said, I am ill.
(RS) Hendra said that he was ill.

(DS) Ana says, I am a student.

(RS) Ana says that she is a student

(DS) The students say, we are waiting for their teacher.

(RS) The students say that they are waiting for their teacher.

Perubahan Tenses

Contoh:
(DS) He said, I am very sad.
(RS) He said that he was very sad.

(DS) He explained, I repair the motorcycle in the garage.

(RS) He explained that he repaired the motorcycle in the garage.
Perubahan tenses tersebut disebabkan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menuturkan ucapan atau
kalimat langsung menjadi ucapan atau kalimat tidak langsung. Kata kerja ini disebut introductory verb. Pada
contoh diatas yang termasuk introductory verb adalah kata : say, says, explained.
Apabila introductory verb digunakan pada kalimat langsung dalam bentuk present maka perubahan kalimat
langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung akan mengalami perubahan tenses. Namun bila introductory verb yang
digunakan pada kalimat langsung adalah past, maka akan berubah menjadi past perfect tense.

Berikut ini contoh dari perubahan tersebut.

Contoh 1.
"She is very busy at home.
He says (that) she is very busy at home.
He will say (that) she is very busy at home.
He has just say (that) she is very busy at home.
He had just said( that) she was very busy at home.
He said ( that) she was very busy at home.

Contoh 2.
They are studying in the class.
He tells me that they are studying in the class.
He told me that they were studying in the class.

Contoh 3.
The family will go to Bali.
She explains that the family will go to Bali.
She explained that the family would go to Bali.
Pada umumnya Introductory verb bentuk tenses bentuk Past Tense akan mengubah tenses kalimat langsung
ketika diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung.

Kalimat langsung
Present Tense 1. Past Tense
Present Continuous Tense 2. Past Continuous Tense
Present Future Tense 3. Past Future Tense
4. Past Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense
5. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
6. Past Perfect Tense
Past Tense 7. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense 8. Past Future Perfect
Past Future Tense 9. Conditional Continuous
Future Continuous Tense
Berikut ini ada beberapa pengecualian yang tidak mengalami perubahan tersebut,
Kalimat Kondisional tipe II Past Tense pada kalimat Subjunctive.
Contoh:
(DS) He said, If I were older, I would go to Medan.
(RS) He said if he were older, he would go to Medan.
 (DS) She said, I wish I knew him.
(RS) She said that she wished she knew him.
Kata kerja bentuk Simple Present Tense yang menyatakan kebenaran umum ( general truth)
Contoh:
(DS) My teacher said, The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(RS) My teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(DS) My Mom said, Boiling water is hot.
(RS) My Mom said that boiling water is hot.
Modal bentuk past tense; would, should, had better, used to, might, and could.
Contoh:
(DS) He said, they had better go at night.
(RS) He said that they had better go at night.
(DS) He said, I might be there.
(RS) He said that he might me there.
Must yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peraturan yang sifatnya permanen dan berlaku umum.
Contoh:
(DS) He said, The students must respect their teachers.
(RS) He said that the students must respect their teachers.
(DS) He said, we mustnt drive against the red light.
(RS) He said that they mustnt drive against the red light.
Apabila Must tidak menyatakan suatu ketentuan seperti diatas, biasanya Must akan berubah menjadi bentuk
had to.

Contoh:
(DS) He said, I must be at school by six.
(RS) He said that he had to be at school by six.
(DS) She told me, You must stay here until nine.
(RS) She told me that I had to stay there until nine.

Perubahan Adverb
Perubahan untuk keterangan waktu dan tempat akan berubah menjadi berikut:
Kalimat Langsung Kalimat Tak Langsung

Now. Menjadi then

Today menjadi that day
Yesterday menjadi the day before
The day before yesterday menjadi two days before
Tomorrow menjadi the next day
The day after tomorrow menjadi in two days time
Next week/ year menjadi the following week/ year
Next month menjadi the following month
Ago menjadi before/ the previous
Here .menjadi.. there
This menjadi that
These menjadi those
Can menjadi could
Will menjadi would
Shall menjadi should
May menjadi might

Perubahan Susunan Kalimat

Perubahan susunan kalimat hanya terjadi apabila kalimat langsung yang diubah menjadi kalimat tak langsung
merupakan bentuk kalimat tanya. Kalimat tanya bentuk tak langsung susunannya berubah menjadi susunan
kalimat berita atau statement.
Contoh:
(DS) She said, where will they go?
(RS) She said where they would go.
(DS) He said, are they playing in the yard?
(RS) He asked if they were playing in the yard.

Perubahan bentuk Infinitive

Contoh:
(DS) He said, open the book!
(RS) He asked me to open the book.
(DS) He said, Dont close the door!
(RS) He asked me not to close the door.

 Sameness and Similarity

Pembahasan ini merupakan lanjutan dari pembahasan kami sebelumnya tentang bagaimana
menyatakan tingkat perbandingan dalam Bahasa Inggris. Dalam pembahasan ini kami akan
merinci per bagian dari ketiga bentuk perbandingan yaitu bentuk yang pertama yaitu
menyatakan bentuk positive degree. Dalam bentuk ini, biasanya digunakan untuk
menyatakan perbandingan dengan tingkat perbandingan yang sama. Sameness and similarity
merupakan suatu ungkapan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan perbandingan dua hal yang
sama. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kedua hal tersebut dapat dinyatakan dengan aturan sebagai
berikut ini.
1. Like atau the same as
Contoh :
Your phone is like mine (similarity)
Your phone is the same as mine ( sameness)
2. The same + noun + as
Contoh :
Rina is the same age as Rita.
The red dress is the same price as the blue dress.

3. as + adjective + as
Contoh :
This skirt is as expensive as the that one.
She is as tall as her sister.

Dan untuk memperdalam pemahaman anda, berikut contoh kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan bentuk similarity and sameness.
1. I would like to get scholarship like my friend gets.
2. She looks like her mother.
3. This house is as expensive as that one.
4. Ary is as tall as Kharis.
5. Dinda's eyes are the same color as mine.
6. He is as intelligent as his father.
7. Your rug is almost like hers.
8. She looks like her sister.
9. This material feels like silk.
10.Your room is the same size as mine.

 Pengertian, Aturan, dan Contoh Question Tags

Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa aturan dalam membuat Question Tags yaitu sebagai berikut:
Aturan Dalam Membuat Question Tags
Aturan 1
Bila pernyataan Positif, maka Question Tag-nya negatif. Hal ini berarti menyangkal dari penyataan yang
dikemukakan tadi.
Contoh :
1. It's a nice day, Isn't it?
2. She can swim, can't she?
3. Hendra comes late, doesn't she?
4. My sister is watching television, isn't she?

Aturan 2
Bila pernyataan negatif, maka Question Tag-nya positif.
Contoh:
1. Zawal cannot speak Japanese, can he?
2. She will not go to Bali, will she?
3. The students don't come late, Do they?
4. We are not happy, are we?
5. Ann didn't like reading, did she?

Aturan 3
Dalam kalimat verbal bentuk simple present dan past tense, maka do, does atau did ditambahkan dalam
pembuatan Question Tags-nya.
Contoh :
1. The man waits his wife in the station, doesn't he?
2. He likes fishing, doesn't he?
3. They visited Zoo last week, didn't they?
4. They always start their lesson at 7 a.m, don't they?

Aturan 4
Apabila kalimat menggunakan modal dan auxiliary, maka Question Tags-nya menggunakan modal dan auxiliary
yang terletak paling depan.
Contoh :
1. He has never been in Bali, hasn't he?
2. She will go to Jakarta tomorrow, won't she?
3. They will be an engineer next year, won't they?

Aturan 5
Kata- kata yang digunakan dalam Question Tags adalah I, You, He, She, It, They, dan There.
Penggunaan It merujuk pada kata- kata berikut ini
everything
nothing
this ...
that ...
his ...
your ...

Sedangkan penggunaan They merujuk pada kata- kata

everyone
someone
somebody
no one
nobody

Contoh :
1. Everything is ready, isn't it?
2. There are many people in the fair, aren't there?
3. That is your car, isn't it?
4. Nobody was here, were they?
5. This movie is not interesting, is it?

Aturan 6
Penggunaan subjek I dalam kalimat nominal positif, maka Question tags-nya adalah Aren't I bukan
menggunakan Am not I. Sedangkan dalam kalimat yang negatif, maka Question Tags-nya bisa menggunakan Am
I.
Contoh :
1. I am a teacher, aren't I?
2. I am ill, aren't I?
3. I am not a student, Am I?

Aturan 7
Kata- kata yang mengandung arti negatif atau setengah negatif, maka Question Tags-nya selalu positif. Berikut
merupakan kata- kata yang mengandung makna negatif atau setengah negatif;
never
seldom
hardly ever
barely
scarcely
by no mean
none

Contoh :
1. She never goes to Bali, does she?
2. Indra seldom does his homework, does he?
3. He's never been in Jakarta, has he?

Aturan 8
Pada kalimat majemuk, Question Tags-nya dibuat berdasarkan kalimat utamanya.
Contoh :
1. I wish she understood about the problem, didn't she?
2. You'd rather I didn't say anything, would you?
3. I suppose he should have known that, shouldn't he?

Aturan 9
Pada bentuk kalimat perintah dan ajakan, maka ada aturan khusus yang harus digunakan yaitu sebagai
berikut ;
Kalimat Perintah (Imperative sentence)
Pada kalimat perintah, baik bentuk positif maupun negatif, maka Question Tags-nya adalah will you.
Contoh ;
1. Don't close the door, will you?
2. Wear your helmet, will you?
3. Take my bag, will you?

Kalimat ajakan
Pada bentuk kalimat ajakan yang didahului dengan Let's, maka Question Tags-nya adalah shall we?
Contoh :
1. Let's go for a walk, shall we?
2. Let's visit Zawal tomorrow, shall we?

Cara menjawab Question Tags

Ada dua cara menjawab Question Tags, yaitu
Membenarkan
You are listening to music, aren't you?

Yes, I am ( ya, saya sedang mendengarkan musik)

He is not a student, is he?

No, he is not. ( bukan, di bukans eorang siswa)

Menyangkal
He is smart, isn't he?

No, he isn't ( tidak, dia tidak pintar)

She is a lawyer, isn't she?

Yes, she is ( ya, dia seorang pengacara)

 Penggunaan Elliptic and Parallel Construction

Dalam sebuah kalimat, kadang- kadang ditemukan pengulangan kata yang sama sehingga dirasa kalimat
tersebut menjadi kurang efektif atau menjadi "tidak cantik" dalam segi penulisan. Untuk menghindari hal
tersebut, maka kita harus memendekkan atau bahkan menghilangkan beberapa kalimat yang memiliki
kesamaan arti asalnya. Definisi kalimat tersebut diatas disebut juga dengan kalimat elip.
Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip
Cara membentuk kalimat elip adalah sebagai berikut:
a. and ...too ; and so ... ( dan ... juga; dan demikian juga ...)
Bentuk and ...too ; and so ... digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki kesamaan.
Adapun caramembentuknya bisa menggunakan kata kerja bantu ( auxiliary verb) maupun To be.
Contoh :
1) Linda is reading novel. John is reading novel.
== Linda is reading novel and John is too.
== Linda is reading novel and so is John.
2) Janu can swim well. Rafi can swim well.
== Janu can swim well and Rafi can too.
== Janu can swim well and so can Rafi.
3) They study hard. He studies hard.
== They study hard and he does too.
== They study hard and so does he.
4) Bob repaired the printer. Wisnu repaired the printer
== Bob repaired the printer and Wisnu did too.
== Bob repaired the printer and so did Wisnu.
5) He has submitted the homework. I have submitted the homework.
== He has submitted the homework and I have too.
== He has submitted the homework and so have I.
6) Mr. Anwar has a new car. I have a new car.
== Mr. Anwar has a new car and I do too.
== Mr. Anwar has a new car and so do I.
7) She had bought a computer. He had bought a computer.
== She had bought a computer and he had too.
== She had bought a computer and so had he.
b. and neither ... ; and ... either ( juga tidak)
Bentuk and neither ... ; and ... either digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat negatif. Untuk lebih
jelasnya silahkan cermati contoh berikut ini.
Contoh :
1) They aren't doing the English Club. She isn't doing the English Club.
== They aren't joining the English Club and neither is she.
== They aren't joining the English Club and she isn't either.
2) He didn't do the exercise. She didn't do the exercise.
== He didn't do the exercise and neither did she.
== He didn't do the exercise and she didn't either.
c. but (tetapi), whereas (sedangkan), while (sedangkan)
Bentuk but (tetapi), whereas (sedangkan), while (sedangkan) digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat
yang bertentangan.
Contoh :
Lisa is not watching television. Rizal is watching television.
== Lisa is not watching television but Rizal is.
d. Both ... and ( keduanya)
Contoh :
1) Jenny painted the wall. Jenny painted the window.
== Jenny painted both the wall and the window.
2) Mitha went to the cinema. Ann went to cinema.
== Both Mitha and Ann went to the cinema.
3) Yuli is in the garden. Bima is in the garden.
== Both Yuli and Bima are in the garden.
e. Either ... or ... ( baik... ataupun ... / salah satu ...)
Contoh :
1) Arya is a doctor. Rita is a doctor.
== Either Arya or Rita is a doctor.
2) Willy forgot where he put his key. It's either in the bedroom or in the living room.
 f. Neither ... nor ... ( baik ... maupun ... tidak)
Bentuk Neither ... nor ... hanya digunakan pada kalimat negatif.
Contoh :
1) John isn't a teacher. Manda isn't a doctor.
== Neither John nor Manda is a doctor.
2) He doesn't like smoking. They don't like smoking.
== Neither he nor they like smoking.
== Neither they nor he likes smoking.
g. And (dan)
Contoh :
1) Lisa writes a letter. Lisa writes a short story.
Lisa writes a letter and short story.
2) Mary bought a dictionary. Mary bought a novel.
Mary bought a dictionary and a novel.
h. Whether ... or not ( baik ... atau tidak)
Contoh :
I will give you the money whether you need it or not.

Contoh soal dan pembahasan

Soal No. 1
She was going to the cinema ____ .
A. and we aren't too D. and we were too
B. and we are too. E. but we are
C. and so we are
Pembahasan :
Soal tersebut berarti dia pergi ke sinema dan kita juga pergi. Dalam kalimat tersebut menggunakan pola Past
Tense ( masa lampau).
Penggunaan elip dan parallel construction dengan bentuk and ... too.
sehingga, She was going to the cinema and we were too.
Jawaban : D
Soal No. 2
This medical book costs very expensive and ____ .
A. so does that technical book.
B. that technical book did too.
C. neither did that technical book.
D. that technical book didn't either
E. while that technical book didn't too.
Pembahasan :
Dari semua pilihan jawaban , maka jawaban yang paling tepat adalah jawaban 'so does that technical book',
dengan penggunaan so ...
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan adalah bentuk Present Tense, dengan ciri- ciri penggunaan verb 1.
Jawaban : A
Soal No. 3
The female students have to clean the classroom, ____
A. and so do the male students
B. and the male students do so
C. and the male students have too
D. and neither do the male students
E. but the male students are
Pembahasan :
Soal diatas bila diartikan "siswa perempuan harus membersihkan ruangan, demikian juga siswa laki- laki", maka
, penggunaan so ... diterapkan dalam soal diatas.
"The female students have to clean the classroom and so do the male students
Jawaban : A
Soal No. 4
We don't have to return the book tomorrow, but he ____
A. has D. do
B. had E. does
C. did
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan but untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan dan dalam kalimat tersebut
menggunakan bentuk Present Tense sehingga,
We don't have to return the book tomorrow, but he does.
 Jawaban : E
Soal No. 5
"I saw her this morning."
" _____ "
A. so had I
B. So did I
C. But did I
D. I do too
E. Neither did I
Pembahasan :
Pada beberapa pilihan jawaban, maka yang paling tepat adalah bentuk so did I, dengan cara menentukan
bentuk waktu yang digunakan adalah entuk Past tense dengan kata kerja "saw", dan form yang paling tepat dari
jawaban diatas adalah bentuk so ..., sehingga
"so did I "
Jawaban : B

 Pengertian, Bentuk, Dan Contoh Conditional Sentence.

Kalimat Conditional Sentence disebut juga kalimat pengandaian. Ada tiga jenis Conditional Sentences yaitu
type I, Type II, dan type III. Berikut ini kami akan membahas pengertian, bentuk, dan contoh conditional
sentence.
Type I. (probable or real condition)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang akan mungkin terjadi di masa mendatang bila syaratnya
terpenuhi. Ada tiga pola yang bisa digunakan untuk menyatakan bentuk pertama (type I) conditional sentence
ini. yaitu:

1. Menyatakan Future Time

Contoh :
1. If I have money I will buy a new dress.
2. If he studies hard, he will get scholarships.
3. If she leave early, she will catch the bus.
4. She will help you if you ask her.
5. If the weather is nice, we will go camping.

2. Menyatakan kebiasaan.

Contoh :
1. If I don't have breakfast, I always get hungry.
2. Water freezes if the temperature goes below 32 F.
3. If it rains, we get wet soon.
4. If he has no enough money, he usually goes to school on foot.

3. Menyatakan perintah

Contoh:
1. If you go to the post office, please mail the letter.
2. Please call me if you have the news.
3. Come indoors at once if it rains.
4. Don't tell anyone if I come here.
Type II ( Improbable or unreal condition)
Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu hal yang kemungkinannya sangat kecil sekali. berikut bentuk form dari
Conditional type II.

Contoh :
1. Indra would have to repeat his exam if he didn't pass it. (fact : Indra passes the exam)
2. I could meet my sister if I went to Semarang. (fact : I don't go to Semarang)
3. If I taught his class, I wouldn't give tests. ( fact : I don't teach his class)
4. If I were you, I would accept his proposal. (fact : You don't accept the proposal)
5. If I had time, I would go to the beach this weekend. (Fact : I don't have time)
Catatan :
Dalam bentuk Conditional type II, semua subjek , menggunakan were.
Fakta dalam bentuk type II adalah menggunakan bentuk Present Tense.
Type III (Improbable or unreal Condition)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang tidak mungkin terjadi karena waktunya sudah terlewati sehingga
hanya mengandaikan saja suatu peristiwa yang terjadi di masa yang lampau.

Contoh :
1. If you had told about the problem, I would have helped you. (fact : you didn't tell about the problem, so I
didn't help you)
2. If they have studied, They would have passes the exam. (fact : they didn't study, so they didn't pass the exam)
3. If I hadn't slipped on the ice, I wouldn't have broken my leg. ( fact : I slipped on ice, so I broke my leg)
4. If they hadn't lost their way, they would have arrived sooner. ( fact : they lost their way, so they didn't arrive
sooner)

 Soal Subjunctive Dan Pembahasannya

Dalam kalimat, Ada beberapa bentuk kalimat subjunctive seperti

Wish ingin
If only jika
Would rather lebih suka
As if atau as though seolah- olah

Penggunaan Subjunctive adalah sebagai berikut

Menunjukkan Present atau Future tense, maka past tense digunakan dalam klausa.
Pattern : Subject + wish .... + Subject + would / could
Contoh :
It is going to be a good party tomorrow. I wish Indra could come.
(Fact : Indra may come to the party or may not come)

She wishes he were going to be here tomorrow.

(Fact : He isn't going to be here tomorrow)

Menunjukkan Present Tense

Pattern : Subject + Wish .... + subject + past verb ....
Contoh :
I wish I knew how to do it. ( Fact : I don't know ...)
If only I lived in Bali. ( Fact I don't live in Bali)
If only it were not cold. (Fact it is cold)

Penggunaan as if dan as though dengan bentuk Past subjunctive

Pattern : Subject + Present / Past (verb) + as if/ as though + Subject + past verb
Contoh :
He behaves as if he were the owner of the company.
(Fact : He is not the owner)

She stares at me as though she knew me.

( Fact : She doesn't know me)

Bentuk Subjunctive sesudah would rather untuk menyatakan pilihan lebih suka
Menunjukkan Present Tense
Pattern : Subject + would rather that + subject + past Tense
Contoh :
I would rather you told me the news.
( Fact : You don't tell me the news)

Menunjukkan past Tense

Pattern : Subject + would rather that + subject + past perfect Tense
Contoh :
Bambang would rather that it had not been cold last night.
( Fact : It was cold last night)

Berikut ini merupakan bentuk soal dan pembahasan mengenai Subjunctive.

======================================================================================
Soal No. 1
"Let's go swimming."
"I wish I _____ we have a test tomorrow and I still have to study.
A. am able
B. could be
C. could
D. will be able
E. be able to
Pembahasan : Pada soal diatas menunjukkan subjunctive menunjukkan present atau future dengan pattern
sebagai berikut:
Subject + wish .... + Subject + would / could
Sehingga jawaban yang benar adalah could
Jawaban : C
======================================================================================
Soal No. 2
I wish ____ now at the party.
A. He is here
B. He will be here
C. He has been here
D. He were here
E. He be here
Pembahasan : Penggunaan penanda waktu "now" menunjukkan bahwa subjunctive menunjukkan present tense,
sehingga pattern yang digunakan
Subject + Wish .... + subject + past verb ....
Maka jawaban yang benar adalah He were here
 Jawaban : D
=======================================================================================
Soal No. 3
I am sorry I don't know the answer, but I really wish I _____
A. know
B. knew
C. have known
D. will know
e. had known
Pembahasan : Fakta dari pernyataan di atas adalah "I am sorry I don't know the answer". Jadi pengandaiannya
menggunakan Present Tense
Subject + Wish .... + subject + past verb ....
Maka jawaban yang benar adalah knew
Jawaban : B
========================================================================================
Soal No. 4
She went to the blackboard as if she knew how to solve the problem.
The underlined words means ____
A. She actually can't solve the problem
B. She ought to know how to solve the problem
C. She definitely knew hpw to solve the problem
D. She should know how to solve the problem
E. She suceeded how to solve the problem
Pembahasan: Clausa as if she know the problem menunjukkan bahwa seolah olah dia mengetahui bagaimana
menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Maka faktanya addalah she can't solve the problem.
Jawaban : A
========================================================================================
Soal No. 5
"I am planning to go to a party tonight, but It's raining very hard now.
"I wish _____ raining now."
A. It stops
B. it has stopped
C. it will stop
D. it had stopped
e. it would stop
Pembahasan : Pada soal diatas menunjukkan subjunctive menunjukkan present atau future dengan pattern
sebagai berikut
Subject + wish .... + Subject + would / could
Maka jawaban yang benar adalah It would stop
Jawaban : E
============================================

 Soal Dan Pembahasan Dependent And Independent Clause

Penggunaan dependent clause terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu Adjective Clause, Adverb Clause, dan Noun Clause.
contoh
Adjective Clause
Adjective clause merupakan suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimat majemuk. Klausa
adjective akan memberikan atau menambah keterangan pada kata ganti, kata benda atau kelompok kata
benda. Ada beberapa macam penggunaan dalam adjective clause

Non Defining Adjective Clause

Who, digunakan untuk menggantikan subjek orang

Contoh : Andy has been promoted to be a manager

He is twenty-five years old.
Andy, who is twenty-five years old, has been promoted to be a manager.

Whom, digunakan untuk menggantikan objek orang

Contoh : Prof. Richard is the youngest professor in this university.

I met him in the seminar yesterday.
Prof. Richard, whom I met at the seminar yesterday, is the youngest professor in this university.

Whose, digunakan untuk menggantikan possesive adjective orang

Contoh : Mr. Rudy teaches chemistry. His son won the spelling contest.
Mr. Rudy, whose son won the spelling contest, teaches chemistry.

Which, menggantikan subjek benda/ binatang

Contoh : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia. It has population over ten million.
Jakarta, which has population over ten million, is the capital of Indonesia.

Which, menggantikan objek benda atau binatang

Contoh : Mr. Anwar gave me a piece of paper. I put it on the table.

Mr. Anwar gave me a piece of paper, which I put on the table.

Whose, menggantikan possesive adjective untuk benda/ binatang

Contoh : The dictionary is mine. Its cover is red

The dictionary, whose cover is red, is mine.

Defining Adjective Clause

Who, that; menggantikan subjek orang

Contoh :
The boy is a new student; He is sitting next to me.
The boy who is sitting next to me is a new student.
The boy that is sitting next to me is a new student.

Whom, that, [ ]; menggantikan objek orang

Contoh : The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him

The man whom I saw was Mr. Jones
The man that I saw was Mr. Jones
The man [ ] I saw was Mr. Jones

Which, that; menggantikan subjek kata benda atau binatang


Contoh : I saw the movie last night. It wasn't very good.
I saw the movie which wasn't very good last night.
I saw the movie that wasn't very good last night.

Which, that, [ ]; menggantikan objek kata benda/ binatang.

Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Cindy. I showed it to Rindu yesterday.

The dictionary which I showed to Rindu yesterday belongs to Cindy.
The dictionary that I showed to Rindu yesterday belongs to Cindy.
The dictionary [ ] I showed to Rindu yesterday belongs to Cindy.

Noun Clause
Dalam kalimat, posisi noun clause adalah sebagai berikut

Sebagai subjek

Contoh :
What he said was interesting
Where she went is not certain
Whether she comes or not is unimportant for me.

Sebagai objek

I don't know what should I do

Please tell me how i can get to the bus station
Jim told us where we could find it.

Sebagai Complement

This is where I work

Adverb Clause
Adverb clause adalah klausa yang terikat dan berfungsi sebagai adverb atau keterangan dalam kalimat
majemuk. Berikut ini beberapa bentuk adverb yaitu sebagai berikut;

Adverbial clause of time, biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after, before, when, as, as soon as, until, while,
etc.

Contoh ;
She used to live in the rural area before she moved to Jakarta.

Adverbial clause of place, biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever

Contoh;
Andrew lives where he spent his childhood.

Adverbial clause of reason, biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as, atau for

Contoh;
Since he had been retired from his work, he tried to start his own business.

Adverbial clause of purpose, biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that

Contoh;
John had studied hard so he got scholarship from university.

Adverbial clause of consession, biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi though, although, eventhough, while,
whereas.

Contoh;

Although it was raining, they went to the beach.

Berikut ini beberapa contoh soal dan pembahasan yang berkaitan dengan Dependent and Independent Clause.
Contoh soal dan pembahasan
Soal No. 1
The businessman ____ we met at the party last night is the general manager of a big company.
A. whom
B. who
C. which
D. whose
Pembahasan:
Pada soal diatas, The businessman ____ we ..., we adalah sebagai subjek. kita ingat bahwa who + verb, dan
whom + subjek. maka jawaban yang benar adalah whom.
Jawaban : A
=========================================================================================
Soal No. 2
I met the girl ____ is ini our class.
A. the brother of us
B. Who's brother
C. whose brother
D. her brother
Pembahasan:
Pada pilihan jawaban soal diatas, menggunakan adjective clause using whose ( possesive pronoun) maka yang
paling tepat adalah whose brother.
Jawaban : C
=========================================================================================
Soal No. 3
This is the place ____ the dutch imprisoned Pangeran Diponegoro.
A. on which
B. what
C. where
D. that
Pembahasan:
Pada soal diatas menggunakan bentuk noun clause. dikarenakan yang ingin dijelaskan adalah tempat ( the
place) maka jawaban yang tepat adalah where.
Jawaban : C
==========================================================================================
Soal No. 4
____ is a long holiday after passing your exam.
A. You need
B. Why you need
C. What you need
D. Whether you need
Pembahasan :
Noun clause yang difungsikan sebagai subjek digunakan dalam soal tersebut, maka jawaban yang paling tepat
adalah what you need.
Jawaban : C
==========================================================================================
Soal No. 5
It is known ____ solar energy can be used to generate electricity.
A. whether
B. that
C. in case
D. what
Pembahasan:
Dari pilihan jawaban soal diatas, maka yang paling tepat adalah penggunaan "that" untuk menghubungkan
direct speech yang menggunakan impersonal it.
Jawaban : B.

 Pengertian, Contoh dan Penggunaan Participle

Participle merupakan bentuk kata kerja yang dikata-sifatkan, sehingga berfungsi sebagai kata sifat yang
memberi sifat atau keterangan kepada Noun ( kata benda). Participle dapat pula berbentuk Continuous tense
dan Perfect tense dan dalam kedua kata kerja tersebut, Participle tetap berfungsi sebagai kata kerja. Ada dua
macam Participle yaitu bentuk Present Participle dan bentuk Past Participle. pada bentuk Present Participle ,
maka kata kerja diakhiri dengan -ing dan mempunyai makna aktif dan menunjukkan waktu sekarang misalnya
working, smiling, breaking, dan sebagainya. Sedangkan Past participle bermakna pasif dan menunjukkan waktu
lampau, misalnya drunken,poured, unexpected, dan sebagainya.
Secara umum, Participle dapat digunakan bersamaan dengan auxiliary verb atau modal untuk membentuk
Continuous tense, Perfect tense, maupun Passive voice.
A. Penggunaan Present Participle
1. Present Participle digunakan sebagai adjective yang ditempatkan di depan kata benda ( Noun)
Contoh :
The boiling water is very hot.
The rushing water is very dangerous.
In the distance we saw a running horse.
The waiting room is completed by many facilities such as television and display information.
2. Present Participle digunakan sebagai adjective yang bisa ditempatkan dibelakang kata benda yang
mendapat keterangan sifat itu.
Contoh :
The Chinese people is the largest community in the world possessing a common written language. ( Bangsa
China merupakan kelompok terbesar di dunia yang mempunyai bahasa persatuan yang tertulis.) atau
The Chinese people is the largest community in the world which possess a common written language.
The distance separating the two places is not very great. ( Jarak yang memisahkan kedua tempat tersebut
tidak terlalu jauh) atau
The distance which separates the two places is not very great.
3. Bila ada dua peristiwa yang mempunyai subjek yang sama dan terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan
( hampir).
Contoh :
He rode away ; He whistled as he went.
== He rode away whistling.
== Whistling, He rode away.
When I was walking to school, I saw him there.
== Walking school, I saw him there
I stood at the bus station, I was waiting for the bus.

== I stood at the bus station, waiting for the bus.

4. Bila dua peristiwa dilakukan secara berurutan oleh subjek yang sama. Peristiwa yang paling lampau bisa
menggunakan bentuk participle.
Contoh :
He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.
== Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.
After I had finished my work I went home.
Having finished my work, I went home.

5. Bila ada dua peristiwa, kemudian peristiwa tersebut merupakan bagian, akibat dari peristiwa yang satu
atau menunjukkan sebab akibat.
Contoh :
As he know her address, he sent her a letter.

== Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.

She asked the teacher because she don't know about his explanation.

== Not knowing about his explanation, she asked the teacher.

6. Present participle digunakan setelah beberapa kata kerja tertentu ( verbs of perception) yaitu
see leave keep
watch observe notice
smell feel catch
hear find
 Rumus untuk membetuk kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut:
S + V + O + PRESENT PARTICIPLE + ...
Contoh :
I hear a girl shouting.
She smells something burning.

7. Present participle untuk membentuk Continuous tense

Contoh :
They are playing football.
You were doing homework when I came.
She has been dreaming.

B. Penggunaan Past Participle

1. Sebagai adjective
Contoh :
The stolen car has been found.
The written expressions have been mastered by him.

2. Untuk membentuk kalimat pasif

Contoh :
She was annoyed by some naughty boys in the park.
The work has been finished on time.

3. Past Participle dapat digunakan sebagaimana adverb yang menerangkan bagaimana atau mengapa sesuatu
hal terjadi.
Contoh :
Rejected by all his friends, he decided to move to another city. ( karena ditolak oleh semua teman-
temannya, dia memutuskan pindah ke kota lain)
Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up teaching. ( karena gagal dalam kualifikasi seorang dokter, saya
akan tetap mengajar)

Atau
dapat pula digunakan bentuk yang mempunyai arti pasif,
Having been + past participle
Contoh :
Having been warned about the bandits, he left his valuable goods at home.

( He had been warned ....)

Having been bitten twice, the postman refused deliver the letter to his house.

( He had been bitten twice ...)

4. Past Participle setelah kata kerja tertentu yaitu kata kerja yang mempunyai arti pasif, have, get, wish,
want, see, prefer, like, find, feel, make, dsb.
Contoh :
I found my car covered by a dust ( Saya mendapati mobil saya tertutup debu)
I saw my friend bitten by a dog. ( Saya melihat teman saya digigit anjing)

5. Untuk menggantikan subjek + kata kerja pasif bila subjek tersebut disebutkans secara berulang.
Contoh :
She enters the room. she is accompanied by her mother.
== She entered the room, accompanied by her mother.
As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him he refused to eat anything.

== Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.

Contoh Soal dan pembahasan bentuk Participle

Soal No. 1
____ by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
A. Startled
B. In startled
C. It is startling
D. To be startling
E. Startling
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan past participle Untuk menggantikan subjek + kata kerja pasif bila subjek tersebut disebutkans
secara berulang.
As the baby was startled by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
== Startled by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
Jawaban : A
=====================================================================================
Soal No. 2
____ his paper, he gave it to the teacher.
 A. Being finished
B. Having been finished
C. To have finished
D. Having finished
E. To finish
Pembahasan :
Bila dua peristiwa dilakukan secara berurutan oleh subjek yang sama. Peristiwa yang paling lampau bisa
menggunakan bentuk participle. (point no. 4 present participle)
After he had finished his paper, he gave it to the teacher.
== Having finished his paper, he gave it to the teacher.
Jawaban : D
=====================================================================================
Soal No. 3
Two of the ___ prisoners were caught by the police.
A. escape
B. was escaped
C. having escaped
D. was escaped
E. escaped
Pembahasan :
Fungsi Past Participle sebagai adjective yang terletak sebelum kata kerja ( Noun)
the escaped prisoners
Jawaban : E
======================================================================================
Soal No. 4
Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people ____ near airport.
A. live
B. be living
C. living
D. they lived
E. they are living
Pembahasan :
Present participle digunakan sebagai adjective yang bisa ditempatkan dibelakang kata benda yang mendapat
keterangan sifat itu. (point no. 2 Present participle )
Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people which live near airport.
== Sometimes life must be very unpleasant for people living near airport.
Jawaban : C
======================================================================================
Soal No. 5
____, the student prepared a report.
A. Finished his survey
B. He finished his survey
C. Having finished his survey
D. He had finished his survey
E. He has finished his survey
Pembahasan :
Bila dua peristiwa dilakukan secara berurutan oleh subjek yang sama. Peristiwa yang paling lampau bisa
menggunakan bentuk participle. (point no. 4 Present participle)
After the student had finished his survey, the student prepared a report.
== Having finished his survey, the student prepared a report.
Jawaban : C
=====================================================================================

 Pengertian, Penggunaan dan Aturan

Concord atau Agreement Dalam
Bahasa Inggris
Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur- unsur pembentuk suatu kata,
frase atau kalimat dengan kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.
Bila ingin mempelajari Bahasa Inggris secara benar baik tulisan maupun lisan,
masalah Concord atau Agreement harus dipelajari dengan seksama. Dalam bahasa
Indonesia mungkin tidak pernah dijumpai adanya kesesuaian atau Concord. Dalam
pembahasan kali ini kami ingin membahas mengenai pengertian, penggunaan dan
aturan Concord atau Agreement dalam Bahasa Inggris. Sebelum masuk ke dalam
pembahasan mengenai aturan Concord agreement, silahkan diperhatikan contoh
kalimat berikut ini.

1. Mr. Rudi is my teacher. He is kind. ( Concord : Mr. Rudi ... He)

2. The girl who is sitting under the tree waves her hand. ( Concord : The girl ... her)

Dalam kalimat yang pertama, "Mr. Rudi" mempunyai persesuaian dengan pronoun
"He", demikian juga pada kalimat kedua, Concord dari "the girl" dengan "her".

Berikut ini kaidah atau aturan dalam Concord

atau agreement.
A. Persesuaian antara Subjek dengan Verb
1. Apabila subjek plural, maka verb-nya juga harus plural. Demikian juga
apabila subyeknya singular, maka verb-nya juga harus singular.
Contoh :

The children are happy.

We have a good leader.

They are happy.

She studies English

He is very disappointed

2. Bila dua subyek atau lebih dihubungkan dengan "and", maka verb-nya
harus plural.
Contoh :

Bono and Ardi take the final examination.

My father and I usually do the exercise in the weekend.

3. Bila subyek adalah collective noun seperti congress, organization,

government, family, team, jury, group, army, club, class, comittee, public
dalam bentuk singular, tetapi yang dimaksudkan adalah plural, maka
verb-nya harus plural, demikian juga sebaliknya bila dimaksudkan untuk
singular, maka verb-nya juga harus singular.
Contoh :
 The jury agrees on a verdict. ( singular)

The comittee were unable to agree. ( plural)

4. Bila ada dua singular subyek atau lebih digabungkan dengan :

either ... or ...
neither ... nor ...
not only ... but also ...
maka verbnya menyesuaikan dengan subyek yang disebut paling akhir.
Contoh :

Neither Rinto nor his brothers are going to Yogyakarta.

Not only my friends but also my teacher is invited to the farewell party.

5. Bila kata- kata (phrase atau clause); of, with, among, together with, in
addition to, as well as, from, between, including, accompanied by, along
with ada diantara subyek dan predikat dalam sebuah kalimat, maka
phrase atau clause tersebut tidak mempengaruhi verb dalam kalimat
tersebut.
Contoh :

Tita, accompanied by her friends, is attending to the wedding party.

My sisters, along with my mother, visit me on Sunday.

6. Bila beberapa Indefinite Pronouns ;each, everybody, everyone, anyone,

anybody, somebody, someone, no one, nothing, much, anything,
everything, another, dan sebagainya berikut sebagai subyek, maka verb-
nya selalu singular.
Contoh :

Everybody has prepared the materials to join the program.

Nobody knows where she was.

7. Bila bentuk Pronouns ; both, others, few, several, many sebagai

subyek, maka verb-nya harus dalam bentuk plural.
Contoh :

Many students join the competition every year.

Both were happy to receive the trophy.

8. Bila quantity noun menunjukkan uang, waktu, ukuran, dan dianggap

sebagai satu kesatuan, maka perdikatnya selalu singular, dan bila
dpabdang sebagai unit terpisah, maka predikatnya harus plural.
Contoh :

Two days is not enough to finish the project. (singular)

Ten people are arrested in this case. (plural)


9. Penggunaan kata "number" diikuti oleh "of phrase". Ada dua aturan
dalam penggunaan number diikuti oleh of phrase:
a number of + plural noun + singular verb ( Sejumlah )the number of + plural
noun + plural verb ( Jumlah)
Contoh :

The number of students in the class is thirty.

A number of Merapi eruption victims have been identified.

The number of days in a week is seven

10. Ada beberapa kata seperti berikut yang selalu singular yaitu :

economics

physics

knowledge

traffic

ethics

news

furniture

ethics

dan sebagainya

Contoh :

The news is important

Knowledge is power

11. Kalimat yang diawali dengan Gerund, maka verb-nya selalu singular.
Contoh :

Not studying has caused him many problem.

Fishing is very popular hobby today.

12. Bila subyek berupa prepositional phrase, maka predikatnya

menyesuaikan dengan kata yang terletak sebelum of.
Contoh :

The study of languages is very interesting

The efects of that crimes are likely to be devastating.

The cost of new houses is rising every month.


B. Persesuaian antara Pronoun dan Antecedent.
Antecedent merupakan kata yang menjadi rujukan, acuan atau ditunjuk oleh
pronoun. Pronoun harus sesuai dengan atecendent-nya baik dalam number dan
person maupun gender.
Contoh :

She read a novel. It was interesting. ( pronoun It merujuk pada noun a novel,
maka a novel disebut antecedent dari It)

Linda gave a book to her friend. (Linda adalah antecedent dari her)

Bila antecedent singular, maka pronoun-nya harus singular juga, dan bila
antecedent-nya plural, maka pronoun-nya harus plural juga.
Contoh :

Each man has been given a chance to do the project in his way. (Antecedent -man
merujuk pada dengan pronoun his)

The jury were divided. They were unable to bring a verdict. (The jury adalah plural
antecedent dari Pronoun They)

Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur- unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase atau kalimat dengan
kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa. Bila ingin mempelajari Bahasa Inggris secara benar baik
tulisan maupun lisan, masalah Concord atau Agreement harus dipelajari dengan seksama. Dalam bahasa
Indonesia mungkin tidak pernah dijumpai adanya kesesuaian atau Concord. Dalam pembahasan kali ini kami
ingin membahas mengenai pengertian, penggunaan dan aturan Concord atau Agreement dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Sebelum masuk ke dalam pembahasan mengenai aturan Concord agreement, silahkan diperhatikan contoh
kalimat berikut ini.

1. Mr. Rudi is my teacher. He is kind. ( Concord : Mr. Rudi ... He)

2. The girl who is sitting under the tree waves her hand. ( Concord : The girl ... her)

Dalam kalimat yang pertama, "Mr. Rudi" mempunyai persesuaian dengan pronoun "He", demikian juga pada
kalimat kedua, Concord dari "the girl" dengan "her".

Berikut ini kaidah atau aturan dalam Concord atau agreement.

A. Persesuaian antara Subjek dengan Verb
1. Apabila subjek plural, maka verb-nya juga harus plural. Demikian juga apabila subyeknya singular, maka
verb-nya juga harus singular.
Contoh :

The children are happy.

We have a good leader.

They are happy.

She studies English

He is very disappointed

2. Bila dua subyek atau lebih dihubungkan dengan "and", maka verb-nya harus plural.
Contoh :

Bono and Ardi take the final examination.

My father and I usually do the exercise in the weekend.


3. Bila subyek adalah collective noun seperti congress, organization, government, family, team, jury,
group, army, club, class, comittee, public dalam bentuk singular, tetapi yang dimaksudkan adalah plural,
maka verb-nya harus plural, demikian juga sebaliknya bila dimaksudkan untuk singular, maka verb-nya
juga harus singular.
Contoh :

The jury agrees on a verdict. ( singular)

The comittee were unable to agree. ( plural)

4. Bila ada dua singular subyek atau lebih digabungkan dengan :

either ... or ...

neither ... nor ...

not only ... but also ...

maka verbnya menyesuaikan dengan subyek yang disebut paling akhir.

Contoh :

Neither Rinto nor his brothers are going to Yogyakarta.

Not only my friends but also my teacher is invited to the farewell party.

5. Bila kata- kata (phrase atau clause); of, with, among, together with, in addition to, as well as, from,
between, including, accompanied by, along with ada diantara subyek dan predikat dalam sebuah kalimat,
maka phrase atau clause tersebut tidak mempengaruhi verb dalam kalimat tersebut.
Contoh :

Tita, accompanied by her friends, is attending to the wedding party.

My sisters, along with my mother, visit me on Sunday.

6. Bila beberapa Indefinite Pronouns ;each, everybody, everyone, anyone, anybody, somebody, someone,
no one, nothing, much, anything, everything, another, dan sebagainya berikut sebagai subyek, maka verb-
nya selalu singular.
Contoh :

Everybody has prepared the materials to join the program.

Nobody knows where she was.

7. Bila bentuk Pronouns ; both, others, few, several, many sebagai subyek, maka verb-nya harus dalam
bentuk plural.
Contoh :

Many students join the competition every year.

Both were happy to receive the trophy.

8. Bila quantity noun menunjukkan uang, waktu, ukuran, dan dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan, maka
perdikatnya selalu singular, dan bila dpabdang sebagai unit terpisah, maka predikatnya harus plural.
Contoh :

Two days is not enough to finish the project. (singular)

Ten people are arrested in this case. (plural)

9. Penggunaan kata "number" diikuti oleh "of phrase". Ada dua aturan dalam penggunaan number diikuti
oleh of phrase:
 a number of + plural noun + singular verb ( Sejumlah )the number of + plural noun + plural verb ( Jumlah)

Contoh :

The number of students in the class is thirty.

A number of Merapi eruption victims have been identified.

The number of days in a week is seven

10. Ada beberapa kata seperti berikut yang selalu singular yaitu :

economics

physics

knowledge

traffic

ethics

news

furniture

ethics

dan sebagainya

Contoh :

The news is important

Knowledge is power

11. Kalimat yang diawali dengan Gerund, maka verb-nya selalu singular.
Contoh :

Not studying has caused him many problem.

Fishing is very popular hobby today.

12. Bila subyek berupa prepositional phrase, maka predikatnya menyesuaikan dengan kata yang terletak
sebelum of.
Contoh :

The study of languages is very interesting

The effects of that crimes are likely to be devastating.

The cost of new houses is rising every month.

B. Persesuaian antara Pronoun dan Antecedent.

Antecedent merupakan kata yang menjadi rujukan, acuan atau ditunjuk oleh pronoun. Pronoun harus sesuai
dengan atecendent-nya baik dalam number dan person maupun gender.
Contoh :

She read a novel. It was interesting. ( pronoun It merujuk pada noun a novel, maka a novel disebut
antecedent dari It)
 Linda gave a book to her friend. (Linda adalah antecedent dari her)

Bila antecedent singular, maka pronoun-nya harus singular juga, dan bila antecedent-nya plural, maka
pronoun-nya harus plural juga.
Contoh :

Each man has been given a chance to do the project in his way. (Antecedent -man merujuk pada dengan
pronoun his)

The jury were divided. They were unable to bring a verdict. (The jury adalah plural antecedent dari Pronoun
They)

 Penggunaan Elliptic and Parallel Construction Dalam Bahasa Inggris

Dalam sebuah kalimat, kadang- kadang ditemukan pengulangan kata yang sama sehingga dirasa
kalimat tersebut menjadi kurang efektif atau menjadi "tidak cantik" dalam segi penulisan. Untuk
menghindari hal tersebut, maka kita harus memendekkan atau bahkan menghilangkan beberapa
kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Definisi kalimat tersebut diatas disebut juga dengan
kalimat elip.
Cara Membentuk Kalimat Elip
Cara membentuk kalimat elip adalah sebagai berikut:
a. and ...too ; and so ... ( dan ... juga; dan demikian juga ...)
Bentuk and ...too ; and so ... digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positif yang memiliki
kesamaan. Adapun caramembentuknya bisa menggunakan kata kerja bantu ( auxiliary verb) maupun
To be.
Contoh :
1) Linda is reading novel. John is reading novel.
== Linda is reading novel and John is too.
== Linda is reading novel and so is John.
2) Janu can swim well. Rafi can swim well.
== Janu can swim well and Rafi can too.
== Janu can swim well and so can Rafi.
3) They study hard. He studies hard.
== They study hard and he does too.
== They study hard and so does he.
4) Bob repaired the printer. Wisnu repaired the printer
== Bob repaired the printer and Wisnu did too.
== Bob repaired the printer and so did Wisnu.
5) He has submitted the homework. I have submitted the homework.
== He has submitted the homework and I have too.
== He has submitted the homework and so have I.
6) Mr. Anwar has a new car. I have a new car.
== Mr. Anwar has a new car and I do too.
== Mr. Anwar has a new car and so do I.
7) She had bought a computer. He had bought a computer.
== She had bought a computer and he had too.
== She had bought a computer and so had he.

b. and neither ... ; and ... either ( juga tidak)

Bentuk and neither ... ; and ... either digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat negatif.
Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan cermati contoh berikut ini.
Contoh :
1) They aren't doing the English Club. She isn't doing the English Club.
== They aren't joining the English Club and neither is she.
== They aren't joining the English Club and she isn't either.
2) He didn't do the exercise. She didn't do the exercise.
== He didn't do the exercise and neither did she.
== He didn't do the exercise and she didn't either.

c. but (tetapi), whereas (sedangkan), while (sedangkan)

Bentuk but (tetapi), whereas (sedangkan), while (sedangkan) digunakan untuk menggabungkan
dua kalimat yang bertentangan.
Contoh :
Lisa is not watching television. Rizal is watching television.
== Lisa is not watching television but Rizal is.

d. Both ... and ( keduanya)

Contoh :
1) Jenny painted the wall. Jenny painted the window.
== Jenny painted both the wall and the window.
2) Mitha went to the cinema. Ann went to cinema.
== Both Mitha and Ann went to the cinema.
3) Yuli is in the garden. Bima is in the garden.
== Both Yuli and Bima are in the garden.

e. Either ... or ... ( baik... ataupun ... / salah satu ...)

Contoh :
 1) Arya is a doctor. Rita is a doctor.
== Either Arya or Rita is a doctor.
2) Willy forgot where he put his key. It's either in the bedroom or in the living room.

f. Neither ... nor ... ( baik ... maupun ... tidak)

Bentuk Neither ... nor ... hanya digunakan pada kalimat negatif.
Contoh :
1) John isn't a teacher. Manda isn't a doctor.
== Neither John nor Manda is a doctor.
2) He doesn't like smoking. They don't like smoking.
== Neither he nor they like smoking.
== Neither they nor he likes smoking.

g. And (dan)
Contoh :
1) Lisa writes a letter. Lisa writes a short story.
Lisa writes a letter and short story.
2) Mary bought a dictionary. Mary bought a novel.
Mary bought a dictionary and a novel.

h. Whether ... or not ( baik ... atau tidak)

Contoh :
I will give you the money whether you need it or not.

Contoh soal dan pembahasan

Soal No. 1
She was going to the cinema ____ .
A. and we aren't too
B. and we are too.
C. and so we are
D. and we were too
E. but we are
Pembahasan :
Soal tersebut berarti dia pergi ke sinema dan kita juga pergi. Dalam kalimat tersebut menggunakan
pola Past Tense ( masa lampau).
Penggunaan elip dan parallel construction dengan bentuk and ... too.
sehingga, She was going to the cinema and we were too.
Jawaban : D
======================================================================================
Soal No. 2
This medical book costs very expensive and ____ .
A. so does that technical book.
B. that technical book did too.
C. neither did that technical book.
D. that technical book didn't either
E. while that technical book didn't too.
Pembahasan :
Dari semua pilihan jawaban , maka jawaban yang paling tepat adalah jawaban 'so does that
technical book', dengan penggunaan so ...
Bentuk waktu yang digunakan adalah bentuk Present Tense, dengan ciri- ciri penggunaan verb 1.
Jawaban : A
=====================================================================================
Soal No. 3
The female students have to clean the classroom, ____
A. and so do the male students
B. and the male students do so
C. and the male students have too
D. and neither do the male students
E. but the male students are
Pembahasan :
Soal diatas bila diartikan "siswa perempuan harus membersihkan ruangan, demikian juga siswa laki-
laki", maka , penggunaan so ... diterapkan dalam soal diatas.
"The female students have to clean the classroom and so do the male students
Jawaban : A
=====================================================================================
Soal No. 4
 We don't have to return the book tomorrow, but he ____
A. has
B. had
C. did
D. do
E. does
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan but untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan dan dalam kalimat tersebut
menggunakan bentuk Present Tense sehingga,
We don't have to return the book tomorrow, but he does.
Jawaban : E
=====================================================================================
Soal No. 5
"I saw her this morning."
" _____ "
A. so had I
B. So did I
C. But did I
D. I do too
E. Neither did I
Pembahasan :
Pada beberapa pilihan jawaban, maka yang paling tepat adalah bentuk so did I, dengan cara
menentukan bentuk waktu yang digunakan adalah entuk Past tense dengan kata kerja "saw", dan
form yang paling tepat dari jawaban diatas adalah bentuk so ..., sehingga
"so did I "
Jawaban : B

Demikian pembahasan kali ini tentang penggunaan Elliptic and Parallel Construction dalam Bahasa
Inggris. Kurang lebihnya kami mohon maaf. Bila ada pertanyaan seputar pembahasan diatas, silahkan
hubungi halaman kontak diatas atau silahkan isikan pada kolom komentar di bawah. Nantikan
pembahasan- pembahasan kami selanjutnya. Semoga bermanfaat.

 Soal No. 1
Since there are many complaints about the new products,the company...the products now.
A. is recalling
B. recalled
C. recalls
D. has recalled
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan adverb of time "now" sehingga menggunakan pola present continuous
dengan rumus S+ ToBe+ V-ing
Jawaban : A
==================================================================
Soal No. 2
Our first tour destination in Asia is ... our next destination.
A. farther than
B. the farther than
C. farthest than
D. the farthest than
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan Comparative Degree, dengan ciri- ciri adj. er/ more adj. + than
Jawaban : A
==================================================================
Soal No. 3
The little girl is taking care of the puppy with ... affection, and kindness.
A. patient
B. patience
C. patiently
D. patients
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan Parallel Contruction, noun, noun, ... and noun.
Jawaban : B
==================================================================
Soal No. 4
Promoting ... goods and services, the company salesmen also bid an opportunity to earn some profit.
A. they
B. their
C. its
D. it
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan Dangling Modifier, subyek utama adalah the "company salesmen" === jamak === their
Jawaban : B
==================================================================
Soal No. 5
Hardly ever ... the same word twice alike.
A. the little boy spelled money.
B. did spell the little boy
C. did the little boy spell
D. spelled the little boy
Pembahasan :
Bentuk Inversi, pembalikan susunan seperti kalimat tanya, aux + s + v == did the little boy spell
Jawaban : C
==================================================================
Soal No. 6
The family ... with the neighbor since the tragedy.
A. had rarely engaging
B. had rarely engaged
C. has rarely engaging
 D. has rarely engaged
Pembahasan :
Bentuk Present Perfect Tense, dengan keterangan waktu "since", maka rumusnya S + have/ has + V-3
Jawaban : D
==================================================================
Soal No. 7
Joe ... a terrible role model for his younger brother all day yesterday.
A. was
B. being
C. has been
D. was being
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan Past Continuous, dengan keterangan waktu all day yesterday ( sepanjang hari kemarin)
dengan rumus S + was/ were/ V-ing
Jawaban : D
==================================================================
Soal No. 8
The man received ... tie as a gift from his wife.
A. a blue silk elegant
B. a blue elegant silk
C. an elegant blue silk
D. an elegant silk blue
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan adjective in order dalam kalimat == Determiner - opinion - size - age- shape -color- origin -
material + Noun, maka susunannya, an elegant blue silk.
Jawaban : C
==================================================================
Soal No. 9
Not all people can afford ... in a big city like New York.
A. live
B. to live
C. living
D. for living
Pembahasan :
Bentuk To Infinitive, afford + to infinitive == afford + to live
Jawaban : B
==================================================================
Soal No. 10
When entering a Japanese home or restaurant, it is ... to remove shoes.
A. customary
B. customs
C. customer
D. customized
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan adjective, It is + adjective == It is customary
Jawaban : A
==================================================================
Soal No. 11
... the family were satisfied with the holiday.
A. Beside the hotel
B. Among the hotel
C. Between the hotel
D. Besides the hotel
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan besides as adverb == as well.
Jawaban : D
==================================================================
Soal No. 12
 it was very kind of my friend to help me ... cash money.
A. to count
B. counted
C. counts
D. count
Pembahasan :
Kata kerja help selalu diikuti infinitive tanpa to == help me count
Jawaban : D
==================================================================
Soal No. 13
The most difficult-thing to do after a hot fight or argument is to ...
A. make up
B. make out
C. make for
D. make over
Pembahasan :
Jawaban yang sesuai dengan konteks kalimat diatas adalah make up ( memperbaiki)
Jawaban : A
==================================================================
Soal No. 14
X :I really need a job right now.
Y: Well, you ... look for job vacancies in the job fair
A. should
B. must
C. might
D. need
Pembahasan :
Konteks dialog menunjukkan pemakaian ungkapan untuk memberikan saran ( advice). Advice ==
should
Jawaban : A
==================================================================
Soal No. 15
My teacher made me ... the history project in a week.
A. to do
B. do
C. done
D. doing
Pembahasan :
Penggunaan Causative dalam kalimat.Rumusnya Subject + make ( any tense) + complement + V1
Jawaban : B